34 results on '"Poole AC"'
Search Results
2. A Multicentre, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group Study of Multiple Treatments of Botulinum Toxin Type A (BoNTA) for the Prophylaxis of Episodic Migraine Headaches
- Author
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Relja, M, primary, Poole, AC, additional, Schoenen, J, additional, Pascual, J, additional, Lei, X, additional, and Thompson, C, additional
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. ESTABLISHING PRINCIPLES FOR MIGRAINE MANAGEMENT IN PRIMARY CARE
- Author
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Dowson, AJ, primary, Sender, J, additional, Lipscombe, S, additional, Cady, RK, additional, Tepper, SJ, additional, Smith, R, additional, Smith, TR, additional, Taylor, FR, additional, Boudreau, GP, additional, Van Duijn, NP, additional, Poole, AC, additional, Baos, V, additional, and Wöber, C, additional
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Relevant factors for neurologists to define effectiveness of migraine preventive drugs and take decisions on treatment. My-LIFE European Delphi survey
- Author
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Shazia Afridi, Anne Donnet, Raquel Gil-Gouveia, Astrid Gendolla, Cristina Tassorelli, Patricia Pozo-Rosich, Anne-Christine Poole, Gisela M. Terwindt, Rainel Sanchez-De La Rosa, Institut Català de la Salut, [Pozo-Rosich P] Unitat de Cefalea, Servei de Neurologia, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain. Grup de Recerca en Cefalea i Dolor Neurològic, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain. [Gil-Gouveia R] Headache Center, Neurology Department, Hospital da Luz, Lisboa, Portugal. [Donnet A] Pain Department, Timone Hospital, Marseille, France. [Poole AC] Private Practice: Oslo Headache Centre, Oslo, Norway. [Gendolla A] Private Practice: Essen, Germany. [Afridi S] Headache Service, Department of Neurology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Trust, London, UK, and Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus
- Subjects
Otros calificadores::Otros calificadores::/prevención & control [Otros calificadores] ,medicine.medical_specialty ,enfermedades del sistema nervioso::enfermedades del sistema nervioso central::enfermedades cerebrales::trastornos con cefaleas::cefaleas primarias::trastornos migrañosos [ENFERMEDADES] ,Acute migraine ,Migraine Disorders ,Delphi method ,MEDLINE ,Qüestionaris ,Logistic regression ,Other subheadings::Other subheadings::/prevention & control [Other subheadings] ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Health care ,medicine ,Humans ,Migranya - Prevenció ,In patient ,Neurologists ,Intensive care medicine ,Nervous System Diseases::Central Nervous System Diseases::Brain Diseases::Headache Disorders::Headache Disorders, Primary::Migraine Disorders [DISEASES] ,business.industry ,diagnóstico::pronóstico::resultado del tratamiento [TÉCNICAS Y EQUIPOS ANALÍTICOS, DIAGNÓSTICOS Y TERAPÉUTICOS] ,Original Articles ,Diagnosis::Prognosis::Treatment Outcome [ANALYTICAL, DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES, AND EQUIPMENT] ,medicine.disease ,Conjoint analysis ,Treatment Outcome ,Ciencias de la información::análisis de sistemas::técnica Delfos [CIENCIA DE LA INFORMACIÓN] ,Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine ,Pharmaceutical Preparations ,Migraine ,Avaluació de resultats (Assistència sanitària) ,Information Science::Systems Analysis::Delphi Technique [INFORMATION SCIENCE] ,Original Article ,business - Abstract
Mètode Delphi; Eficàcia dels fàrmacs preventius de la migranya Delphi survey; Effectiveness of migraine preventive drugs Método Delfos; Eficacia de los medicamentos preventivos contra la migraña Background Clinical guidelines agree that preventive treatment should be considered in patients with uncontrolled migraine despite acute medications or patients with ≥4 migraine days per month. However, the criteria to define the effectiveness of treatment and the factors that inform the decision to (dis)continue it are not clearly defined in clinical practice. Methods Overall, 148 healthcare practitioners from five European countries completed a two-wave questionnaire. The Steering Committee defined a simulated set of 108 migraine patient profiles based on the combination of five factors (frequency of the attacks, intensity of the attacks, use of acute migraine medications, patient perception and presence/absence of tolerable side effects). These profiles were used in a Delphi survey among European neurologists to identify the criteria that should be used to decide treatment response and continuation using a conjoint analysis approach. Results Consensus was reached for 82/108 (76%) of profiles regarding treatment response, and for 86/108 (80%) regarding treatment continuation. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that a ≥50% reduction in the use of acute migraine medications and positive patient's perception of treatment were the most important factors that lead to the decision of continuing (combined factors, OR = 18.3, 95% CI 13.4–25.05). Conclusions This survey identifies two relevant outcome measures: one objective (use of acute migraine treatment medications) and one subjective (positive patient perception) that guide the clinician decision to continue preventive treatment in migraine patients. Significance In clinical practice, criteria to define the effectiveness of migraine preventive treatment and factors that guide treatment stop or continuation are not clearly defined. In this simulated clinical setting study, a reduction in the use of acute migraine medications was the factor associated with preventive treatment effectiveness definition. This study also revealed that factors strongly associated with the decision of treatment continuation in real life are the acute migraine medications use and a positive patient's perception of treatment effectiveness. Novartis Pharma AG financially supported the development of this project, the medical writing assistance and the page processing charges for this article. The authors have received no payment to write this article.
- Published
- 2021
5. Gut microbial features and dietary fiber intake predict gut microbiota response to resistant starch supplementation.
- Author
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Devarakonda SLS, Superdock DK, Ren J, Johnson LM, Loinard-González AAP, and Poole AC
- Subjects
- Humans, Male, Female, Adult, Young Adult, Middle Aged, Resistant Starch metabolism, Dietary Fiber metabolism, Dietary Fiber administration & dosage, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Feces microbiology, Feces chemistry, Fatty Acids, Volatile metabolism, Fatty Acids, Volatile analysis, Starch metabolism, Cross-Over Studies, Saliva microbiology, Saliva chemistry, Dietary Supplements analysis, Bacteria classification, Bacteria genetics, Bacteria isolation & purification, Bacteria metabolism, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S genetics
- Abstract
Resistant starch (RS) consumption can have beneficial effects on metabolic health, but the response, in terms of effects on the gut microbiota and host physiology, varies between individuals. Factors predicting the response to RS are not yet established and would be useful for developing precision nutrition approaches that maximize the benefits of dietary fiber intake. We sought to identify predictors of gut microbiota response to RS supplementation. We enrolled 76 healthy adults into a 7-week crossover study with 59 individuals completing the study. Participants consumed RS type 2 (RS2), RS type 4 (RS4), and digestible starch, for 10 d each with 5-d washout periods in between. We collected fecal and saliva samples and food records during each treatment period. We performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing and measured fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), salivary amylase ( AMY1 ) gene copy number, and salivary amylase activity (SAA). Dietary fiber intake was predictive of the relative abundance of several amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) at the end of both RS treatments. AMY1 -related metrics were not predictive of response to RS. SAA was only predictive of the relative abundance of one ASV after digestible starch supplementation. Interestingly, SCFA concentrations increased the most during digestible starch supplementation. Treatment order (the order of consumption of RS2 and RS4), alpha diversity, and a subset of ASVs were predictive of SCFA changes after RS supplementation. Based on our findings, dietary fiber intake and gut microbiome composition would be informative if assessed prior to recommending RS supplementation because these data can be used to predict changes in specific ASVs and fecal SCFA concentrations. These findings lay a foundation to support the premise that using a precision nutrition approach to optimize the benefits of dietary fibers such as RS could be an effective strategy to compensate for the low consumption of dietary fiber nationwide.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Real-world effectiveness of fremanezumab for the preventive treatment of migraine: Interim analysis of the pan-European, prospective, observational, phase 4 PEARL study.
- Author
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Ashina M, Mitsikostas DD, Amin FM, Kokturk P, Schankin CJ, Sahin G, Pozo-Rosich P, Dorman PJ, Nežádal T, Poole AC, Martins IP, Sumelahti ML, Ramirez Campos V, Ahn AH, Lyras L, and Tassorelli C
- Subjects
- Adult, Humans, Prospective Studies, Headache, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Migraine Disorders drug therapy, Migraine Disorders prevention & control
- Abstract
Background: The ongoing Pan-European Real Life (PEARL) phase 4 study is evaluating fremanezumab effectiveness and safety for the prevention of episodic and chronic migraine. This interim analysis reports primary, secondary and exploratory endpoints from when 500 participants completed at least six months of treatment., Methods: Adults with episodic migraine or chronic migraine maintaining daily headache diaries were enrolled upon initiation of fremanezumab. Primary endpoint: proportion of participants with ≥50% reduction in monthly migraine days during the six-month period after fremanezumab initiation. Secondary endpoints: mean change from baseline across months 1-12 in monthly migraine days, acute migraine medication use, and headache-related disability. Exploratory endpoint: mean change in headache severity from baseline across months 1-12. Safety was assessed through adverse events reported., Results: Overall, 897 participants were enrolled and 574 included in the effectiveness analyses (episodic migraine, 25.8%; chronic migraine, 74.2%). Of participants with data available, 175/313 (55.9%) achieved ≥50% monthly migraine days reduction during the six-month period post-initiation. Across months 1-12, there were sustained reductions in mean monthly migraine days, acute medication use, disability scores, and headache severity. Few adverse events were reported., Conclusion: PEARL interim results support the effectiveness and safety of fremanezumab for migraine prevention in a real-world population across several European countries.Trial registration: encepp.eu: EUPAS35111., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe authors declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: MA reports personal fees and PI in clinical trials for AbbVie, Amgen, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis, Pfizer, and Teva Pharmaceuticals; and research grants from Lundbeck Foundation, Novo Nordisk Foundation, and Novartis. DDM has received honoraria, research, and travel grants from Allergan/Abbvie, Amgen, Biogen, Cefaly, Genesis Pharma, Electrocore, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Merk-Serono, Mertz, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Specifar, and Teva Pharmaceuticals; participated in clinical trials for Amgen, Cefaly, Electrocore, Eli Lilly, Genesis Pharma, Lundbeck, Mertz, Novartis, Specifar, and Teva Pharmaceuticals as principal investigator; and is President of the board of the Hellenic Headache Society and Co-chairman of the management group of the Headache Panel at the European Academy of Neurology. FMA reports lectures, advisory boards, and/or PI in clinical trials for Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis, Pfizer, and Teva Pharmaceuticals. PK, VRC, and AHA are employees and/or shareholders of Teva Pharmaceuticals. LL is a former employee of Teva Pharmaceuticals. CJS reports consulting, advisory boards, presentations, and travel support from Novartis, Eli Lilly, Teva Pharmaceuticals, AbbVie, Allergan, Almirall, Amgen, Lundbeck, MindMed, and Grünenthal; is a part-time employee of Zynnon; and reports research support from the Swiss Heart Foundation, Eye on Vision Foundation, Baasch-Medicus Foundation, and German Migraine and Headache Society. GS reports advisory boards and/or PI in clinical trials for AbbVie, Lundbeck, Novartis, Pfizer, and Teva Pharmaceuticals; and research support from Vinnova (Sweden’s innovation agency), Lund University, and the Swedish Neurological Association. PPR reports grant/research support from AbbVie, AGAUR, EraNet NEURON, Instituto Investigación Carlos III, MINECO, Novartis, RIS3CAT FEDER, and Teva Pharmaceuticals; and consultancy or education for AbbVie, Amgen, Biohaven, Chiesi, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis, Pfizer, and Teva Pharmaceuticals. PJD reports educational meetings and/or collaboration in clinical trials for Allergan/AbbVie, electroCore, Novartis, Teva Pharmaceuticals, and Lundbeck. TN reports consulting, speaking fees, and travel grants from Eli Lilly, Glenmark, Lundbeck, Novartis, Pfizer, St. Jude Medical, Teva Pharmaceuticals, and UCB; and advisory boards or PI in clinical trials for AbbVie, Amgen, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Neurocrine, Novartis, Teva Pharmaceuticals, and UCB. ACP reports lectures, advisory boards, and/or PI in clinical trials for Allergan, AbbVie, Pfizer, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Lundbeck, Eli Lilly, and Roche. IPM reports lectures, advisory boards, and/or PI in clinical trials for Allergan-AbbVie, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Lundbeck, and Eli Lilly. MLS reports lectures, advisory boards, and/or PI in clinical trials for Pfizer, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Lundbeck, AbbVie, and Eli Lilly. CT reports personal fees for the participation in advisory boards or symposia for AbbVie, Dompé, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis, Pfizer, and Teva Pharmaceuticals; she reports institutional fees for conducting clinical trials for AbbVie, Dompé, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis, Pfizer, and Teva Pharmaceuticals; she received funding for research projects from the European Commission, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Migraine Research Foundation, and the Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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7. Processing and storage methods affect oral and gut microbiome composition.
- Author
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Superdock DK, Zhang W, and Poole AC
- Abstract
In microbiome studies, fecal and oral samples are stored and processed in different ways, which could affect the observed microbiome composition. In this study, we compared storage and processing methods applied to samples prior to DNA extraction to determine how each affected microbial community diversity as assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We collected dental swabs, saliva, and fecal samples from 10 individuals, with three technical replicates per condition. We assessed four methods of storing and processing fecal samples prior to DNA extraction. We also compared different fractions of thawed saliva and dental samples to fresh samples. We found that lyophilized fecal samples, fresh whole saliva samples, and the supernatant fraction of thawed dental samples had the highest levels of alpha diversity. The supernatant fraction of thawed saliva samples had the second highest evenness compared to fresh saliva samples. Then, we investigated the differences in observed community composition at the domain and phylum levels and identified the amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) that significantly differed in relative abundance between the conditions. Lyophilized fecal samples had a greater prevalence of Archaea as well as a greater ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes compared to the other conditions. Our results provide practical considerations not only for the selection of storage and processing methods but also for comparing results across studies. Differences in processing and storage methods could be a confounding factor influencing the presence, absence, or differential abundance of microbes reported in conflicting studies., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Superdock, Zhang and Poole.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Gut microbial features and dietary fiber intake predict gut microbiota response to resistant starch supplementation.
- Author
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Devarakonda SLS, Superdock DK, Ren J, Johnson LM, Loinard-Gonz Lez AAP, and Poole AC
- Abstract
Resistant starch (RS) consumption can have beneficial effects on human health, but the response, in terms of effects on the gut microbiota and host physiology, varies between individuals. Factors predicting the response to RS are not yet established and would be useful for developing precision nutrition approaches that maximize the benefits of dietary fiber intake. We sought to identify predictors of gut microbiota response to RS supplementation. We enrolled 76 healthy adults into a seven-week crossover study. Participants consumed RS type 2 (RS2), RS type 4 (RS4), and a digestible starch, for ten days each with five-day washout periods in between. We collected fecal and saliva samples and food records before and during each treatment period. We performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing and measured fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), salivary amylase gene copy number, and salivary amylase activity (SAA). Dietary fiber intake was predictive of relative abundance of several amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) at the end of both RS treatments. Treatment order (the order of consumption of RS2 and RS4), alpha diversity, and a subset of ASVs were predictive of SCFA changes after RS supplementation. SAA was only predictive of the relative abundance of ASVs after digestible starch supplementation. Based on our findings, dietary fiber intake and gut microbiome composition would be informative if assessed prior to recommending RS supplementation. Using a precision nutrition approach to optimize the benefits of dietary fibers such as RS could be an effective strategy to compensate for the low consumption of dietary fiber nationwide.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Relevant factors for neurologists to define effectiveness of migraine preventive drugs and take decisions on treatment. My-LIFE European Delphi survey.
- Author
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Pozo-Rosich P, Gil-Gouveia R, Donnet A, Poole AC, Gendolla A, Afridi S, Sanchez-De la Rosa R, Terwindt GM, and Tassorelli C
- Subjects
- Humans, Neurologists, Surveys and Questionnaires, Treatment Outcome, Migraine Disorders drug therapy, Migraine Disorders prevention & control, Pharmaceutical Preparations
- Abstract
Background: Clinical guidelines agree that preventive treatment should be considered in patients with uncontrolled migraine despite acute medications or patients with ≥4 migraine days per month. However, the criteria to define the effectiveness of treatment and the factors that inform the decision to (dis)continue it are not clearly defined in clinical practice., Methods: Overall, 148 healthcare practitioners from five European countries completed a two-wave questionnaire. The Steering Committee defined a simulated set of 108 migraine patient profiles based on the combination of five factors (frequency of the attacks, intensity of the attacks, use of acute migraine medications, patient perception and presence/absence of tolerable side effects). These profiles were used in a Delphi survey among European neurologists to identify the criteria that should be used to decide treatment response and continuation using a conjoint analysis approach., Results: Consensus was reached for 82/108 (76%) of profiles regarding treatment response, and for 86/108 (80%) regarding treatment continuation. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that a ≥50% reduction in the use of acute migraine medications and positive patient's perception of treatment were the most important factors that lead to the decision of continuing (combined factors, OR = 18.3, 95% CI 13.4-25.05)., Conclusions: This survey identifies two relevant outcome measures: one objective (use of acute migraine treatment medications) and one subjective (positive patient perception) that guide the clinician decision to continue preventive treatment in migraine patients., Significance: In clinical practice, criteria to define the effectiveness of migraine preventive treatment and factors that guide treatment stop or continuation are not clearly defined. In this simulated clinical setting study, a reduction in the use of acute migraine medications was the factor associated with preventive treatment effectiveness definition. This study also revealed that factors strongly associated with the decision of treatment continuation in real life are the acute migraine medications use and a positive patient's perception of treatment effectiveness., (© 2021 The Authors. European Journal of Pain published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Pain Federation - EFIC ®.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Genomic signatures of Lake Erie bacteria suggest interaction in the Microcystis phycosphere.
- Author
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Hoke AK, Reynoso G, Smith MR, Gardner MI, Lockwood DJ, Gilbert NE, Wilhelm SW, Becker IR, Brennan GJ, Crider KE, Farnan SR, Mendoza V, Poole AC, Zimmerman ZP, Utz LK, Wurch LL, and Steffen MM
- Subjects
- Carbon metabolism, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Lakes microbiology, Microbiota genetics, Microcystis classification, Microcystis metabolism, Nitrogen metabolism, Oxidation-Reduction, Phylogeny, Signal Transduction, United States, DNA, Bacterial genetics, Genome, Bacterial, Harmful Algal Bloom physiology, Metagenome, Microcystis genetics, Quorum Sensing genetics
- Abstract
Microbial interactions in harmful algal bloom (HAB) communities have been examined in marine systems, but are poorly studied in fresh waters. To investigate HAB-microbe interactions, we isolated bacteria with close associations to bloom-forming cyanobacteria, Microcystis spp., during a 2017 bloom in the western basin of Lake Erie. The genomes of five isolates (Exiguobacterium sp. JMULE1, Enterobacter sp. JMULE2, Deinococcus sp. JMULE3, Paenibacillus sp. JMULE4, and Acidovorax sp. JMULE5.) were sequenced on a PacBio Sequel system. These genomes ranged in size from 3.1 Mbp (Exiguobacterium sp. JMULE1) to 5.7 Mbp (Enterobacter sp. JMULE2). The genomes were analyzed for genes relating to critical metabolic functions, including nitrogen reduction and carbon utilization. All five of the sequenced genomes contained genes that could be used in potential signaling and nutrient exchange between the bacteria and cyanobacteria such as Microcystis. Gene expression signatures of algal-derived carbon utilization for two isolates were identified in Microcystis blooms in Lake Erie and Lake Tai (Taihu) at low levels, suggesting these organisms are active and may have a functional role during Microcystis blooms in aggregates, but were largely missing from whole water samples. These findings build on the growing evidence that the bacterial microbiome associated with bloom-forming algae have the functional potential to contribute to nutrient exchange within bloom communities and interact with important bloom formers like Microcystis., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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11. Achieving objective response in treatment of non-resectable neuroendocrine tumors does not predict longer time to progression compared to achieving stable disease.
- Author
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Thiis-Evensen E, Poole AC, Nguyen HT, and Sponheim J
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Combined Modality Therapy, Disease Progression, Everolimus administration & dosage, Female, Fluorouracil administration & dosage, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuroendocrine Tumors therapy, Octreotide administration & dosage, Octreotide metabolism, Organometallic Compounds metabolism, Prognosis, Radiopharmaceuticals metabolism, Receptors, Peptide metabolism, Retrospective Studies, Streptozocin administration & dosage, Survival Rate, Time Factors, Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols therapeutic use, Neuroendocrine Tumors pathology, Octreotide analogs & derivatives, Organometallic Compounds administration & dosage, Radiopharmaceuticals administration & dosage
- Abstract
Background: There are several treatment modalities for unresectable neuroendocrine tumors. Traditionally, the aim of these treatments has been to reduce the tumor load; referred to as objective response (OR). Less emphasis has been put on inducing the tumors to stop growing without a reduction in total tumor load; termed as stable disease (SD). We wanted to investigate whether achieving OR compared to obtaining SD predicted a longer time to progression (TTP) in patients with neuroendocrine tumors (WHO Grade 1 and 2) treated with peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, chemotherapy or molecular targeted therapy., Methods: Patients treated with either peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) with
177 Lutetium-DOTA-octreotate, the chemotherapy combination streptozotocin/5-fluorouracil or everolimus were retrospectively assessed to evaluate the effect of the treatments on disease progression. We analyzed the TTP for patients for each treatment modality and compared the TTP between those who achieved OR and those who achieved SD., Results: Altogether 56 patients treated with PRRT, 32 treated with streptozotocin/5-fluorouracil and 52 treated with everolimus were included in the analyses. The median TTP for those treated with PRRT and achieving OR was 31 months, the TTP for those achieving SD was 43 months (p = 0,2). For patients treated with streptozotocin/5-fluorouracil the results were: OR: 18 months, SD: 23 months (p = 0,9) and for those treated with everolimus; OR: 9 months, SD: 20 months (p = 0,5), respectively. We found no differences between patients achieving OR compared to SD regarding age, sex, stage, primary tumor location, Ki-67% or ongoing treatment with somatostatin analogues., Conclusions: We found no treatment benefit with regard to TTP for our patients that experienced OR compared to those who achieved SD.- Published
- 2020
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12. In the Grand Scheme of Things: Identifying Reproducible Microbial Signatures in Dietary Intervention Studies.
- Author
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Poole AC
- Subjects
- Diet, High-Fat, Reproducibility of Results, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Microbiota
- Abstract
Nutrition research is plagued by the reproducibility crisis. Reconciling nutrition studies involving microbiome data presents a modern challenge for researchers. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Bisanz et al., 2019 demonstrate a comprehensive methodology for meta-analysis of microbiome sequence data from high-fat-diet intervention studies., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
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13. Human Salivary Amylase Gene Copy Number Impacts Oral and Gut Microbiomes.
- Author
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Poole AC, Goodrich JK, Youngblut ND, Luque GG, Ruaud A, Sutter JL, Waters JL, Shi Q, El-Hadidi M, Johnson LM, Bar HY, Huson DH, Booth JG, and Ley RE
- Subjects
- Animals, Germ-Free Life, Humans, Mice, Amylases genetics, Gastrointestinal Tract microbiology, Gene Dosage, Microbiota, Mouth microbiology, Saliva enzymology
- Abstract
Host genetic variation influences microbiome composition. While studies have focused on associations between the gut microbiome and specific alleles, gene copy number (CN) also varies. We relate microbiome diversity to CN variation of the AMY1 locus, which encodes salivary amylase, facilitating starch digestion. After imputing AMY1-CN for ∼1,000 subjects, we identified taxa differentiating fecal microbiomes of high and low AMY1-CN hosts. In a month-long diet intervention study, we show that diet standardization drove gut microbiome convergence, and AMY1-CN correlated with oral and gut microbiome composition and function. The microbiomes of low-AMY1-CN subjects had enhanced capacity to break down complex carbohydrates. High-AMY1-CN subjects had higher levels of salivary Porphyromonas; their gut microbiota had increased abundance of resistant starch-degrading microbes, produced higher levels of short-chain fatty acids, and drove higher adiposity when transferred to germ-free mice. This study establishes AMY1-CN as a genetic factor associated with microbiome composition and function., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
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14. Use of antimigraine medications and information needs during pregnancy and breastfeeding: a cross-sectional study among 401 Norwegian women.
- Author
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Amundsen S, Øvrebø TG, Amble NM, Poole AC, and Nordeng H
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Analgesics therapeutic use, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal therapeutic use, Breast Feeding, Cross-Sectional Studies, Ergotamine therapeutic use, Female, Humans, Metoclopramide therapeutic use, Middle Aged, Norway epidemiology, Postpartum Period, Pregnancy, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tryptamines therapeutic use, Young Adult, Drug Utilization statistics & numerical data, Migraine Disorders drug therapy, Patient Education as Topic
- Abstract
Purpose: Migraine is highly prevalent among women of fertile age. The main objectives of this study were to describe the prevalence and patterns of use of antimigraine medications during pregnancy and breastfeeding and to identify maternal and migraine-related factors associated with medication use during pregnancy., Methods: The study is a cross-sectional internet-based survey among pregnant women and new mothers with migraine conducted in Norway from October 1, 2013 to February 1, 2014. Descriptive statistics were used to explore patterns of medication use, and logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association between maternal socio-demographic and migraine-related factors and use of antimigraine medications during pregnancy., Results: Of the total 401 respondents, 34.9 % were pregnant and 65.1 % had delivered within the last 18 months. The majority reported use of antimigraine medications during pregnancy (73.3 %) and postpartum (64.8 %), yet less than a third considered their migraine to be optimally treated during pregnancy (31.7 %) and the breastfeeding period (27.2 %). The patterns of medication use markedly changed during pregnancy and postpartum. Women with moderate or severe migraine were more likely to use antimigraine medications during pregnancy compared to women with mild migraine., Conclusions: Despite the fact that antimigraine medications were commonly used, the majority of the women felt that their migraine was suboptimally treated during pregnancy and postpartum. There was a decline in the use of medicines in pregnancy and postpartum, and the patterns of use markedly changed. Efforts to improve treatment of women with migraine during pregnancy and breastfeeding should be undertaken.
- Published
- 2016
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15. Reply to "Triclocarban and Health: the Jury Is Still Out".
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Pischel L, Poole AC, Ley C, Suh G, Goodrich JK, Haggerty TD, Ley RE, and Parsonnet J
- Published
- 2016
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16. Corrigendum: Dietary emulsifiers impact the mouse gut microbiota promoting colitis and metabolic syndrome.
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Chassaing B, Koren O, Goodrich JK, Poole AC, Srinivasan S, Ley RE, and Gewirtz AT
- Published
- 2016
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17. Crossover Control Study of the Effect of Personal Care Products Containing Triclosan on the Microbiome.
- Author
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Poole AC, Pischel L, Ley C, Suh G, Goodrich JK, Haggerty TD, Ley RE, and Parsonnet J
- Abstract
Commonly prescribed antibiotics are known to alter human microbiota. We hypothesized that triclosan and triclocarban, components of many household and personal care products (HPCPs), may alter the oral and gut microbiota, with potential consequences for metabolic function and weight. In a double-blind, randomized, crossover study, participants were given triclosan- and triclocarban (TCS)-containing or non-triclosan/triclocarban (nTCS)-containing HPCPs for 4 months and then switched to the other products for an additional 4 months. Blood, stool, gingival plaque, and urine samples and weight data were obtained at baseline and at regular intervals throughout the study period. Blood samples were analyzed for metabolic and endocrine markers and urine samples for triclosan. The microbiome in stool and oral samples was then analyzed. Although there was a significant difference in the amount of triclosan in the urine between the TCS and nTCS phases, no differences were found in microbiome composition, metabolic or endocrine markers, or weight. Though this study was limited by the small sample size and imprecise administration of HPCPs, triclosan at physiologic levels from exposure to HPCPs does not appear to have a significant or important impact on human oral or gut microbiome structure or on a panel of metabolic markers. IMPORTANCE Triclosan and triclocarban are commonly used commercial microbicides found in toothpastes and soaps. It is unknown what effects these chemicals have on the human microbiome or on endocrine function. From this randomized crossover study, it appears that routine personal care use of triclosan and triclocarban neither exerts a major influence on microbial communities in the gut and mouth nor alters markers of endocrine function in humans.
- Published
- 2016
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18. Proton pump inhibitors alter the composition of the gut microbiota.
- Author
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Jackson MA, Goodrich JK, Maxan ME, Freedberg DE, Abrams JA, Poole AC, Sutter JL, Welter D, Ley RE, Bell JT, Spector TD, and Steves CJ
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Upper Gastrointestinal Tract, Young Adult, Gastrointestinal Microbiome drug effects, Proton Pump Inhibitors pharmacology
- Abstract
Objective: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are drugs used to suppress gastric acid production and treat GI disorders such as peptic ulcers and gastro-oesophageal reflux. They have been considered low risk, have been widely adopted, and are often over-prescribed. Recent studies have identified an increased risk of enteric and other infections with their use. Small studies have identified possible associations between PPI use and GI microbiota, but this has yet to be carried out on a large population-based cohort., Design: We investigated the association between PPI usage and the gut microbiome using 16S ribosomal RNA amplification from faecal samples of 1827 healthy twins, replicating results within unpublished data from an interventional study., Results: We identified a significantly lower abundance in gut commensals and lower microbial diversity in PPI users, with an associated significant increase in the abundance of oral and upper GI tract commensals. In particular, significant increases were observed in Streptococcaceae. These associations were replicated in an independent interventional study and in a paired analysis between 70 monozygotic twin pairs who were discordant for PPI use. We propose that the observed changes result from the removal of the low pH barrier between upper GI tract bacteria and the lower gut., Conclusions: Our findings describe a significant impact of PPIs on the gut microbiome and should caution over-use of PPIs, and warrant further investigation into the mechanisms and their clinical consequences., (Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/)
- Published
- 2016
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19. Epithelial Sel1L is required for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis.
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Sun S, Lourie R, Cohen SB, Ji Y, Goodrich JK, Poole AC, Ley RE, Denkers EY, McGuckin MA, Long Q, Duhamel GE, Simpson KW, and Qi L
- Subjects
- Animals, Apoptosis, Duodenum metabolism, Duodenum pathology, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation, Endoribonucleases physiology, Enteritis metabolism, Enteritis pathology, Female, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Haploinsufficiency, Homeostasis, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Transgenic, Paneth Cells metabolism, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases physiology, Transcription Factor CHOP physiology, Enterocytes metabolism, Proteins physiology, Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases metabolism
- Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an incurable chronic idiopathic disease that drastically decreases quality of life. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) is responsible for the clearance of misfolded proteins; however, its role in disease pathogenesis remains largely unexplored. Here we show that the expression of SEL1L and HRD1, the most conserved branch of mammalian ERAD, is significantly reduced in ileal Crohn's disease (CD). Consistent with this observation, laboratory mice with enterocyte-specific Sel1L deficiency (Sel1L(ΔIEC)) develop spontaneous enteritis and have increased susceptibility to Toxoplasma gondii-induced ileitis. This is associated with profound defects in Paneth cells and a disproportionate increase of Ruminococcus gnavus, a mucolytic bacterium with known association with CD. Surprisingly, whereas both ER stress sensor IRE1α and effector CHOP are activated in the small intestine of Sel1L(ΔIEC) mice, they are not solely responsible for ERAD deficiency-associated lesions seen in the small intestine. Thus our study points to a constitutive role of Sel1L-Hrd1 ERAD in epithelial cell biology and the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation in CD., (© 2016 Sun et al. This article is distributed by The American Society for Cell Biology under license from the author(s). Two months after publication it is available to the public under an Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike 3.0 Unported Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0).)
- Published
- 2016
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20. Methane Emission in a Specific Riparian-Zone Sediment Decreased with Bioelectrochemical Manipulation and Corresponded to the Microbial Community Dynamics.
- Author
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Friedman ES, McPhillips LE, Werner JJ, Poole AC, Ley RE, Walter MT, and Angenent LT
- Abstract
Dissimilatory metal-reducing bacteria are widespread in terrestrial ecosystems, especially in anaerobic soils and sediments. Thermodynamically, dissimilatory metal reduction is more favorable than sulfate reduction and methanogenesis but less favorable than denitrification and aerobic respiration. It is critical to understand the complex relationships, including the absence or presence of terminal electron acceptors, that govern microbial competition and coexistence in anaerobic soils and sediments, because subsurface microbial processes can effect greenhouse gas emissions from soils, possibly resulting in impacts at the global scale. Here, we elucidated the effect of an inexhaustible, ferrous-iron and humic-substance mimicking terminal electron acceptor by deploying potentiostatically poised electrodes in the sediment of a very specific stream riparian zone in Upstate New York state. At two sites within the same stream riparian zone during the course of 6 weeks in the spring of 2013, we measured CH4 and N2/N2O emissions from soil chambers containing either poised or unpoised electrodes, and we harvested biofilms from the electrodes to quantify microbial community dynamics. At the upstream site, which had a lower vegetation cover and highest soil temperatures, the poised electrodes inhibited CH4 emissions by ∼45% (when normalized to remove temporal effects). CH4 emissions were not significantly impacted at the downstream site. N2/N2O emissions were generally low at both sites and were not impacted by poised electrodes. We did not find a direct link between bioelectrochemical treatment and microbial community membership; however, we did find a correspondence between environment/function and microbial community dynamics.
- Published
- 2016
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21. Selection on soil microbiomes reveals reproducible impacts on plant function.
- Author
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Panke-Buisse K, Poole AC, Goodrich JK, Ley RE, and Kao-Kniffin J
- Subjects
- Arabidopsis genetics, Arabidopsis growth & development, Biomass, Brassica rapa growth & development, Genotype, Reproducibility of Results, Soil chemistry, Flowers growth & development, Microbiota, Soil Microbiology
- Abstract
Soil microorganisms found in the root zone impact plant growth and development, but the potential to harness these benefits is hampered by the sheer abundance and diversity of the players influencing desirable plant traits. Here, we report a high level of reproducibility of soil microbiomes in altering plant flowering time and soil functions when partnered within and between plant hosts. We used a multi-generation experimental system using Arabidopsis thaliana Col to select for soil microbiomes inducing earlier or later flowering times of their hosts. We then inoculated the selected microbiomes from the tenth generation of plantings into the soils of three additional A. thaliana genotypes (Ler, Be, RLD) and a related crucifer (Brassica rapa). With the exception of Ler, all other plant hosts showed a shift in flowering time corresponding with the inoculation of early- or late-flowering microbiomes. Analysis of the soil microbial community using 16 S rRNA gene sequencing showed distinct microbiota profiles assembling by flowering time treatment. Plant hosts grown with the late-flowering-associated microbiomes showed consequent increases in inflorescence biomass for three A. thaliana genotypes and an increase in total biomass for B. rapa. The increase in biomass was correlated with two- to five-fold enhancement of microbial extracellular enzyme activities associated with nitrogen mineralization in soils. The reproducibility of the flowering phenotype across plant hosts suggests that microbiomes can be selected to modify plant traits and coordinate changes in soil resource pools.
- Published
- 2015
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22. Dietary emulsifiers impact the mouse gut microbiota promoting colitis and metabolic syndrome.
- Author
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Chassaing B, Koren O, Goodrich JK, Poole AC, Srinivasan S, Ley RE, and Gewirtz AT
- Subjects
- Adiposity drug effects, Animals, Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium administration & dosage, Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium adverse effects, Colitis pathology, Emulsifying Agents administration & dosage, Feces microbiology, Female, Gastrointestinal Tract pathology, Germ-Free Life, Inflammation chemically induced, Inflammation microbiology, Inflammation pathology, Intestinal Mucosa drug effects, Intestinal Mucosa microbiology, Intestinal Mucosa pathology, Male, Metabolic Syndrome pathology, Mice, Microbiota drug effects, Obesity chemically induced, Obesity microbiology, Obesity pathology, Polysorbates administration & dosage, Polysorbates adverse effects, Colitis chemically induced, Colitis microbiology, Diet adverse effects, Emulsifying Agents adverse effects, Gastrointestinal Tract drug effects, Gastrointestinal Tract microbiology, Metabolic Syndrome chemically induced, Metabolic Syndrome microbiology
- Abstract
The intestinal tract is inhabited by a large and diverse community of microbes collectively referred to as the gut microbiota. While the gut microbiota provides important benefits to its host, especially in metabolism and immune development, disturbance of the microbiota-host relationship is associated with numerous chronic inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease and the group of obesity-associated diseases collectively referred to as metabolic syndrome. A primary means by which the intestine is protected from its microbiota is via multi-layered mucus structures that cover the intestinal surface, thereby allowing the vast majority of gut bacteria to be kept at a safe distance from epithelial cells that line the intestine. Thus, agents that disrupt mucus-bacterial interactions might have the potential to promote diseases associated with gut inflammation. Consequently, it has been hypothesized that emulsifiers, detergent-like molecules that are a ubiquitous component of processed foods and that can increase bacterial translocation across epithelia in vitro, might be promoting the increase in inflammatory bowel disease observed since the mid-twentieth century. Here we report that, in mice, relatively low concentrations of two commonly used emulsifiers, namely carboxymethylcellulose and polysorbate-80, induced low-grade inflammation and obesity/metabolic syndrome in wild-type hosts and promoted robust colitis in mice predisposed to this disorder. Emulsifier-induced metabolic syndrome was associated with microbiota encroachment, altered species composition and increased pro-inflammatory potential. Use of germ-free mice and faecal transplants indicated that such changes in microbiota were necessary and sufficient for both low-grade inflammation and metabolic syndrome. These results support the emerging concept that perturbed host-microbiota interactions resulting in low-grade inflammation can promote adiposity and its associated metabolic effects. Moreover, they suggest that the broad use of emulsifying agents might be contributing to an increased societal incidence of obesity/metabolic syndrome and other chronic inflammatory diseases.
- Published
- 2015
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23. Human genetics shape the gut microbiome.
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Goodrich JK, Waters JL, Poole AC, Sutter JL, Koren O, Blekhman R, Beaumont M, Van Treuren W, Knight R, Bell JT, Spector TD, Clark AG, and Ley RE
- Subjects
- Animals, Bacteria metabolism, Body Mass Index, Female, Gastrointestinal Tract microbiology, Germ-Free Life, Humans, Male, Mice, Obesity microbiology, Twins, Dizygotic, Twins, Monozygotic, Bacteria classification, Bacteria isolation & purification, Feces microbiology, Microbiota
- Abstract
Host genetics and the gut microbiome can both influence metabolic phenotypes. However, whether host genetic variation shapes the gut microbiome and interacts with it to affect host phenotype is unclear. Here, we compared microbiotas across >1,000 fecal samples obtained from the TwinsUK population, including 416 twin pairs. We identified many microbial taxa whose abundances were influenced by host genetics. The most heritable taxon, the family Christensenellaceae, formed a co-occurrence network with other heritable Bacteria and with methanogenic Archaea. Furthermore, Christensenellaceae and its partners were enriched in individuals with low body mass index (BMI). An obese-associated microbiome was amended with Christensenella minuta, a cultured member of the Christensenellaceae, and transplanted to germ-free mice. C. minuta amendment reduced weight gain and altered the microbiome of recipient mice. Our findings indicate that host genetics influence the composition of the human gut microbiome and can do so in ways that impact host metabolism.
- Published
- 2014
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24. Conducting a microbiome study.
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Goodrich JK, Di Rienzi SC, Poole AC, Koren O, Walters WA, Caporaso JG, Knight R, and Ley RE
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- Animals, Archaea classification, Archaea genetics, Archaea isolation & purification, Bacteria classification, Bacteria genetics, Bacteria isolation & purification, Guidelines as Topic, Humans, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Ribotyping, Microbiological Techniques, Microbiota
- Abstract
Human microbiome research is an actively developing area of inquiry, with ramifications for our lifestyles, our interactions with microbes, and how we treat disease. Advances depend on carefully executed, controlled, and reproducible studies. Here, we provide a Primer for researchers from diverse disciplines interested in conducting microbiome research. We discuss factors to be considered in the design, execution, and data analysis of microbiome studies. These recommendations should help researchers to enter and contribute to this rapidly developing field., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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25. Diet-induced alterations in gut microflora contribute to lethal pulmonary damage in TLR2/TLR4-deficient mice.
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Ji Y, Sun S, Goodrich JK, Kim H, Poole AC, Duhamel GE, Ley RE, and Qi L
- Subjects
- Animals, Dysbiosis etiology, Dysbiosis immunology, Immunity, Innate, Intestines immunology, Intestines microbiology, Lung Diseases pathology, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Toll-Like Receptor 2 genetics, Toll-Like Receptor 4 genetics, Diet, High-Fat adverse effects, Dysbiosis complications, Lung Diseases etiology, Microbiota, Toll-Like Receptor 2 deficiency, Toll-Like Receptor 4 deficiency
- Abstract
Chronic intake of Western diet has driven an epidemic of obesity and metabolic syndrome, but how it induces mortality remains unclear. Here, we show that chronic intake of a high-fat diet (HFD), not a low-fat diet, leads to severe pulmonary damage and mortality in mice deficient in Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (DKO). Diet-induced pulmonary lesions are blocked by antibiotic treatment and are transmissible to wild-type mice upon either cohousing or fecal transplantation, pointing to the existence of bacterial pathogens. Indeed, diet and innate deficiency exert significant impact on gut microbiota composition. Thus, chronic intake of HFD promotes severe pulmonary damage and mortality in DKO mice in part via gut dysbiosis, a finding that may be important for immunodeficient patients, particularly those on chemotherapy or radiotherapy, where gut-microbiota-caused conditions are often life threatening., (Copyright © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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26. Analysis of neural subtypes reveals selective mitochondrial dysfunction in dopaminergic neurons from parkin mutants.
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Burman JL, Yu S, Poole AC, Decal RB, and Pallanck L
- Subjects
- Animals, Membrane Potentials, Dopamine metabolism, Drosophila genetics, Drosophila Proteins genetics, Mitochondria physiology, Mutation, Neurons metabolism, Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases genetics
- Abstract
Studies of the familial Parkinson disease-related proteins PINK1 and Parkin have demonstrated that these factors promote the fragmentation and turnover of mitochondria following treatment of cultured cells with mitochondrial depolarizing agents. Whether PINK1 or Parkin influence mitochondrial quality control under normal physiological conditions in dopaminergic neurons, a principal cell type that degenerates in Parkinson disease, remains unclear. To address this matter, we developed a method to purify and characterize neural subtypes of interest from the adult Drosophila brain. Using this method, we find that dopaminergic neurons from Drosophila parkin mutants accumulate enlarged, depolarized mitochondria, and that genetic perturbations that promote mitochondrial fragmentation and turnover rescue the mitochondrial depolarization and neurodegenerative phenotypes of parkin mutants. In contrast, cholinergic neurons from parkin mutants accumulate enlarged depolarized mitochondria to a lesser extent than dopaminergic neurons, suggesting that a higher rate of mitochondrial damage, or a deficiency in alternative mechanisms to repair or eliminate damaged mitochondria explains the selective vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson disease. Our study validates key tenets of the model that PINK1 and Parkin promote the fragmentation and turnover of depolarized mitochondria in dopaminergic neurons. Moreover, our neural purification method provides a foundation to further explore the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease, and to address other neurobiological questions requiring the analysis of defined neural cell types.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
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27. The mitochondrial fusion-promoting factor mitofusin is a substrate of the PINK1/parkin pathway.
- Author
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Poole AC, Thomas RE, Yu S, Vincow ES, and Pallanck L
- Subjects
- Drosophila Proteins genetics, Immunoprecipitation, Mitochondria pathology, Mutation, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases genetics, Protein Stability, Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases genetics, Ubiquitination, Drosophila Proteins metabolism, Membrane Proteins metabolism, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases metabolism, Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases metabolism
- Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the PINK1 or parkin genes result in recessive heritable forms of parkinsonism. Genetic studies of Drosophila orthologs of PINK1 and parkin indicate that PINK1, a mitochondrially targeted serine/threonine kinase, acts upstream of Parkin, a cytosolic ubiquitin-protein ligase, to promote mitochondrial fragmentation, although the molecular mechanisms by which the PINK1/Parkin pathway promotes mitochondrial fragmentation are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that PINK1 and Parkin promote mitochondrial fragmentation by targeting core components of the mitochondrial morphogenesis machinery for ubiquitination. We report that the steady-state abundance of the mitochondrial fusion-promoting factor Mitofusin (dMfn) is inversely correlated with the activity of PINK1 and Parkin in Drosophila. We further report that dMfn is ubiquitinated in a PINK1- and Parkin-dependent fashion and that dMfn co-immunoprecipitates with Parkin. By contrast, perturbations of PINK1 or Parkin did not influence the steady-state abundance of the mitochondrial fission-promoting factor Drp1 or the mitochondrial fusion-promoting factor Opa1, or the subcellular distribution of Drp1. Our findings suggest that dMfn is a direct substrate of the PINK1/Parkin pathway and that the mitochondrial morphological alterations and tissue degeneration phenotypes that derive from mutations in PINK1 and parkin result at least in part from reduced ubiquitin-mediated turnover of dMfn.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. The PINK1/Parkin pathway regulates mitochondrial morphology.
- Author
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Poole AC, Thomas RE, Andrews LA, McBride HM, Whitworth AJ, and Pallanck LJ
- Subjects
- Animals, Cytoskeletal Proteins metabolism, Drosophila genetics, Drosophila metabolism, Drosophila ultrastructure, Drosophila Proteins genetics, Eye anatomy & histology, Eye metabolism, GTP-Binding Proteins metabolism, Gene Dosage, Humans, Membrane Proteins metabolism, Mitochondria genetics, Mitochondrial Swelling, Mutation, Parkinson Disease enzymology, Parkinson Disease genetics, Protein Kinases genetics, Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases, Cytoskeletal Proteins genetics, Drosophila Proteins metabolism, GTP-Binding Proteins genetics, Membrane Fusion genetics, Mitochondria ultrastructure, Parkinson Disease pathology, Protein Kinases metabolism
- Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) or parkin genes, which encode a mitochondrially localized serine/threonine kinase and a ubiquitin-protein ligase, respectively, result in recessive familial forms of Parkinsonism. Genetic studies in Drosophila indicate that PINK1 acts upstream of Parkin in a common pathway that influences mitochondrial integrity in a subset of tissues, including flight muscle and dopaminergic neurons. The mechanism by which PINK1 and Parkin influence mitochondrial integrity is currently unknown, although mutations in the PINK1 and parkin genes result in enlarged or swollen mitochondria, suggesting a possible regulatory role for the PINK1/Parkin pathway in mitochondrial morphology. To address this hypothesis, we examined the influence of genetic alterations affecting the machinery that governs mitochondrial morphology on the PINK1 and parkin mutant phenotypes. We report that heterozygous loss-of-function mutations of drp1, which encodes a key mitochondrial fission-promoting component, are largely lethal in a PINK1 or parkin mutant background. Conversely, the flight muscle degeneration and mitochondrial morphological alterations that result from mutations in PINK1 and parkin are strongly suppressed by increased drp1 gene dosage and by heterozygous loss-of-function mutations affecting the mitochondrial fusion-promoting factors OPA1 and Mfn2. Finally, we find that an eye phenotype associated with increased PINK1/Parkin pathway activity is suppressed by perturbations that reduce mitochondrial fission and enhanced by perturbations that reduce mitochondrial fusion. Our studies suggest that the PINK1/Parkin pathway promotes mitochondrial fission and that the loss of mitochondrial and tissue integrity in PINK1 and parkin mutants derives from reduced mitochondrial fission.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Quantitative trait loci for carbohydrate and total energy intake on mouse chromosome 17: congenic strain confirmation and candidate gene analyses (Glo1, Glp1r).
- Author
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Kumar KG, Poole AC, York B, Volaufova J, Zuberi A, and Richards BK
- Subjects
- Animals, Blotting, Western, Body Weight physiology, DNA genetics, DNA, Complementary biosynthesis, DNA, Complementary genetics, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fats, Dietary Proteins, Genetic Variation, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor, Mice, Mice, Congenic, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Microsatellite Repeats genetics, Phenotype, RNA genetics, RNA isolation & purification, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Chromosomes, Mammalian genetics, Energy Intake genetics, Lactoylglutathione Lyase genetics, Quantitative Trait Loci, Receptors, Glucagon genetics
- Abstract
Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for carbohydrate (Mnic1) and total energy (Kcal2) intake on proximal mouse chromosome 17 were identified previously from a C57BL/6J (B6) X CAST/Ei (CAST) intercross. Here we report that a new congenic strain developed in our laboratory has confirmed this complex locus by recapitulating the original linked phenotypes: B6.CAST-17 homozygous congenic mice consumed more carbohydrate (27%) and total energy (17%) compared with littermate wild-type mice. Positional gene candidates with relevance to carbohydrate metabolism, glyoxalase I (Glo1) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (Glp1r), were evaluated. Glo1 expression was upregulated in liver and hypothalamus of congenic mice when compared with B6 mice. Analyses of Glp1r mRNA and protein expression revealed tissue-specific strain differences in pancreas (congenic>B6) and stomach (B6>congenic). These results suggest the possibility of separate mechanisms for enhanced insulin synthesis and gastric accommodation in the presence of high carbohydrate intake and larger food volume, respectively. Sequence analysis of Glp1r found a G insert at nt position 1349, which results in earlier termination of the open reading frame, thus revealing an error in the public sequence. Consequently, the predicted length of GLP-1R is 463 aa compared with 489 aa, as previously reported. Also, we found a polymorphism in Glp1r between parental strains that alters the amino acid sequence. Variation in Glp1r could influence nutrient intake in this model through changes in the regulatory or protein coding regions of the gene. These congenic mice offer a powerful tool for investigating gene interactions in the control of food intake.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
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30. An unstable base alters limb and abdominal activation strategies during the flexionrelaxation response.
- Author
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Behm DG, Burry SM, Greeley GE, Poole AC, and Mackinnon SN
- Abstract
The flexion-relaxation phenomenon consisting of an erector spinae silent period occurring with trunk flexion can place considerable stress upon tissues. Since individuals often flex their trunks while unstable, the purpose of the study was to examine the effect of an unstable base on the flexion-relaxation response. Fourteen participants flexed at the hips and back while standing on a stable floor or an unstable dyna-disc. Hip and trunk flexion were repeated four times each with one-minute rest. Electromyographic (EMG) electrodes were placed over the right lumbo-sacral erector spinae (LSES), upper lumbar erector spinae (ULES), lower abdominals (LA), biceps femoris and soleus. In addition to the flexion-relaxation phenomenon of the ES, a quiescence of biceps femoris and a burst of LA EMG activity was observed with the majority of stable trials. There was no effect of instability on the flexion-relaxation phenomenon of the ULES or LSES. The incidence of a biceps femoris silent period while stable was diminished with an unstable base. Similarly, the incidence of a LA EMG burst was curtailed with instability. Soleus EMG activity increased 29.5% with an unstable platform. An unstable base did not significantly affect LSES and ULES EMG flexion-relaxation, but did result in more persistent lower limb and LA activity. Key PointsAn unstable base did not affect the flexion relaxation response of the erector spinae.An unstable base decreased the incidence of biceps femoris quiescent period.An unstable base diminished the incidence of the lower abdominals EMG burst.
- Published
- 2006
31. QTL analysis of self-selected macronutrient diet intake: fat, carbohydrate, and total kilocalories.
- Author
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Smith Richards BK, Belton BN, Poole AC, Mancuso JJ, Churchill GA, Li R, Volaufova J, Zuberi A, and York B
- Subjects
- Animals, Body Weight genetics, Colipases genetics, Crosses, Genetic, Dietary Proteins, Enzyme Precursors, Female, Glucose analysis, Humans, Kinetics, Male, Mice, Obesity genetics, Phenotype, Protein Precursors genetics, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fats, Eating genetics, Energy Intake genetics, Feeding Behavior, Quantitative Trait Loci
- Abstract
The present study investigated the inheritance of dietary fat, carbohydrate, and kilocalorie intake traits in an F(2) population derived from an intercross between C57BL/6J (fat-preferring) and CAST/EiJ (carbohydrate-preferring) mice. Mice were phenotyped for self-selected food intake in a paradigm which provided for 10 days a choice between two macronutrient diets containing 78/22% of energy as a composite of either fat/protein or carbohydrate/protein. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis identified six significant loci for macronutrient intake: three for fat intake on chromosomes (Chrs) 8 (Mnif1), 18 (Mnif2), and X (Mnif3), and three for carbohydrate intake on Chrs 17 (Mnic1), 6 (Mnic2), and X (Mnic3). An absence of interactions among these QTL suggests the existence of separate mechanisms controlling the intake of fat and carbohydrate. Two significant QTL for cumulative kilocalorie intake, adjusted for baseline body weight, were found on Chrs 17 (Kcal1) and 18 (Kcal2). Without body weight adjustment, another significant kcal locus appeared on distal Chr 2 (Kcal3). These macronutrient and kilocalorie QTL, with the exception of loci on Chrs 8 and X, encompassed chromosomal regions influencing body weight gain and adiposity in this F2 population. These results provide new insight into the genetic basis of naturally occurring variation in nutrient intake phenotypes.
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. The concept and measurement of bladder work.
- Author
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Abrams PH, Skidmore R, Poole AC, and Follett D
- Subjects
- Humans, Male, Methods, Pressure, Rheology, Urethra physiopathology, Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction physiopathology, Urinary Bladder physiopathology, Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction diagnosis
- Abstract
The methodology for the calculation of bladder work from pressure volume traces has been described. Bladder work values have been calculated from the urodynamic data of 50 male patients. When bladder work values were related to the micturition time and the volume passed, a highly significant correlation was demonstrated with urethral resistance. Bladder work values may be a useful index in the diagnosis of bladder outflow obstruction.
- Published
- 1977
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. The concept and measurement of bladder work. A review after 6 years.
- Author
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Abrams PH, Skidmore R, Poole AC, and Follett D
- Subjects
- Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Microcomputers, Urodynamics, Urinary Bladder physiology
- Published
- 1983
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. An improved fully automated continuous-flow system for immunoassays.
- Author
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Ismail AA, West PM, Goldie DJ, and Poole AC
- Subjects
- Humans, Immunoenzyme Techniques instrumentation, Radioimmunoassay instrumentation, Radioimmunoassay methods, Thyroxine blood, Immunologic Techniques instrumentation
- Abstract
A modification to the Southmead continuous-flow automated immunoassay system enables the bound ligand fraction to be quantitated. The bound fraction is sequentially collected, washed, and then eluted from the separating device as a bolus. The misclassification error at separation is of the order of 0.6%, and sample-to-sample interaction is negligible. The application of the modified system to the radioimmunoassay for thyroxine at a rate of 60 samples per hour is described, and satisfactory assay characteristics and performance are documented. The application of the Southmead system to the enzyme immunoassay of thyroxine and to assays for other ligands is discussed.
- Published
- 1981
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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