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The opinionated data generated by users on social media are increasing day by day through Twitter, Facebook, blogs and forums. This data contains the opinions on any topic or idea and can be used for extracting the useful information. The techniques of sentiment analysis have been developed on opinions expressed by the people on social media. Most of the research has been done on the product, movies and restaurant reviews. However, the medical domain has acquired very less attention. Researchers used lexicon or machine learning techniques for analyzing the drug reviews that can help the healthcare professionals for checking the safety of the drugs after launched it into the market. The results of these existing techniques were not found satisfactory. This paper aims to propose an improved hybrid model for analyzing the drugs. The proposed model is also compared with the existing models.

Opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome is a rare neuroimmunologic disorder typically presenting in previously healthy infants and toddlers. It is characterized by a clinical triad of (1) erratic saccadic intrusions; (2) myoclonus and/or ataxia; (3) behavioral features, typified by developmental plateauing, irritability and insomnia. About half of cases are associated with an underlying neuroblastoma and diagnostic imaging is essential once OMAS is suspected. A thorough workup, including serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid studies is critical to identify underlying biomarkers of OMAS itself or neuroblastoma. Historically, many children had relatively poor long-term outcomes, with residual neurologic and/or neuropsychiatry sequelae typical. More recent concepts have emphasized combined immunotherapy regimens that offer hope for better outcomes in children with this remarkable, challenging disease.

Pediatricians and pediatric subspecialists worldwide have reported a marked increase in functional (conversion) disorders with tic-like behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. These patients often report frequent viewing of Tourette syndrome (TS) TikTok videos, suggesting disease modeling. We aimed to evaluate tic phenomenology in videos posted on TikTok.The 100 most-viewed videos under #tourettes in TikTok were randomly assigned to two of three primary reviewers (2 years independent practice), all pediatric neurologists specializing in movement disorders, for extraction and classification of tic phenomenology. Initial disagreements were solved by consensus. If not resolved, one of five senior reviewers (2 years independent pediatric movement disorder practice) served as a tiebreaker. In addition, two primary and one senior reviewer rated each video on a Likert scale from 1 = "All the tics are typical of TS" to 5 = "None of the tics are typical of TS". Median scores and Spearman correlation between primary and senior reviewers were calculated.Six videos without tic-like behaviors were excluded. Most videos depicted coprophenomena (coprolalia: 53.2%; copropraxia: 20.2%), often with unusual characteristics. Frequently, videos demonstrated atypical phenomenology such as very strong influence by the environment (motor: 54.3%; phonic: 54.3%), aggression (19.1%), throwing objects (22.3%), self-injurious behaviors (27.7%), and long phrases (3 words; 45.7%). Most videos portrayed atypical, nontic behaviors (median [IQR] Likert ratings: 5 [4-5]). Primary vs. senior rater scores demonstrated moderate agreement (r = 0.46; P 0.001).TS symptom portrayals on highly viewed TikTok videos are predominantly not representative or typical of TS.

Intensive rice-wheat cultivation cycle in Northern belt of India in general and in the State of Punjab in particular results in large volumes of straw and other post-harvest residue annually. The agricultural area, bordering the districts of Nawanshahr and Hoshiarpur, is popularly known as the seleniferous belt of India. The agri-residues, generated in seleniferous region of this state, are observed to contain significantly high concentration of selenium (Se). The present study was aimed to evaluate the Se uptake by different mushroom species: Pleurotus sajor-caju, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, Agaricus bisporus, and Volvariella volvacea, cultivated on Se-rich wheat and paddy straw from the seleniferous region. Wheat (Pleurotus species and A. bisporus) and paddy straw (V. volvacea) was inoculated with the mycelium spawn and left for 7–20 days, depending on the species, to grow. Control mushrooms were grown analogously using the agricultural residues from non-seleniferous area of the State of Punjab. All fruiting bodies were collected and analyzed in triplicate. Se was quantified using inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry. The Se accumulation was high in all species under study, being the highest in A. bisporus (1396 μg/g vs. 46.8 μg/g in controls – dry weight) and V. volvacea (231 μg/g vs. 3.77 μg/g – dry weight). The observed biological efficiency and total yield for all mushroom species showed good and unaltered productivity in Se-rich conditions, if compared to the controls. The Se-rich mushrooms can be prospective Se-supplements sourcing and biofortified foods, providing readily bioavailable and accessible Se for the diets deficient of this biologically essential element.

Search engine is a program that performs a search in the documents for finding out the response to the user’s query in form of keywords. It then provides a list of web pages comprising of those keywords. Search engines cannot differentiate between the variable documents and spams. Some search engine crawler retrieves only document title not the entire text in the document. The major objective of Question Answering system is to develop techniques that not only retrieve documents, but also provide exact answers to natural language questions. Many Question Answering systems developed are able to carry out the processing needed for attaining higher accuracy levels. However, there is no major progress on techniques for quickly finding exact answers. Existing Question Answering system is unable to handle variety of questions and reasoning-based question. In case of absence of data sources, QA system fails to answer the query. This paper investigates a novel technique for indexing the semantic Web for efficient Question Answering system. Proposed techniques include manual constructed question classifier based on , retrieval of documents specifically for Question Answering, semantic type answer extraction, answer extraction via manually constructed index for every category of Question.

Modulations in antioxidant properties of button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, cultivated on selenium-rich wheat straw from the seleniferous belt of Punjab (India) were examined in comparison to the mushrooms cultivated on normal straw. Selenium (Se) uptake by Se-fortified mushrooms (122 ± 1.8 µg/g DW) was significantly higher than control (14 ± 0.7 µg/g DW). The antioxidant activity, as determined by various assays viz., free radical scavenging, metal chelating activity, reduced lipid peroxidation; as well as inhibition of cancer cell proliferation was higher in experimental mushrooms as compared to control. Further analysis of Se rich extracts, using FTIR and MS indicated possible presence of selenoergothioneine-like moiety as an expression of Se uptake by mushrooms. The present study demonstrates the increased anti-oxidant activity in mushrooms cultivativated on Se hyperaccumulated agricultural residues.

The present study was carried out to examine the antioxidant activity in oyster mushroom cultivated on selenium (Se) rich substrate. Pleurotus fossulatus was cultivated on Se-rich wheat straw collected from the seleniferous belt of Punjab (India) and its potential to accumulate Se from substrate was examined. Using different assay systems the modulations in the anti-oxidant profile of Se enriched mushroom was studied in comparison to the mushrooms cultivated on normal straw. The oyster mushrooms were observed to potentially mobilize Se from Se-rich substrates to fruiting bodies, resulting in significantly high uptake (37.2±0.6 μg g−1) as compared to control (3.57±0.53 mg g−1). The antioxidant activity, as determined by various assays, such as reducing power, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging, and metal chelating activity, was higher in the experimental mushrooms when compared to control. The results obtained demonstrate that Se-fortified mushrooms through cultivation on straw containin...

Cultivation of saprophytic fungi on selenium-rich substrates can be an effective means to produce selenium-fortified food. Pleurotus florida, an edible species of oyster mushrooms, was grown on wheat straw from the seleniferous belt of Punjab (India) and its potential to mobilize and accumulate selenium from the growth substrate was studied. Selenium concentration in biofortified mushrooms was 800 times higher compared with control samples grown on wheat straw from non selenium-rich areas (141 vs 0.17 μg Se g(-1) dry weight). Seventy-five percent of the selenium was extracted after in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion and investigation of the selenium molecular fractions by size exclusion HPLC-ICP-MS revealed that proteins and any other high molecular weight selenium-containing molecule were hydrolyzed to peptides and low molecular weight selenocompounds. Analysis of the gastrointestinal hydrolysates by anion exchange HPLC-ICP-MS showed that the bioaccessible selenium was mainly present as selenomethionine, a good bioavailable source of selenium, which accounted for 73% of the sum of the detected species. This study demonstrates the feasibility of producing selenium-biofortified edible mushrooms using selenium-rich agricultural by-products as growth substrates. The proposed approach can be used to evaluate whether selenium-contaminated plant waste materials harvested from high-selenium areas may be used to produce selenium-biofortified edible mushrooms based on the concentration, bioaccessibility and speciation of selenium in the mushrooms.

Primary mitochondrial disorders are clinically and genetically heterogeneous, caused by an alteration(s) in either mitochondrial DNA or nuclear DNA, and affect the respiratory chain's ability to undergo oxidative phosphorylation, leading to decreased production of adenosine triphosphophate and subsequent energy failure. These disorders may present at any age, but children tend to have an acute onset of disease compared with subacute or slowly progressive presentation in adults. Varying organ involvement also contributes to the phenotypic spectrum seen in these disorders. The childhood presentation of primary mitochondrial disease is mainly due to nuclear DNA mutations, with mitochondrial DNA mutations being less frequent in childhood and more prominent in adulthood disease. The clinician should be aware of the pediatric presentation of mitochondrial disease and have an understanding of the myriad of nuclear genes responsible for these disorders. The nuclear genes can be best understood by utilizing a classification system of location and function within the mitochondria.

In an effort to produce selenium (Se)-fortifying edible mushrooms, five species of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sp.), were cultivated on Se-rich wheat straw collected from a seleniferous belt of Punjab, India. Total selenium was analyzed in the selenium hyperaccumulated wheat straw and the fruiting bodies. Significantly high levels (p

A 14-year-old girl presented to the neurology clinic complaining of headaches. She described her headaches as mild (intensity 3/10), holoacranial, and pounding in character. There was no nausea or vomiting, or photophobia or phonophobia. The patient described in detail a sequence of symptoms from the onset of her headaches. First she experienced “funny vision changes in her right eye” characterized by a very bright spinning colored wheel and scotomas. These visual experiences gave rise to right leg numbness, lasting a total of 45 seconds. Following the leg numbness, only the headache would persist, for no longer than 5 minutes. The patient reported no change in consciousness during these symptoms. These episodes started 6 months prior to the patient's presentation at the neurology clinic and had progressed with increased frequency from monthly to weekly. In between the episodes, she had no complaints. There was no history of head trauma and the patient's past medical history was unremarkable. Family history was only significant for a maternal cousin with migraines. The patient's general and neurologic examination findings were normal. She was asymptomatic during the examination. ### Questions for consideration: 1. What other questions are pertinent for this case? 2. Where would you localize the symptoms? We compiled a detailed description of the patient's visual complaints in an attempt to localize her symptoms. Additional questioning revealed that when she closed the right eye she still had visual symptoms in the nasal field of the left eye. Although a right monocular field involvement was initially suspected, these additional details instead suggested a right homonymous hemianopia. The patient's initial description of the headache as holocranial suggested a generalized process; however, the right visual field symptoms and the right leg numbness suggested localization to the left occipital and parietal cortex, respectively. ### Questions for consideration: 1. What differential diagnosis would you consider at this time? 2. What diagnostic tests …

Effects of genotype and explant orientation on shoot regeneration from cotyledonary explants of tomato were studied using 10 commercially important cultivars. The explant orientation affected shoot regeneration in all the tested genotypes. Cotyledons placed in abaxial (lower surface facing down) orientation consistently produced better shoot regenerative response and produced greater numbers and taller shoots compared to those inoculated in adaxial (upper surface facing down) orientation. Genotypic variation in terms of shoot regeneration response, number of shoots, and shoot height was apparent. Wounding of cotyledonary explants increased shoot regeneration response. However, shoot height was much lower in shoots regenerated from wounded explants compared to those that originated from intact cotyledons. Shoots produced from wounded cotyledons were abnormal in their form and structure.

Morphological, physiological, fruit yield and quality related traits were compared between the seed-grown and tissue-cultured plants of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cv. Red Coat in a greenhouse. No significant differences were observed for any of the traits studied except for the number of leaves and branches, which were higher in the seed-grown plants than in tissue-cultured plants at the later stages of growth. No phenotypic abnormality of the tissue-cultured plants was observed suggesting that genetic fidelity of tissue cultured plants can be maintained if appropriate plant growth regulators are used with fewer member of subcultures in the multiplication medium.

Tomato is a major vegetable crop that has achieved tremendous popularity over the last century. It is grown in almost every country of the world. Development of protocols for in vitro selection can provide new advances for the production of stress tolerant cultivars. Techniques have been optimised for the production of haploids and somatic hybrids. Attempts have also been made to transfer the higher regenerative ability of wild varieties to cultivated tomatoes. Although, some information is available on the morphogenesis of tomato, the techniques have not been developed to a level at which they can be utilised in large-scale multiplication of commercially important cultivars. The morphogenesis response seems to be highly dependent PGRs used in the media, which is again cultivar and genotypic specific. Somatic embryogenesis in tomato is still at its infancy, and efficient procedures for large-scale production via somatic embryogenesis are yet to be developed. Genetic stability of the tissue culture raised tomato plants also needs to be addressed. The use of a combination of molecular and conventional breeding techniques could be the option for the development of cultivars resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses. This paper reviews the advances made in various aspects of tissue culture in tomato. It also discusses the issues that still need to be addressed to utilise the full potential of plant tissue culture techniques in genetic improvement and mass propagation of tomato.

Spores of Schizaea dichotoma were disinfested using sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), streptomycin, or a combination of both streptomycin and NaOCl. Only the spores treated with streptomycin germinated. The highest germination (34%) was recorded in MS1/4 C compared to MS1/2, BB, or MM medium. The spore germination was not affected by the presence or absence of light or mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus clarum). The germinated spores developed up to five cells and failed to develop into a mature gametophyte.

Micropropagated shoots of Stackhousia tryonii were exposed (individually or in combination) to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), and 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at concentrations 1, 2 or 4 g dm−3 with the view to induce rooting under ex vitro conditions. The treated microshoots were grown in a mist room for four weeks and assessed for survival, rooting percentage, number of roots and root length. The results showed that IBA at 2 g dm−3 was most effective in inducing roots. Mixing of two or more auxins markedly reduced rooting percentage indicating antagonistic effects. The results demonstrated the potential of combining ex vitro rooting and hardening in one step, with view to reducing costs of multiplying plants via micropropagation.

'Yeppoon Gold' is a locally selected clone of 'Smooth Cayenne'. It can produce marketable fruit during winter, and its fruits are sweeter and less fibrous than those of other cultivars. Because of these features, it is anticipated that the demand for its propagating material will increase over the next five years. Tissue culture experiments were therefore conducted to develop rapid multiplication procedures for 'Yeppoon Gold'. Axillary buds from suckers were treated with 0.025% (w/v) mercuric chloride for five minutes and placed in different media. Rapid shoot initiation was found in MS medium supplemented with 1 mg L-1 BAP after four weeks incubation. Shoots were subcultured by bisectecting vertically and placing on MS or B5 medium containing 30.0 g L-1 sugar, 8.0 g L-1 agar and 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 or 2.5 mg L-1 BAP. The highest multiplication was obtained in B5 medium at 2 mg L-1 BAP. Repeated subculturing in the same medium for seven months resulted in root initiation. Thus, B5 medium with 2 mg L-1 BAP can serve as both multiplication and rooting medium. This protocol, which eliminates the extra step required for root initiation, has the potential to produce up to a million plants per year from about 10-20 suckers.

Stackhousia tryonii Bailey, a rare species whichhyperaccumulates nickel and with a potential to be exploited inphytoremediation/phytomining, is difficult to propagate via seeds. This studyinvestigated the development of a micropropagation protocol for the productionof large stocks of S. tryonii. Disinfested shoot tips andnodal buds were precultured on Gamborg's (B5) basal medium toobtain aseptic shoots for the optimisation of the protocol. 6-Benzyl aminopurine(BAP) at 1.0 mg l−1 produced the highest number ofshoots per explant in B5 medium. Comparison betweenB5 and MS media showed similar responses, but with marked influenceof BAP concentration on shoot numbers. Transfer of shoots from MS(multiplication) medium to MS medium supplemented with indole-3-acetic acid(IAA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), individually or in combination, indicatedthat a combination of IAA and IBA (0.75 mg l−1each) is required to produce roots on young shoots (75%) compared to IBA(15–45%) or IAA (0–10%) alone. This study demonstrated that by usingthis protocol, a high multiplication rate (up to 18 shoots per explant) could be produced within 4 weeks, andthey can be readily hardened (98% survival) in a glasshouse by transplantingthem into a potting mixture of sand and perlite (4:1).

The majority of primary mitochondrial disorders are due to nuclear gene mutations, not aberrations within the mitochondrial genome. The nervous system is frequently involved due to its high-energy demands. Many nonspecific neurologic symptoms may be present in mitochondrial disease; however, there are well-recognized red flags that should alert the clinician to the possibility of mitochondrial disease. There is an ever increasing number of nuclear gene mutations discovered that play a role in primary mitochondrial disease and its neurologic symptomatology. Neurologists need to be aware of the wide neurologic presentation, the red-flag symptoms, and the nuclear gene mutations involved in the pathophysiology of mitochondrial disease to diagnose and manage this patient population.

Techniques of establishing Angiopleris evecta plants in vitro were studied. Soaking of A. evecta spores in water for 24 hours markedly reduced spore contamination. Soaking of the spores in 1 -2 % of sodium hypochlorite for less than 5 minutes allowed satisfactory disinfestation without affecting spore viability. Lower concentration of minerals (1/4 MS), presence of charcoal in the medium and exposure of the spores to light were crucial for spore germination and gainetophytc development of A. evecta. Keywords: Angiopleris evecta I King fern / spore / MS medium / bleach / light / tissue culture / sporophyte / gamctophytc

Ten children (five boys and five girls) with juvenile chronic myelocytic leukemia were seen over a period of 12 years (1980-1991) at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. With the exception of one who was aged 4.5 years, all children were below 4 years of age (mean age 20.4 months). The presenting features included fever, bleeding secondary to thrombocytopenia, marked hepatosplenomegaly, and skin rash. The striking hematological features were anemia, thrombocytopenia, peripheral blood monocytosis, and normoblastemia. There was no significant myeloid proliferation in the bone marrow aspirate (mean M:E = 5:1), while erythroid proliferation was prominent along with monocytosis (mean 11.2%). Fetal hemoglobin was raised in 8 of the 10 patients (mean 14.1%). Long-term survival was poor, with maximum survival being 18 months in one case. New modalities of management of this rare entity are discussed.

Twelve year old boy, was admitted at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi in March 1990 with a history of left hypochondrial mass for six years and priapism for 2 days. He had an episode of priapi.~m one month ago, which spontaneously subsided within 8 hours Examination revealed mild pallor, sternal tenderness and gcneralized lymphadcnopathy. The penis was erect, firm, violaccous and tender with superficial venous cngorgment (Figure). Systemic examination revealed splenomegaly of 22 cm and hepatomcgaly of 4 cm. Investigations revealed Hb of 8.2 g/dl, WBC of 460,000/cu.mm., polymorphs 28%, eosinophiLs 1%, basophils 3%, lymphocytes 2%, myelocytes 28%, metamyelocvles 20% and stab forms 18%. Platelet count was 350,000/cu.mm. Serum uric-acid levels were 4.8 mg/dl. Liver function tests, blood urea, electrolytes, calcium and phosphorus levels wcre within normal limits. Skeletal

Stackhousia tryonii Bailey is a rare, serpentine-endemic herb, with potential for use in phytoremediation and/or phytomining. This study evaluates the use of herbaceous heel cuttings to propagate S. tryonii on three rooting media [sand, Medium I; a commercial nursery mix, Medium II; and sand : peat moss : perlite (2 : 2 : 1; v/v), Medium III] following the application of plant growth hormones, viz. indole-3-butyric acid and naphthalene acetic acid (both as pure and commercial formulations, viz. Clonex Gel-green, Gel-purple and Gel-red), and honey. Cutting survival, rooting percentage, the number of primary and secondary roots produced, the length of the longest root and the total root length were evaluated after 10 weeks. Results show that there was a positive (P < 0.001) influence of plant growth regulator treatments on cuttings' survival. Medium III failed to support survival of cuttings. Percentage rooting (as a proportion of original number of cuttings) was 10–30% higher in Medium I than in Medium II. Cuttings treated with Clonex Gel-red, IBA at 1000 ppm and NAA at 250 ppm had 60–70% higher percentage rooting in Medium�I than in Medium II. Total number of primary roots per rooted cuttings was significantly (P�

Background Majority of the post-harvest agri-residues from agricultural activity in Punjab, India, is burnt in the field resulting in the loss of soil fertility and release of large amounts of air pollutants. In an effort to reutilize the selenium-accumulated waste wheat and paddy straw from seleniferous region of Punjab, two varieties of edible mushrooms, Pleurotus sajor-kaju and Volvariella volvacea, were cultivated on Se-rich wheat and paddy straw, respectively.

Nasal deformity with associated deviated nasal septum is an important cause of malfunction in nose and upper respiratory tract. Many such deformities manifest during childhood. A clinical profile of such deformities in a group of 94 children is presented. The current status of surgical treatment of these deformities is discussed.