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Objective: This study is planned on a smaller scale to compare the felt need and normative need among subjects attending Dental Hospital Solan. This an effort to provide essential oral health care to the people of Solan on a superior scale in the future, based on accumulated data, which will facilitate the essential shift from the predominately normative assessment of the need to the incorporation of professionally defined into patientdefined need. Method: Subjective data was obtained by interview method, while the objective need was assessed by a dental professional on a structured format with predefined indices from randomly selected patients from OPD of DAV Dental College and Hospital Solan. Results: The majority of patients were from urban areas, graduate, female, and in the age group of 24-35 years. The most common subjective need was found filling and RC (30.7%). The most common objective need was scaling (36.2%). Maximum agreement between subjective and objective need was found in subjects from the urban area, educated, females, and in case of chief complaint of decayed teeth (44.7%) and the discrepancy was found maximum in case of chief s of periodontal problem and uneducated people from the rural area. Conclusion: This present study indicates low awareness among the population .there was a large discrepancy between subjective and objective treatment needs. The utilization of dental services should therefore be improved not only by providing better dental facilities but to a greater extent by increasing people’s awareness and knowledge of their own dental disorders.

Background:The optimal surgical strategy for tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) repair in neonates and young infants requiring early surgical intervention remains controversial. Our surgical center follows the uniform strategy of a staged approach with initial systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt the majority of time when early surgical intervention is required. We characterized a contemporary cohort of patients with TOF with pulmonary stenosis (PS) undergoing staged repair in order to determine the rate of pulmonary valve-sparing repair (PVSR), growth of the pulmonary valve annulus and pulmonary arteries, postoperative morbidity and mortality, and need for reintervention.Methods:We retrospectively studied patients with TOF/PS who underwent staged repair from 2000 to 2017. Surgical details, postoperative course, and reinterventions were noted. Echocardiographic measurements and Z-score values of pulmonary valve annulus, main pulmonary artery (MPA), right pulmonary artery (RPA), and left pulmonary artery (LPA) diameters were evaluated.Results:Of the 59 patients with staged TOF/PS, PVSR was performed in 25 (42%). There was a 5% incidence of postoperative arrhythmia. The Z-scores of MPA, RPA, and LPA were significantly higher before complete repair when compared to before palliative shunt. The 5 and 10-year survival rates were both 93%, and the probability of freedom from reoperation at 5 and 10 years was 87% and 82%, respectively.Conclusions:Staged repair of TOF in young symptomatic infants results in 42% receiving PVSR, pulmonary artery growth, low incidence of postoperative arrhythmia, and relatively low rate of reoperations.

The relationship between voluntary disclosure, cost of capital and performance of the Indian banks has been examined in this study. The sample of 32 Indian commercial banks has been taken to study this relationship for the observation period of 2013–2014 to 2017–2018. The voluntary disclosure score is calculated by framing an index of 121 items of voluntary information published in the annual reports of Indian banks. The results of panel regression analysis show that there is no significant relationship between voluntary disclosure and cost of capital. Further the results of study also reveal that bank performance does not mediate the relationship between voluntary and cost of capital in case of Indian banking sector, as the results of the interaction term of voluntary disclosure and performance are found to be insignificant. The findings suggest that that voluntary information disclosed in the annual reports of banks is not up to par to guide investors in their investment decisions and to understand the risks. Therefore, it does not influence the cost of capital. This article contributes to the existing literature by exhibiting that benefits of lower cost of capital associated with voluntary disclosure do not hold true for all industries. Additionally, the relationship between voluntary disclosure and performance of the banks is found to be significantly positive in this study. This research will add to the existing literature as no prior study has studied the simultaneous relationship between voluntary disclosure, cost of capital and performance in the context of a developing country. In particular, this study is the first to analyse the simultaneous relationship between voluntary disclosure, cost of capital and performance of banking industry in the context of a developing country by taking the sample from Indian banks.

An attempt has been made in this conceptual paper to understand the concept of E-Way bill as a new digital approach toward GST in India. E-way bill is an electronic way bill generated for the specific consignment/movement of goods from one place to another, either inter-state or intra-state and of value more than Rs 50,000, required under the current GST regime. It is notified to be implemented all over India w.e.f. April 1, 2018. The e-way bill is a old wine in new bottle. It is a replacement of way bill which was a physical document and existed during the VAT regime for the movement of goods. Registered/Unregistered person can generate the e-way bill. The stakeholders of e-way bill are suppliers, recipient, transporters and Department officers. It is an attempt towards making India Digital programme to ensure easiness in movement of goods from one place to another for all the stakeholders. Basic ICT Infrastructure is requirement for its effective implementation. It is a vital mechanism to check tax evasion under GST and the government has been keen to get the system working. Government of India will notify the required changes in near future to make it more convenient and successful in India.

The relation between the systemic and oral health is now well established. Researches have shown that many systemic diseases either cause or exaggerate the course of the certain periodontal conditions. Nutrition plays an important role in growth, development as well as the maintenance of the hard and soft tissue and also has a significant influence on the host immune response. Nutritional deficiencies therefore adversely affect periodontal health, causing as well as affecting the course and severity of periodontal diseases. The purpose of this article is thus to elaborate in detail the interrelation between the nutrition, periodontal health and diseases.

Background: Gingival recession defects (GRD) are one of the most commonly encountered conditions for which periodontal treatment is required. Several attempts have been made to classify GRD. Among all the classifications Millers classification for gingival recessions is the most accepted. Recently, several limitations and drawbacks have been pointed out in Miller's classification system. The aim of the present study is to test the reliability of the recently proposed Mahajan's Modification of the Miller's Classification for GRD. Materials and Methods: All 15 males and 11 females between the ages of 22 and 55 years (mean age, 37.15 year) with at least one buccal gingival recession were consecutively recruited by the same periodontist in order to test the reliability of the new classification of GRD. The classification was tested by two examiners blinded to the data collected by the other examiner. Intra-rater and inter-rater agreement was assessed. Results: The new classification system of gingival recessions was tested in a total of 175 gingival recessions in 26 patients. The intraclass correlation coefficient for inter-rater agreement was 0.90, showing an almost perfect agreement between the examiners. Conclusion: The newly proposed classification system eliminates the drawbacks and limitations associated with Miller's classification system and can be used to classify GRD reliably.

Objective: Oral health is an integral part of the general health, however, oral health has been given lower priority than other health problems especially among the underprivileged refugee population. Out of total refugees in the world, 70% of the refugees belong to Tibet. This study was taken up to assess the periodontal status and treatment needs of Tibetans residing in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India and to explore and suggest better oral health care delivery to them. Materials and Methods: Tibetans above the age of 12 years were included in this cross-sectional study. American Dental Association (ADA) Type-3 examination was conducted. Data regarding demography and oral health practices was recorded on a structured format. For recording periodontal status and treatment need index was used. The data was analyzed using the SPSS statistical software. Results: A total of 550 subjects were examined for CPITN. Maximum subjects 266 (48.3%) had a CPITN score of 2 (Calculus and other plaque retentive factors). 27% (149) subjects had healthy peridontium. Female periodontal status was worse than males. It was also found that mean number of healthy sextants was higher in subjects who brush twice a day (3.5) when compared to those who brush once a day (2.4). Conclusion: The study revealed poor periodontal status among Tibetans and dental treatment requirement steadily increased with the advancement of age and was also related to other factors like poverty, education, and their tough life where oral health is given no priority.

Purpose – Oral health is an integral part of the general health, however, oral health has been given lower priority than other health problems especially among the underprivileged refugee population. Out of total refugees in the world, 70 percent of the refugees belong to Tibet. The purpose of this paper is to assess the dental caries status and treatment needs of Tibetans residing in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India and to explore and suggest better oral health care delivery to them. Design/methodology/approach – Tibetans above the age of 12 years were included in this cross-sectional study. American Dental Association Type-3 examination was conducted. Data regarding demography and oral health practices was recorded on a structured format. For recording dental caries, dentition status and treatment need index was used. The data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical software. χ2 test, student t-test, and ANOVA test were used. Findings – A total of 18,831 teeth were examined among which 82 percent were sound, 16.7 percent decayed, 0.7 percent were filled without decay, 0.1 percent filled with decay, 0.03 percent were bridge abutments and 0.15 percent teeth had traumatic injury. The mean DMFT was 7.3 and it was increasing with the age. Mean number of teeth requiring one surface filling, two or more surface filling, pulp therapy, and extraction was 1.27, 0.39, 0.21, and 2.08, respectively. Originality/value – The study revealed low prevalence of dental caries among Tibetans and dental treatment requirement steadily increased with the advancement of age and was also related to other factors like poverty, education, and their tough life where oral health is given no priority.

Fluoride is considered the corner stone of the preventive dentistry. Fluoride has both beneficial and detrimental effects on human health. In terms of dental health, the prevalence of dental caries is inversely related to the concentration of fluoride in drinking water; while there is a dose-response relationship between the concentration of fluoride in drinking water and the prevalence of dental fluorosis. Fluoride has a statistically significant association with a wide range of adverse effects like increased risk of bone fractures, decreased thyroid function, and lowered intelligent quotient, arthritic-like condition, early puberty and possibly, osteosarcoma. The aim of the present review is to discuss the current status of fluorides in dentistry in view of its benefits and adverse effects.

Introduction: Isotretinoin (13-cis-retinoic acid), a synthetic vitamin A derivative, is used to treat a wide variety of dermatologic conditions, including severe acne. Although isotretinoin has revolutionized the management of acne vulgaris, concerns continue regarding the adverse effect profile of isotretinoin. Mucocutaneous reaction is the most commonly observed adverse side effect of isotretinoin use, but the involvement of gingival mucosa has rarely been reported. To our knowledge, this is the first-ever case report of gingivitis associated with isotretinoin.Case Presentation: A 19-year-old female was referred to the Department of Periodontics, Himachal Pradesh Government Dental College and Hospital, Shimla, India, for the treatment of persistent severe gingivitis. The history of the patient revealed that she had been on 10 mg/day isotretinoin regimen for the treatment of nodular facial acne for 6 months. In the absence of an obvious cause, the condition was diagnosed as isotretinoin-associated gingiv...

More than 500 bacterial strains may be found in dental plaque. In the beginning, the emphasis was laid on the isolation of bacteria in pure culture to define their properties. However, now, it has been well established that in nature the bacteria exist as a member of polymicrobial community or consortium of interacting species. Interactions among human oral bacteria are integral to the development and maturation of the plaque. These interactions occur at several levels including physical contact, metabolic exchange, small-signal molecule-mediated communication, and exchange of genetic material. This high level of interspecies interaction benefits the microorganism by providing a broader habitat range, effective metabolism, increasing the resistance to host defence, and enhancing their virulence. This generally has a detrimental effect on the host and is attributed to many chronic infections which poses a therapeutic challenge.

Financial Inclusion is a mechanism to disseminate financial knowledge and financial products through financial institutions to unreached masses at an affordable cost. The PMJDY is a scheme recently launched by the Honorable Prime Minister of India in August 2014. The Indian Public, Private and RRBs have made efforts to implement this scheme in all states/UTs of India by opening accounts of households in Rural and Urban areas. The deposit has also been raised by all the banks in all the states/UTs in India. An effort has been done to study the implementation level of the PMJDY as it is a step towards Financial Inclusion.

Anatomic variations are common in human dentition. A clear understanding of these variations is very important for success of endodontic treatment. A dentist should be aware of these anatomic variations as this can affect the treatment outcome. A case of endodontic therapy is presented in which inability to locate an anatomically rare supplemental canal of a three rooted mandibular first molar resulted in treatment failure. A 21-year-old female reported with pain and swelling in relation to lower right first molar. An intra oral periapical radiograph revealed 3 roots, the first canal of the mesial root and a canal of one of the distal roots were found to be treated endodontically, which were infraobturated but the canal of the 2nd distal root had not been treated. The radiograph revealed periapical radiolucency and widening of periodontal space. Prior to starting the endodontic treatment the clinician must be aware of the anatomic variations in tooth pulp morphology and also the importance of preoperative radiographs cannot be underscored.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has now gained increased significance in the decisions that are carried out in the ‘board rooms’ of companies in India. Companies have started giving CSR a place in their overall strategies of growth. This paper empirically examines the association of CSR disclosure with corporate attributes, such as size of a firm, its profitability, leverage, ownership structure, nature of the industry and residential status of 25 companies representing major industries of India, drawn from the BSE-30 companies. The annual reports for the financial year 2009–10 are the major sources of data collection. Backward stepwise regression analysis has been used, which shows a significant association between corporate attributes, namely, size of a firm (measured by total assets), profitability, Returns on Assets (ROA), leverage of a company, its ownership structure, nature of the industry and CSR disclosure level. However, no significant association (though positive) was found between CSR disclosure score and residential status of a company. The results of this empirical study would provide a deeper insight to the managers in the corporate sector to review their responsibilities towards their stakeholders. In fact, the results of this study are strongly suggestive of a harsh fact that in the long run, corporates cannot keep their stakeholders blindfolded by merely mentioning the CSR issues in words. They need to transverse the same into action soon, if they really want to utilise it as a strategic tool. The present study would also be of great relevance to the researchers in the same field, as it shows that it is not necessary that blue chip companies definitely indulge in social welfare activities. It would rather motivate them to further explore the same issue, especially in the Indian scenario. The study is no doubt based on the evaluation of representative companies of India chosen from SENSEX. Still, perhaps, a better evaluation can be made if larger sample is taken. Also, a cross-sectional analysis over a period of time or at different points of time could be undertaken to see the progress with respect to CSR parameters.