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Background: Early recognition of cardiac arrest and prompt start of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) boost survival rates and reduce postarrest consequences. Little information is available about the fundamental CPR knowledge of healthcare workers who work with children in Ethiopia. Methods: All physicians, regardless of seniority, participated in this cross‐sectional survey from June to August 2022. They received a structured survey that was modified from the American Heart Association (AHA) Basic Life Support (BLS) test which was made up of 10 questions about participants' job experience and 25 multiple‐choice CPR knowledge questions. Data analysis was done using a multinomial logistic regression test with a p value of 0.05. Result: One hundred sixty‐eight doctors with various levels of seniority participated in this study. The participants included a male‐to‐female ratio of 1.3:1, a median age of 28 years, 92 (57.9%) male participants, and 124 (78%) participants with less than 5 years of clinical experience. Ninety‐seven participants, or 61%, had scored less than 75% whereas 13 (8.2%), participants, had good knowledge that is scoring above 75%. Participants who had training in CPR within the previous year showed significantly higher levels of knowledge than those who hadn't. Even though 90% of the participants claimed to have CPR knowledge, the majority of participants were found not to have below 75%. Conclusion: The study concludes that while many doctors believe they have adequate CPR knowledge, actual knowledge levels are insufficient. Staff should undergo regular certification and assessments to ensure they retain their resuscitation knowledge. This ongoing evaluation is crucial for maintaining high standards of care and preparedness in emergencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies have explored the role of the economic characteristics of a neighbourhood on the health status of its residents. We contribute to this work by examining the effects of the change in concentration of affluence on the perception of the quality of medical treatment received by the poor. We consider different neighbourhoods characterised by their level of prosperity. Based on the Asset Index, a particular primary sampling unit is identified as poor, middle or rich neighbourhoods to capture regional differences in the level of poverty. In each of these regions, we measure how the percentage of poor who claim that they were treated nicely varies with the change in the percentage of rich. The results reveal that, after a point, the probability of the perception of receiving superior treatment initially increases with an increase in the percentage of rich people and then starts declining. The principal component analysis is used to create weights in the asset index. The estimation is based on the nationally representative India Human Development Survey-2 (IHDS-2) household data collected in 2011–2012. We employ an ordered logit model for the analysis, as the perception of the quality of treatment, the dependent variable, is ordered in nature. Furthermore, we use Heckman's two-step correction method to control for the plausibility of 'self-selection'. JEL : I14, I39 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Teología is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica Argentina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Health systems throughout the world have an important goal of improvising its efficiency so that it can be accessed and availed by all people and this also requires the continuous efforts from government and its various sectors like military, education etc., This helps in considering issues related to health sector as a national issue for better prioritization. The debate of health-related policies and coverage includes issues like mortality risks and inequalities associated with it. These issues can be assessed through various means of indicators. The first and foremost motive of Laws related to health policy is the regulation of right to health. The concept of medical insurance is the better provision of benefits for all irrespective of their financial status. Thus, the current study collates 235 scholarly papers through means of bibliometric analysis and R-tool for the thematic analysis. These papers are taken from the Scopus database and all these articles are published during the period of 2004 to 2024. Therefore, the study aims to analyst and map the health insurance for the poor and disadvantaged people. Results show that studies and researches in this field has considerably grown and it also indicates a skewed development, yet there is still a huge room for further research and development on this domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Ablai Khan KazUIRandWL: Series 'Philological sciences' is the property of Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations & World Languages and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Students of early Christianity have debated the question of how Christians organized themselves in taking care of the poor who died, in comparison with their Greco-Roman cultural counterparts. The question has centered specifically on the place of the collegia in early Christianity. On the one hand, some argue that Christians formed their own collegia akin to Christian churches in order to skirt the pre-Constantinian legal status of the church. On the other hand, some hold that Christians could not participate in the secular setting of the collegia. This article argues that not only did early Christians participate in the collegia, but, significantly, this participation helped them prepare to deal with future plagues such as the one that took place between ca. 251 and 266. Additionally, while earlier scholarship on the issue tended to emphasize those associations that were mainly organized by official Roman law, later scholarship has recognized the more private ones as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is an ethnography among poor migrants from Kerala, India to the Middle East. This study offers insights into how the poor accumulate sacrificial money through sufferings and self-abnegation, and earmark it for consumption in Kerala. The hardships endured to earn the sacrificial money transform it into a sacred object. The phenomena of accumulation, earmarking, and meaning making of sacrificial money by the poor can be understood through the concept of sacrificial work. Sacrificial work is a spatially demarcated circuit of accumulation of money through hardships and its conflict-ridden transfer to family, community, and self for consumption. In sacrificial work, the poor erect a boundary around this money, and earmark it as caring, communal, and transformative. By delineating the various aspects of sacrificial work, this study brings to the center a behavior that has, in spite of its ubiquity, been relegated to the margins of consumer research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Living at or near poverty can be isolating for individuals and their families. Using the ecological perspective with emphasis on transactions across systems, we examine the social and community capital of urban, low-income individuals to understand the broader terrain that shapes and is shaped by some of their choices, and suggest the implications that our findings might have for anti-poverty initiatives. Data are from interviews with 181 urban residents involved in a federally funded workforce development training, a particular type of social support programming that endeavors to increase the human capital of participants so that they can compete more effectively in the labor market. Findings indicate that respondents have small, homogenous networks, live in resource depleted communities, and have limited sources of social support. We frame this as being caught in "urban silos," in which transactions to more resource-robust systems are minimal to non-existent. While the development of one's human capital is essential, because of these silos, it may not be sufficient for moving an individual and their family out of poverty. Job training, and other anti-poverty initiatives, need to intentionally assist participants in network building so they can better access opportunity pathways that provide jobs and other economic and social resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article sets out to compare the works of Pope Francis' Laudato Si' and Leonardo Boff's Cry of the Earth, Cry of the Poor in the way in which they share a common theme to do with the environmental crisis facing our earth. The similarities include their focus on Latin America, the importance of cross-cultural dialogue, and their concern for the welfare of the poor and other created beings. Both authors argue that anthropocentrism is a misinterpretation of Scripture and that a new cross-cultural dialogue is necessary to address this issue. While Pope Francis advocates using the power of science and technology to create an 'integral ecology', Boff prefers to start with cosmology and develop 'new paradigms'. A comparative study can contribute to a reflection on the relationship between Christian theology and ecology, politics, and human beings; an analysis of anthropocentrism can clarify how human beings deal with their relationship with other created beings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifty years after Feagin's pioneering 1972 study, we present a systematic review of the measurement of attributions for poverty and economic inequality. We conducted a search for articles published from 1972 to 2023 in APA PsycArticles, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, APA PsycInfo, PSYNDEX Literature with PSYNDEX Tests, and Google Scholar. We used the following English keywords: "poor", "poverty", "inequality", "attribution", and "attributions" and their equivalents in Spanish. Applying our inclusion and exclusion criteria led to a final sample of 74 articles. We report three main findings. First, the majority of studies classify attributions on the dimensions of individualistic vs. structural. Second, there is a clear tendency to measure attributions for domestic poverty without considering supranational factors or poverty as a global challenge. Third, studies focus almost exclusively on poverty rather than (economic) inequality. We identify potential for future development within the literature, namely, from a domestic to a global perspective, from locus to controllability, and from poverty to inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pope Francis' encyclical Laudato Si' encompasses concerns about oppressed groups, the relationship between human beings and nature, and the welfare of the poor, and more importantly, how these issues are viewed in the context of the ecological crisis. This paper offers a Lutheran perspective on the encyclical, examining the intricate interplay between humanity and the natural world, the impoverished, anthropocentrism, and the crucial role of advancing intercultural dialogue. Pope Francis has emphasized the use of science and technology to establish an "integral ecology." However, this paper argues that authentic faith generates personal awareness of the sinful aspects of the environmental crisis and inspires virtuous behavior. God created nature, therefore we need to care for it. This analysis makes an important contribution to the scholarly exploration of the connections between Christian theology and ecological issues. In addition, it provides a critical assessment of anthropocentrism, which should be more concerned with the value of other created beings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study offers an example of “standing theology” as distinguished from sitting theology and kneeling theology. This sermon was delivered in Rochester Cathedral on All Saints Sunday on 30 October 2022 when the Gospel reading was Luke 6: 20–31. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 38-item poverty attitude scale was used to investigate the attitude of social work graduate and post graduate students toward poverty and poor. The students had a mean age of 21.42 years old and were hailing from rural and as well as urban areas. The results showed that students had a generally positive attitude toward poverty and the poor, with positive scores for four out of six factors. On the other hand, students showed mixed attitudes about the causes of poverty, blaming both individual and structural factors. This indicated a need to revise the course structure at both the levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work will investigate the social thought of Pope Francis in relation to the poor and poverty from the encyclical Fratelli Tutti. I understand poverty as the lack of capabilities that a person has to develop in society. Pope Francis sees poverty as a concern that affects dignity and the rights of por people. In addition, he points out that unemployment is one of its main causes. Therefore, work can be an effective solution to combat poverty. The Holy Father is aware that this phenomenon affects the elderly, adults, youth and children, but specially he knows thst women are the most affected. The Pope not only comments on the problem that poverty itself is posing, but goes further, calling Catholics and non-Catholics to act, to go out to meet the poor, with solidarity, charity, opening paths towards fraternity. He also points out that structural changes are fundamental to overcome this problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to explore the role of the poor through the different writings preserved in the work of Cyprian of Carthage. To this end, an in-depth survey will be made of the main traces of writings referring to orphans, widows, the dying and the needy in general, on whom the Carthaginian bishop had a collective influence through his vast oeuvre, starting firstly with his letters to the most important members of the Catholic Church in the 3rd century, and subsequently moving on to apparently less known works, such as De Opere et eleemosynis or De Mortalitate. These are all writings which, in spite of drawing directly from the historical context of persecution carried out against Christians by the Roman Empire, contain testimonies of the attitude of Christians to the outbreak of a plague which devastated the Roman orb for ten long years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an environment with extensive corruption where much of the population evades paying their full taxes due, we tackle the question of optimal taxation when constituencies with conflicting objectives (the poor and the rich) push tax policy in different directions. We think in terms of a government policy maker here called the tax administrator (TA) and rent-seeking lobbying efforts by poor and rich constituencies. We recognize the taxpayers' inter-dependency as reflected in increased evasion likelihood when others are thought to be evading. Thus our modeling incorporates elements from the theory of information cascades (herding) into a standard model of tax evasion. The poor and rich undergo a rent-seeking contest seeking to influence the TA in setting policy so that their constituency is favored. The TA maximizes an objective function that is a weighted average of expected social welfare, their own interests, and investment in better tax administration. With these building blocks we examine the functioning of the economy. Our results include those that are expected, counterintuitive and surprising. For example, we learn that lower taxes on the rich does not mean the TA cares more about the public interest. Instead, it may result from the TA caring less about the public welfare of others in society, i.e., less about both the poor and the rich. Furthermore, with an increase in perceived inequality society's optimal tax rate rises. On the other hand, high tax levels lead to high herding and greater herding decreases investment by the poor and the rich attempting to affect the tax level set by the TA. Thus, a TA who only cares about their own self will enact lower tax levels than if they cared about others in the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout history, health-related disasters have devastated humanity. The prolongation and disproportionate impacts of health-related disasters are exacerbated by the fact that governments consistently adopt response policies that neglect the specific needs of the poor, leading to horrific violations of their human rights. This is largely due to governments frequently failing to take into consideration the specific needs and vulnerabilities of the poor when crafting and implementing policies to curb the health-related disaster. This article examines common policies adopted by governments across Southeast Asia in response to health-related disasters, highlighting how many of these policies, by design or implementation, violated the right to health of the poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research addresses processes of impoverishment among families from intermediate social segments in the south of Portuguese America. The documentation is made up of death records, some requests to the Royal Treasury and lists of confessed people. The methodology used is the nominal search in different documents, from which it was possible to identify whether the poor had captives. The hypothesis is that a limited group of poor families in Porto Alegre originated from intermediate social segments, which had property, such as the ownership of enslaved people. Despite this, these families also faced some level of material deprivation. This work aims to offer some contribution to the study of the experiences of free people who do not belong to the Portuguese-American elites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Perspectivas (2250-4087) is the property of Facultad de Ciencias Economicas y Juridicas de la Universidad Nacional de La Pampa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the sociological studies, the issue of modernity has constituted the most important topic of the work of the classical sociologists. Although many sociologists have worked on the subject, Georg Simmel has been given the title of the sociologist of modernity. Simmel has an important place in the history of sociology in terms of the diversity of his field of study and his focus on the details of modern society. Simmel, who thought that modernity exposed itself most clearly in metropolitan life, focused on issues of modern society such as fashion, money and individuality. Although Simmel is one of the classical thinkers of sociological thought, his work continues to be an important figure in modern sociology in terms of affecting theories such as conflict theory, symbolic interactionism and postmodernism. Simmel explained various typologies for his social studies. Simmel aimed to analyze the individual and society in detail through the social types he created. According to him, as we reach the characteristics of a type in society, knowledge of society is reached. Simmel analyzed social types such as foreigner, miser, prodigal, adventurer, noble, poor. The aim of this study is to describe the poor type in Simmel's theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article enquires into the construction of encroachment (of village pond) as an acceptable regular practice in the day-to-day discourse of village life, violating the norms of collective usages of common water bodies. Violation in this case is the outcome of a peculiar social understanding that emerged over a period of time (a) by ineffective functioning of state apparatus and the subsequent proliferation of corrupt network and (b) by the arrival of new technologies of development which replaced the collective action for local resource management and reversed social trust to support violation. While on the one hand this process led to obliteration of distinction between the agent and the victim of violation as a free rider condition exist vis-à-vis encroachment; on the other hand there is an increased sense of vulnerability to the effects of violation. The perception of encroachment in the village community as natural and unavoidable reality gives social legitimation to this violation which affects all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper raises three critical arguments against Deveaux's work in Poverty, Solidarity, and Poor-Led Social Movements. Firstly, the paper argues that a clear-cut definition as to what constitutes a legitimate poor-led social movement particularly its political goals and the means it is allowed to employ to achieve its objective is necessary. Secondly, the paper argues that the theory of recognition and its potential relevance for poor-led activism could have been presented in its strongest terms instead of giving it a reduced treatment. And thirdly, contrary to Deveaux's apparent over optimism about the poor as agents of global justice, there may be good reasons to be more 'realistic' about this position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many articles and books have been published about income inequality in order to scrutinize its impact on the economy and social life. The most popular and well-known one of the first attempts was "Economic Growth and Income Inequality" by Simon Kuznets. Kuznets notes by going over the data set that there is an inverse U-shaped evolution between economic growth and income inequality. In this study, the validity of Kuznets theory and wage inequality in the United States is analyzed by using some different econometric techniques such as autoregressive distributed lag in the error correction model, Gini coefficient, and Lorenz curve. The result indicates that the evolution of inequality is U-shaped in the United States, and it has been climbing up. Furthermore, wage inequality among employees has grown serious over the years. The wage growth of some workers is much faster than the wage growth of other workers, and the wage growth of capital owners and working rich are much swifter than that of everyone in the American job market. That is one of the factors that induce an increase in income inequality in the United States. For the first time, in an inequality study, wage inequality among employees is computed using the Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Burying the very poor presented a recurring challenge to communities, parishes, and local government yet the burial practices of the destitute remain an understudied area of Irish funerary culture. 'Friends' – family and community who claimed bodies and petitioned for coffins – negotiated a network of private alms and publicly funded poor relief to secure burial for their dead. The city's medical schools, whose dissection of corpses was deeply unpopular, shaped institutional and private burial practices. After the Famine, the popular fear of dissection joined to a horror of the newly established workhouse burial grounds that physically segregated the institutional dead. Extensive claiming of corpses by friends and Anglican parishes from the workhouse in post-Famine Cork shows that the symbolic power of the pauper grave was manifest in the burial landscape rather than cheap coffins and common graves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Locus: Penelitian dan Pengabdian is the property of Riviera Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The essay explores the concept of hospitality in the Gospel of John and its relevance in today's context, particularly in relation to strangers, migrants, and the poor. John's perspective on hospitality is ambivalent in that it places restrictions on whom to extend benevolence and welcome into the community, based on belief. At the same time, the author of John presents a subtle reversal of roles between host and guest, with Jesus embracing both roles: a guest in need of hospitality and a host who welcomes all. Ambivalent hospitality arises in the narrative when conditions are established providing lodging, meals, and assistance based on one's beliefs, understandings, or identity. The essay calls for leaders today to engage in deeper consideration of justice and human rights that promote hospitality for all without ambivalence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores urban land governance in Hargeisa as a critical site of Somaliland's post-conflict statecraft. Two key issues make this study imperative. First, the current research on Somaliland focuses on the central authority(1) with scant attention to the organization and functioning of the urban state and its effect for the urban poor, thus obscuring the importance of the conurbation as a site for statecraft. Second, Somaliland's post-conflict statecraft is marked by inconsistencies, previously unexplored. While the creation of the subnational state is characterized as bottom-up, with its origins in community-led peacebuilding, its governance practices are characterized by exclusionary top-down procedures imported from colonial and postcolonial periods. Based on interviews with key informants, archival research and document analysis, I historicize these layers of the state-building processes. I argue that the top-down approach of post-conflict land governance, a critical site of statecraft, marginalizes the disadvantaged by creating bureaucracies that favour the affluent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay focuses mainly on narrative sources that help to understand the peculiarities of prisons (non-ecclesiastical) in Naples from the late 16th century to the second half of the 18th century, trying to foster a comparison between prisons in the various European states in the old regime and later. The condition of prisoners was made more difficult by the obligation to pay ‘diritti’ introduced by the jailers. To the promiscuity, chaos, relative freedom even of having their wives or prostitutes in prison, the Jesuits tried to remedy. Charles of Bourbon will have to address some unresolved problems by responding to an appeal.

Introduction: Meeting the demands of reproductive health among women poses persistent issues, particularly for impoverished and rural women who face impediments to healthcare services. The goal of this study was to explore the factors that influence contraceptive use among poor women in Indonesian rural areas. Methods: This study is a further analysis of Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey 2017. The respondents were 10,199 poor women who lived in rural areas in Indonesia. This quantitative study is analyzed by using logistic regression adjusted for complex sample. Results: The prevalence of modern contraceptive use among respondents was 63.1% consisting of 4.4% traditional users and 58.7% modern contraceptive users. The occupation of the husband and the wish to have no more children were both linked to the usage of contraceptive methods among impoverished women in rural areas. Young women (aged 15-34) with a high parity (three and more), who had secondary education or less, who went to the health facilities, and who lived in Java-Bali were more likely to utilize contraceptive methods. Conclusion: Despite the numerous hurdles to reproductive healthcare, it is critical to focus on methods to improve contraceptive use among poor women in rural areas.

Copyright of Semestre Económico is the property of Sello Editorial de la Universidad de Medellin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Church in the World / Crkva u Svijetu is the property of University of Split, Catholic Faculty of Theology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuestiones Teológicas is the property of Cuestiones Teologicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This essay offers a Latin American perspective of theological ethics developed from the preferential option for the poor, marked by dialogue and encounter with the poor in their reality. Considering the theological diversity of the region, the author focuses on a theological ethics developed in Brazil, especially the dialogical methods of Brazilian Catholic ethicists gathered by the Brazilian Society of Moral Theology. This essay presents an account on dialogue in theological ethics as a means of creation and liberation from the encounter with the poor in their reality and with other partners in a praxis of faith and struggle for justice. Then, the author stresses their reality as a theological locus and their voices as interlocutors for developing theological ethics, showing an experience of this method from below in theological bioethics and global health challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper illustrates the insights that can be gained from using a multidimensional poverty measurement method based on the capability approach to analyse the scale, characteristics, and spatial distribution of poverty in segregated cities. We assess the poverty gaps between formal and informal neighbourhoods and across districts, compare the results with income-based poverty estimates, and analyse the dimensional composition of poverty and disparities across population subgroups. The results show a weaker correlation between multidimensional and income-based measures and less overlap in terms of who is identified as poor in informal settlements than in the rest of the city. After adjusting for underrepresentation of the slum population in the household survey, informal settlements account for 10% of the city's population but nearly half of the multidimensionally poor. The results highlight the need to design poverty reduction policies that target informal neighbourhoods.

The early medieval coenobitic tradition, starting from the ancient monastic rules, has developed a discipline on the practice of charity, which reflects social conditions and mentality proper to its time. The precept of love towards the others is also distinguished in the care for the sick in need of assistance, the guests who arrive at the monastery and the poor knocking at its door or wanderers asking to be housed. The Benedictine rule says that the guest is accepted by the prior or brothers with all charity and they pray together; the distribution of bread, food, wine and the assignment of a bed are contemplated. It is an evangelical command of monastic life. According to the Regula Benedicti handed down by Ildemaro of Corbie the hospitale pauperum is directed by the eleemosinarius monk, while the hospitale nobilium looks like lodgings in which to host the patrons of the Abbey, high prelates or influential characters, with whom the monks establishes useful public relations. The structure of the hospital of Santa Giulia, historically and archaeologically studied through unpublished documents, was wide and fit for this task. It included a central claustrum overlooked by the palacium or main building, equipped with court-distributed accommodations, the church dedicated to San Remigio, the domus consisting of accommodations, the curia communis and many other service sites. The nuns, sometimes assisted by a retrix hospitalis, performed their service into institutionalized charity in a hospital that was the largest and most important in Brescia, until the middle XV century. The aim of the research is to analyse the functions and interconnections with social and political life in a diachronic way, but also to show an example of institutionalized medieval charity.

Talaga Paca Village has natural tourism potential such as lake, cave, forest and biodiversity. The existing of the natural wealth is inversely proportional to the economic welfare of the people who have a poverty rate of 75%. The community has not received the economic benefits from the beautiful nature around them. In 2019, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry gave an approval for the management of a state forest area of ​​865 ha during 35 years to Talaga Paca Village as part of the Social Forestry program. The Community Service (CS) Team of Halmahera University identified the main problem of the community was the inability to manage the tourism potential. The purpose of this CS is to implement the management of Talaga Paca ecotourism by the community so that they could receive the economic benefits for their welfare. The CS took place from April to October 2022. Through the collaboration of the parties, the CS has succeeded in improving the management of ecotourism by the community. At the moment, there have been tourist visits from within and outside the country so that the community has begun to receive economic benefits from ecotourism.