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Few prospective studies of SARS-CoV-2 transmission within households have been reported from the United States, where COVID-19 cases are the highest in the world and the pandemic has had disproportionate impact on communities of color.This is a prospective observational study. Between April-October 2020, the UNC CO-HOST study enrolled 102 COVID-positive persons and 213 of their household members across the Piedmont region of North Carolina, including 45% who identified as Hispanic/Latinx or non-white. Households were enrolled a median of 6 days from onset of symptoms in the index case. Secondary cases within the household were detected either by PCR of a nasopharyngeal (NP) swab on study day 1 and weekly nasal swabs (days 7, 14, 21) thereafter, or based on seroconversion by day 28. After excluding household contacts exposed at the same time as the index case, the secondary attack rate (SAR) among susceptible household contacts was 60% (106/176, 95% CI 53%-67%). The majority of secondary cases were already infected at study enrollment (73/106), while 33 were observed during study follow-up. Despite the potential for continuous exposure and sequential transmission over time, 93% (84/90, 95% CI 86%-97%) of PCR-positive secondary cases were detected within 14 days of symptom onset in the index case, while 83% were detected within 10 days. Index cases with high NP viral load (10^6 viral copies/ul) at enrollment were more likely to transmit virus to household contacts during the study (OR 4.9, 95% CI 1.3-18 p=0.02). Furthermore, NP viral load was correlated within families (ICC=0.44, 95% CI 0.26-0.60), meaning persons in the same household were more likely to have similar viral loads, suggesting an inoculum effect. High household living density was associated with a higher risk of secondary household transmission (OR 5.8, 95% CI 1.3-55) for households with3 persons occupying6 rooms (SAR=91%, 95% CI 71-98%). Index cases who self-identified as Hispanic/Latinx or non-white were more likely to experience a high living density and transmit virus to a household member, translating into an SAR in minority households of 70%, versus 52% in white households (p=0.05).SARS-CoV-2 transmits early and often among household members. Risk for spread and subsequent disease is elevated in high-inoculum households with limited living space. Very high infection rates due to household crowding likely contribute to the increased incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and morbidity observed among racial and ethnic minorities in the US. Quarantine for 14 days from symptom onset of the first case in the household is appropriate to prevent onward transmission from the household. Ultimately, primary prevention through equitable distribution of effective vaccines is of paramount importance.

Austropurcellia acuta sp. nov. Figures 3���14 Diagnosis: Pettalid with relatively flat ozophores. Tergite VIII strongly bilobed, with bilobes clearly visible in both ventral and dorsal view. Lobes of tergite VIII lacking ornamentation dorsally and being only partially ornamented ventrally. Prominent scopula emerging from posterior margin of anal plate. Adenostyle thin and blade-like, with a wide base. Distinguished from A. capricornia by lobes of tergite VIII without ornamentation in dorsal view and with swollen appearance. Description: Length of male holotype (2.1 mm) about twice as long as its widest point (1.2 mm) in posterior third of prosoma, and about 3 times as long as width across ozophores (0.8 mm) (Figs. 3, 4 A ��� B). Body with most of its surface showing a tuberculate-granular microstructure (Fig. 4). Posterior part of dorsal scutum strongly bilobed, with scopula of anal plate easily visible in dorsal view (Figs. 3 A, 4 B). A pair of prominent depressions, anterior to ozophores in both male and female specimens, consisting of an indentation in the dorsal scutum with small tubercular structures clustered together (Figs. 4 B, 6, 9A, 12 A, 13). Transverse opisthosomal sulci distinct by lack of granulation (Figs. 4 A ��� B, 9 A ��� B, 12 A ��� B). Ozophores quite flat in relation to dorsal scutum (Figs. 3 A, C, 4 B, 5 B, 9 A, 12 A), positioned at a 45 �� angle relative to the walking plane as typical in pettalids. Coxae of legs I and II mobile. Coxae of remaining legs fixed. Male coxae II ��� IV meeting in the midline (Figs. 5 C, 10 C). Male gonostome small, subtriangular, wider than long, bordered on posterior margin by first opisthosomal sternite; male gonostome shorter than length of seam of contact of left and right coxae IV (Fig. 5 C, 10 C). Female coxae II meeting in midline (Fig. 12 D). Female gonostome roughly round in shape, with edges of coxae of leg IV and first opisthosomal sternite forming an elevated collar at posterior margin of opening (Fig. 12 D). Spiracle elongate and C-shaped, with slightly recurved edges as found in ���open circle��� type of Giribet and Boyer (2002). Narrow band of fine granules separating spiracle from main granules and tubercles (Fig. 5 A, 10 A). Ventral opisthosomal region without modifications or glandular pores (Figs. 4 A, 9 B). Anal region of ���pettalid type��� (Giribet & Boyer 2002) with tergite IX laterally covering sternite 9 and clearly meeting sternite 8 (Fig. 4 C, 9 D). Male tergite VIII strongly bilobed, with distinct lack of ornamentation in most distal area of each lobe, and with setae emerging medially from each lobe (Figs. 4 C, 9 D). Anal plate lacking in ornamentation in posterior half (Figs. 4 C, 9 D). Very prominent scopula emerging posteriorly and extending to posterior margin of tergite VIII (Figs. 4 C, 9 D). Anal pore not visible. Chelicerae (Figs. 7 G ��� H, 11 A) short and relatively robust. Proximal article of chelicerae with dorsal crest [���dorsal ridge��� of Hansen & S��rensen (1904) and Forster (1948); ���dorsal transverse crest��� of Juberthie (1970)], without ventral process. Median article with an apodeme. Two types of dentition, as typical in pettalids (Figs. 7 F, 11 A). Measurements from male holotype of chelicera articles from proximal to distal (given in mm): 0.46, 0.91, 0.31. Palp (Figs. 7 E, 11 B) with a prominent ventral process on trochanter. Measurements from paratype male of palp articles from proximal to distal (given in mm): 0.29, 0.37, 0.24, 0.28, 0.34. Legs with all claws smooth, without ventral dentition or lateral pegs. Metatarsus I heavily ornamented in basal half but not in distal half, leading to the appearance of a ���cuff���. Tarsus I smooth (Figs. 7 A, 11 C). Metatarsus II heavily ornamented in basal third but not in distal two thirds. Tarsus II smooth (Figs. 7 B, 11 D). Male leg III and both male and female leg IV with ornamented metatarsus and smooth tarsus (Figs. 7 C ��� D, 11 E ��� G). Ventral side of tarsus I with solea (Figs. 7 A, 11 C). Male tarsus IV fully bisegmented (Figs. 7 D, 11 F). Adenostyle with a thin claw on a wide base. Prominent pore visible on claw of adenostyle. Adenostyle projecting up and slightly distally (Figs. 7 D, 11 F). Measurements from male holotype of leg articles from proximal to distal (given in mm): leg I [femur damaged] 0.65, 0.27, 0.46, 0.16, 0.47; leg II [femur damaged] 0.54, 0.18, 0.33, 0.17, 0.40; leg III [femur damaged] 0.47, 0.21, 0.35, 0.19, 0.39; leg IV 0.18, 0.50, 0.26, 0.38, 0.15, 0.44. Ovipositor (Fig. 14) composed of two apical lobes and 29 circular articles. Apical lobes carrying several setae (increasing in length towards the tip); a long terminal seta rising from a small socket at end of each lobe. Sensitive processes each carrying many small microtrichia on distolateral area of each terminal lobe. Spermatopositor small, typical of pettalids (Fig. 8). Dorsal surface with a single, V-shaped series of very long microtrichia, 7 on the left and 8 on the right; apical lobe with 6 long microtrichia; ventral surface with 4 microtrichia. Gonopore complex with two movable fingers in the shape of pronounced hooks bent outward (Fig. 8 B). Type material: Australia, Queensland, Mapleton Forest Reserve, Bonyee Walk, off Mapleton Forest Drive (ArPTC# 68); 26 �� 33 ��� 28 ���S, 152 �� 51 ��� 58 ���E; Coll. M.G. Rix, D. Harms, May 1, 2010; ♂ holotype, MCZ 30460 (ex MCZ 134701). Paratypes: Australia, Queensland, Mapleton Forest Reserve, Bonyee Walk, off Mapleton Forest Drive (ArPTC# 68); 26 �� 33 ��� 28 ���S, 152 �� 51 ��� 58 ���E; Coll. M.G. Rix, D. Harms, May 1, 2010; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀; MCZ 30461 (ex MCZ 134701). Other material: Australia, Queensland, Mapleton Forest Reserve, Bonyee Walk, off Mapleton Forest Drive (ArPTC# 68); 26 �� 33 ��� 28 ���S, 152 �� 51 ��� 58 ���E; Coll. M.G. Rix, D. Harms, May 1, 2010; 1 ♂; MCZ 134701 (DNA 106876). Australia, Queensland, Kroombit Tops, SSW Calliope, Beauty Spot 98; 24 �� 22 ���S, 150 �� 59 ���E, 860 m; Coll. G. Monteith, Sep. 29, 1985; 2 ♂ and 2 juveniles; QM S 1743. Etymology: The specific epithet ��� acuta ��� is a Latin adjective meaning ���pointed��� or ���sharpened��� and refers to the very sharp tapering of the posterior end of the body relative to other Austropurcellia., Published as part of Popkin-Hall, Zachary R. & Boyer, Sarah L., 2014, New species of mite harvestmen from southeast Queensland, Australia greatly extend the known distribution of the genus Austropurcellia (Arachnida, Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi), pp. 517-541 in Zootaxa 3827 (4) on pages 525-529, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3827.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/251164, {"references":["Giribet, G. & Boyer, S. L. (2002) A cladistic analysis of the cyphophthalmid genera (Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi). Journal of Arachnology, 30, 110 - 128. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1636 / 0161 - 8202 (2002) 030 [0110: acaotc] 2.0. co; 2","Hansen, H. J. & Sorensen, W. (1904) On two orders of Arachnida: Opiliones, especially the suborder Cyphophthalmi, and Ricinulei, namely the family Cryptostemmatoidae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 182 pp.","Forster, R. R. (1948) The sub-order Cyphophthalmi Simon in New Zealand. Dominion Museum Records in Entomology, 1, 79 - 119.","Juberthie, C. (1970) Les genres d'opilions Sironinae (Cyphophthalmes). Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 41, 1371 - 1390."]}

Austropurcellia superbensis sp. nov. Figures 20 ��� 22 Diagnosis: Pettalid with relatively flat ozophores. Tergite VIII slightly but visibly bilobed. Adenostyle thin and blade-like, with small, wide, rounded distal projection. Distinguished from other Southeast Queensland Austropurcellia by its rounded posterior and by scopula emerging from center of anal plate. Description: Male holotype (2.2 mm) about twice as long as its widest point (1.3 mm) in posterior third of prosoma, and about 3 times as long as width across ozophores (0.8 mm) (Fig. 20 A ��� B). Body with most of surface showing a tuberculate-granular microstructure (Fig. 20). Posterior margin of dorsal scutum distinctly bilobed (Fig. 20 C). Transverse opisthosomal sulci distinct by lack of granulation. Sulci becoming more distinct posteriorly (Fig. 20 B). Ozophores relatively flat (Fig. 20 A, 21 B), positioned at a 45 �� angle relative to the walking plane as typical in pettalids. Coxae of legs I and II mobile. Coxae of remaining legs fixed. Male coxae II ��� IV meeting in midline (Fig. 21 A). Male gonostome small, subtriangular, wider than long, bordered on posterior margin by first opisthosomal sternite; male gonostome shorter than length of seam of contact of left and right coxae IV (Figs. 20 B, 21 A). No female specimens available for examination. Spiracle of ���open circle��� type of Boyer and Giribet (2002). Narrow band of granules separating spiracle from main granules and tubercles (Fig. 21 C). Ventral opisthosomal region without modifications or glandular pores (Fig. 20 B). Anal region of ���pettalid type��� (Giribet & Boyer 2002) with tergite IX laterally covering sternite 9 and clearly meeting sternite 8 (Fig. 20 D). Tergite VIII distinctly bilobed (Fig. 20 D). Anal plate seemingly unornamented and largely obscured by scopula (Fig. 20 D). Large scopula emerging in all directions in a ���starburst��� form from center of anal plate, extending to anterior margin of tergite VIII; scopular appearance possibly reflecting an artifact of preservation. Glandular pore present just below anal plate. Chelicerae (Fig. 22 E) short and relatively robust. Proximal article of chelicerae with dorsal crest, without ventral process. Two types of dentition, as typical in pettalids. Measurements from male holotype of chelicera articles from proximal to distal (given in mm): 0.57, 0.92, 0.30. Palp (Fig. 22) with a prominent ventral process on trochanter. Measurements from male holotype of palp articles from proximal to distal (given in mm): 0.30, 0.38, 0.23, 0.29, 0.31. Legs with all claws smooth, without ventral dentition or lateral pegs. Legs I and II with partially ornamented metatarsus and smooth tarsus (Fig. 22 A ��� B). Legs III and IV with ornamented metatarsus and smooth tarsus (Fig. 22 C ��� D). Ventral side of tarsus I without solea (Fig. 22 A). Male tarsus IV fully bisegmented (Fig. 22 D). Adenostyle with a thin claw and a small, but wide, rounded base (Fig. 22 D). Adenostyle projecting up at a 45 �� angle (Fig. 22 D). Measurements from male holotype of leg articles from proximal to distal (given in mm): leg I 0.19, 0.63, 0.25, 0.47, 0.20, 0.47; leg II 0.20, 0.49, 0.22, 0.38, 0.16, 0.40; leg III [femur damaged], 0.38, 0.21, 0.34, 0.19, 0.35; leg IV 0.26, 0.49, 0.24, 0.42, 0.16, 0.41. Type material: Australia, Queensland, Mount Superbus summit, 30 km SW Boonah; 28 �� 14 ���S, 152 �� 28 ���E 1300 m; Coll. G. Monteith, G. Thompson, H. Janetzki, Feb. 9, 1990; ♂ holotype; QM S 35939. Etymology: The specific epithet superbensis, a latinized adjective, refers to the type locality, Mount Superbus in Southeastern Queensland., Published as part of Popkin-Hall, Zachary R. & Boyer, Sarah L., 2014, New species of mite harvestmen from southeast Queensland, Australia greatly extend the known distribution of the genus Austropurcellia (Arachnida, Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi), pp. 517-541 in Zootaxa 3827 (4) on pages 533-535, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3827.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/251164, {"references":["Giribet, G. & Boyer, S. L. (2002) A cladistic analysis of the cyphophthalmid genera (Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi). Journal of Arachnology, 30, 110 - 128. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1636 / 0161 - 8202 (2002) 030 [0110: acaotc] 2.0. co; 2"]}

Popkin-Hall, Zachary R., Boyer, Sarah L. (2014): New species of mite harvestmen from southeast Queensland, Australia greatly extend the known distribution of the genus Austropurcellia (Arachnida, Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi). Zootaxa 3827 (4): 517-541, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3827.4.5

Austropurcellia barbata sp. nov. Figures 15 ��� 19 Diagnosis: Pettalid with relatively tall and conical ozophores. Tergite VIII strongly bilobed, with lobes clearly visible in both ventral and dorsal view. Lobes of tergite VIII ornamented both dorsally and ventrally. Narrow scopula emerging from anal plate. Adenostyle thin and blade-like with a wide base. Distinguished from A. acuta sp. nov. by larger body (0.5 mm longer), larger and taller ozophores, narrower and more tapered central scopula, and presence of ornamentation on posterior areas of anal plate and lobes of tergite VIII. Description: Male holotype (2.5 mm) about twice as long as its widest point (1.4 mm) in posterior third of prosoma, and about 3 times as long as width across ozophores (0.9 mm) (Figs. 15, 16 A ��� B). Body with most of surface showing a tuberculate-granular microstructure (Fig. 16). Posterior end of dorsal scutum strongly bilobed (Fig. 16 C). Transverse opisthosomal sulci distinct by lack of granulation (Figs. 16 A ��� B). Sulci becoming more distinct posteriorly (Figs. 16 C ��� D). Ozophores relatively tall and conical (Figs. 15 A, 15 C, 16 A, 17 B), positioned at a 45 �� angle relative to the walking plane as typical in pettalids. Coxae of legs I and II mobile. Coxae of remaining legs fixed. Male coxae II ��� IV meeting in midline (Fig. 16 B, 17 C). Male gonostome small, subtriangular, wider than long, bordered on posterior margin by first opisthosomal sternite; male gonostome shorter than length of seam of contact of left and right coxae IV (Fig. 16 B, 17 C). No female specimens available for examination. Spiracle round and C-shaped, with slightly recurved edges as found in ���open circle��� type of Giribet and Boyer (2002) (Fig. 17 A). Ventral opisthosomal region without modifications or glandular pores (Fig. 16 B). Anal region of ���pettalid type��� (Giribet & Boyer 2002) with tergite IX laterally covering sternite 9 and clearly meeting sternite 8 (Fig. 16 D). Male tergite VIII strongly bilobed, with some longer hairs emerging from medial surfaces; lobes ornamented both dorsally and ventrally (Fig. 16 C ��� D). Anal plate ornamented over entire surface (Fig. 16 D). Thin scopula emerging and tapering posteriorly to posterior margin of tergite VIII and to setae emerging medially from each lobe. Glandular pore not visible (Fig. 16 D). Chelicerae (Fig. 18 E) short and relatively robust. Proximal article of chelicerae with dorsal crest, without ventral process. Median article of chelicerae with very prominent apodeme. Measurements from male holotype of chelicera articles from proximal to distal (given in mm): 0.65, 0.83, 0.30. Palp (Fig. 18 F) with a prominent ventral process on trochanter. Measurements from male holotype of palp articles from proximal to distal (given in mm): 0.26, 0.39, 0.23, 0.32, 0.31. Legs with all claws smooth, without ventral dentition or lateral pegs (Fig. 18 A ��� D). Legs I and II with metatarsus ornamented in proximal half and smooth in distal half, starkly demarcated and resulting in the appearance of a ���cuff��� (Fig. 18 A ��� B). Legs I and II with smooth tarsus (Fig. 18 A ��� B). Legs III and IV with ornamented metatarsus and smooth tarsus (Fig. 18 C ��� D). Ventral side of tarsus I with solea (Fig. 18 A). Male tarsus IV fully bisegmented (Fig. 18 D). Adenostyle with a thin claw on a wide base. Adenostyle projecting up and slightly distally (Fig. 18 D). Measurements from male holotype of leg articles from proximal to distal (given in mm): leg I 0.17, 0.58, 0.23, 0.45, 0.21, 0.48; leg II 0.19, 0.56, 0.24, 0.46, 0.20, 0.47; leg III 0.18, 0.44, 0.19, 0.31, 0.18, 0.38; leg IV 0.27, 0.58, 0.23, 0.46, 0.18, 0.46. Spermatopositor small, typical of pettalids (Figs. 19). Dorsal surface with a single, V-shaped series of very long microtrichia, 7 on left and 8 on right side (a single spermatopositor examined); apical lobe with 6 long microtrichia; ventral surface with 4 microtrichia. Gonopore complex with two movable fingers in the shape of pronounced hooks pointing outward (Fig. 19 B). No females available for examination. Type material: Australia, Queensland, Lobster Creek, Conondale National Park; 26 �� 40 ���S, 152 �� 39 ���E, 200 m; Coll. D.E. Walter, Sep. 20, 1995; ♂ holotype; MCZ IZ 98682. Paratypes: Australia, Queensland, Lobster Creek, Conondale National Park; 26 �� 40 ���S, 152 �� 39 ���E, 200 m; Coll. D.E. Walter, Sep. 20, 1995; 3 ♂; MCZ IZ 30462 (ex MCZ 98682). Etymology: The specific epithet barbata is a Latin adjective meaning ���bearded��� and refers to the whisker-like appearance of the scopula., Published as part of Popkin-Hall, Zachary R. & Boyer, Sarah L., 2014, New species of mite harvestmen from southeast Queensland, Australia greatly extend the known distribution of the genus Austropurcellia (Arachnida, Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi), pp. 517-541 in Zootaxa 3827 (4) on pages 529-532, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3827.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/251164, {"references":["Giribet, G. & Boyer, S. L. (2002) A cladistic analysis of the cyphophthalmid genera (Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi). Journal of Arachnology, 30, 110 - 128. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1636 / 0161 - 8202 (2002) 030 [0110: acaotc] 2.0. co; 2"]}

Austropurcellia sp. Material examined: Australia, Southeast Queensland, Mary Cairncross Park, Maleny; Coll. H.C. Proctor Feb. ��� March 2001; 1 ♀, 2 juveniles; MCZ IZ 98678. Coordinates on specimen vial are given as 26 �� 47 ���S, 152 �� 11 ���E; however, Mary Cairncross Scenic Reserve is located at approximately 26 �� 47 ���S, 152 �� 53 ���E; we suspect a typo in longitude and our map (Fig. 1) reflects the estimated coordinates rather than the recorded coordinates. Australia, Southeast Queensland, Peters Creek, Conondale National Park; 26 �� 41 ���S, 152 �� 36 ���E; Coll. D.E. Walter Mar. 17, 2001; 1 juvenile; MCZ IZ 98680., Published as part of Popkin-Hall, Zachary R. & Boyer, Sarah L., 2014, New species of mite harvestmen from southeast Queensland, Australia greatly extend the known distribution of the genus Austropurcellia (Arachnida, Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi), pp. 517-541 in Zootaxa 3827 (4) on page 536, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3827.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/251164