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Shallow subterranean habitats are among the last habitats in Central Europe to be arachnologically researched. Using stratified pipe traps, we studied the vertical distribution of spiders in soil and interspaces in bedrock (shallow subterranean habitats). Specifically, we sampled fauna in different substrates, including limestone, sandy marlstone, sandy marl, claystone, loess, and artificial gravel accumulation. Employing stratified pipe traps allowed us to identify the depth at which particular species occurred. Across multiple years and sampling sites, we collected 76 spider species, 21 of which showed an affinity for subterranean microhabitats. Some of these species occurred in interspaces in soil and bedrock, whereas others have been previously found in subterranean ant nests and animal burrows. We collected five species (Iberina microphthalma, Centromerus cf. piccolo, Porrhomma cambridgei, P. microcavense, and P. microps) almost exclusively at depths over half a meter, suggesting the strong affinity of these species for a subterranean lifestyle. We provide diagrams of these species’ vertical distribution and photo-document eye reduction. Our study demonstrates that poorly studied shallow subterranean habitats harbor diverse subterranean spider fauna, including several previously considered rare species in Central Europe.

Porrhomma longjiangense Zhu & Wang, 1983 (Èữǟ WƦ) Figures 254–256 Porrhomma longjiangensis Zhu & Wang, 1983b: 148, figs. a–e (Df); Ruzicka, 2018: 31, fig. 25A–F (mf). For full list of publications and synonyms concerning this species see World Spider Catalog (2022). Material examined: 1♀, CHINA, Yunnan, Lushui County, Yaojiaping, at Pianma Road 44.7 km, 25.97479°N, 98.71027°E, alt. 2516m, disturbed forest; dusting webs in understory, 19–20 May 2005, Charles Griswold leg. (CGY111). Distribution. Russia (South Siberia to Far East), China (Yunnan)(Fig. 256). Genus Prosoponoides Millidge & Russell-Smith, 1992 (AEƦø), Published as part of Irfan, Muhammad, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng & Peng, Xian-Jin, 2022, Survey of Linyphiidae (Arachnida: Araneae) spiders from Yunnan, China, pp. 1-292 in Megataxa 8 (1) on page 207, DOI: 10.11646/megataxa.8.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7526571, {"references":["Zhu, C. D. & Wang, H. (1983 b) [A new species of spider of the genus Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae)]. Journal of the Bethune Medical University, 9 (suppl.), 148 - 149.","Ruzicka, V. (2018) A review of the spider genus Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae). Zootaxa, 4481 (1), 1 - 75. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4481.1.1","Millidge, A. F. & Russell-Smith, A. (1992) Linyphiidae from rain forests of Southeast Asia. Journal of Natural History, 26 (6), 1367 - 1404. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939200770771"]}

Porrhomma subterraneum Simon, 1884 Porrhomma subterraneum Simon, 1884 ��� Simon (1884): p. 359 (descr. juv.); considered a nomen dubium by Thaler (1968: 384); synonymised with P. rosenhaueri by Thaler (1991: 238). P. subterraneum ���Simon (1926): p. 464, 527, Fig. 796 (descr. ♀). Porrhomma subterraneum must be definitively considered a nomen dubium, because it was described according to a juvenile specimen. It cannot be exactly distinguished from similar species., Published as part of R����i��ka, Vlastimil, 2018, A review of the spider genus Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae), pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4481 (1) on page 66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4481.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1454736, {"references":["Simon, E. (1884) Les arachnides de France. V- 2. Encyclopedie Roret, Paris, pp. 180 - 420.","Thaler, K. (1968) Zum Vorkommen von Porrhomma - Arten in Tirol und anderen Alpenlandern (Arachn., Araneae, Linyphiidae). Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlich-Medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck, 56, 361 - 388.","Thaler, K. (1991) Porrhomma. In: Heimer, S. & Nentwig, W., Spinnen Mitteleuropas: ein Bestimmungsbuch. Paul Parey, Berlin & Hamburg, pp. 236 - 239."]}

Porrhomma montanum Jackson, 1913 Figs. 36A���F. Linyphia hebescens L. Koch, 1879 ���L. Koch (1879): p. 35, Pl. 1, Figs. 23, 23a (descr. ♀); examined by Holm (1973: 97) and suppressed for lack of usage. L. desolata L. Koch, 1879 ���L. Koch (1879): p. 38, Pl. 1, Figs. 27, 27a (descr. ♂); examined by Holm (1973: 97) and suppressed for lack of usage. Erigone formosa L. Koch, 1879 ���L. Koch (1879): p. 67, Pl. 2, Figs. 18, 18a (descr. ♀); examined by Holm (1973: 97) and suppressed for lack of usage. Porrhomma montanum Jackson, 1913 ��� Jackson (1913): p. 40, Pl. II, Figs. 24, 34 (descr. ♂ ♀). P. hakusanensis Oi, 1964 ���Oi (1964): p. 29, Pl. I, Figs. 11���12 (descr. ♀); synonymised by Ono et al. (2009). P. montanum ��� Holm (1973): p. 97; synonymy. P. hebescens ��� Eskov & Marusik (1993): p. 67; resurrected older name, but P. montanum clearly eligible for protection under ICZN Article 23.9 (World Spider Catalog 2017). P. hebescens ��� Ono et al. (2009): p. 332, Pl. 2-2-41, Figs. 1105���1109 (♂ ♀); synonymy. Material examined. CZECHIA. Chlum u Třeboně, Novořeck�� Moč��ly Reserve, 3 Sep 1987 ���30 May 1988, 1 ♂; Suchdol nad Lužnic��, Dvory nad Lužnic��, 12���28 May 1986, 1 ��, V. Růžička. Nižbor, Vůznice Reserve, 1���17 May 1993, 3 ��, F. Pojer (IECA). ��umava Mts., Mrtv�� Luh Reserve, 1 Jul 1980, 5 ��, leg. A. Kůrka (CAK). Lanžhot, Ran��purk Reserve, 1994���1997, 9 �� 4 ♀, leg. J. Chytil (WSM). RUSSIA: Kurile Islands, Paramushir Island, Severo-Kurilsk env., 50��40'N, 156��06'E, 10 Aug ���5 Oct 1996, 2 ♀, leg. Yu. M. Marusik (CYM). Diagnosis. Species of middle size (CW> 0.60 mm), lacking dorsal spines of Fe I���II. It can be distinguished from P. altaica by AP of the male palp short and curved upwards (Fig. 36B), and thick appendices of the vulva, which turn closely around main sacks and are oriented opposite to one another, towards the median plain (Figs. 36D���F). Description. ♀ (from Lanžhot, Czechia, 19 May 1997). Carapace brown, 0.67 mm wide, eyes normal, PME��� PME = 0.8 (Fig. 36A). Abdomen grey. Fe without dorsal spines, Fe I with one prolateral spine. Ti I with one prolateral spine, Ti I���II with one retrolateral spine. Tm Mt I = 0.33, Mt I/CW = 0.90. Main sacks and appendices, which are almost in contact, can be seen on the epigynum (Fig. 36C). Very compact vulva. Spermathecae start at the midway of the ascending part of the copulatory ducts. Main sacks are oriented oblique upwards. Thick appendices turn closely around main sacks and are oriented opposite to one another, towards the median plain (Figs. 36D���F). �� (together with female). Embolus short, AP short and curved upwards (Fig. 36B). Variation. �� ♀. Carapace 0.60���0.69 mm wide. Tm Mt I = 0.31���0.36, Mt I/CW = 0.81���0.93 (n = 21). Ecology. In Czechia, the species has been recorded among leaf litter in floodplain forests and in peat bogs (Buchar & Růžička 2002). In Great Britain, it is typically an upland species occurring beneath rocks on open mountains (Harvey et al. 2002). Global distribution. Eurasia after Helsdingen (2017), Mikhailov (2013), this article, Ono et al. (2009) and Namkung et al. (2009). See Fig. 37., Published as part of R����i��ka, Vlastimil, 2018, A review of the spider genus Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae), pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4481 (1) on page 43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4481.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1454736, {"references":["Jackson, A. R. (1913) On some new and obscure British spiders. Transactions and Annual Report of the Nottingham Naturalists' Society, 60, 20 - 49.","Holm, A. (1973) On the spiders collected during the Swedish expeditions to Novaya Zemlya and Yenisey in 1875 and 1876. Zoologica Scripta, 2, 71 - 110. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1974. tb 00741. x","Ono, H., Matsuda, M. & Saito, H. (2009) Linyphiidae, Pimoidae. In: Ono, H. (Ed.), The Spiders of Japan with keys to the families and genera and illustrations of the species. Tokai University Press, Kanagawa, pp. 253 - 344.","Eskov, K. Y. & Marusik, Y. M. (1993) New data on the taxonomy and faunistics of North Asian linyphiid spiders (Aranei Linyphiidae). Arthropoda Selecta, 2 (4), 41 - 79.","World Spider Catalog (2017) World Spider Catalog. Version 18.0. Natural History Museum Bern. Available from: http: // www. wsc. nmbe. ch / (accessed 1 May 2017)","Buchar, J. & Ruzicka, V. (2002) Catalogue of spiders of the Czech Republic. Peres, Praha, 351 pp.","Harvey, P. R., Nellist, D. R. & Telfer, M. G. (2002) Provisional atlas of British spiders (Arachnida, Araneae). Vols. 1 & 2. Biological Records Centre, Huntingdon, 406 pp.","Namkung, J., Yoo, J. S., Lee, S. Y., Lee, J. H., Paek, W. K. & Kim, S. T. (2009) Bibliographic check list of Korean spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) ver. 2010. Journal of Korean Nature, 2 (3), 191 - 285."]}

Porrhomma altaica new species Figs. 6A���F, 7. Porrhomma pallidum ��� Tanasevitch (2013b), misidentification, examined. Material examined. Holotype: ��, KAZAKHSTAN: East Kazakhstan Area, SW Altai Mts., Azutau Ridge, 10 km SE of Matobai, 2200���2300 m a.s.l., 48��35'N, 85��44'E, 10 Jul 1997, leg. R. Dudko & V. Zinchenko (ISEA); labelled as P. pallidum by Tanasevitch (2013b), misidentification. Paratypes. ♀, with same data as for holotype; 2 ♀, East Kazakhstan Area, SW Altai Mts., near Markakol Lake, 10 km ESE of Urunkhayka, 2220���2400 m a.s.l., 48��45'N, 86��08'E, 19���20 Jun 1997, leg. R. Dudko & V. Zinchenko (ISEA); labelled as P. pallidum by Tanasevitch (2013b), misidentification; 1 ♂ 2 ♀, East Kazakhstan Area, Kurchyumskiy Mt. Ridge, upper reaches of Topolyovka River, subalpine, 2100���2200 m a.s.l., 4 ���5 Jul 1997; 1 ♀, upper reaches of Kurchyum River, mountain tundra, 2450 m a.s.l., 48��55.5'N, 85��47'E, 3 Jul 1997, leg. R. Dudko & V. Zinchenko (ZMMU). 1 �� 1 ♀, RUSSIA: Altai Mts., Altaisky Kray, Charyshsky Distr., upper reaches of Sentelek River, Gor���ky Belok Mt. Ridge, 1850���1950 m a.s.l., 51��04.5'N, 83��35'E, 26 Jun 2011, leg. R. Dudko (ISEA). Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Altai Mountains. Diagnosis. This new species shares the following characters with the species P. egeria, P. campbelli and P. terrestre: embolus is short (reaching to the tip of AP) and vulva is of the most simple type (spermathecae start at the midway of the ascending part of the copulatory ducts). It can be distinguished from P. egeria and P. campbelli by absence of femoral spines and the form of AP, and from P. terrestre by size (CW> 0.60). Description. Male holotype (from Altai Mts., Azutau Ridge, 10 Jul 1997). Carapace yellow-brown, 1.03 mm long, 0.74 mm wide, eyes somewhat reduced, PME���PME = 1.4 (Fig. 6A). Abdomen greyish-brown. Fe without dorsal spines, Fe I with one prolateral spine. Ti I with one prolateral and one retrolateral spine, Ti II with one retrolateral spine. Mt I/CW = 1.04. Embolus short with a narrow velum, AP indicates the form of a bird head (Fig. 6B). Male paratype (from Altai Mts., Gor ��ky Belok Mt. Ridge, 26 Jun 2011): A palp (Fig. 7). Female paratype (together with holotype): Carapace width 0.63 mm, Fe without dorsal spines, Fe I with one prolateral spine. Ti I with one prolateral and one retrolateral spine, Ti II with one retrolateral spine. Mt I/CW =1.11, Tm Mt I = 0.46. Spermathecae start at the midway of the ascending part of copulatory ducts. Main sacks are in contact and directed to the abdomen. They end at the base of appendices in the caudal view. Appendices are oriented towards the abdominal wall (Figs. 6C���F). Variation. �� ♀. Carapace width 0.63���0.74 mm. One dorsal spine on Fe I sometimes on one side only. Mt I/CW = 1.01���1.13, Tm Mt I = 0.40���0.46 (n = 3). Ecology. Collected at an altitude of 2200���2400 m a.s.l. Note. All records of P. pallidum in Altai Mountains are misidentification and actually refer to P. altaica new species. Global distribution. Known only from the Altai Mountains, Asia (Fig. 8)., Published as part of R����i��ka, Vlastimil, 2018, A review of the spider genus Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae), pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4481 (1) on pages 11-14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4481.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1454736, {"references":["Tanasevitch, A. V. (2013 b) The linyphiid spiders of the Altais, southern Siberia (Aranei: Linyphiidae). Arthropoda Selecta, 22, 267 - 306."]}

Porrhomma errans (Blackwall, 1841) Figs. 23A–F. Neriene errans Blackwall, 1841 — Blackwall (1841): p. 643 (descr. ♂ ♀); examined by F. O. Pickard-Cambridge (1894); transferred by Simon (1884). Porrhomma errans — Simon (1884): p. 364, Fig. 138 (♂ ♀). P. errans — F. O. Pickard-Cambridge (1894): p. 100, Pl. II, Fig. 1 (♂ ♀). Material examined. CZECHIA: Ivanovice na Hané, Chvalkovice na Hané, 1959–1960, 57 Ƌ 65 ♀, leg. B. Novák. Libčeves-Mnichov, Oblík Hill, 1995–1997, 10 Ƌ, leg. A. Kůrka (NMP). Chrast, 49.9040°N, 15.9514°E, 2 Apr –3 May 2001, 1 Ƌ, 3 May –7 Jun 2001, 1 Ƌ 1 ♀, leg. J. Dolanský (CJD). Vilémovice, 49.3588°N, 16.7296°E, 10 Nov 2003, 1 ♀, leg. J. Horáková (IECA). Lanžhot, Ranšpurk Reserve, 1994–1997, 11 Ƌ 3 ♀, leg. J. Chytil (WSM). GERMANY: Weichering, 6 Sep 1982, 1 Ƌ, leg. B. Baehr (CGA). Diagnosis. Porrhomma errans can be easily recognised from all the other species of the genus by metatarsi provided with dorsal spine. Description. ♀ (from Chrast, Czechia, 3 May–7 Jun 2001). Carapace orange-brown, 0.72 mm wide, eyes normal, PME–PME = 1.2 (Fig. 23A). Abdomen brown-grey. Fe I–II with one dorsal spine, Fe I with one prolateral spine. Ti I with one prolateral spine, Ti I–II with one retrolateral spine. All Mt with one dorsal spine. Tm Mt I = 0.61, Mt I/CW = 0.89. Ascending parts of the ducts are S-shaped. Spermathecae are formed behind the ascending part of the ducts (Fig. 23C–F). Ƌ (together with female). Embolus of middle length with a narrow velum. AP has the form of a bird head (Fig. 23B). Variation. Ƌ ♀. Carapace 0.71–0.77 mm wide. Tm Mt I = 0.55–0.61, Mt I/CW = 0.82–0.90 (n = 10). Ecology. Species of mainly open habitats. Occurs on grassland, soft-rock cliffs, rabbit-grazed grassland and arable land (Harvey et al. 2002). Found in a beet field as well as on a typical rock steppe. Global distribution. Europe after Helsdingen (2017), modified. The record in Belarus mentioned by Ivanov (2013) seems to be doubtful and the material is probably lost (Zhukovets in litt.). The occurrence in Romania is also not recently confirmed (Weiss & Petrisor 1999). The record in northern Asia seems to be a misidentification (Eskov & Marusik 1993). See Fig. 24., Published as part of Růžička, Vlastimil, 2018, A review of the spider genus Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae), pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4481 (1) on pages 29-31, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4481.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1454736, {"references":["Blackwall, J. (1841) The difference in the number of eyes with which spiders are provided proposed as the basis of their distribution into tribes; with descriptions of newly discovered species and the characters of a new family and three new genera of spiders. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 18, 601 - 670. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.1838. tb 00210. x","Pickard-Cambridge, F. O. (1894) New genera and species of British spiders. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 13, 87 - 111. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939408677672","Simon, E. (1884) Les arachnides de France. V- 2. Encyclopedie Roret, Paris, pp. 180 - 420.","Harvey, P. R., Nellist, D. R. & Telfer, M. G. (2002) Provisional atlas of British spiders (Arachnida, Araneae). Vols. 1 & 2. Biological Records Centre, Huntingdon, 406 pp.","Weiss, I. & Petrisor, A. (1999) List of the spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) from Romania. Travaux du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle \" Grigore Antipa \", 41, 79 - 107.","Eskov, K. Y. & Marusik, Y. M. (1993) New data on the taxonomy and faunistics of North Asian linyphiid spiders (Aranei Linyphiidae). Arthropoda Selecta, 2 (4), 41 - 79."]}

Porrhomma cavernicola (Keyserling, 1886) Figs. 17A–F. Linyphia incerta Emerton, 1875 — Emerton (1875): p. 280, Plate I, Figs. 13–21 (descr. ♂ ♀); preoccupied, replaced by Roewer (1942); examined by Miller (2005). Willibaldia cavernicola Keyserling, 1886 — Keyserling (1886): p. 123, Tab. XV, Fig. 204 (descr. ♀); transferred by Roewer (1942); examined by Miller (2005). Troglohyphantes cavernicolus — Crosby (1905): p. 368, Figs. 20–22 (descr. ♂); examined by Miller (2005). Porrhomma incertum — Berland (1931): p. 384. P. cavernicola — Roewer (1942): p. 603. P. emertoni Roewer, 1942 — Roewer (1942): p. 603; replacement name for Linyphia incerta; synonymised by Miller (2005). P. cavernicola — Miller (2005): p. 428, Figs. 1–26 (redescr. ♂ ♀); synonymy. Material examined. USA: Alabama, Limestone County, Spence Cave, 19 Aug 1965, 1 Ƌ 1 ♀, leg. S. Peck. Arkansas, Washington County, Devil’s Den State Park, Devil’s Den Cave, 28–31 May 1979, 4 Ƌ 7 ♀, leg. S. & J. Peck. Georgia, Bartow County, Kingston Saltpeter Cave, 13 Jul 1967, 1 Ƌ 3 ♀, leg. J.R. Holsinger, S. Peck, A. Fiske & R. Baroody. Illinois, Jo Daviess County, Angoma Farm Cave, 14 Nov 1965, 5 ♀, leg. S. Peck. Indiana, Lawrence County, Spring Mill State Park, Donaldson Cave, 10 Nov 1934, 2 ♀, leg. D.C. Lowrie. Orange County, Elrod Cave, 8 Aug 1964, 1 Ƌ, leg. T.C. Barr & S. Peck. Iowa, Jaskson County, Maquoketa Caves State Park, Barrea Cave, 1 Nov 1965, leg. S. Peck. Maryland, Washington County, Snively Cave, 4 Apr 1971, 2 Ƌ 1 ♀, leg. A. Norden. Misssouri, Stone County, Marvel Cave, 2 Apr 1959, 1 Ƌ 1 ♀, leg. T.C. Barr. Tennessee, Hawkins County, Sensabaugh Saltpeter Cave, 15 Apr 1967, 2 Ƌ 1 ♀, leg. J.R. Holsinger. Virginia, Augusta County, Madison Cave, 23 Aug 1958, 1 ♀, leg. T.C. Barr; Gilea County, Clover Hollow Cave, 27 Jan 1962, 2 ♀, leg. J.R. Holsinger; Tazewell County, Gully Cave (4 mi. SE Pounding Hill), 24 Jul 1974, 4 ♀, leg. J.R. Holsinger & D.C. Culver. West Virginia, Greenbrier County, Branford Cave, 10 Aug 1958, 1 ♀, leg. T.C. Barr (AMNH). Diagnosis. The troglomorphic features—depigmentation, reduced eyes (Fig. 17A), and elongated legs (Mt I/ CW = 1.46)—separate this species from the other species occurring in North America (P. convexum, P. terrestre, and P. nekolai). Males of P. cavernicola (Fig. 17B) and P. microcavense are easily identified by the sickle-shaped and extremely thick AP. P. cavernicola is native in North America, P. microcavense in Europe. Description. ♀ (from Devil’s Den Cave, Arkansas, U.S.A., 28–31 May 1979). Carapace yellow-brown, 0.79 mm wide, PME–PME = 6 (Fig. 17A). Abdomen greyish-yellow. Fe I–II with one or two dorsal spines, Fe I with one or two prolateral spines. Ti I with one prolateral spine, Ti I–II with one retrolateral spine. Tm Mt I = 0.48, Mt I/CW = 1.46. Epigynum with translucent ducts and spermathecae (Fig. 17C). Ascending parts of the ducts are curved twice. Ducts reach deep into the abdomen (Figs. 17D–F). Ƌ (together with female). Embolus of middle length with a narrow velum. The sickle-shaped AP is extremely thick (Fig. 17B). Ecology. Exclusively in caves. Global distribution. North America after Miller (2005) and this article. See Fig. 18., Published as part of Růžička, Vlastimil, 2018, A review of the spider genus Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae), pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4481 (1) on pages 22-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4481.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1454736, {"references":["Keyserling, E. (1886) Die Spinnen Amerikas. 2 (2). Theridiidae. Verlag von Bauer & Raspe (E. Kuster), Nurnberg, 295 pp.","Emerton, J. H. (1875) Notes on spiders from Caves in Kentucky, Virginia and Indiana. American Naturalist, 9, 278 - 281. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 271488","Roewer, C. F. (1942) Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis 1940. 1. Band. Natura, Bremen. Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, 1040 pp.","Miller, J. A. (2005) A redescription of Porrhomma cavernicola Keyserling (Araneae, Linyphiidae) with notes on Appalachian troglobites. The Journal of Arachnology, 33, 426 - 438. https: // doi. org / 10.1636 / 04 - 51.1","Crosby, C. R. (1905) The spiders of the Rochport Cave, Mo. The Canadian Entomologist, 37, 367 - 369. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 37367 - 11","Berland, L. (1931) Biospeologica LVI. Campagne speologique de C. Bolivar et R. Jeannel dans l'Amerique du Nord (1928). 7. Arachnides Araneides. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 71, 383 - 388."]}

Porrhomma pygmaeum (Blackwall, 1834) Figs. 49A–F. Neriene pygmaea Blackwall, 1834 — Blackwall (1834): p. 52 (descr. ♂ ♀); transferred by Simon (1884). Erigone barbata Thorell, 1875 — Thorell (1875): p. 89 (descr. ♂); synonymised by Holm (1944). Porrhomma pygmaeum — Simon (1884): p. 366, Figs. 139–140 (♂ ♀). Bathyphantes arcticus — Strand (1901): p. 23, Figs. 8a–b (descr. ♂ ♀); preoccupied, replaced by Charitonov (1928); examined and synonymised by Holm (1944). B. strandi Charitonov, 1928 — Charitonov (1928): p. 56; replacement name for B. arcticus. P. pygmaeum — Holm (1944): p. 130; synonymy. Material examined. CZECHIA: Třeboň, 12 May –1 Jul 1977, 1 ♂ 1 ♀; Suchdol nad Lužnicí, Dvory nad Lužnicí, 22 May 1989, 39 ♂ 29 ♀; Sedlec (distr. Břeclav), Lednické Rybníky Ponds Reserve, 5 May 1974, 1 ♂ 1 ♀; Míšov, Padrťský Rybník Pond, 6 Jul 1998, 9 ♀, leg. V. Růžička. Tisá, 14 Jul 1999, 1 Ƌ 1 ♀, leg. J. Hajer (IECA). FINLAND: Esbo, 13 May 1951, 1 Ƌ 1 ♀, leg. W. Hackman (AMNH). SWEDEN: Uppsala, 29 May 1939, 1 Ƌ 3 ♀, leg. Å. Holm (AMNH). GREAT BRITAIN: Cairngorm Summit, 30 Jun 1966, 1 Ƌ 1 ♀, leg. J.R. Parker (AMNH). RUSSIA: Kamchatka Peninsula, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, 17 Sep 1996, 1 ♂ 3 ♀; Kurile Islands, Shumshu Island, NW shore, 50°46'N, 156°15'E, 9–13 Sep 1996, 13 Ƌ 17 ♀, leg. Yu. M. Marusik (CYM). Diagnosis. P. pygmaeum differs from other species by dark brown carapace. Description. ♀ (from Dvory nad Lužnicí, Czechia, 22 May 1989). Carapace dark brown, 0.62 mm wide, eyes normal, PME–PME = 0.7 (Fig. 49A). Abdomen dark gray. Fe I–II with one dorsal spine, Fe I with one prolateral spine. Ti I with one prolateral spine, Ti I–II with one retrolateral spine. Tm Mt I = 0.40, Mt I/CW = 0.85. Ascending parts of the ducts are S-shaped. Spermathecae are formed behind the ascending part of the ducts (Figs. 49C–F). Because of a dark colouration, the epigynum is usually hardly visible. Ƌ (together with female). Embolus of middle length with a narrow velum. AP has the form of a bird head (Fig. 49B). Variation. Ƌ ♀. Carapace 0.60–0.71 mm wide. Tm Mt I = 0.32–0.45, Mt I/CW = 0.77–0.91 (n = 34). Ecology. Abundant among leaf litter and detritus, also on bushes and herb vegetation of marshy ponds and river margins, in wet forests. Global distribution. Eurasia after Helsdingen (2017) and Mikhailov (2013). Japan after Ono et al. (2009), Pakistan after Tanasevitch (2011). See Fig. 50., Published as part of Růžička, Vlastimil, 2018, A review of the spider genus Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae), pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4481 (1) on page 56, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4481.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1454736, {"references":["Blackwall, J. (1834) Characters of some undescribed species of Araneidae. London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 5 (3), 50 - 53. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14786443408648400","Simon, E. (1884) Les arachnides de France. V- 2. Encyclopedie Roret, Paris, pp. 180 - 420.","Thorell, T. (1875) Diagnoses Aranearum Europaearum aliquot novarum. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 18, 81 - 108.","Holm, A. (1944) Revision einiger norwegischer Spinnenarten und Bemerkungen uber deren Vorkommen in Schweden. Entomologisk tidskrift, 65, 122 - 134.","Strand, E. (1901) Theridiiden aus dem nordlichen Norwegen. Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskad Christiania, 24 (2), 1 - 66.","Charitonov, D. E. (1928) Versuch eines Katalogs der russischen Spinnen. (Autoreferat). Izvestia Biologitscheskogo Nautschno- Issledovatelskogo Instituta pri Permskom Gosudarstvennom Universitete, 6, 55 - 56. [in Russian, German summary]","Ono, H., Matsuda, M. & Saito, H. (2009) Linyphiidae, Pimoidae. In: Ono, H. (Ed.), The Spiders of Japan with keys to the families and genera and illustrations of the species. Tokai University Press, Kanagawa, pp. 253 - 344.","Tanasevitch, A. (2011) Linyphiid spiders (Araneae: Linyphiidae) from Pakistan and India. Revue suisse de Zoologie, 118 (3), 561 - 598."]}

microphthalmum -group Synapomorphies: Copulatory ducts with broad side loop and ascending part. Embolus long, with a distinct, broad velum. Species included: P. microphthalmum, P. microps and P. profundum., Published as part of R����i��ka, Vlastimil, 2018, A review of the spider genus Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae), pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4481 (1) on page 10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4481.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1454736

Porrhomma Simon, 1884 Porrhomma Simon, 1884 ��� Simon (1884): p. 353. Opistoxys Simon, 1884 ��� Simon (1884): p. 372; synonymised by Thaler (1975). Type species: Erigone convexa Westring, 1851. Diagnosis. Males of the genus Porrhomma can be distinguished from other genera of the family Linyphiidae by the presence of a transparent concave border of the embolus, known as the velum. Description. Prosoma longer than wide, opisthosoma oval. Clypeus hairy, particularly in males. Chelicerae with three promarginal teeth and four retromarginal teeth. Eyes often reduced. Femora I and II mostly with one dorsal spine, Fe I with or without prolateral spine(s). All Ti always with two dorsal spines (not repeated in descriptions). The Ti I usually with one prolateral and one retrolateral spine, Ti II with one retrolateral spine. Metatarsal spines absent (except in P. errans). Mt I���III with trichobothrium, Mt IV without trichobothrium. Male palp with no tibial apophysis. Paracymbium hook-like. Distal suprategular apophysis is hooked and uniform in all species. Tegulum is provided with a protegulum (composed of two parts). Two linyphiid genra, viz. Bathyphantes and Porrhomma, are characterised by an embolic plate as a part of the embolic division (Millidge 1977). The embolic plate has a characteristic anterior process. The embolus is attached to the lateral side of this embolic plate. The embolus of the genus Porrhomma is characteristic by a transparent border of the concave side, called velum, and is accompanied by an embolic membrane. Epigynum is characterised by the location of the genital openings inside a well-defined, deep circular aperture. The form of the internal organs is usually seen through the integument. Vulva is composed of a pair of copulatory ducts ending by spermathecae., Published as part of R����i��ka, Vlastimil, 2018, A review of the spider genus Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae), pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4481 (1) on page 10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4481.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1454736, {"references":["Simon, E. (1884) Les arachnides de France. V- 2. Encyclopedie Roret, Paris, pp. 180 - 420.","Thaler, K. (1975) The genus Opistoxys Simon-a new synonym in Linyphiid spiders. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 3, 142 - 144.","Westring, N. (1851) Forteckning ofver de till narvarande tid kande, i Sverige forekommande spindelarter, utgorande ett antal af 253, deraf 132 aro nya for svenska Faunan. Goteborgs Kungliga Vetenskaps- och Vitterhets-Samhalles Handlingar, 2, 25 - 62."]}

Porrhomma Simon, 1884 Porrhomma Simon, 1884 — Simon (1884): p. 353. Opistoxys Simon, 1884 — Simon (1884): p. 372; synonymised by Thaler (1975). Type species: Erigone convexa Westring, 1851. Diagnosis. Males of the genus Porrhomma can be distinguished from other genera of the family Linyphiidae by the presence of a transparent concave border of the embolus, known as the velum. Description. Prosoma longer than wide, opisthosoma oval. Clypeus hairy, particularly in males. Chelicerae with three promarginal teeth and four retromarginal teeth. Eyes often reduced. Femora I and II mostly with one dorsal spine, Fe I with or without prolateral spine(s). All Ti always with two dorsal spines (not repeated in descriptions). The Ti I usually with one prolateral and one retrolateral spine, Ti II with one retrolateral spine. Metatarsal spines absent (except in P. errans). Mt I–III with trichobothrium, Mt IV without trichobothrium. Male palp with no tibial apophysis. Paracymbium hook-like. Distal suprategular apophysis is hooked and uniform in all species. Tegulum is provided with a protegulum (composed of two parts). Two linyphiid genra, viz. Bathyphantes and Porrhomma, are characterised by an embolic plate as a part of the embolic division (Millidge 1977). The embolic plate has a characteristic anterior process. The embolus is attached to the lateral side of this embolic plate. The embolus of the genus Porrhomma is characteristic by a transparent border of the concave side, called velum, and is accompanied by an embolic membrane. Epigynum is characterised by the location of the genital openings inside a well-defined, deep circular aperture. The form of the internal organs is usually seen through the integument. Vulva is composed of a pair of copulatory ducts ending by spermathecae.

Porrhomma boreale (Banks, 1899) Figs. 9A–F. Gongylidium borealis Banks, 1899 — Banks (1899): p. 347, Pl. A, Fig. 1 (descr. ♂ ♀); transferred by Eskov (1988). Oedothorax borealis — Strand (1906): p. 445. Porrhomma nunamo Holm, 1970 — Holm (1970): p. 194, Figs. 12–15 (descr. ♂ ♀); synonymised by Eskov (1988). P. kulczynskii Staręga, 1974 — Staręga (1974): p. 22, Figs. 7–8, Phot. 3 (descr. ♀); synonymised by Tanasevitch (2013a). P. borealis — Eskov (1988): p. 105; transfer, synonymy. P. boreale — Tanasevitch (2013a): p. 184, Figs. 105–116 (♂ ♀); synonymy. Material examined. RUSSIA: Sakhalin Isl., East Sakhalin Mt. Range, below Chamginski Pass, 50°41.951'N, 143°16.234'E, 528 m a.s.l., 8 Aug 2001, 1 ♀. Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Christ Bay, env. of Egvekinot Town, 15–17 Jul 1988, 2 ♀. NE Siberia, Magadan Area, env. of Magadan, 1st Arman Pass, 59°39.5'N, 150°30.9'E, 700 m a.s.l., 30 Jun 2004, 1 ♀, leg. Yu. M. Marusik. Chita Area, Sokhondo Nature Reserve, mountain tundra, 16 Jul?, 1 Ƌ 2 ♀, leg. S. Danilov. Upper reaches of Kolyma River, Sibit-Tyellakh env., 20 Aug 1984, 3 Ƌ 1 ♀, leg. K. Yu. Eskov (CYM). Central Siberia, Evenk Autonomous Region, delta of Neptene River, 15 Jul 1982, 16 Ƌ 31 ♀, leg. K. Yu. Eskov. Norilsk City, 29 Aug 1983, 1 Ƌ. Diagnosis. The AP has the form of a bird head (e.g. Fig. 9B) in three large species (CW> 0.70): P. boreale, P. convexum and P. nekolai. P. boreale can be distinguished from the later two species by relatively short legs, Mt I/ CW = 0.77–0.81; in P. convexum 0.91–1.06, in P. nekolai 1.31–1.47. Females of P. boreale can be easily recognised from all the other species of the genus Porrhomma by very long main sacks and appendices, which are coiled along main sacks (Figs. 9C–F). Description. ♀ (from Taymyr Peninsula, Russia, 15 Jul 1982). Carapace yellow-brown, 0.80 mm wide, PME– PME = 1.3 (Fig. 9A). Abdomen greyish yellow. Fe I–II with one dorsal spine, Fe I with one prolateral spine. Ti I with one prolateral spine, Ti I–II with one retrolateral spine. Tm Mt I = 0.36, Mt I/CW = 0.81. Epigynum with characteristic translucent picture of main sacks and appendices (Fig. 9C). Spermathecae start on ascending part of the copulatory ducts. Main sacks are broad and coiled in one thread of the helix; their tops are oriented obliquely towards the abdominal wall. Very long appendices are coiled along main sacks and oriented oblique towards the median plane (Figs. 9D–F). Ƌ (together with female). Embolus of middle length, AP of the form of a bird head (Fig. 9B), similar to the embolic section of the P. pygmaeum. Variation. Ƌ ♀. Carapace 0.80–0.87 mm wide. Tm Mt I = 0.31–0.39, Mt I/CW = 0.77–0.81 (n = 6). Ecology. Occurs in boreal and mountainous habitats. Comments. Eskov (1985: 126) noted: “Specimens from Aleutian Islands determined by Holm (1960) as P. convexum are probably P. boreale.” G. Giribet examined and photographed the material collected by Holm, which is deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Females from Kodiak Island and Unalaska Island are P. convexum, but the female from Attu Island is Porrhomma boreale. Attu is the westernmost and largest island in the Near Islands group of the Aleutian Islands, it is situated in the close neighbourhood to Commander Islands. Global distribution. Polar Urals, Siberia, Mongolia, Russian Far East (Tanasevitch 2013a), Commander Islands (Banks, 1899), Sakhalin Island and Attu Island (Aleutian Islands) (this paper). See Fig. 10., Published as part of Růžička, Vlastimil, 2018, A review of the spider genus Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae), pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4481 (1) on page 14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4481.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1454736, {"references":["Banks, N. (1899) Arachnida. In: Ashmead, W. H. (Ed.), Reports upon the insects, mites and myriapods collected by Dr. L. Stejneger and Mr. G. E. H. Barrett-Hamilton on the Commander Islands. Report of Fur-Seal Investigations 1896 - 97, 1899, pp. 347 - 350.","Eskov, K. Y. (1988) Spiders (Aranei) of central Siberia. In: Rogacheva, E. V. (Ed.), Materialy po faune Srednei Sibiri i prilezhaschikh raionov Mongolii. Academia nauk, Moscow, pp. 101 - 155. [in Russian]","Strand, E. (1906) Die arktischen Araneae, Opiliones und Chernetes. In: Romer, F. & Schaudinn, F. (Eds.), Fauna Arctica. Eine Zusammenstellung der arktischen Tierformen, mit besonderer Berucksichtigung des Spitzbergen-Gebietes auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Deutschen Expedition in das Nordliche Eissmeer im Jahre 1898. Vierter Band. Gustav Fischer, Jena, pp. 431 - 478.","Holm, A. (1970) Notes on spiders collected by the \" Vega \" expedition 1878 - 1880. Entomologica scandinavica, 1, 188 - 208. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631270 X 00023","Starega, W. (1974) Baldachinspinnen (Aranei: Linyphiidae) aus der Mongolei. Annales Zoologici, 32, 19 - 27.","Tanasevitch, A. V. (2013 a) On synonymy of linyphiid spiders of the Russian fauna. 3 (Arachnida: Aranei: Linyphiidae). Arthropoda Selecta, 22, 171 - 187.","Eskov, K. Y. (1985) Spiders of the tundra zone of the USSR. In: The fauna and ecology of spiders of the USSR. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 139, pp. 121 - 128 [in Russian]","Holm, A. (1960) On a collection of spiders from Alaska. Zoologiska Bidrag fran Uppsala, 33, 109 - 134."]}

Porrhomma profundum M. Dahl, 1939 Figs. 47A–F. sub Porrhomma rosenhaueri — Kratochvíl (1934): p. 186, Figs. 4a–b (♂ ♀); misidentification recognized by Dahl (1938), confirmed by Miller & Kratochvíl (1940). P. cavernicola — Dahl (1938): p. 127, Figs. 4d, 6a–b, 7, 9d (descr. ♂ ♀); preoccupied. P. profunda Dahl, 1939 — Dahl (1939): p. 48; replacement name, replaced the preoccupied name cavernicola. P. profundum — Miller & Kratochvíl (1940): p. 176, Fig. 6 (♂ ♀). P. microphthalmum profundum — Tretzel (1956): p. 54. P. rosenhaueri hungaricum Loksa, 1970 — Loksa (1970): p. 269, Figs. 1–6 (descr. ♂ ♀); synonymised by Thaler & Plachter (1982). P. microphthalmum profundum —Thaler & Plachter (1982): p. 260; synonymy. P. profundum — Růžička (2009): p. 1087, Fig. 8 (♂). Material examined. Syntypes 1 Ƌ 1 ♀ 2 juv., Porrhomma profunda M. Dahl (cavernicola M. Dahl), SLOWAKEI: Aggtelek-Grotte, det. M. Dahl (Typen) (NMW, Inv. No. 4824). Other material examined. CZECHIA: Štramberk, Slámova Sluj Cave, 5 Nov 2005 –17 Jun 2006, 3 Ƌ 3 ♀, 17 Jun 2006, 2 ♂ 1 ♀, 17 Jun –11 Nov 2006, 2 ♂ 2 ♀; Moravian Karst, Harbešská Cave, 28 Nov 2009, 1 ♂, leg. R. Mlejnek (IECA). Petrovice, Krásný Les, Puklinová na Špičáku Cave, 1 Ƌ 8 ♀, leg. et coll. M. Holec. SLOVAKIA: Silická Planina Plain, Domica Cave, 1997–2005, alltogether 11 Ƌ 29 ♀, leg. Ľ. Kováč, P. Ľuptáčik, A. Mock & V. Papáč. Silická Plain, Ardovská Cave, 11 May –1 Jul 1999, 1 ♀, leg. Ľ. Kováč; 14 Feb 2003, 2 ♀, leg. Ľ. Kováč & P. Ľuptáčik. Vihorlat Mts., Veľká Artajama Cave, 20 Sep –11 Nov 2001, 2 Ƌ 2 ♀, leg. Ľ. Kováč & R. Mlejnek. Muránska Plain, Bobačka Cave, 9 Nov 2000, 1 ♀, leg. P. Ľuptáčik. Čierna Hora Mts., Veľká Ružínska Cave, 8 July 1999, 1 ♂; Slovak Karst, Čertova Diera Cave, 23 Nov 1997, 1 ♂ 1 ♀; Slovak Karst, Jasovská Cave, 8 Apr 1999, 1 ♀; Slovak Karst, Majkova Cave, 5 Mar 1998, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, leg. A. Mock (WSM). GERMANY: Lilienstein, 13 Apr 1991, 1 Ƌ 3 ♀, leg. R. Eckert (ZMB Kat.-Nr. 34 603). BULGARIA: Kotel, Prikaznata Peshtera Cave, 5 Sep 1979, 2 ♀, leg. et coll. C. Deltshev. Diagnosis. Two species of the microphthalmum -group have reduced eyes: P. profundum and P. microps. Males of P. profundum differ from those of P. microps by the free end of the embolus approximately as long as the velum is wide (Fig. 33B). In females, the fold in the uppermost part of the copulatory ducts (Fig. 47E) is not as tight as in P. microps. Description. ♀ (from Domica Cave, Slovakia, 24 Jan 2002). Carapace pale yellow, 0.77 mm wide, eyes very reduced, PME–PME = 3.0 (Fig. 47A). Abdomen pale. Fe I–II with one dorsal spine, Fe I with one prolateral spine. Ti I with one prolateral spine, Ti I–II with one retrolateral spine. Tm Mt I = 0.41, Mt I/CW = 1.30. Aperture is rather square in appearance; broad side loops of the copulatory ducts are seen as circular windows at the sides of the aperture (Fig. 47C). The axes of copulatory ducts are oriented in an angle of about 90° (Figs. 47C–D). The fold in the uppermost part of the ducts is not as tight as in P. microps in caudal view (Fig. 47E). The axes of main sacks are oriented obliquely upwards in the dorsal view of the vulva (Fig. 47F). Ƌ (together with female). Embolus long with a broad velum containing a pigmented spot. It is not curved to the side as in P. microps; the difference is seen in the view to the tip of the palp. AP is relatively short, approximately twice as long as broad (Fig. 47B). The free end of the embolus is approximately as long as the velum is wide (Fig. 33B). Variation. Ƌ ♀. Carapace 0.74–0.93 mm wide. Tm Mt I = 0.35–0.47, Mt I/CW = 1.08–1.31 (n = 6). Comments. Kratochvíl (1934), in his list of the cavernicolous spiders in Yugoslavia, presented pictures of the genitalia of a species from the genus Porrhomma and designated it as P. rosenhaueri. Dahl (1938) found the pictures different from P. rosenhaueri, but identical with material from a cave near Aggtelek in northern Hungary. Based on this material, she described a new species, P. cavernicola; later renamed P. profunda. However, the pictures presented were insufficient for the identification of the species, so the first real description of this species was presented by Miller & Kratochvíl (1940). Ecology. Exclusively in caves. Troglobiont. Records situated closest to the surface, at a depth of 10 m, originated from limestone caves as well as from fissure caves formed in sandstone rock. Global distribution. Europe after Dahl (1938), Loksa (1970), Fuhn & Oltean (1970) and this article. See Fig. 48.

Porrhomma egeria Simon, 1884 Figs. 21A���F. Porrhomma egeria Simon, 1884 ��� Simon (1884): p. 357, Figs. 131���133 (descr. ♂ ♀). P. moravicum Miller & Kratochv��l, 1940 ��� Miller & Kratochv��l (1940): p. 183, Figs. 10-1, 11 (descr. ♂ ♀); synonymised by Bourne (1977a). sub P. egeria ��� Kolosv��ry & Loksa (1944): p. 21, Fig. 1d; misidentification, it refers to a species from microphthalmum -group, according to the broad side loops of copulatory ducts. P. moderatum ��ilhav��, 1958 ��� ��ilhav�� (1958): p. 106, Figs. 2���3 (descr. ♂ ♀); synonymised by Thaler (1991). P. egeria moravicum ��� Thaler (1968): p. 377, Figs. 1d���e, 2e, 8c���e, 9a���b (♂ ♀). P. obambulatum Kritscher, 1969 ���Kritscher (1969): p. 285, Figs. 3���4 (descr. ♂); examined and synonymised by Bourne (1977a). P. omissum Miller, 1971 ��� Miller (1971): p. 239, pl. XLVII, Figs. 26���27 (descr. ♀); new synonymy. P. omissum ��� Miller & Obrtel (1975): p. 9, Pl. IV, Figs. 4���7 (more complex and somewhat modified descr. ♀). P. egeria ��� Bourne (1977a): p. 89, Figs. 1a���i (♂ ♀); synonymy. P. egeria ��� Thaler (1991): p. 236, 238, Figs. 633.2���4 (♂ ♀); synonymy. Material examined. CZECHIA: Pec pod Sněžkou, Krkono��e Mts., ��psk�� J��ma Corrie, 15 Aug 1985, 1 ♀, leg. J. Vaněk. ��st�� nad Labem, Brn��, Průčelsk�� Rokle Gorge, 6 May 1991 ��� 3 May 1992, 3 �� 1 ♀, leg. V. Růžička & J. Hajer. Police nad Metuj��, Slavn��, Pod Luciferem Cave, 3 Dec 1992 ��� 21 Jun 1993, 1 ♀, leg. V. Růžička & J. Kopeck��. Sloup, Sloupsko-��o��ůvsk�� Caves, 10 Feb 2005, 3 �� 9 ♀, leg. R. Mlejnek. Vranov, Ledov�� Sluje Caves, 27 May ���24 Nov 1992, 3 ♂ 1 ♀; Srn��, Vydra River Valley, 8 Jul 1988 ��� 5 Jul 1989, 1 ♂ 1 ♀; Kounov, 21 Apr ���25 Sep 2015, 1 �� 8 ♀, leg. V. Růžička. ROMANIA: Bihor Mts., Cetatile Ponorului Chasm, 18 Jul 2001, 2 �� 1 ♀, leg. M. Řez��č (IECA). Diagnosis. Species with reduced eyes (Fig. 21A). Male can be easily recognised by membranous, transparent AP and short embolus with a broad velum containing a dark spot (Fig. 21B). Female vulva is of the most simple type (spermathecae start at the midway of the ascending part of the copulatory ducts), as in P. altaica, P. campbelli, P. terrestre and P. pallidum. P. egeria can be distinguished from P. altaica and P. terrestre by presence of dorsal femoral spines, from P. pallidum by reduced eyes, and from P. campbelli by details in vulva structure: appendices are oriented usually to sides (Figs. 21C, D), and main sacs end at the base of appendices (Fig. 21E). Description. ♀ (from Sloup, Sloupsko-��o��ůvsk�� Caves, Czechia, 10 Feb 2005). Carapace yellow-brown, 0.77 mm wide, eyes reduced, PME���PME = 3.9 (Fig. 21A). Abdomen greyish-yellow. Fe I���II with one dorsal spine, Fe I with one prolateral spine. Ti I with one prolateral spine, Ti I���II with one retrolateral spine. Tm Mt I = 0.35, Mt I/ CW = 1.00. Spermathecae start at the midway of the ascending part of copulatory ducts. Main sacks are in contact and directed to the abdomen. They end at the base of appendices in the caudal view. Appendices are oriented to sides, which is also seen in the epigynum (Figs. 21C���F). �� (together with female). Embolus short with a broad velum containing a dark spot. ARP membranous, transparent, PA obtuse (Fig. 21B). Variation. �� ♀. Carapace 0.70���0.82 mm wide, eyes reduced, PME���PME usually> 4.0, some eyes may absent. Fe I���II (sometimes also III) with one dorsal spine, Fe I with one or two prolateral spines. Tm Mt I = 0.32���0.39, Mt I/CW = 0.91���1.11 (n = 34). Comments. Porrhomma omissum was described on the basis of syntypes deposited in NMP (Růžička et al. 2004). ���The specimens were found mingled in the material of P. egeria moravicum coming from various localities and, hence, its exact locality is unknown��� (Miller & Obrtel 1975). I designate the lectotype and paralectotypes. Lectotype: Labelled as Porrhomma proserpina ? n. sp., NMP (P6E-2964), vulva mounted separately = Porrhomma egeria new synonymy. 1 st paralectotype: Labelled as Porrhomma omissum, Lednice, 23.IV.52, 1 ♀, refers to Porrhomma campbelli, misidentification. 2nd paralectotype: with same data, it is undeterminable juvenile. I examined the mounted vulva, figured by Miller & Obrtel (1975). It is quite clearly P. egeria, the position of appendices is in the frame of variability. I cut the vulva from the 1 st paralectotype; according to the elongated main sacks reaching inside the abdomen and oriented oblique laterally, it is P. campbelli. Ecology. In surface habitats in mountainous spruce forests and subalpine zones. It colonizes predominately subterranean habitats, such as scree slopes (Růžička & Klime�� 2005), fissure systems in bedrock (Růžička & Dolansk�� 2016), shallow and deep pseudokarst and karst caves (Růžička et al. 2013). Global distribution. Europe after Helsdingen (2017) and Mikhailov (in litt.). See Fig. 22., Published as part of R����i��ka, Vlastimil, 2018, A review of the spider genus Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae), pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4481 (1) on pages 27-29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4481.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1454736, {"references":["Simon, E. (1884) Les arachnides de France. V- 2. Encyclopedie Roret, Paris, pp. 180 - 420.","Miller, F. & Kratochvil, J. (1940) Ein Beitrag zur Revision der mitteleuropaischen Spinnenarten aus der Gattung Porrhomma E. Sim. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 130, 161 - 190.","Bourne, J. D. (1977 a) A contribution to the study of the genus Porrhomma (Araneae: Linyphidae). Notes on a population of P. egeria (Simon) and other cavernicolous species. International Journal of Speleology, 9, 89 - 96.","Kolosvary, G. & Loksa, I. (1944) VIII. Beitrag zur Spinnenfauna Siebenburgens. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 1, 11 - 28.","Silhavy, V. (1958) Novy druh pavouku z okoli Trebice Porrhoma [sic] moderatum n. sp. Nova species aranearum Moraviae occidentalis, CSR: Porrhoma moderatum n. sp. Vlastivedny sbornik Vysociny, Oddil ved prirodnich, 2, 103 - 107. [in Czech and Latin, German summary]","Thaler, K. (1991) Porrhomma. In: Heimer, S. & Nentwig, W., Spinnen Mitteleuropas: ein Bestimmungsbuch. Paul Parey, Berlin & Hamburg, pp. 236 - 239.","Thaler, K. (1968) Zum Vorkommen von Porrhomma - Arten in Tirol und anderen Alpenlandern (Arachn., Araneae, Linyphiidae). Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlich-Medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck, 56, 361 - 388.","Miller, F. (1971) Rad Pavouci-Araneida [Order Spiders-Araneida]. In: Daniel, M. & Cerny, V. (Eds.), Klic zvireny CSSR IV. [Key to the fauna of Czechoslovakia IV]. CSAV, Praha, pp. 51 - 306 [in Czech]","Miller, F. & Obrtel, R. (1975) Soil surface spiders in a lowland forest. Acta scientiarum naturalium Academiae scientiarum bohemoslovacae, Brno, 9 (4), 1 - 40.","Ruzicka, V. & Klimes, L. (2005) Spider (Araneae) communities of scree slopes in the Czech Republic. The Journal of Arachnology, 33, 280 - 289. https: // doi. org / 10.1636 / 04 - 44.1","Ruzicka, V. & Dolansky, J. (2016) Catching of spiders in shallow subterranean habitats in the Czech Republic. Arachnologische Mitteilungen, 51, 43 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.5431 / aramit 5106","Ruzicka, V., Smilauer, P. & Mlejnek, R. (2013) Colonization of subterranean habitats by spiders in Central Europe. International Journal of Speleology, 42, 133 - 140. https: // doi. org / 10.5038 / 1827 - 806 X. 42.2.5"]}

Porrhomma convexum (Westring, 1851) Figs. 19A–F. Erigone convexa Westring, 1851 — Westring (1851): p. 60 (descr. ♂ ♀); examined and transferred by Holm (1944). E. reticulata Westring, 1851 — Westring (1851): p. 59; synonymised by Simon (1884). Linyphia proserpina Simon, 1872 — Simon (1872): p. 475, Pl. 16, Figs. 6–7 (descr. ♂); synonymised by Holm (1944). L. pusiola Fickert, 1875 — Fickert (1875): p. 20, Fig. 3 (descr. ♂); synonymised by Rozwałka (2010). Bathyphantes charpentieri Lebert, 1877 — Lebert (1877): p. 163, Pl. 4–5, Figs. 29–35 (descr. ♂ ♀); new synonymy. L. thorellii Herman, 1879 —Herman (1879): p. 69, 345, Plate VII, Fig. 153 (descr. ♂ ♀); synonymised by Fage (1931). B. convexus — Simon (1884): p. 351; synonymy. Porrhomma proserpina — Simon (1884): p. 360, Fig. 134 (♂). P. scopiferum Simon, 1884 — Simon (1884): p. 361, Fig. 136–137 (descr. ♂ ♀); synonymised by Fage (1931). P. diabolicum Simon, 1884 — Simon (1884): p. 362 (descr. ♂ ♀); synonymised by Fage (1931). P. norvegicum Strand, 1901 — Strand (1901), p. 25, Figs. 5a–c (descr. ♂ ♀); examined and synonymised by Holm (1944). P. proserpina — Fage (1931): p. 147, 158, Figs. XIV–XV (♂ ♀); synonymy. P. pygmaeum forma proserpina — Miller & Kratochvíl (1940): p. 167, Figs. 1–2 (♂ ♀). P. ocella Chamberlin & Ivie, 1943 — Chamberlin & Ivie (1943): p. 4, Figs. 1–2 (descr. ♂, not ♀); new synonymy. Willibaldia (?) sodonta Chamberlin, 1949 — Chamberlin (1949): p. 559, Fig. 146 (descr. ♀); transferred by Thaler (1968); new synonymy. P. convexum — Holm (1944): 130, 133; synonymy. P. pygmaeum convexum — Thaler (1968): 367, 369, Figs. 2a, 4d–e, 5a–b (♂ ♀). P. sodonta — Thaler (1968): p. 385. P. convexum — Miller (1971): p. 238, pl. XLVII, Figs. 12–13 (♂ ♀). sub P. convexum —Loksa (1981): p. 335, Figs. 12–14 (♂ ♀); misidentification, it refers to P. microps. Material examined. Holotype Ƌ, labelled as Linella ocella Chamberlin & Ivie, UTAH: City Creek Can. (Rotary Park), 111.40 nw. September 16, 1942, Wilton Ivie collector. Paratypes 1 Ƌ 3 ♀, labelled as Linella ocella Chamberlin & Ivie, UTAH: Smith and Morehouse Canyon, 111.40 nw., October 7, 1932, Wilton Ivie collector; only a male, females are Anacornia microps (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1933), misidentification (AMNH). Other material examined. CZECHIA: Pec pod Sněžkou, Krkonoše Mts., Úpská Jáma corrie, 4–19 Aug 1986, 1 Ƌ, leg. J. Vaněk. Teplice nad Metují, Adršpašské Skály rocks, 13 Jul 1986, 1 Ƌ, leg. V. Růžička. Teplice nad Bečvou, Hranická Propast abyss, 16 Mar 2003, 3 ♀; Adamov, Býčí Skála Cave, 10 Nov 2006, 5 ♂ 3 ♀, leg. R. Mlejnek (IECA). SLOVAKIA, Slovak Karst, Domica Cave, 8 Mar 2001, 2 Ƌ 1 ♀, 11 Aug 2011, 1 ♀, leg. Ľ. Kováč & P. Ľuptáčik (WSM). BULGARIA: Mladezhko (distr. Malko Tarnovo), Kaleto Cave, 10 Aug 1985, 1 ♂ 3 ♀; Jglika (distr. Jambol), Leleshka Dupka Cave, 8 Aug 1970, 1 ♂ 2 ♀; Stubel (distr. Montana), Mecha Dupka Cave, 11 Jun 1972, 1 ♂ 2 ♀; Lipnitsa (distr. Sifia), Kozarnika Cave, 14 Oct 1973, 1 ♂ 2 ♀, leg. et coll. C. Delthsev. ROMANIA. Damiş env., Roşsia, Ciur Ponor Cave, 46°51'N, 22°24'E, 24 Jun 2011, 1 Ƌ, leg. M. Boukal (CJD). NORWAY: Svartisen National Park, Aug 1962, 2 Ƌ 1 ♀ (AMNH). SWEDEN: Kaisepakte, Torne River, 1 Ƌ, leg. A. Holm (AMNH). RUSSIA: SW Tuva, Western Sayan Mts., Bulba River, 52°47'N, 93°18'E, 1230 m, 21 Jun 1995, 1 Ƌ 2 ♀, leg. Yu. M. Marusik (CYuM). USA: Colorado, Estes Park, 40°N, 105°W, 27 August 1961, 1 ♀, leg. W.J. Gertsch & W. Ivie. Illinois, Monroe County, Dry Run Cave, 38°N, 90°W, 26 Jun 1965, 1 ♀, leg. S. Peck. Kentucky, Woodfort County, Swope Cave, 3 Jul 1957, 1 ♀, leg. C. Krekeler & J. Rittmann. Maryland, Baltimore, 39.18°N, 76.38°W, 12 May 1966, 4 ♀, leg. B. Kamfchick. Oregon, Hebo, 45.13°N, 123.53°W, 3 Apr 1948, 1 Ƌ 1 ♀, leg. V. Roth. Tennessee, Claiborne County, Coonsies Creek, Creek Cave, 2 Aug 1974, 1 Ƌ, leg. J.R. Holsinger & D. C. Culver. Utah, City Creek Canyon (Rotary Park), 16 Sep 1942, 1 Ƌ, leg. W. Ivie. Vermont, Rutland County, Norris Cave (¾ mi. S Danby), 23 Apr 1967, 1 ♀, leg. S. Peck. Washington, Waterville, 47°N, 120°W, 28 Aug 1959, 2 Ƌ 1 ♀, leg. W.J. Gertsch & V. Roth (AMNH). CANADA: Alberta, Waterton Lakes National Park, 10–13 Jul 1973, 1 Ƌ, leg. J.H. Redner & C. Starr. British Columbia, Pine Pass, between Chetwynd and McLeod Lake, 11 Jul 1981, 1 Ƌ 2 ♀, leg. C.D. Dondale (CNC); Goldstream Park, 48°N, 123°W, 23 Apr 1951, 1 ♀, leg. R. Guppy (AMNH). Diagnosis. A large group of species is characterised by embolus of middle length and S-shaped ascending parts of copulatory ducts: P. borgesi, P. cambridgei, P. convexum, P. errans, P. nekolai, P. oblitum, P. pygmaeum and P. rosenhaueri. P. convexum can be distinguished from all these species by the following combination of characters: CW> 0.69 mm, Mt I/CW = 0.91–1.06. A pair of almost parallel spots, representing translucent copulatory ducts, is visible on the epigynum (Fig. 19C). Description. ♀ (from Teplice nad Bečvou, Czechia, 16 Mar 2003). Carapace brown, 0.81 mm wide, eyes normal, PME–PME = 1.0 (Fig. 19A). Abdomen greyish-yellow. Fe I–II with one dorsal spine, Fe I with one prolateral spine. Ti I with one prolateral spine, Ti I–II with one retrolateral spine. Tm Mt I = 0.46, Mt I/CW = 1.01. A pair of almost parallel spots, representing translucent copulatory ducts, is visible on the epigynum (Fig. 19C). Ascending parts of the ducts are S-shaped. Spermathecae are formed behind the ascending part of the ducts (Figs. 19D–F). Ƌ (from Pec pod Sněžkou, Úpská Jáma corrie, Czechia, 4–19 Aug 1986). Embolus of middle length with a narrow velum. AP has the form of a bird head (Fig. 19B). Variation. Ƌ ♀. Carapace 0.69–0.92 mm wide. Tm Mt I = 0.40–0.48, Mt I/CW = 0.91–1.06 (n = 13). Comments. Simon (1884: p. 364) synonymised B. charpentieri with P. errans. Roewer (1942: p. 600) synonymised B. charpentieri with P. microphthalmum, and this synonymy was accepted in the World Spider Catalog (2017). However, Lebert (1877) presented a new species on precise line drawings. The embolus, depicted on Figs. 31 and 32, is lacking a prominent velum; the epigynum on Fig. 33 is lacking a square form, which is typical for P. microphthalmum. I must remove Bathyphantes charpentieri from the synonymy of P. microphthalmum. The material was collected in subterranean spaces in a salt mine and is characterised by depigmentation and width of male cephalothorax of 0.8–0.96 mm (out of the range of P. microphthalmum). Also, the epigynum is characteristic for P. convexum. Lessert (1910: p. 619), Fage (1931: p. 158) and Thaler (1968: p. 384) also supported this synonymy. The male specimen of Linyphia pusiola Fickert, 1875 was collected under a stone in the Giant Mountains (Czech Republic) at an altitude of 1400 m. In this subalpine belt, only P. egeria, P. convexum and P. microphthalmum occur (Buchar & Růžička 2002). According to the figure of the male palp, I support synonymy with P. convexum proposed by Rozwałka (2010). Holotype of Porrhomma ocella was compared with specimens of Porrhomma convexum and is identical in all aspects, mainly in the structure of the male palp. The females associated with the holotype male are in fact Anacornia microps Chamberlin & Ivie, 1933. This was noted by Crawford (1988) and repeated by Buckle et al. (2001). Examined females significantly differ from P. convexum: The overall colouration is orange-brown and the PME are more than 2.5 diameters apart. All characteristics and the form of the epigynum of allotype and paratype females agree with the description and illustrations of Anacornia microps (see Chamberlin & Ivie 1933; Chamberlin 1949). Type material of Porrhomma sodonta was not available. The figure of the epigynum, together with the carapace width of 0.87 mm, indicates the conspecificity with P. convexum. The species was described according to one female, collected in White R. Camp, Rainier Park, July 6, 1938 (Chamberlin 1949). In the material examined, one female of P. convexum with this designation was present: “ Porrhomma ? ♀, Washington: White Riv. Camp, Rainier Park, 46°54'N, 121°37'W, July 6, 1938, Wilton Ivie Collector.” It is probably the lost holotype. Loksa (1981, p. 335, Figs. 12–14) should be striked out from taxonomic references for P. convexum. The specimens extracted from forest litter are clearly P. microps, according to the broad side loops of copulatory ducts, long embolus with a broad velum and long anterior process of the embolic plate. Specimens from Canada and Austria show high correspondence in all characteristics considered (Breuss 2009). Ecology. Porrhomma convexum colonises habitats with constantly high humidity and low temperature, such as entrances of caves and mines, river banks and rock slopes. It has also been found in caves at a depth of 80 m (Růžička et al. 2013). Global distribution. Eurasia after Helsdingen (2017) and Mikhailov (2013), Greenland after Marusik et al. (2006), North America after Breuss (2009) and this article. See Fig. 20., Published as part of Růžička, Vlastimil, 2018, A review of the spider genus Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae), pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4481 (1) on pages 24-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4481.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1454736, {"references":["Westring, N. (1851) Forteckning ofver de till narvarande tid kande, i Sverige forekommande spindelarter, utgorande ett antal af 253, deraf 132 aro nya for svenska Faunan. Goteborgs Kungliga Vetenskaps- och Vitterhets-Samhalles Handlingar, 2, 25 - 62.","Holm, A. (1944) Revision einiger norwegischer Spinnenarten und Bemerkungen uber deren Vorkommen in Schweden. Entomologisk tidskrift, 65, 122 - 134.","Simon, E. (1884) Les arachnides de France. V- 2. Encyclopedie Roret, Paris, pp. 180 - 420.","Simon, E. (1872) Notice complementaire sur les arachnides cavernicoles et hypoges. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, Serie 5 e, Tome 2, 473 - 488.","Fickert, C. (1875) Myriopoden und Araneiden vom Kamme des Riesengebirges. Thesis, Koeniglichen Universitaet, Wroclaw, 49 pp.","Rozwalka, R. (2010) Taxonomic position of the Bathyphantes pusiolus (Fickert, 1875) (Araneae: Linyphiidae). Genus, 21, 315 - 317.","Lebert, H. (1877) Die Spinnen der Schweiz, ihr Bau, ihr Leben, ihre systematische Ubersicht. Neue Denkschriften der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 27, 1 - 321.","Fage, L. (1931) Biospeologica LV. Araneae. Cinquieme serie, precedee d'un essai sur l'evolution souterraine et son determinisme. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 71, 91 - 291.","Strand, E. (1901) Theridiiden aus dem nordlichen Norwegen. Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskad Christiania, 24 (2), 1 - 66.","Miller, F. & Kratochvil, J. (1940) Ein Beitrag zur Revision der mitteleuropaischen Spinnenarten aus der Gattung Porrhomma E. Sim. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 130, 161 - 190.","Chamberlin, R. V. & Ivie, W. (1943) New genera and species of North American Linyphiid spiders. Bulletin of the University of Utah, 33 (10), 1 - 39.","Chamberlin, R. V. (1949) On some American spiders of the family Erigonidae. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 61, 483 - 562.","Thaler, K. (1968) Zum Vorkommen von Porrhomma - Arten in Tirol und anderen Alpenlandern (Arachn., Araneae, Linyphiidae). Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlich-Medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck, 56, 361 - 388.","Miller, F. (1971) Rad Pavouci-Araneida [Order Spiders-Araneida]. In: Daniel, M. & Cerny, V. (Eds.), Klic zvireny CSSR IV. [Key to the fauna of Czechoslovakia IV]. CSAV, Praha, pp. 51 - 306 [in Czech]","Chamberlin, R. V. & Ivie, W. (1933) Spiders of the Raft River Mountanins of Utah. Bulletin of the University of Utah, 23 (4), 1 - 79.","Marusik, Y. M. & Koponen, S. & Danilov, S. N. (2001) Taxonomic and faunistic notes on linyphiids of Transbaikalia and south Siberia (Araneae, Linyphiidae). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 12, 83 - 92.","Roewer, C. F. (1942) Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis 1940. 1. Band. Natura, Bremen. Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, 1040 pp.","World Spider Catalog (2017) World Spider Catalog. Version 18.0. Natural History Museum Bern. Available from: http: // www. wsc. nmbe. ch / (accessed 1 May 2017)","Lessert, R. de (1910) Araignees. Catalogue des invertebres de la Suisse, Fsc. 3. Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve, Geneve, 639 pp.","Buchar, J. & Ruzicka, V. (2002) Catalogue of spiders of the Czech Republic. Peres, Praha, 351 pp.","Crawford, R. L. (1988) An annotated checklist of the spiders of Washington. Burke Museum Contributions in Anthropology and Natural History, 5, 1 - 48.","Buckle, D. J., Carroll, D., Crawford, R. L. & Roth, V. D. (2001) Linyphiidae and Pimoidae of America north of Mexico: Checklist, synonymy, and literature. In: Paquin, P. & Buckle, D. J. (Eds.), Contributions a la connaissance des Araignees (Araneae) d'Amerique du Nord. Fabreries, 10 (Supplement), 89 - 191.","Breuss, W. (2009) A collection of spiders and harvestmen from two caves in Ontario and Newfounland, Canada (Araneae, Opiliones). Contributions to Natural History, 12, 297 - 313.","Ruzicka, V., Smilauer, P. & Mlejnek, R. (2013) Colonization of subterranean habitats by spiders in Central Europe. International Journal of Speleology, 42, 133 - 140. https: // doi. org / 10.5038 / 1827 - 806 X. 42.2.5","Marusik, Y. M, Bocher, J. & Koponen, S. (2006) The collection of Greenland spiders (Aranei) kept in the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen. Arthropoda Selecta, 15 (1), 59 - 80."]}

Porrhomma nekolai new species Figs. 38A–F, 39. Male holotype, RUSSIA: Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Christ Bay, env. of Egvekinot Town, SE slope, under stones, 15 Jul 1988, leg. Yu. M. Marusik (ZMMU). Paratypes: 1 ♀, with same data as for holotype; 1 ♂ 3 ♀, Egvekinot Town, S slope, stony habitats in mountain tundra, 15 Jul 1988, leg. Yu. M. Marusik; 1 ♀, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Amguema River, 67°03'N, 178°58'W, stony habitats, 22 Jul 1988, leg. Yu. M. Marusik; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Magadan Area, Duchka River, env. of Magadan, 13 Sep 1986, leg. Yu. M. Marusik (ZMMU). ♀, CANADA: Yukon Territory, Kluane Lake, Cultus Bay, 61°11'N, 138°20'W, 1650 m a.s.l., 10–23 Jul 1993, leg. Yu. M. Marusik (CNC). Ƌ, USA, Iowa, Delaware County, Elk River East, ca 7 km WSW of Colesburg, 42.6284°N, 91.9209°W, 13 July 1998, leg. V. Růžička (NMP, No. P 6A 6384). Ƌ, USA, Iowa, Delaware County, Backbone Cave, July, 45 yds from end, u. wood (AMNH). Etymology. The species is named after Jeffrey C. Nekola (University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA). Diagnosis. A large group of species is characterised by embolus of middle length and S-shaped ascending parts of copulatory ducts: P. borgesi, P. cambridgei, P. convexum, P. errans, P. nekolai, P. oblitum, P. pygmaeum and P. rosenhaueri. P. nekolai new species can be distinguished from all these species by the following combination of characters: large species (CW> 0.70), eyes reduced (PME–PME 1.7–2.0), legs very long (Mt I/CW> 1.3). Description. Male holotype (from Chukotka, Christ Bay, Egvekinot Town, 15 Jul 1988). Carapace yellowbrown, 1.10 mm long, 0.77 mm wide, eyes reduced, PME–PME = 1.7 (Fig. 38A). Abdomen greyish-yellow. Fe I with one dorsal and one prolateral spine. Ti I with one prolateral spine, Ti I–II with one retrolateral spine. Mt I/CW = 1.43. Embolus of middle length with a narrow velum. AP has the form of a bird head, it is slender, narrowed (Fig. 38B). Male paratype (from Iowa, Delaware County, Elk River East, 13 July 1998): A palp (Fig. 39). Female paratype (together with holotype): carapace 0.78 mm wide, PME–PME = 1.8, Tm Mt I = 0.60, Mt I/ CW = 1.31. Ascending parts of the ducts are S-shaped. Spermathecae are formed behind the ascending part of the ducts (Figs. 38C–F). Variation. Ƌ ♀. Carapace 0.71–0.78 mm wide, PME–PME = 1.6–2.0, Tm Mt I = 0.58–0.61, Mt I/CW = 1.31– 1.47 (N = 4). Comments. I recorded my first male under stones in Iowa, in 1998. I was accompanied by Jeffrey C. Nekola, an author of the concept of algific talus slopes as palaeorefugia (Nekola 1999). In collections of the AMNH, I found the second male, collected in a cave, also in Iowa. Later, I obtained the material from Yukon Territory and Chukotka Peninsula, collected by Yuri M. Marusik during the research of spiders in stony habitats (Marusik 2004). I decided to choose a complete pair from Chukotka for the description. Ecology. Specimens from Chukotka and Yukon Territory were collected in stony habitats. In Iowa, one male was collected in algific talus slope developed in limestone and one in a cave. It is in coincidence with the knowledge that lithobiontic species colonise more cold habitats (such as freezing scree slopes and caves) in warmer parts of their distribution area (Růžička 1990, 2011; Růžička et al. 2012). Global distribution. North-East Asia; Nearctic: from Yukon Territory to Iowa. See Fig. 40.

Porrhomma terrestre (Emerton, 1882) Figs. 55A–F. Tmeticus terrestris Emerton, 1882 — Emerton (1882): p. 57, Pl. XVII, Fig. 6 (descr. ♂). Microneta clavata Emerton, 1917 — Emerton (1917): p. 265, Fig. 17.3 (descr. ♂, not ♀); examined and synonymised by Bishop & Crosby (1938). Sciastes terrestris — Bishop & Crosby (1938): p. 79, Pl. 5, Figs. 54–56 (♂, descr. ♀). S. terrestris — Kaston (1948): p. 211, Pl. XXXI, Figs. 683–684 (♂ ♀); ♂ redrawn from Emerton (1882). Porrhomma gertschi Hackman, 1954 — Hackman (1954): p. 31, Figs. 111–119 (descr. ♂ ♀); new synonymy. P. terrestris — Ivie (1967): p. 130. P. terrestre — Paquin & Dupérré (2003): p. 148, Figs. 1632–1633 (♂ ♀). Material examined. CANADA. Porrhomma gertschi Hackman, holotype Ƌ, Deer Lake, NFld., 30 May 1951, C.H. Lindroth; allotype ♀, Deer Lake, NFld., 30 May 1951, C.H. Lindroth (CNC). Other material examined. CANADA: Manitoba, Fort Whyte, 12 Dec 1974, 1 ♀, leg. C.W. Aitchison; Glenlea, 10 mi S of Winnipeg, 1 Jul 1973, 1 Ƌ 1 ♀, leg. J. Redner & C. Starr. Newfounland, Deer Lake, 30 May 1951, 1 Ƌ 1 ♀, leg. C.H. Lindroth. Nova Scotia, Cape Breton Highlands National Park, Lone Shieling, 25 Jun 1983, 1 Ƌ, leg. Y. Bousquet. Ontario, Kinburn, 11 Oct 1967, 1 ♀, leg. J.E.H. Martin; Cochrane, 48°46'N, 80°14'W, 17 Jul 2003, 1 Ƌ, Canadian Forest Service, Sault Ste. Marie (CNC). USA: Alaska, Primrose Camp, 60.20°N, 149.20°W, 24 Aug 1968, 1 ♀, leg. W. Ivie. Connecticut, New Britain, 41.40°N, 72.45°W, 10 Feb 1958, 1 ♀, leg. A.J. Nappi. Massachusetts, Lexington, 42.36°N, 71.12°W, Oct 1933, 1 Ƌ 1 ♀, leg. W.J. Gertsch. New Jersey, Jamesburg, 40.22°N, 74.26°W, 26 Apr 1964, 1 ♀, leg. J. & W. Ivie. New York, Ithaca, 42°N, 76°W, May, 2 ♀, leg. C.R. Crosby. South Dakota, Pennington County, Keystone, 43.55°N, 103.26°W, 14 Jul 1959, 1 ♀, leg. C.C. Hoff (AMNH). Diagnosis. Small species (CW Description. ♀ (from Fort Whyte, Canada, Manitoba, 12 Dec 1974). Carapace brown, 0.57 mm wide, eyes normal, PME–PME = 1.1 (Fig. 55A). Abdomen brown-grey. Fe without dorsal spines. Ti I with one prolateral and one retrolateral spine, Ti II with one retrolateral spine. Tm Mt I = 0.40, Mt I/CW = 0.80. Spermathecae (♀ from Kinburn, Canada, Ontario, 11 Oct 1967) start at the midway of the ascending part of copulatory ducts. Main sacks are in contact and directed to the abdomen. They end at the base of appendices in the caudal view. Appendices are oriented towards the abdominal wall (Figs. 55C–F). Ƌ (from Glenlea, Canada, Manitoba, 1 Jul 1973). Embolus short with a broad velum (Fig. 55B). Variation. Ƌ ♀. Carapace 0.52–0.62 mm wide. Fe without dorsal spines, one prolateral spine sometimes present. Tm Mt I = 0.34–0.40, Mt I/CW = 0.71–0.82 (n = 5). Comments. Bishop & Crosby (1938) examined the material of T. terrestris collected by J.H. Emerton, and the species is generally accepted, although the structure of the genitalia is hardly known. Emerton (1917) has incorrectly associated the male and female; the female is Oreonetides rotundus Emerton, 1913 (Bishop & Crosby 1938; Buckle et al. 2001). The figures of the male palp drawn by Emerton (1882, 1917) and Paquin & Dupérré (2003) represent only the outline of the palp, lacking details of embolic division; the figure of Kaston (1948) is redrawn from Emerton (1882). The drawing of Bishop & Crosby (1938) did not present the embolus in detail. Ecology. Under leaves, in detritus. Global distribution. North America after Buckle et al. (2001) and this paper. See Fig. 56., Published as part of Růžička, Vlastimil, 2018, A review of the spider genus Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae), pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4481 (1) on page 63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4481.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1454736, {"references":["Emerton, J. H. (1882) New England spiders of the family Theridiidae. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 6, 1 - 86. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 7410","Emerton, J. H. (1917) New spiders from Canada and the adjoining states. The Canadian Entomologist, 49, 261 - 272. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 49261 - 8","Bishop, S. C. & Crosby, C. R. (1938) Studies in American spiders: Miscellaneous genera of Erigoneae, Part II. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 46, 55 - 107.","Kaston, B. J. (1948) Spiders of Connecticut. Bulletin of the Connecticut State Geological and Natural History Survey, 70, 1 - 874.","Hackman, W. (1954) The spiders of Newfounland. Acta Zoologica Fennica, 79, 1 - 99.","Ivie, W. (1967) Some synonyms in American spiders. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 75 (3), 126 - 131.","Paquin, P. & Duperre, N. (2003) Guide d'identification des Araignees (Araneae) du Quebec. Fabreries, 11 (Supplement), 1 - 251.","Buckle, D. J., Carroll, D., Crawford, R. L. & Roth, V. D. (2001) Linyphiidae and Pimoidae of America north of Mexico: Checklist, synonymy, and literature. In: Paquin, P. & Buckle, D. J. (Eds.), Contributions a la connaissance des Araignees (Araneae) d'Amerique du Nord. Fabreries, 10 (Supplement), 89 - 191."]}

Porrhomma marphaense Wunderlich, 1983 Porrhomma marphaense Wunderlich, 1983 ��� Wunderlich (1983): p. 230, Figs. 25���26 (descr. ♀). Material examined. Holotype ♀, NEPAL: Thakkola, Alt-Marpha, 3100���3200 m, leg. J. Martens, 6���7 Jul 1973, SMF (31669), vulva mounted separately. Comments. The species was described according to a female collected in Nepal. ���Nach der Epigynum bestehen Beziehungen zu Porrhomma kulczynskii, nunamo und pallidum ��� (Wunderlich, 1983). The vulva of P. boreale (= nunamo, kulczynskii) is fundamentally different. The examined vulva is similar to those of P. pallidum or P. egeria. However, a male is unknown, and it is impossible to decide on the species identity without a male. At present, we must consider this species as species inquirenda and the name Porrhomma marphaense to be a nomen dubium., Published as part of R����i��ka, Vlastimil, 2018, A review of the spider genus Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae), pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4481 (1) on page 65, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4481.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1454736, {"references":["Wunderlich, J. (1983) Linyphiidae aus Nepal, IV. Bisher unbekannte und fur Nepal neue Arten (Arachnida: Araneae). Senckenbergiana biologica, 63 (1982), 219 - 248."]}

Porrhomma egeria Simon, 1884 Figs. 21A–F. Porrhomma egeria Simon, 1884 — Simon (1884): p. 357, Figs. 131–133 (descr. ♂ ♀). P. moravicum Miller & Kratochvíl, 1940 — Miller & Kratochvíl (1940): p. 183, Figs. 10-1, 11 (descr. ♂ ♀); synonymised by Bourne (1977a). sub P. egeria — Kolosváry & Loksa (1944): p. 21, Fig. 1d; misidentification, it refers to a species from microphthalmum -group, according to the broad side loops of copulatory ducts. P. moderatum Šilhavý, 1958 — Šilhavý (1958): p. 106, Figs. 2–3 (descr. ♂ ♀); synonymised by Thaler (1991). P. egeria moravicum — Thaler (1968): p. 377, Figs. 1d–e, 2e, 8c–e, 9a–b (♂ ♀). P. obambulatum Kritscher, 1969 —Kritscher (1969): p. 285, Figs. 3–4 (descr. ♂); examined and synonymised by Bourne (1977a). P. omissum Miller, 1971 — Miller (1971): p. 239, pl. XLVII, Figs. 26–27 (descr. ♀); new synonymy. P. omissum — Miller & Obrtel (1975): p. 9, Pl. IV, Figs. 4–7 (more complex and somewhat modified descr. ♀). P. egeria — Bourne (1977a): p. 89, Figs. 1a–i (♂ ♀); synonymy. P. egeria — Thaler (1991): p. 236, 238, Figs. 633.2–4 (♂ ♀); synonymy. Material examined. CZECHIA: Pec pod Sněžkou, Krkonoše Mts., Úpská Jáma Corrie, 15 Aug 1985, 1 ♀, leg. J. Vaněk. Ústí nad Labem, Brná, Průčelská Rokle Gorge, 6 May 1991 – 3 May 1992, 3 Ƌ 1 ♀, leg. V. Růžička & J. Hajer. Police nad Metují, Slavný, Pod Luciferem Cave, 3 Dec 1992 – 21 Jun 1993, 1 ♀, leg. V. Růžička & J. Kopecký. Sloup, Sloupsko-Šošůvské Caves, 10 Feb 2005, 3 Ƌ 9 ♀, leg. R. Mlejnek. Vranov, Ledové Sluje Caves, 27 May –24 Nov 1992, 3 ♂ 1 ♀; Srní, Vydra River Valley, 8 Jul 1988 – 5 Jul 1989, 1 ♂ 1 ♀; Kounov, 21 Apr –25 Sep 2015, 1 Ƌ 8 ♀, leg. V. Růžička. ROMANIA: Bihor Mts., Cetatile Ponorului Chasm, 18 Jul 2001, 2 Ƌ 1 ♀, leg. M. Řezáč (IECA). Diagnosis. Species with reduced eyes (Fig. 21A). Male can be easily recognised by membranous, transparent AP and short embolus with a broad velum containing a dark spot (Fig. 21B). Female vulva is of the most simple type (spermathecae start at the midway of the ascending part of the copulatory ducts), as in P. altaica, P. campbelli, P. terrestre and P. pallidum. P. egeria can be distinguished from P. altaica and P. terrestre by presence of dorsal femoral spines, from P. pallidum by reduced eyes, and from P. campbelli by details in vulva structure: appendices are oriented usually to sides (Figs. 21C, D), and main sacs end at the base of appendices (Fig. 21E). Description. ♀ (from Sloup, Sloupsko-Šošůvské Caves, Czechia, 10 Feb 2005). Carapace yellow-brown, 0.77 mm wide, eyes reduced, PME–PME = 3.9 (Fig. 21A). Abdomen greyish-yellow. Fe I–II with one dorsal spine, Fe I with one prolateral spine. Ti I with one prolateral spine, Ti I–II with one retrolateral spine. Tm Mt I = 0.35, Mt I/ CW = 1.00. Spermathecae start at the midway of the ascending part of copulatory ducts. Main sacks are in contact and directed to the abdomen. They end at the base of appendices in the caudal view. Appendices are oriented to sides, which is also seen in the epigynum (Figs. 21C–F). Ƌ (together with female). Embolus short with a broad velum containing a dark spot. ARP membranous, transparent, PA obtuse (Fig. 21B). Variation. Ƌ ♀. Carapace 0.70–0.82 mm wide, eyes reduced, PME–PME usually> 4.0, some eyes may absent. Fe I–II (sometimes also III) with one dorsal spine, Fe I with one or two prolateral spines. Tm Mt I = 0.32–0.39, Mt I/CW = 0.91–1.11 (n = 34). Comments. Porrhomma omissum was described on the basis of syntypes deposited in NMP (Růžička et al. 2004). “The specimens were found mingled in the material of P. egeria moravicum coming from various localities and, hence, its exact locality is unknown” (Miller & Obrtel 1975). I designate the lectotype and paralectotypes. Lectotype: Labelled as Porrhomma proserpina ? n. sp., NMP (P6E-2964), vulva mounted separately = Porrhomma egeria new synonymy. 1 st paralectotype: Labelled as Porrhomma omissum, Lednice, 23.IV.52, 1 ♀, refers to Porrhomma campbelli, misidentification. 2nd paralectotype: with same data, it is undeterminable juvenile. I examined the mounted vulva, figured by Miller & Obrtel (1975). It is quite clearly P. egeria, the position of appendices is in the frame of variability. I cut the vulva from the 1 st paralectotype; according to the elongated main sacks reaching inside the abdomen and oriented oblique laterally, it is P. campbelli. Ecology. In surface habitats in mountainous spruce forests and subalpine zones. It colonizes predominately subterranean habitats, such as scree slopes (Růžička & Klimeš 2005), fissure systems in bedrock (Růžička & Dolanský 2016), shallow and deep pseudokarst and karst caves (Růžička et al. 2013). Global distribution. Europe after Helsdingen (2017) and Mikhailov (in litt.). See Fig. 22.

Porrhomma borgesi Wunderlich, 2008 Figs. 11A���F. Porrhomma borgesi Wunderlich, 2008 ��� Borges & Wunderlich (2008): p. 254, Figs. 3a���f (descr. ♂ ♀). Material examined. AZORES: Graminhais Natural Reserve, S��o Miguel, August 1999, 1 �� 1 ♀, leg. et coll. P. Borges. Diagnosis. A large group of species is characterised by embolus of middle length and S-shaped ascending parts of copulatory ducts: P. borgesi, P. cambridgei, P. convexum, P. errans, P. nekolai, P. oblitum, P. pygmaeum and P. rosenhaueri. P. borgesi can be distinguished from all these species by the following combination of characters: CW = 0.60���0.65 mm, eyes reduced (PME���PME = 3.4), legs short (Mt I/CW = 0.88���1.00). It is the only species occurring in Azores. Description. ♀ (from Azores, S��o Miguel, Aug 1999). Carapace yellow-brown, 0.62 mm wide, eyes reduced, PME���PME = 3.4 (Fig. 11A). Abdomen greyish-yellow. Fe I���II with one dorsal spine, Fe I with one prolateral spine. Ti I with one prolateral spine, Ti I���II with one retrolateral spine. Tm Mt I = 0.50, Mt I/CW = 1.00. Ascending parts of the ducts are S-shaped. Spermathecae are formed behind the ascending part of the ducts (Figs. 11C���F). �� (together with female). Embolus of middle length with a narrow velum. AP has the form of a bird head (Fig. 11B). Variation. ��♀. Carapace 0.60���0.65 mm wide. Tm Mt I = 0.40���0.50, Mt I/CW = 0.88���1.00 (material examined and original description). Ecology. Inhabits mainly wet mosses and detritus in laurel forests, developed on fissured basaltic rocks. Some specimens were also collected in high altitude natural grasslands (Borges & Wunderlich 2008). Global distribution. Terceira, Pico and Sao Miguel Islands, Azores (Borges & Wunderlich 2008). See Fig. 12., Published as part of R����i��ka, Vlastimil, 2018, A review of the spider genus Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae), pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4481 (1) on page 16, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4481.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1454736, {"references":["Borges, P. A. V. & Wunderlich, J. (2008) Spider biodiversity patterns and their conservation in the Azorean archipelago, with descriptions of new species. Systematics and Biodiversity, 6, 249 - 282. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1477200008002648"]}

Porrhomma oblitum (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871) Figs. 41A–F. Linyphia oblita O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871 — O. Pickard-Cambridge (1871): p. 432 (descr. ♂); examined and transferred by Jackson (1913). Neriene pallipes O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871 — O. Pickard-Cambridge (1871): p. 437 (descr. ♂); examined and synonymised by Jackson (1913). Porrhomma oblitum — Jackson (1913): p. 39, Pl. II, Figs. 23, 33 (♂ ♀); synonymy. P. oblitum — Merrett (1994): p. 318, Figs. 5–6 (♀). Material examined. CZECHIA: Lovosice, Lovoš Hill, 25 May –14 Jun 1980, 1 ♂; Lanžhot, Ranšpurk Reserve, 5 Jun 1996, 1 ♀; Sedlec, Lednické Rybníky Ponds Reserve, 16 Jul 1996, 1 ♀, leg. V. Růžička (IECA). Šumava Mts., Mrtvý Luh Reserve, 22 May 1980, 1 ♀, leg. A. Kůrka (CAK). Lanžhot, Soutok Reserve, 1996–1997, 5 Ƌ 5 ♀, leg. et coll. L. Kubcová. RUSSIA: Orenburskaya (= Orenburg) Area, Aytuar, 22 May 1997, leg. S.L. Esyunin, 4 Ƌ 6 ♀ (PSU, No. 2840). Diagnosis. Small species (CW P. cambridgei, but it can be distinguished by pigmented body and normal eyes (Fig. 41A). Description. ♀ (from Lanžhot, Czechia, 1 Oct 1996). Carapace brown, 0.57 mm wide, eyes normal, PME– PME = 0.8 (Fig. 41A). Abdomen gray. Fe without dorsal spines, Fe I with one prolateral spine. Ti I with one prolateral spine, Ti I–II with one retrolateral spine. Tm Mt I = 0.44, Mt I/CW = 0.72. Ascending parts of the ducts are S-shaped. Spermathecae are formed behind the ascending part of the ducts. Long appendices can be seen on the epigynum (Fig. 41C) and vulva (Figs. 41D–F). Ƌ (together with female). Embolus of middle length with a narrow velum. ARP has the form of a bird head (Fig. 41B). Variation. Ƌ ♀. Carapace 0.53–0.61 mm wide. Tm Mt I = 0.37–0.45, Mt I/CW = 0.68–0.79 (n = 14). Ecology. The species lives in wet open and forest habitats and is abundant in litter and under tree bark in floodplain forests (Kubcová & Schlaghamerský 2002). Global distribution. Europe after Helsdingen (2017) and this article. See Fig. 42., Published as part of Růžička, Vlastimil, 2018, A review of the spider genus Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae), pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4481 (1) on page 48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4481.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1454736, {"references":["Pickard-Cambridge, O. (1871) Descriptions of some British spiders new to science; with a notice of others, of which some are now for the first time recorded as British species. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 27, 393 - 464. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1871. tb 00218. x","Jackson, A. R. (1913) On some new and obscure British spiders. Transactions and Annual Report of the Nottingham Naturalists' Society, 60, 20 - 49.","Merrett, P. (1994) Porrhomma cambridgei, replacement name for Porrhomma oblongum (O. P. - Cambridge, 1871), revalidated and redescribed from southern England (Araneae: Linyphiidae). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 9, 318 - 320.","Kubcova, L. & Schlaghamersky, J. (2002) Zur Spinnenfauna der Stammregion stehenden Totholzes in sudmahrischen Auenwaldern. Arachnologische Mitteilungen, 24, 35 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.5431 / aramit 2403"]}

Porrhomma subterraneum Simon, 1884 Porrhomma subterraneum Simon, 1884 — Simon (1884): p. 359 (descr. juv.); considered a nomen dubium by Thaler (1968: 384); synonymised with P. rosenhaueri by Thaler (1991: 238). P. subterraneum —Simon (1926): p. 464, 527, Fig. 796 (descr. ♀). Porrhomma subterraneum must be definitively considered a nomen dubium, because it was described according to a juvenile specimen. It cannot be exactly distinguished from similar species.

Porrhomma indecorum Simon, 1910 Porrhomma indecorum Simon, 1910 — Simon (1910): p. 56 (descr. ♀); examined by Bosmans (2005). P. indecorum — Thaler (1968), p. 384, considered a nomen dubium. P. indecorum — Bosmans (2005): p. 148, Figs. 63, 64 (♀ vulva). Comments. The holotype should be deposited in the MNHN; however, type material is not available (Rollard, in litt.). The species was described according to one female from a cave in North Algeria. The vulva fits well to Porrhomma microps. A male is unknown, and it is impossible to decide on the species identity without a male. At present, we must consider this species as species inquirenda and the name Porrhomma indecorum to be a nomen dubium.

Porrhomma campbelli F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894 Figs. 15A���F. Porrhomma campbelli F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894 ��� F. O. Pickard-Cambridge (1894): p. 105 (descr. ♀), Pl. II, Fig. 5 (cephalothorax); examined by Jackson (1913). P. campbelli ��� Jackson (1913): p. 44, Pl. II, Fig. 15 (♀ epigynum). P. campbelli ��� Jackson (1916): p. 362 (descr. ♂). P. campbelli ��� Fage (1933): p. 56, Fig. 2 (♂ palp). P. campbelli ��� Miller & Kratochv��l (1940): p. 180, Figs. 7-1, 8 (♂ ♀). P. fagei Miller & Kratochv��l, 1940 ��� Miller & Kratochv��l (1940): p. 180, Figs. 7-2, 9 (descr. ♂ ♀); synonymised by Thaler (1968). P. campbelli ��� Thaler (1968): p. 375, Figs. 2d, 7a���e, 8a���b (♂ ♀); synonymy. Material examined. CZECHIA: L��nov, 8 Jun 2004, 1 ♀; Stožec-Dobr��, 1 Jul 1980, 1 ♀, leg. A. Kůrka (NMP). Stožec-Dobr��, 15 Jun 2012, 1 ♀, leg. V. Růžička. Harrachov, 6 Sep 1989, 1 ��, 2 Aug 1990, 1 ��, leg. J. Vaněk (IECA). SLOVAKIA: Vihorlat Mts., Vy��n�� Hurka Cave, 12 Jun 2001, 1 ♀, leg. A. Mock (WSM). UNITED KINGDOM, Berkshire, Cot Hill, 23 May 1968, 1 �� (AMNH). ROMANIA: Bihor Mts., canyon Cheile Somesului Cald, 16 Jul 2001, 1 ♀, leg. M. Řez��č (IECA). RUSSIA: Sverdlovsk Area, Jul 2005, 2 ♀, leg. S.L. Esyunin (PSU, No. 6207). Diagnosis. Males of P. campbelli (Fig. 15B) are similar to those of P. montanum in having the AP short and curved upwards, but can be distinguished by presence of dorsal spines on Fe I���II. Females, having the simplest vulva (spermathecae are formed immediately behind the side loop), are similar to those of P. egeria and P. pallidum, from which it can be distinguished by details in vulva structure: appendices are oriented to the median line (Figs. 15C, F) and main sacks reach inside the abdomen, their tops are directed oblique laterally (Fig. 15E). Description. ♀ (from Stožec-Dobr��, Czechia, 1 Jul 1980). Carapace yellow-brown, 0.77 mm wide, eyes reduced, PME���PME = 1.8 (Fig. 15A). Abdomen greyish-yellow. Fe I���II with one dorsal spine, Fe I with one prolateral spine. Ti I with one prolateral spine, Ti I���II with one retrolateral spine. Tm Mt I = 0.32, Mt I/CW = 0.88. Aperture longer in comparison with P. egeria, translucent appendices oriented to the median line (Fig. 15C). Spermathecae start on the ascending part of copulatory ducts. In caudal view, main sacks reach inside the abdomen; their tops are directed oblique laterally. They are curved around appendices (Figs. 15D���F). �� (from Harrachov, Czechia, 6 Sep 1989). Embolus short with a broad velum, AP curved upwards (Fig. 15B). Variation. �� ♀. Carapace 0.75���0.79 mm wide, eyes sometimes very reduced, PME���PME> 1.8.Tm Mt I = 0.31���0.34, Mt I/CW = 0.77���1.01 (n = 6). Ecology. Among moss in wet habitats, such as peat bogs, spruce forests, brook and pond margins. Global distribution. Euroasia after Helsdingen (2017), Naumova et al. (2016), Mikhailov (in litt.), Otto (2017) and this article. See Fig. 16., Published as part of R����i��ka, Vlastimil, 2018, A review of the spider genus Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae), pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4481 (1) on pages 20-21, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4481.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1454736, {"references":["Pickard-Cambridge, F. O. (1894) New genera and species of British spiders. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 13, 87 - 111. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939408677672","Jackson, A. R. (1913) On some new and obscure British spiders. Transactions and Annual Report of the Nottingham Naturalists' Society, 60, 20 - 49.","Jackson, A. R. (1916) On some arthropods observed in 1915. I. Arachnida. The Lancashire and Cheshire Naturalist, 8, 355 - 364.","Fage, L. (1933) Les arachnides cavernicoles de Belgique. Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 38, 53 - 56.","Miller, F. & Kratochvil, J. (1940) Ein Beitrag zur Revision der mitteleuropaischen Spinnenarten aus der Gattung Porrhomma E. Sim. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 130, 161 - 190.","Thaler, K. (1968) Zum Vorkommen von Porrhomma - Arten in Tirol und anderen Alpenlandern (Arachn., Araneae, Linyphiidae). Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlich-Medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck, 56, 361 - 388.","Naumova, M. V., Lazarov, S. P., Petrov, B. P. & Deltshev, C. D. (2016) New faunistic data on the cave-dwelling spiders in the Balcan Peninsula (Araneae). Ecologica Montenegriana, 7, 425 - 438.","Otto, S. (2017) Caucasian spiders. A faunistic database on the spiders of the Caucasus. Version 0 8.2017. Available from: http: / / caucasus-spiders. info / (accessed 29 December 2017)"]}

Porrhomma montanum Jackson, 1913 Figs. 36A–F. Linyphia hebescens L. Koch, 1879 —L. Koch (1879): p. 35, Pl. 1, Figs. 23, 23a (descr. ♀); examined by Holm (1973: 97) and suppressed for lack of usage. L. desolata L. Koch, 1879 —L. Koch (1879): p. 38, Pl. 1, Figs. 27, 27a (descr. ♂); examined by Holm (1973: 97) and suppressed for lack of usage. Erigone formosa L. Koch, 1879 —L. Koch (1879): p. 67, Pl. 2, Figs. 18, 18a (descr. ♀); examined by Holm (1973: 97) and suppressed for lack of usage. Porrhomma montanum Jackson, 1913 — Jackson (1913): p. 40, Pl. II, Figs. 24, 34 (descr. ♂ ♀). P. hakusanensis Oi, 1964 —Oi (1964): p. 29, Pl. I, Figs. 11–12 (descr. ♀); synonymised by Ono et al. (2009). P. montanum — Holm (1973): p. 97; synonymy. P. hebescens — Eskov & Marusik (1993): p. 67; resurrected older name, but P. montanum clearly eligible for protection under ICZN Article 23.9 (World Spider Catalog 2017). P. hebescens — Ono et al. (2009): p. 332, Pl. 2-2-41, Figs. 1105–1109 (♂ ♀); synonymy. Material examined. CZECHIA. Chlum u Třeboně, Novořecké Močály Reserve, 3 Sep 1987 –30 May 1988, 1 ♂; Suchdol nad Lužnicí, Dvory nad Lužnicí, 12–28 May 1986, 1 Ƌ, V. Růžička. Nižbor, Vůznice Reserve, 1–17 May 1993, 3 Ƌ, F. Pojer (IECA). Šumava Mts., Mrtvý Luh Reserve, 1 Jul 1980, 5 Ƌ, leg. A. Kůrka (CAK). Lanžhot, Ranšpurk Reserve, 1994–1997, 9 Ƌ 4 ♀, leg. J. Chytil (WSM). RUSSIA: Kurile Islands, Paramushir Island, Severo-Kurilsk env., 50°40'N, 156°06'E, 10 Aug –5 Oct 1996, 2 ♀, leg. Yu. M. Marusik (CYM). Diagnosis. Species of middle size (CW> 0.60 mm), lacking dorsal spines of Fe I–II. It can be distinguished from P. altaica by AP of the male palp short and curved upwards (Fig. 36B), and thick appendices of the vulva, which turn closely around main sacks and are oriented opposite to one another, towards the median plain (Figs. 36D–F). Description. ♀ (from Lanžhot, Czechia, 19 May 1997). Carapace brown, 0.67 mm wide, eyes normal, PME– PME = 0.8 (Fig. 36A). Abdomen grey. Fe without dorsal spines, Fe I with one prolateral spine. Ti I with one prolateral spine, Ti I–II with one retrolateral spine. Tm Mt I = 0.33, Mt I/CW = 0.90. Main sacks and appendices, which are almost in contact, can be seen on the epigynum (Fig. 36C). Very compact vulva. Spermathecae start at the midway of the ascending part of the copulatory ducts. Main sacks are oriented oblique upwards. Thick appendices turn closely around main sacks and are oriented opposite to one another, towards the median plain (Figs. 36D–F). Ƌ (together with female). Embolus short, AP short and curved upwards (Fig. 36B). Variation. Ƌ ♀. Carapace 0.60–0.69 mm wide. Tm Mt I = 0.31–0.36, Mt I/CW = 0.81–0.93 (n = 21). Ecology. In Czechia, the species has been recorded among leaf litter in floodplain forests and in peat bogs (Buchar & Růžička 2002). In Great Britain, it is typically an upland species occurring beneath rocks on open mountains (Harvey et al. 2002). Global distribution. Eurasia after Helsdingen (2017), Mikhailov (2013), this article, Ono et al. (2009) and Namkung et al. (2009). See Fig. 37.

Porrhomma campbelli F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894 Figs. 15A–F. Porrhomma campbelli F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894 — F. O. Pickard-Cambridge (1894): p. 105 (descr. ♀), Pl. II, Fig. 5 (cephalothorax); examined by Jackson (1913). P. campbelli — Jackson (1913): p. 44, Pl. II, Fig. 15 (♀ epigynum). P. campbelli — Jackson (1916): p. 362 (descr. ♂). P. campbelli — Fage (1933): p. 56, Fig. 2 (♂ palp). P. campbelli — Miller & Kratochvíl (1940): p. 180, Figs. 7-1, 8 (♂ ♀). P. fagei Miller & Kratochvíl, 1940 — Miller & Kratochvíl (1940): p. 180, Figs. 7-2, 9 (descr. ♂ ♀); synonymised by Thaler (1968). P. campbelli — Thaler (1968): p. 375, Figs. 2d, 7a–e, 8a–b (♂ ♀); synonymy. Material examined. CZECHIA: Lánov, 8 Jun 2004, 1 ♀; Stožec-Dobrá, 1 Jul 1980, 1 ♀, leg. A. Kůrka (NMP). Stožec-Dobrá, 15 Jun 2012, 1 ♀, leg. V. Růžička. Harrachov, 6 Sep 1989, 1 Ƌ, 2 Aug 1990, 1 Ƌ, leg. J. Vaněk (IECA). SLOVAKIA: Vihorlat Mts., Vyšná Hurka Cave, 12 Jun 2001, 1 ♀, leg. A. Mock (WSM). UNITED KINGDOM, Berkshire, Cot Hill, 23 May 1968, 1 Ƌ (AMNH). ROMANIA: Bihor Mts., canyon Cheile Somesului Cald, 16 Jul 2001, 1 ♀, leg. M. Řezáč (IECA). RUSSIA: Sverdlovsk Area, Jul 2005, 2 ♀, leg. S.L. Esyunin (PSU, No. 6207). Diagnosis. Males of P. campbelli (Fig. 15B) are similar to those of P. montanum in having the AP short and curved upwards, but can be distinguished by presence of dorsal spines on Fe I–II. Females, having the simplest vulva (spermathecae are formed immediately behind the side loop), are similar to those of P. egeria and P. pallidum, from which it can be distinguished by details in vulva structure: appendices are oriented to the median line (Figs. 15C, F) and main sacks reach inside the abdomen, their tops are directed oblique laterally (Fig. 15E). Description. ♀ (from Stožec-Dobrá, Czechia, 1 Jul 1980). Carapace yellow-brown, 0.77 mm wide, eyes reduced, PME–PME = 1.8 (Fig. 15A). Abdomen greyish-yellow. Fe I–II with one dorsal spine, Fe I with one prolateral spine. Ti I with one prolateral spine, Ti I–II with one retrolateral spine. Tm Mt I = 0.32, Mt I/CW = 0.88. Aperture longer in comparison with P. egeria, translucent appendices oriented to the median line (Fig. 15C). Spermathecae start on the ascending part of copulatory ducts. In caudal view, main sacks reach inside the abdomen; their tops are directed oblique laterally. They are curved around appendices (Figs. 15D–F). Ƌ (from Harrachov, Czechia, 6 Sep 1989). Embolus short with a broad velum, AP curved upwards (Fig. 15B). Variation. Ƌ ♀. Carapace 0.75–0.79 mm wide, eyes sometimes very reduced, PME–PME> 1.8.Tm Mt I = 0.31–0.34, Mt I/CW = 0.77–1.01 (n = 6). Ecology. Among moss in wet habitats, such as peat bogs, spruce forests, brook and pond margins. Global distribution. Euroasia after Helsdingen (2017), Naumova et al. (2016), Mikhailov (in litt.), Otto (2017) and this article. See Fig. 16.

Porrhomma marphaense Wunderlich, 1983 Porrhomma marphaense Wunderlich, 1983 — Wunderlich (1983): p. 230, Figs. 25–26 (descr. ♀). Material examined. Holotype ♀, NEPAL: Thakkola, Alt-Marpha, 3100–3200 m, leg. J. Martens, 6–7 Jul 1973, SMF (31669), vulva mounted separately. Comments. The species was described according to a female collected in Nepal. “Nach der Epigynum bestehen Beziehungen zu Porrhomma kulczynskii, nunamo und pallidum ” (Wunderlich, 1983). The vulva of P. boreale (= nunamo, kulczynskii) is fundamentally different. The examined vulva is similar to those of P. pallidum or P. egeria. However, a male is unknown, and it is impossible to decide on the species identity without a male. At present, we must consider this species as species inquirenda and the name Porrhomma marphaense to be a nomen dubium.

Porrhomma ohkawai Saito, 1977 Figs. 43A���E. Porrhomma ohkawai Saito, 1977 ��� Saito (1977a): p. 29, Figs. 15���17 (descr. ♂). P. ohkawai ��� Saito (1977b): p. 48, Figs. 1���7 (♂, descr. ♀). Material. Type material is not available; no other material is available. Diagnosis. Among four species of the magnum -group, P. ohkawai and P. rakanum are characterised by absent eyes. P. ohkawai differs from P. rakanum by the presence of four dorsal spines on Fe I. It was recorded exclusively in caves in Japan. Description. Male holotype. Carapace pale, 0.75 mm wide, eyes only perceptible by pale marks beneath the integument, or absent. Abdomen pale. Fe I with four dorsal spines (Fig. 43A) and one retrolateral spine, Fe II with one dorsal spine. Ti I with one prolateral and one retrolateral spine. Tm Mt I = 0.26, Mt I/CW = 1.91. Embolic section characteristic for magnum -group. AP as long as wide, the space between AP and PA very broad in comparison with other species of this group. Velum with pigmented margin (Fig. 43B). Allotype female. Similar to the holotype in color and shape. Carapace 0.75 mm wide. Mt I/CW = 1.63. Epigynum with lateral wings, vulva with long copulatory ducts (Figs. 43C���E) (Saito 1977b). Comments. The type series should be ���preserved in the collection of the Arachnological Society of East Asia ��� (Saito 1977b). This society has been continuing as Arachnological Society of Japan since 1988. However, the material of P. ohkawai is not deposited neither in collections of this society (Kamura in litt.) nor in collections of the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo (Ono in litt.). Ecology. Collected exclusively in caves. Global distribution. Known only from caves in Tochigi Prefecture, Honshu Island, Japan. See Fig. 44., Published as part of R����i��ka, Vlastimil, 2018, A review of the spider genus Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae), pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4481 (1) on pages 48-50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4481.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1454736, {"references":["Saito, H. (1977 a) Cave spiders of Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. Atypus, 69, 21 - 32. [in Japanese]","Saito, H. (1977 b) A new spider of the genus Porrhomma (Araneae: Linyphiidae) from caves of Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. Acta Arachnologica, 27, 48 - 52."]}

Porrhomma altaica new species Figs. 6A–F, 7. Porrhomma pallidum — Tanasevitch (2013b), misidentification, examined. Material examined. Holotype: Ƌ, KAZAKHSTAN: East Kazakhstan Area, SW Altai Mts., Azutau Ridge, 10 km SE of Matobai, 2200–2300 m a.s.l., 48°35'N, 85°44'E, 10 Jul 1997, leg. R. Dudko & V. Zinchenko (ISEA); labelled as P. pallidum by Tanasevitch (2013b), misidentification. Paratypes. ♀, with same data as for holotype; 2 ♀, East Kazakhstan Area, SW Altai Mts., near Markakol Lake, 10 km ESE of Urunkhayka, 2220–2400 m a.s.l., 48°45'N, 86°08'E, 19–20 Jun 1997, leg. R. Dudko & V. Zinchenko (ISEA); labelled as P. pallidum by Tanasevitch (2013b), misidentification; 1 ♂ 2 ♀, East Kazakhstan Area, Kurchyumskiy Mt. Ridge, upper reaches of Topolyovka River, subalpine, 2100–2200 m a.s.l., 4 –5 Jul 1997; 1 ♀, upper reaches of Kurchyum River, mountain tundra, 2450 m a.s.l., 48°55.5'N, 85°47'E, 3 Jul 1997, leg. R. Dudko & V. Zinchenko (ZMMU). 1 Ƌ 1 ♀, RUSSIA: Altai Mts., Altaisky Kray, Charyshsky Distr., upper reaches of Sentelek River, Gor’ky Belok Mt. Ridge, 1850–1950 m a.s.l., 51°04.5'N, 83°35'E, 26 Jun 2011, leg. R. Dudko (ISEA). Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Altai Mountains. Diagnosis. This new species shares the following characters with the species P. egeria, P. campbelli and P. terrestre: embolus is short (reaching to the tip of AP) and vulva is of the most simple type (spermathecae start at the midway of the ascending part of the copulatory ducts). It can be distinguished from P. egeria and P. campbelli by absence of femoral spines and the form of AP, and from P. terrestre by size (CW> 0.60). Description. Male holotype (from Altai Mts., Azutau Ridge, 10 Jul 1997). Carapace yellow-brown, 1.03 mm long, 0.74 mm wide, eyes somewhat reduced, PME–PME = 1.4 (Fig. 6A). Abdomen greyish-brown. Fe without dorsal spines, Fe I with one prolateral spine. Ti I with one prolateral and one retrolateral spine, Ti II with one retrolateral spine. Mt I/CW = 1.04. Embolus short with a narrow velum, AP indicates the form of a bird head (Fig. 6B). Male paratype (from Altai Mts., Gor ̓ky Belok Mt. Ridge, 26 Jun 2011): A palp (Fig. 7). Female paratype (together with holotype): Carapace width 0.63 mm, Fe without dorsal spines, Fe I with one prolateral spine. Ti I with one prolateral and one retrolateral spine, Ti II with one retrolateral spine. Mt I/CW =1.11, Tm Mt I = 0.46. Spermathecae start at the midway of the ascending part of copulatory ducts. Main sacks are in contact and directed to the abdomen. They end at the base of appendices in the caudal view. Appendices are oriented towards the abdominal wall (Figs. 6C–F). Variation. Ƌ ♀. Carapace width 0.63–0.74 mm. One dorsal spine on Fe I sometimes on one side only. Mt I/CW = 1.01–1.13, Tm Mt I = 0.40–0.46 (n = 3). Ecology. Collected at an altitude of 2200–2400 m a.s.l. Note. All records of P. pallidum in Altai Mountains are misidentification and actually refer to P. altaica new species. Global distribution. Known only from the Altai Mountains, Asia (Fig. 8).

Porrhomma rakanum Yaginuma & Saito, 1981 Figs. 51A–E. Porrhomma rakanum Yaginuma & Saito, 1981 — Yaginuma & Saito (1981): p. 33, Figs. 1–4 (descr. ♂ ♀). Material examined. JAPAN. Porrhomma rakanum, paratypes No. 3–4, Rakan-ana Cave, Koya, Nomura-cho, Ehime Prefecture, 28 Nov 1968, 2 ♂, Masataka Yosida; paratypes No. 15–19, Rakan-ana Cave, Koya, Nomuracho, Ehime Prefecture, 28 Nov 1968, 5 ♀, Masataka Yosida (ASJ). Diagnosis. Among four species of the magnum -group, P. ohkawai and P. rakanum are characterised by absent eyes. P. rakanum differs from P. ohkawai by the presence of only two dorsal spines on Fe I. It was recorded exclusively in caves in Japan. Description. Male holotype. Carapace pale, 0.65 mm wide, eyes absent or almost absent. Abdomen pale. Fe I with two dorsal spines and one prolateral spine, Fe II with one dorsal spine. Ti I–II with one retrolateral spine. Tm Mt I = 0.29, Mt I/CW = 1.92 (Yaginuma & Saito 1981). Embolic section characteristic for magnum -group. AP shorter than broad, the space between AP and PA quite open. Velum with pigmented margin (Fig. 51A). ♀ (from Rakan-ana Cave, Japan, 28 Nov 1968). Epigynum with lateral wings (Fig. 51B). Copulatory ducts very long, with ascending and descending parts. Main sacks oriented upwards, appendices narrowed, oriented towards the abdominal wall (Figs. 51C–E). Ecology. Known exclusively from caves. Global distribution. Recorded only in the Rakan-ana Cave in Ehime Prefecture, Shikoku Island, Japan. See Fig. 52.

Porrhomma rosenhaueri (L. Koch, 1872) Figs. 53A–F. Linyphia rosenhaueri — L. Koch (1872): p. 128, Table I, Figs. 2–5 (descr. ♂ ♀); transferred by Simon (1884). Porrhomma myops — Simon (1884): p. 358 (descr. ♀); new synonymy. P. rosenhaueri — Simon (1884): p. 361, Fig. 135. P. myops — Simon (1913): p. 368 (descr. ♂). P. myops — Jackson (1913): p. 37, Pl. II, Figs. 17, 30 (♀, descr. ♂). P. rosenhaueri — Fage (1931): p. 161, Fig. XVII (♂ ♀). P. rosenhaueri — Dahl (1938): p. 126, Figs. 1a–c, 2–3, 4a, 9a (♂ ♀). P. pygmaeum form myops — Miller & Kratochvíl (1940): p. 168; downgraded to a form. P. rosenhaueri — Locket & Millidge (1953): p. 332, Figs. 199C, 200C, 202C (♂ ♀). P. rosenhaueri — Tretzel (1956): p. 54, Figs. 5–6 (♂). P. rosenhaueri — Wiehle (1956): p. 230, Figs. 375, 381–385 (♂ ♀). P. pygmaeum myops — Thaler (1968): p. 371, Figs. 2g, 5c–e (♂ ♀); elevated to a subspecies. P. myops — Bourne (1977b): p. 154, Figs. 1a–d, g, 4a, b, e, g (♂ ♀). P. rosenhaueri — Thaler & Plachter (1983): p. 258, Figs. 19, 23–24 (♂ ♀). P. rosenhaueri — Roberts (1987): p. 114, Figs. 57f, 59e (♂ ♀). P. myops — Thaler (1991): p. 238, Fig. 640.2, 640.4 (♂ ♀). P. rosenhaueri — Thaler (1991): p. 238, Figs. 641.2a–b, 641.4–5 (♂ ♀). Material examined. CZECHIA: Branov, 29 May 1994 – 22 May 1995, 3 ♀, leg. V. Růžička et P. Antuš; 30 May 2000, 1 ♂ 3 ♀, 23 Jun 2000, 2 ♀, leg. V. Růžička. Blansko-Těchov, 31 May 1997 – 27 May 1998, 6 ♂ 5 ♀; Hřebečníky-Týřovice, 28 May 1994 – 21 May 1995, 1 Ƌ 2 ♀, leg. V. Růžička et P. Antuš. Velemín-Milešov, Milešovka Mt., 27 Jun 1993 – 22 Jul 1994, 1 ♀; Stachy-Popelná, Obří Zámek Hill, 6 Oct 1985 – 4 Oct 1986, 1 ♀; Moravian Karst, Blansko-Těchov, Kateřinská Cave, 20 May 1993 – 11 May 1994, 1 ♂; Blansko-Těchov, 20 May 1993, 2 ♀; Sobotín-Klepáčov, Břidličná Mt., 13 Jul 1993 – 22 Jul 1994, 1 ♀; Vranov, Ledové Sluje Caves, 24 Apr 1992 – 24 Nov 1992, 3 ♀; Svor, Klíč Mt., 19 Jun 2001, 2 ♀, leg. V. Růžička. Mladeč, Mladečské Caves, 2 Feb–22 Apr 2004, 1 ♂; Ústí nad Orlicí, Průvanová Cave, 8 Jan –6 Jun 2005, 1 ♂ 6 ♀; Cvikov-Naděje, Naděje Cave, 29 Nov 2006, 1 ♀; Dolní Újezd (Svitavy district), Na Cikovské Stráni Cave, 10 Mar 2004, 1 ♂ 3 ♀; Česká Třebová, V Dolech Cave, 24 Feb 2007, 5 Ƌ 11 ♀, leg. R. Mlejnek. Na Pomezí Cave, 29 Oct 1997, 6 ♀, leg. Z. Majkus. Bukovec (distr. Frýdek-Místek), Na Gírové Cave, 22 Mar 2013, 1 ♀, leg. O. Machač (IECA). SLOVAKIA: Borinka, Trojuholník Cave, 2 Apr 1998, 2 Ƌ 1 ♀. Slovak Paradise, Medvedia Cave, 16 Apr 1998, 1 Ƌ, leg. V. Košel (WSM). Veľká Lodina, Veľká Ružínska Cave, 8 Jul 1999, 1 ♀, leg. A. Mock; Pieniny Mts., Aksamitka Cave, 12 Mar –26 May 1998, 2 ♀, leg. A. Mock et Ľ. Kováč (WSM). GERMANY: Hamaneshöhle, 6 Mar 1964, 1 Ƌ 3 ♀, leg. B. von Broen. Kyffhäusergebirge Mts., Prinzenhöhle Cave, 21 Aug–26 Nov1968, 1 ♂, 28 Nov 1969, 1 ♂; Fuchsstollen, 11 Aug –8 Nov 1966, 1 Ƌ, 11 Apr –6 Jul 1967, 1 Ƌ, 16 Apr –21 Aug 1968, 1 Ƌ, 6 May –9 Aug 1969, 1 Ƌ, leg. M. Moritz (ZMB). RUSSIA: Lake Teletskoye, Altaiskiy Nature Reserve, near Artybash, 500–800 m a.s.l., 21 Jul 1990, 2 ♀, leg. S. Ovtchinnikov (CAT). Diagnosis. A large group of species is characterised by embolus of middle length and S-shaped ascending parts of copulatory ducts: P. borgesi, P. cambridgei, P. convexum, P. errans, P. nekolai, P. oblitum, P. pygmaeum and P. rosenhaueri. P. rosenhaueri can be distinguished from all these species by the following combination of characters: CW = 0.60–0.78 mm, eyes reduced (PME–PME> 2.1), legs very long Mt I/CW = 1.20–1.80. Description. ♀ (from Blansko-Těchov, Czechia, 31 May 1997 – 27 May 1998). Carapace pale, 0.68 mm wide, eyes reduced, PME absent (Fig. 53A). Abdomen pale. Fe I–II with one dorsal spine, Fe I with one prolateral spine. Ti I with one prolateral spine, Ti I–II with one retrolateral spine. Tm Mt I = 0.59, Mt I/CW = 1.22. Ascending parts of the ducts are S-shaped. Spermathecae are formed behind the ascending part of the ducts (Figs. 53C–F). Ƌ (together with female). Embolus of middle length with a narrow velum. AP has the form of a bird head (Fig. 53B). Variation. Ƌ ♀. Carapace 0.60–0.78 mm wide, eyes reduced or absent, PME–PME> 2.1. Tm Mt I = 0.47–0.63, Mt I/CW = 1.20–1.80 (n = 30). Comments. The species P. myops was described according to one female specimen collected in southern France, Aude, grotte d’Espezel (Simon 1884). The description is insufficient, without illustrations. Simon (1913) described a male. However, the material was collected in Spain, near Barcelona. The conspecifity with a female of P. myops is uncertain. Fage (1931): “Or la femelle type n’existe plus dans la collection Simon.” The type material is not present in the MNHN in Paris. Syntypes of P. rosenhaueri should be in MNHN in Paris, however, the material is not available (Ch. Rollard, in litt.). O. P.- Cambridge (1894: p. 107, Pl. II, Fig. 6) mentioned P. myops with this note: “A single specimen forwarded to me, together with specimens of oblongum, by Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge, Oct. 1892.” P.-Cambridge provided no localization, no description, only the head region with reduced eyes was depicted. It can be any British microphthalmic species— rosenhaueri, campbelli, egeria, cambridgei. This figure can not be assigned to a specific species. Bourne (1977a) measured the ratio of “maximum width of Fe I/length of Fe I” and documented slender legs of P. myops and P. rosenhaueri, in comparison with P. convexum and P. egeria. However, Thaler & Plachter (1983) expressed doubts about the material of P. rosenhaueri used by Bourne. Segers (1988: p. 44, Fig. 2) published the record of P. myops in Belgium. The species is only mentioned in the French summary, the ventral view to vulva is depicted. However, Weiss (1997) noted, that it is a misidentification: “ P. microphthalmum mit stark reduzierten Augen: Segers, briefliche Mitteilung.” But the specimen has narrow side loops of vulva, it can not be a species from the microphthalmum -group. I examined the material collected in caves in Germany and Slovakia, and in caves and scree slopes in Czechia. Specimens from Germany—compared to specimens collected in Czechia—were usually more depigmented, almost whitish, almost blind. However, specimens collected in Na Pomezí Cave in northern Moravia exhibited the same whitish appearance. In Central Bohemia, I documented two populations inhabiting deep layers in scree slopes: in the first, designated as P. myops, Mt I /CW = 1.34; in the second, designated as P. rosenhaueri, Mt I /CW = 1.62 (Růžička 2002). The distance between the two localities amounts only four kilometres. In Europe, we meet with a species related to pygmaeum, characterised by reduced eyes, pale carapace more than 0.60 mm wide, Fe I–II with one dorsal spine (difference to P. cambridgei) and long and slender legs (difference to P. borgesi). Two names, viz. P. rosenhaeuri and P. myops, were used for this species. Individual populations differ in overall appearance, eye size, and leg length. However, I did not find exact differences in genitalia. Type material of P. rosenhaeuri and P. myops is not available. Therefore, I recommend to synomymise P. myops with P. rosenhaueri. Ecology. Recorded on bare surface of stones inside open scree slopes in Austria (Thaler 1968), Germany (Weiss 1997) and Czechia (Buchar & Růžička 2002), also found in caves in France, Ireland (Locket & Millidge 1953), Great Britain (Harvey et al. 2002; Carter et al. 2010), Germany (Koch 1872), Czechia, Slovakia and other European countries. Global distribution. Europe after Helsdingen (2017), modified. The earlier record in Poland is based on misidentification (Rozwalka in litt.), as well as the earlier record in Denmark (Gudik-Sørensen persn. com.). The occurrence in Hungary was mentioned by Loksa (1961). But Loksa (1970) described P. rosenhaueri hungaricum, which is in fact P. profundum; it was synonymised by Thaler & Plachter (1982). In Serbia (Deltshev et al. 2003), the record of Kratochvíl (1934) refers also to P. profundum; misidentification was recognized by Dahl (1938) and confirmed by Miller & Kratochvíl (1940). Old isolated records from Russia and Latvia can be also considered as doubtful (Mikhailov in litt.). However, I have available one recent record from Altai Mts. See Fig. 54., Published as part of Růžička, Vlastimil, 2018, A review of the spider genus Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae), pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4481 (1) on pages 58-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4481.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1454736, {"references":["Koch, L. (1872) Apterologisches aus dem Frankischen Jura. Abhandlungen der Naturhistorischen Gesellschaft zu Nurnberg, 5, 127 - 152.","Simon, E. (1884) Les arachnides de France. V- 2. Encyclopedie Roret, Paris, pp. 180 - 420.","Simon, E. (1913) Araneae et Opiliones (Quatreme serie). Biospeologica, XXX. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 52 (2), 359 - 386.","Jackson, A. R. (1913) On some new and obscure British spiders. Transactions and Annual Report of the Nottingham Naturalists' Society, 60, 20 - 49.","Fage, L. (1931) Biospeologica LV. Araneae. Cinquieme serie, precedee d'un essai sur l'evolution souterraine et son determinisme. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 71, 91 - 291.","Dahl, M. (1938) Zur Verbreitung der Gattung Porrhomma in deutschen Hohlen, Stollen, Bergwerken und Kellern un deren freilebenden Arten. Mitteilungen uber Hohlen- und Karstforschung, 1938, 122 - 132.","Miller, F. & Kratochvil, J. (1940) Ein Beitrag zur Revision der mitteleuropaischen Spinnenarten aus der Gattung Porrhomma E. Sim. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 130, 161 - 190.","Locket, G. H. & Millidge, A. F. (1953) British spiders. Vol. II. Ray Society, London, 449 pp.","Tretzel, E. (1956) Ein Beitrag zur Systematik und Verbreitung mitteleuropaischer Arten aus der Gattung Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 157 (3 / 4), 42 - 56.","Wiehle, H. (1956) Spinnentiere oder Arachnoidea (Araneae). 28. Familie: Linyphiidae - Baldachinspinnen. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands. 44 Teil. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 337 pp.","Thaler, K. (1968) Zum Vorkommen von Porrhomma - Arten in Tirol und anderen Alpenlandern (Arachn., Araneae, Linyphiidae). Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlich-Medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck, 56, 361 - 388.","Bourne, J. D. (1977 b) Contribution a letude du genre Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae). Caracteres morphologiques, biometrie et ecologie au niveau des populations de P. convexum (Westring) et P. myops (Simon). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen entomologischen Gesellschaft, 50, 153 - 165.","Thaler, K. & Plachter, H. (1983) Spinnen aus Hohlen der Frankischen Alb, Deutschland (Arachnida: Araneae: Erigonidae, Linyphiidae). Senckenbergiana biologica, 63, 249 - 263.","Roberts, M. J. (1987) The Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 2. Linyphiidae and Check List. Harley Books, Colchester, 204 pp.","Thaler, K. (1991) Porrhomma. In: Heimer, S. & Nentwig, W., Spinnen Mitteleuropas: ein Bestimmungsbuch. Paul Parey, Berlin & Hamburg, pp. 236 - 239.","Marusik, Y. M. (2004) Fauna and populations of the petrophilous spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of north-east Siberia and northwest Canada. In: Logunov, D. V. & Penney, D. (Eds.), European Arachnology 2003. Arthropoda Selecta, Special Issue 1, pp. 185 - 200.","Pickard-Cambridge, F. O. (1894) New genera and species of British spiders. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 13, 87 - 111. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939408677672","Bourne, J. D. (1977 a) A contribution to the study of the genus Porrhomma (Araneae: Linyphidae). Notes on a population of P. egeria (Simon) and other cavernicolous species. International Journal of Speleology, 9, 89 - 96.","Segers, H. (1988) Enkele nieuwe of zeldzame spinnensoorten voor de Belgische fauna (Araneae, Linyphiidae). Nieuwsbrief van de Belgische Arachnologische Vereniging, 8, 43 - 45 [in French and English summary]","Weiss, I. (1997) Ein weiterer Nachweis von Porrhomma myops fur Deutschland (Araneae: Linyphiidae). Arachnologische Mitteilungen, 13, 41 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.5431 / aramit 1304","Buchar, J. & Ruzicka, V. (2002) Catalogue of spiders of the Czech Republic. Peres, Praha, 351 pp.","Harvey, P. R., Nellist, D. R. & Telfer, M. G. (2002) Provisional atlas of British spiders (Arachnida, Araneae). Vols. 1 & 2. Biological Records Centre, Huntingdon, 406 pp.","Carter, J., Fowles, A. & Angele, C. (2010) Monitoring the population of the linyphiid spider Porrhomma rosenhaueri (L. Koch, 1872) (Araneae: Linyphiidae) in Lesser Garth Cave, Cardiff, UK. Cave and Karst Science, 37 (1), 3 - 8.","Loksa, I. (1961) Okologisch-faunistische Untersuchungen in der Freiheithohle bei Egerszog. (Biospeologica Hungarica, XIII.) Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 7, 219 - 230.","Loksa, I. (1970) Die Spinnen der \" Kolyuk \" - Hohlen im Bukkgebirge (Biospeologica Hungarica XXXIII). Annales Universitatis Scientiarum Budapestinensis de Rolando Eotvos nominatae, Sectio Biologica, 12, 269 - 276.","Deltshev, C. C., Curcic, B. P. M. & Blagoev, G. A. (2003) The Spiders of Serbia. Institute of Zoology, Belgrade, 834 pp.","Kratochvil, J. (1934) Liste generale des Araignees cavernicoles en Yougoslavie. Pregled pecinskih paukova u Jugoslaviji. Prirodoslovne razprave, 2 (4), 165 - 226."]}

Porrhomma microphthalmum (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871) Figs. 31A–F. Linyphia microphthalma O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871 — O. Pickard-Cambridge (1871): p. 434, Pl. 56, no. 25 (descr. ♂); transferred by Simon (1884); examined by F. O. Pickard-Cambridge (1894) and Jackson (1913). L. decens O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871 — O. Pickard-Cambridge (1871): p. 436, Pl. 56, no. 27 (descr. ♂); examined by F. O. Pickard-Cambridge (1894) and Jackson (1913); synonymised by F. O. Pickard-Cambridge (1895). Linyphia ? incerta O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1878 — O. Pickard-Cambridge (1878): p. 117, Pl. XI, Fig. 2 (descr. ♀); examined by F. O. Pickard-Cambridge (1894) and Jackson (1913); synonymised by F. O. Pickard-Cambridge (1895). Porrhomma microphthalma — Simon (1884): p. 372. Opistoxys acuta Simon, 1884 — Simon (1884): p. 373, Figs. 148–149 (descr. ♂); examined and synonymised by Thaler (1975). P. meadii F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894 — F. O. Pickard-Cambridge (1894): p. 101, Pl. II, Fig. 2 (descr. ♂ ♀); synonymised by F. O. Pickard-Cambridge (1895). P. microphthalmum — F. O. Pickard-Cambridge (1895): p. 36; synonymy. P. microphthalmum — Jackson (1913): p. 41, Pl. II, Figs. 16, 26 (♂ ♀); synonymy. P. microphthalmum microphthalmum — Tretzel (1956): p. 54. P. microphthalmum — Thaler (1975): p. 142, Figs. 1–4; synonymy. P. microphthalmum — Růžička (2009): p. 1086, Figs. 3–4, 7 (♂). Material examined. CZECHIA: Krkonoše Mts., Pec pod Sněžkou, Úpská Rašelina Peatbog, 18 Jun –4 Jul 1984, 1 Ƌ, leg. J. Vaněk. Skuteč-Borek, 22 Apr –4 Jun 2005, 14 Ƌ 11 ♀, leg. V. Laška & I. H. Tuf. Velký Osek, 16 Aug 1994, 2 Ƌ 1 ♀, leg. J. Zelený. Třeboň-Přeseka, 24 Jun –11 Jul 1977, 1 Ƌ, leg. V. Růžička. České Budějovice, 1 Apr – 2 Jun 2002, 18 Ƌ 18 ♀, leg. L. Šimek (IECA). Drahanovice, 29 Aug 1991, 1 ♀, leg. J. Svatoň (WSM). KAZAKHSTAN: East Kazakhstan Area, Kalbinsky District, 60 km WNW of Ust’ -Kamenogorsk, env. of Dongaly, 4 Jun 1997, 1 ♀, leg. R. Dudko & V. Zinchenko (ZMMU). Diagnosis. Porrhomma microphthalmum can be distinguished from other species of the microphthalmum - group by fully developed eyes. Description. ♀ (from České Budějovice, Czechia, 1 Apr–2 Jun 2002). Carapace greyish brown, 0 67 mm wide, eyes normal, PME–PME = 1.0 (Fig. 31A). Abdomen brown-grey. Fe I–II with one dorsal spine, Fe I with one prolateral spine. Ti I with one prolateral spine, Ti I–II with one retrolateral spine. Tm Mt I = 0.33, Mt I/CW = 0.84. Epigynum rather square in appearance, broad side loops of the copulatory ducts are seen as circular windows at sides of the pit (Fig. 31C). Conspicuous fold is formed in the uppermost part of the vulva, short descending part of the ducts ends with a spermatheca (Figs. 31D–F). Ƌ (together with female). Embolus long with a broad velum containing a pigmented spot. AP relatively short, approximately twice as long as broad, and reaches maximally up to the end of the velum (Fig. 31B). The free end of the embolus is approximately as long as the velum is wide (Fig. 33A). Variation. Ƌ ♀. Carapace 0.60–0.70 mm wide. Tm Mt I = 0.29–0.38, Mt I/CW = 0.83–1.00 (n = 41). Comments. Bathyphantes charpentieri was removed from the synonymy of P. microphthalmum; see P. convexum. Ecology. A common spider of various open habitats—rock steppes, meadows, subalpine zones, also fields and various dumps in early successional stages (Růžička & Hejkal 1997). Global distribution. Europe after Helsdingen (2017) and Mikhailov (2013). Turkey after Danişman & Koşar (2013), Iran after Tanasevitch (2009), Kazakhstan after this article. Song et al. (1999) mentioned the rocord in China. See Fig. 32., Published as part of Růžička, Vlastimil, 2018, A review of the spider genus Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae), pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4481 (1) on pages 37-39, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4481.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1454736, {"references":["Pickard-Cambridge, O. (1871) Descriptions of some British spiders new to science; with a notice of others, of which some are now for the first time recorded as British species. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 27, 393 - 464. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1871. tb 00218. x","Simon, E. (1884) Les arachnides de France. V- 2. Encyclopedie Roret, Paris, pp. 180 - 420.","Pickard-Cambridge, F. O. (1894) New genera and species of British spiders. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 13, 87 - 111. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939408677672","Jackson, A. R. (1913) On some new and obscure British spiders. Transactions and Annual Report of the Nottingham Naturalists' Society, 60, 20 - 49.","Pickard-Cambridge, F. O. (1895) Notes on British spiders, with descriptions of new species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 15, 25 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939508677845","Pickard-Cambridge, O. (1878) Notes on British spiders with descriptions of new species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 1, 105 - 128. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937808682302","Thaler, K. (1975) The genus Opistoxys Simon-a new synonym in Linyphiid spiders. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 3, 142 - 144.","Tretzel, E. (1956) Ein Beitrag zur Systematik und Verbreitung mitteleuropaischer Arten aus der Gattung Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 157 (3 / 4), 42 - 56.","Ruzicka, V. (2009) The European species of the microphthalmum - group in the genus Porrhomma (Araneae: Linyphiidae). Contributions to Natural History, 12, 1081 - 1094.","Ruzicka, V. & Hejkal, J. (1997) Succession of epigeic spider communities (Araneae) on spoil banks in North Bohemia. Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae, 61, 381 - 388.","Danisman, T. & Kosar, I. (2013) A contribution to the knowledge of the linyphiid spider fauna of Turkey. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, 65 (4), 567 - 570.","Tanasevitch, A. (2009) The linyphiid spiders of Iran (Arachnida, Araneae, Linyphiidae). Revue suisse de Zoologie, 116 (3 - 4), 379 - 420.","Song, D., Zhu, M. & Chen, J. (1999) The spiders of China. Hebei Science and Technology Publishing House, Shijiazhuang, 640 pp."]}

Porrhomma macrochelis (Emerton, 1917) Gongylidium macrochelis Emerton, 1917 — Emerton (1917): p. 263, Figs. 15.1–3 (descr. ♂); synonymised with Macrargus multesimus (O. Pickard-Cambridge) by Buckle et al. (2001: 130), based on type material examination. Porrhomma macrochelis — Chamberlin & Ivie (1947): p. 61. Material examined. ALASKA, 5 mi. So. Rapids on Richardson Highway, 63°42'N, 145°50'W, June 16, 1945, 1 ♀, J.C. Chamberlin coll., det. Wilton Ivie 1946; Matanuska, 61°N, 149°W, August–October, 1943, 1 ♀, leg. J.C. Chamberlin, det. Wilton Ivie (AMNH). Comments. In the original description, the male of Gongylidium macrochelis is characterised by a dull orange cephalothorax, large and thick chelicerae with a large tooth on the front, by scattered elevations at the base of the hairs on the front side of chelicerae, by a paracymbium with a round tooth turned toward the tibia (Emerton 1917). According to these characteristics, the species is not Porrhomma. Holm (1960) noted: “ Gongylidium macrochelis Emerton is most probably a synonym of Macrargus multesimus (O. Pickard-Cambridge).” Buckle et al. (2001) revised type material and confirmed this synonymy. Chamberlin & Ivie (1947) transferred G. macrochelis to the genus Porrhomma and also mentioned the record of females: “63°N, 145°W, 5 mi. So. Rapids on Richardson Highway, June 16, 1945, ♀, J.C. Chamberlin. 61°N, 149°W, Matanuska, August–October 1943 (♀) and September 23, 1944 (Ƌ ♀), J.C. Chamberlin.” The female is neither described nor depictured. I examined two female samples mentioned by Chamberlin & Ivie (1947). These females can not be assigned to the genus Porrhomma, the epigynum lacks the typical pit. These females also can not be assigned to Macrargus multesimus, the epigynum lacks the typical scapus described by O. Pickard-Cambridge (1875) or by Gnelitsa & Koponen (2010). Designation of these females as Porrhomma macrochelis represents a misidentification., Published as part of Růžička, Vlastimil, 2018, A review of the spider genus Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae), pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4481 (1) on page 66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4481.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1454736, {"references":["Emerton, J. H. (1917) New spiders from Canada and the adjoining states. The Canadian Entomologist, 49, 261 - 272. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 49261 - 8","Buckle, D. J., Carroll, D., Crawford, R. L. & Roth, V. D. (2001) Linyphiidae and Pimoidae of America north of Mexico: Checklist, synonymy, and literature. In: Paquin, P. & Buckle, D. J. (Eds.), Contributions a la connaissance des Araignees (Araneae) d'Amerique du Nord. Fabreries, 10 (Supplement), 89 - 191.","Chamberlin, R. V. & Ivie, W. (1947) The spiders of Alaska. Bulletin of the University of Utah, 37 (10), 1 - 103.","Holm, A. (1960) On a collection of spiders from Alaska. Zoologiska Bidrag fran Uppsala, 33, 109 - 134.","Pickard-Cambridge, O. (1875) On some new species of Erigone from North America. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1875, 393 - 405.","Gnelitsa, V. A. & Koponen, S. (2010) A new species of the genus Macrargus (Araneae, Linyphiidae, Micronetinae) from the north-east of Ukraine and redescription of two related species. Vestnik Zoologii, 44, 291 - 299. https: // doi. org / 10.2478 / v 10058 - 010 - 0019 - 5"]}

Porrhomma microcavense Wunderlich, 1990 Figs. 29A���F. Porrhomma microcavense Wunderlich, 1990 ��� Wunderlich (1990): p. 164, Figs. 1���5 (descr. ♂ ♀). P. microcavense ��� Helsdingen & IJland (2011): p. 23, Figs. 4, 6���8 (♂); ♀ (Figs. 1���3, 5) is misidentified, it refers to P. microps. Material examined. Holotype ♂, GERMANY: Bielefeld, 2���5 Aug 1989, leg. S.T. Z��hle (SMF no. 37173-124); paratype ♀, Bielefeld, 25���28 May 1989, leg. S.T. Z��hle (SMF no. 37174-124). Other material examined. CZECHIA: Střemy-Lhotka, 10 Apr ���1 Jun 2000, 1 ♀, leg. L. Beran (NMP). Jablonec nad Nisou, Luk����ov, 8 Jul���8 Aug 2016, 1 ♀, leg. P. Vonička (CAK). Mladečsk�� Caves, 1 Apr 2009, 1 ♀, leg. R. Mlejnek. Hranice-Drahotu��e, 12 Jun 2005, 1 ♀, leg. J. Bezděk (IECA). SLOVAKIA: Nitra-B��b, 3 Aug 1995, 1 ��, 26 Jun 1996, 1 ♀, leg. O. Žitňansk�� (WSM). POLAND: Klucze, 19 Jun 2000, 1 ♀, leg. E. Kula (IECA). RUSSIA: Perm Area, Kungur env., Spasskaya Gora Nature Reserve, 15 Sep 1988, 1 �� 2 ♀, leg. S.L. Esyunin (PSU, No. 4071). Diagnosis. Males of P. microcavense (Fig. 29B) and P. cavernicola are easily identified by the sickle-shaped and extremely thick AP. P. microcavense in native in Europe, P. cavernicola in North America. Female of P. microcavense can be recognised by epigynum with translucent typically curved copulatory ducts (Fig. 29C) and spermathecae reaching deep into the abdomen (Figs. 5B, 29E). Description. ♀ (from Nitra, B��b, Slovakia, 26 Jun 1996). Carapace brown, 0.75 mm wide, eyes reduced, PME���PME = 1.7 (Fig. 29A). Abdomen grey. Fe I���II with one dorsal spine, Fe I with one prolateral spine. Ti I with one prolateral spine, Ti I���II with one retrolateral spine. Tm Mt I = 0.27, Mt I/CW = 1.04. Epigynum with translucent typically curved copulatory ducts (Fig. 29C). Spermathecae reach deep into the abdomen (Figs. 5B, 29D���F). �� (from Nitra-B��b, Slovakia, 3 Aug 1995). Embolus of middle length with a narrow velum. The sickle-shaped AP is extremely thick (Fig. 29B). Variation. ♂ ♀. Carapace 0.59���0.87 mm wide; the female from Mladečsk�� Caves is the smallest. Fe I���II, and sometimes also III���IV with one dorsal spine. Tm Mt I = 0.27���0.32, Mt I/CW = 0.90���1.16 (n = 5). Ecology. Only single specimens have been recorded, e.g. in heathland, among shrubs, on forest margins, in alluvial habitats. Has not been recorded in shallow subterranean habitats; only one has been collected in a karst cave. Global distribution. Europe after Thaler et al. (2003), Esyunin (2007), Helsdingen & IJland (2011), Arachnologische Gesellschaft (2017), Hajdamowicz (in litt.) and this paper. See Fig. 30., Published as part of R����i��ka, Vlastimil, 2018, A review of the spider genus Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae), pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4481 (1) on pages 35-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4481.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1454736, {"references":["Wunderlich, J. (1990) Porrhomma microcavense n. sp. aus Deutschland (Arachnida: Araneae: Linyphiidae). Entomologische Zeitschrift, 100, 164 - 168.","Helsdingen, P. J. van & IJland, S. (2011) Porrhomma microcavense Wunderlich, 1990 (Araneae, Linyphiidae) new for the Netherlands. Nieuwsbrief Spined, 31, 23 - 26.","Thaler, K., Buchar, J. & Kubcova, L. (2003) Neue Funde von zwei Porrhomma - Arten in Zentraleuropa (Araneae, Linyphiidae). Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte, 46, 173 - 176.","Esyunin, S. L. (2007) Remarks on the Ural spider (Arachnida, Aranei) fauna, 13. New records of linyphiid spider (Linyphiidae). Arthropoda Selecta, 16 (3), 169 - 172.","Arachnologische Gesellschaft (2017) Atlas of the European Arachnids. Available from: https: // atlas. arages. de (accessed 30 November 2017)"]}

Porrhomma rakanum Yaginuma & Saito, 1981 Figs. 51A���E. Porrhomma rakanum Yaginuma & Saito, 1981 ��� Yaginuma & Saito (1981): p. 33, Figs. 1���4 (descr. ♂ ♀). Material examined. JAPAN. Porrhomma rakanum, paratypes No. 3���4, Rakan-ana Cave, Koya, Nomura-cho, Ehime Prefecture, 28 Nov 1968, 2 ♂, Masataka Yosida; paratypes No. 15���19, Rakan-ana Cave, Koya, Nomuracho, Ehime Prefecture, 28 Nov 1968, 5 ♀, Masataka Yosida (ASJ). Diagnosis. Among four species of the magnum -group, P. ohkawai and P. rakanum are characterised by absent eyes. P. rakanum differs from P. ohkawai by the presence of only two dorsal spines on Fe I. It was recorded exclusively in caves in Japan. Description. Male holotype. Carapace pale, 0.65 mm wide, eyes absent or almost absent. Abdomen pale. Fe I with two dorsal spines and one prolateral spine, Fe II with one dorsal spine. Ti I���II with one retrolateral spine. Tm Mt I = 0.29, Mt I/CW = 1.92 (Yaginuma & Saito 1981). Embolic section characteristic for magnum -group. AP shorter than broad, the space between AP and PA quite open. Velum with pigmented margin (Fig. 51A). ♀ (from Rakan-ana Cave, Japan, 28 Nov 1968). Epigynum with lateral wings (Fig. 51B). Copulatory ducts very long, with ascending and descending parts. Main sacks oriented upwards, appendices narrowed, oriented towards the abdominal wall (Figs. 51C���E). Ecology. Known exclusively from caves. Global distribution. Recorded only in the Rakan-ana Cave in Ehime Prefecture, Shikoku Island, Japan. See Fig. 52., Published as part of R����i��ka, Vlastimil, 2018, A review of the spider genus Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae), pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4481 (1) on page 58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4481.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1454736, {"references":["Yaginuma, T. & Saito, H. (1981) A new cave spider of the genus Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae) found in a limestone cave of Shikoku, southwest Japan. Journal of the Speleological Society of Japan, 6, 33 - 36."]}

Porrhomma longjiangense Zhu & Wang, 1983 Figs. 25A–F. Porrhomma longjiangensis Zhu & Wang, 1983 — Zhu & Wang (1983): p. 148, Figs. a–e (descr. ♀); synonymised with P. rakanum Yaginuma & Saito, 1981 by Li & Song (1993): p. 250, 256. P. longjiangensis — Zhu et al. (1986): p. 207, Figs. 3a–b (descr. ♂). P. longjiangensis — Eskov & Marusik (1993): p. 52, Figs. 45–48 (♂ ♀). P. longjiangense — Marusik & Koponen (2000): p. 62; removed from synonymy with P. rakanum. P. longjiangense — Marusik et al. (2001): p. 87; removing from synonymy with P. rakanum confirmed. P. longjiangense — Tanasevitch (2012): p. 372, Figs. 15–22 (♂ ♀); removing from synonymy with P. rakanum confirmed. Material examined. RUSSIA: Sakhalin Isl., CE part, Leonidovka River, 8 km SE of Leonidovo Vill., 49°16.506'N, 142°58.390'E, 9 Aug 2001, 11 Ƌ 23 ♀, leg. Yu. M. Marusik (CYM). Diagnosis. Among four species of the magnum -group, P. longjiangense and P. magnum have developed eyes with black rings around. P. longjiangense can be distinguished from P. magnum by fully developed eyes (Fig. 25A) and Fe III–IV without dorsal spines. Description. ♀ (from Sakhalin Island, Russia, 9 Aug 2001). Carapace orange-brown, 0.90 mm wide, eyes normal, PME–PME = 1.0 (Fig. 25A). Abdomen brown-grey. Fe I–II with one dorsal spine, Fe I with one prolateral spine. Ti I with one prolateral spine, Ti I–II with one retrolateral spine. Tm Mt I = 0.30, Mt I/CW = 1.17. Epigynum with lateral wings (Fig. 25C). Copulatory ducts are very long, with ascending, descending, and again ascending part (Figs. 25D–F). Ƌ (together with female). The AP is shorter than wide, with a convex upper edge, the space between AP and PA very narrow. Embolus very long with a broad velum. Velum with a pigmented spot (Fig. 25B). Variation. Ƌ ♀. Carapace 0.84–0.96 mm wide. Tm Mt I = 0.27–0.31, Mt I/CW = 1.10–1.17 (n = 6). Ecology. Under stones on river banks (Eskov & Marusik 1993), in mosses and leaf litter (Tanasevitch 2012). Global distribution. Russian Far East, northeastern China after Tanasevitch (2012), Marusik et al. (2001) and this paper. See Fig. 26.

Porrhomma longjiangense Zhu & Wang, 1983 Figs. 25A���F. Porrhomma longjiangensis Zhu & Wang, 1983 ��� Zhu & Wang (1983): p. 148, Figs. a���e (descr. ♀); synonymised with P. rakanum Yaginuma & Saito, 1981 by Li & Song (1993): p. 250, 256. P. longjiangensis ��� Zhu et al. (1986): p. 207, Figs. 3a���b (descr. ♂). P. longjiangensis ��� Eskov & Marusik (1993): p. 52, Figs. 45���48 (♂ ♀). P. longjiangense ��� Marusik & Koponen (2000): p. 62; removed from synonymy with P. rakanum. P. longjiangense ��� Marusik et al. (2001): p. 87; removing from synonymy with P. rakanum confirmed. P. longjiangense ��� Tanasevitch (2012): p. 372, Figs. 15���22 (♂ ♀); removing from synonymy with P. rakanum confirmed. Material examined. RUSSIA: Sakhalin Isl., CE part, Leonidovka River, 8 km SE of Leonidovo Vill., 49��16.506'N, 142��58.390'E, 9 Aug 2001, 11 �� 23 ♀, leg. Yu. M. Marusik (CYM). Diagnosis. Among four species of the magnum -group, P. longjiangense and P. magnum have developed eyes with black rings around. P. longjiangense can be distinguished from P. magnum by fully developed eyes (Fig. 25A) and Fe III���IV without dorsal spines. Description. ♀ (from Sakhalin Island, Russia, 9 Aug 2001). Carapace orange-brown, 0.90 mm wide, eyes normal, PME���PME = 1.0 (Fig. 25A). Abdomen brown-grey. Fe I���II with one dorsal spine, Fe I with one prolateral spine. Ti I with one prolateral spine, Ti I���II with one retrolateral spine. Tm Mt I = 0.30, Mt I/CW = 1.17. Epigynum with lateral wings (Fig. 25C). Copulatory ducts are very long, with ascending, descending, and again ascending part (Figs. 25D���F). �� (together with female). The AP is shorter than wide, with a convex upper edge, the space between AP and PA very narrow. Embolus very long with a broad velum. Velum with a pigmented spot (Fig. 25B). Variation. �� ♀. Carapace 0.84���0.96 mm wide. Tm Mt I = 0.27���0.31, Mt I/CW = 1.10���1.17 (n = 6). Ecology. Under stones on river banks (Eskov & Marusik 1993), in mosses and leaf litter (Tanasevitch 2012). Global distribution. Russian Far East, northeastern China after Tanasevitch (2012), Marusik et al. (2001) and this paper. See Fig. 26., Published as part of R����i��ka, Vlastimil, 2018, A review of the spider genus Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae), pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4481 (1) on pages 31-33, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4481.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1454736, {"references":["Zhu, C. & Wang, H. (1983) [A new species of spider of the genus Porrhomma (Araneae: Linyphiidae)]. Journal of the Bethune Medical University, 9, 148 - 149. [in Chinese]","Yaginuma, T. & Saito, H. (1981) A new cave spider of the genus Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae) found in a limestone cave of Shikoku, southwest Japan. Journal of the Speleological Society of Japan, 6, 33 - 36.","Li, S. & Song, D. (1993) On the diagnostic characters of linyphiid spiders, with descriptions of some species (Araneae: Linyphiidae). Scientific Treatise on Systematic and Evolutionary Zoology, 2, 247 - 256. [in Chinese, English summary]","Zhu, C., Wen, Z. & Sun, X. (1986) Description of two new species and the male spider of one species of Linyphiidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Journal of the Norman Bethune University of the Medical Sciences, 12, 205 - 208. [in Chinese, English summary]","Eskov, K. Y. & Marusik, Y. M. (1993) New data on the taxonomy and faunistics of North Asian linyphiid spiders (Aranei Linyphiidae). Arthropoda Selecta, 2 (4), 41 - 79.","Marusik, Y. M. & Koponen, S. (2000) New data on spiders (Aranei) from the Maritime Province, Russian Far East. Arthropoda Selecta, 9, 55 - 68.","Marusik, Y. M. & Koponen, S. & Danilov, S. N. (2001) Taxonomic and faunistic notes on linyphiids of Transbaikalia and south Siberia (Araneae, Linyphiidae). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 12, 83 - 92.","Tanasevitch, A. V. (2012) A new species of Porrhomma Simon, 1884 from the mountains of southern Siberia, Russia (Aranei: Linyphiidae: Linyphiinae). Arthropoda Selecta, 21, 369 - 374."]}

Porrhomma nekolai new species Figs. 38A���F, 39. Male holotype, RUSSIA: Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Christ Bay, env. of Egvekinot Town, SE slope, under stones, 15 Jul 1988, leg. Yu. M. Marusik (ZMMU). Paratypes: 1 ♀, with same data as for holotype; 1 ♂ 3 ♀, Egvekinot Town, S slope, stony habitats in mountain tundra, 15 Jul 1988, leg. Yu. M. Marusik; 1 ♀, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Amguema River, 67��03'N, 178��58'W, stony habitats, 22 Jul 1988, leg. Yu. M. Marusik; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Magadan Area, Duchka River, env. of Magadan, 13 Sep 1986, leg. Yu. M. Marusik (ZMMU). ♀, CANADA: Yukon Territory, Kluane Lake, Cultus Bay, 61��11'N, 138��20'W, 1650 m a.s.l., 10���23 Jul 1993, leg. Yu. M. Marusik (CNC). ��, USA, Iowa, Delaware County, Elk River East, ca 7 km WSW of Colesburg, 42.6284��N, 91.9209��W, 13 July 1998, leg. V. Růžička (NMP, No. P 6A 6384). ��, USA, Iowa, Delaware County, Backbone Cave, July, 45 yds from end, u. wood (AMNH). Etymology. The species is named after Jeffrey C. Nekola (University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA). Diagnosis. A large group of species is characterised by embolus of middle length and S-shaped ascending parts of copulatory ducts: P. borgesi, P. cambridgei, P. convexum, P. errans, P. nekolai, P. oblitum, P. pygmaeum and P. rosenhaueri. P. nekolai new species can be distinguished from all these species by the following combination of characters: large species (CW> 0.70), eyes reduced (PME���PME 1.7���2.0), legs very long (Mt I/CW> 1.3). Description. Male holotype (from Chukotka, Christ Bay, Egvekinot Town, 15 Jul 1988). Carapace yellowbrown, 1.10 mm long, 0.77 mm wide, eyes reduced, PME���PME = 1.7 (Fig. 38A). Abdomen greyish-yellow. Fe I with one dorsal and one prolateral spine. Ti I with one prolateral spine, Ti I���II with one retrolateral spine. Mt I/CW = 1.43. Embolus of middle length with a narrow velum. AP has the form of a bird head, it is slender, narrowed (Fig. 38B). Male paratype (from Iowa, Delaware County, Elk River East, 13 July 1998): A palp (Fig. 39). Female paratype (together with holotype): carapace 0.78 mm wide, PME���PME = 1.8, Tm Mt I = 0.60, Mt I/ CW = 1.31. Ascending parts of the ducts are S-shaped. Spermathecae are formed behind the ascending part of the ducts (Figs. 38C���F). Variation. �� ♀. Carapace 0.71���0.78 mm wide, PME���PME = 1.6���2.0, Tm Mt I = 0.58���0.61, Mt I/CW = 1.31��� 1.47 (N = 4). Comments. I recorded my first male under stones in Iowa, in 1998. I was accompanied by Jeffrey C. Nekola, an author of the concept of algific talus slopes as palaeorefugia (Nekola 1999). In collections of the AMNH, I found the second male, collected in a cave, also in Iowa. Later, I obtained the material from Yukon Territory and Chukotka Peninsula, collected by Yuri M. Marusik during the research of spiders in stony habitats (Marusik 2004). I decided to choose a complete pair from Chukotka for the description. Ecology. Specimens from Chukotka and Yukon Territory were collected in stony habitats. In Iowa, one male was collected in algific talus slope developed in limestone and one in a cave. It is in coincidence with the knowledge that lithobiontic species colonise more cold habitats (such as freezing scree slopes and caves) in warmer parts of their distribution area (Růžička 1990, 2011; Růžička et al. 2012). Global distribution. North-East Asia; Nearctic: from Yukon Territory to Iowa. See Fig. 40., Published as part of R����i��ka, Vlastimil, 2018, A review of the spider genus Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae), pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4481 (1) on pages 43-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4481.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1454736, {"references":["Nekola, J. C. (1999) Paleorefugia and neorefugia: the influence of colonization history on community pattern and process. Ecology, 80, 2459 - 2473.","Marusik, Y. M. (2004) Fauna and populations of the petrophilous spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of north-east Siberia and northwest Canada. In: Logunov, D. V. & Penney, D. (Eds.), European Arachnology 2003. Arthropoda Selecta, Special Issue 1, pp. 185 - 200.","Ruzicka, V. (1990) The spiders of stony debris. Acta Zoologica Fennica, 190, 333 - 337.","Ruzicka, V. (2011) Central European habitats inhabited by spiders with disjunctive distributions. Polish Journal of Ecology, 59, 367 - 380.","Ruzicka, V., Zacharda, M., Nemcova, L., Smilauer, P. & Nekola, J. C. (2012) Periglacial microclimate in low-altitude scree slopes supports relict biodiversity. Journal of Natural History, 46 (35 - 36), 2145 - 2157. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2012.707248"]}

Porrhomma borgesi Wunderlich, 2008 Figs. 11A–F. Porrhomma borgesi Wunderlich, 2008 — Borges & Wunderlich (2008): p. 254, Figs. 3a–f (descr. ♂ ♀). Material examined. AZORES: Graminhais Natural Reserve, São Miguel, August 1999, 1 Ƌ 1 ♀, leg. et coll. P. Borges. Diagnosis. A large group of species is characterised by embolus of middle length and S-shaped ascending parts of copulatory ducts: P. borgesi, P. cambridgei, P. convexum, P. errans, P. nekolai, P. oblitum, P. pygmaeum and P. rosenhaueri. P. borgesi can be distinguished from all these species by the following combination of characters: CW = 0.60–0.65 mm, eyes reduced (PME–PME = 3.4), legs short (Mt I/CW = 0.88–1.00). It is the only species occurring in Azores. Description. ♀ (from Azores, São Miguel, Aug 1999). Carapace yellow-brown, 0.62 mm wide, eyes reduced, PME–PME = 3.4 (Fig. 11A). Abdomen greyish-yellow. Fe I–II with one dorsal spine, Fe I with one prolateral spine. Ti I with one prolateral spine, Ti I–II with one retrolateral spine. Tm Mt I = 0.50, Mt I/CW = 1.00. Ascending parts of the ducts are S-shaped. Spermathecae are formed behind the ascending part of the ducts (Figs. 11C–F). Ƌ (together with female). Embolus of middle length with a narrow velum. AP has the form of a bird head (Fig. 11B). Variation. Ƌ♀. Carapace 0.60–0.65 mm wide. Tm Mt I = 0.40–0.50, Mt I/CW = 0.88–1.00 (material examined and original description). Ecology. Inhabits mainly wet mosses and detritus in laurel forests, developed on fissured basaltic rocks. Some specimens were also collected in high altitude natural grasslands (Borges & Wunderlich 2008). Global distribution. Terceira, Pico and Sao Miguel Islands, Azores (Borges & Wunderlich 2008). See Fig. 12.

Porrhomma ohkawai Saito, 1977 Figs. 43A–E. Porrhomma ohkawai Saito, 1977 — Saito (1977a): p. 29, Figs. 15–17 (descr. ♂). P. ohkawai — Saito (1977b): p. 48, Figs. 1–7 (♂, descr. ♀). Material. Type material is not available; no other material is available. Diagnosis. Among four species of the magnum -group, P. ohkawai and P. rakanum are characterised by absent eyes. P. ohkawai differs from P. rakanum by the presence of four dorsal spines on Fe I. It was recorded exclusively in caves in Japan. Description. Male holotype. Carapace pale, 0.75 mm wide, eyes only perceptible by pale marks beneath the integument, or absent. Abdomen pale. Fe I with four dorsal spines (Fig. 43A) and one retrolateral spine, Fe II with one dorsal spine. Ti I with one prolateral and one retrolateral spine. Tm Mt I = 0.26, Mt I/CW = 1.91. Embolic section characteristic for magnum -group. AP as long as wide, the space between AP and PA very broad in comparison with other species of this group. Velum with pigmented margin (Fig. 43B). Allotype female. Similar to the holotype in color and shape. Carapace 0.75 mm wide. Mt I/CW = 1.63. Epigynum with lateral wings, vulva with long copulatory ducts (Figs. 43C–E) (Saito 1977b). Comments. The type series should be “preserved in the collection of the Arachnological Society of East Asia ” (Saito 1977b). This society has been continuing as Arachnological Society of Japan since 1988. However, the material of P. ohkawai is not deposited neither in collections of this society (Kamura in litt.) nor in collections of the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo (Ono in litt.). Ecology. Collected exclusively in caves. Global distribution. Known only from caves in Tochigi Prefecture, Honshu Island, Japan. See Fig. 44.

Porrhomma pallidum Jackson, 1913 Figs. 45A���F. Porrhomma pallidum ��� Jackson (1913): p. 38, Pl. II, Figs. 18, 32 (descr. ♂ ♀). P. pallidum affinis ��� Miller & Kratochv��l (1940): p. 189, Figs. 12.3, 13.1���2 (descr. ♂ ♀); new synonymy. Material examined. CZECHIA: Krkono��e Mts. National Park, Harrachov, Mrtv�� Vrch Hill, 1982���1989, 4 �� 5 ♀, leg. J. Vaněk. Tis��, Tisk�� Stěny Rock Walls Reserve, 12 May 1991, 2 �� 3 ♀, leg. F. Růžička. Nižbor, Vůznice Reserve, 14 Jun ���2 Jul 1993, 1 �� 1 ♀, leg. F. Pojer. Verneřice-Loučky, Bobř�� Soutěska Gorge Reserve, 1 Jun 1986 ��� 16 May 1987, 1 ♀, 19 Oct 1999, 1 ♂ 1 ♀; Teplice nad Metuj��, Adr��pa��sko-Teplick�� Sk��ly Rocks Reserve, 24 Oct 1987, 1 ♂ 2 ♀; ��umava Mts., Srn��, Vydra River Valley, 23 Jul 1992, 1 ♀; ��umava Mts., Stachy-Popeln��, Obř�� Z��mek Hill, 6 Oct 1985 ��� 4 Oct 1986, 1 ♂; Ln��ře-Tchořovice, 30 May 1975, 1 ♀; Rokycany-Svojkovice, Žď��r Hill, 5 May 1998, 1 ♀; leg. V. Růžička. Teplice nad Metuj��, Adr��pa��sko-Teplick�� Sk��ly Rocks, 2006���2009, 9 ♂ 10 ♀, leg. R. Mlejnek (IECA). SLOVAKIA: N��mestovo, 23 Jun 1971, 1 ��, leg. J. Svatoň (WSM). UNITED KINGDOM: Scotland, Tentsmuir Coast, 21 Jun 1966, 2 ♀ (AMNH). Diagnosis. Females of P. pallidum are similar to those of P. altaica, P. egeria, P. campbelli and P. terrestre in having the simplest vulva (the spermathecae are formed immediately behind the side loop) but can be distinguished by appendices oriented towards the abdominal wall (Figs. 45C���F). On the other hand, males of P. pallidum are similar to those of P. borgesi, P. cambridgei, P. convexum, P. errans, P. nekolai, P. oblitum, P. pygmaeum and P. rosenhaueri in having embolus of middle length with a narrow velum and ARP of the form of a bird head (Fig. 45B). Males of P. pallidum can be distinguished by the following combination of characters: yellow-brown carapace, 0.60���0.69 mm wide, eyes normal, Fe I���II with dorsal spines, Mt without spines. Description. ♀ (from Srn��, Czechia, 23 Jul 1992). Carapace yellow-brown, 0.63 mm wide, PME���PME = 1.3 (Fig. 45A). Abdomen pale. Fe I���II with one dorsal spine, Fe I with one prolateral spine. Ti I with one prolateral spine, Ti I���II with one retrolateral spine. Tm Mt I = 0.35, Mt I/CW = 0.88. Spermathecae start at the midway of the ascending part of the copulatory ducts. Main sacks oriented towards abdomen. Appendices oriented towards the abdominal wall (Figs. 45C���F). �� (from Nižbor, Czechia, 14 Jun���2 Jul 1993). Embolus of middle length with a narrow velum. ARP has the form of a bird head (Fig. 45B). Variation. �� ♀. Carapace 0.60���0.69 mm wide. Tm Mt I = 0.30���0.39, Mt I/CW = 0.79���0.92 (n = 37). Comments. The subspecies P. p. affinis was described by Miller & Kratochv��l (1940) according to one male and several females collected in High Tatras, Slovakia. The type material is not available (Růžička et al. 2008). I found all details in the structure of copulatory organs to be fully within the frame of the natural variability of P. pallidum. Ecology. The species occurs under stones in scree slopes, scree forests, in cold habitats such as rock gorges, spruce forests, peat bogs. Note. All records of P. pallidum in Altai Mountains are misidentification and actually refer to P. altaica new species (see above). Global distribution. Eurasia after Helsdingen (2017), Mikhailov (2013) and Tanasevitch (2009). See Fig. 46., Published as part of R����i��ka, Vlastimil, 2018, A review of the spider genus Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae), pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4481 (1) on pages 50-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4481.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1454736, {"references":["Jackson, A. R. (1913) On some new and obscure British spiders. Transactions and Annual Report of the Nottingham Naturalists' Society, 60, 20 - 49.","Miller, F. & Kratochvil, J. (1940) Ein Beitrag zur Revision der mitteleuropaischen Spinnenarten aus der Gattung Porrhomma E. Sim. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 130, 161 - 190.","Tanasevitch, A. (2009) The linyphiid spiders of Iran (Arachnida, Araneae, Linyphiidae). Revue suisse de Zoologie, 116 (3 - 4), 379 - 420."]}

Porrhomma cambridgei Merrett, 1994 Figs. 13A–F. Linyphia (?) oblonga O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871 — O. Pickard-Cambridge (1871): p. 433 (descr. ♀); preoccupied, replaced by Merrett (1994). Microneta oblonga — Simon (1884): p. 441. Porrhomma oblongum — F. O. Pickard-Cambridge (1894): p. 102, Pl. II, Fig. 4 (♀, descr. ♂). considered a synonym of P. oblitum (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871) by Millidge & Locket (1952: p. 71). P. cambridgei Merrett, 1994 — Merrett (1994): p. 318, Figs. 1–4 (redescr. ♀); replacement name for P. oblongum; removed from synonymy of P. oblitum, contra Millidge & Locket (1952). Material examined. CZECHIA: Bohemian Karst, Srbsko, 2 May 1999, 1 ♀, 5 July 2000, 2 ♀, leg. et coll. L. Kubcová. Liteň, 7 Mar –12 Apr 2011, 2 ♀, leg. A. Tenčík. Vápenný Podol, Podolská and Páterova Caves, 22 May – 18 Nov 2003, 1 ♀; Moravian Karst, Harbešská Cave, 15 Aug 2008, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, leg. R. Mlejnek. Horka nad Moravou, 6 Mar–13 Nov 2008, 2 Ƌ 6 ♀, leg. V. Laška & I. H. Tuf. Jenišovice-Zalažany, Mravín, 18 Apr 2014 –29 Sep 2015, 5 ♂ 6 ♀; Pardubice-Polabiny, 28 Apr–23 Sep 2015, 1 ♀, leg. V. Růžička & J. Dolanský (IECA). Moravský Krumlov, Rokytná, 27 Apr 2002, 1 ♀, leg. V. Bryja (CVB). Diagnosis. Small species (CW P. oblitum, but it can be distinguished by depigmented body and reduced eyes (Fig. 13A). Description. ♀ (from Horka nad Moravou, Czechia, 21 Aug–2 Oct 2008). Carapace pale yellow, 0.57 mm wide, eyes reduced, PME–PME = 2.3 (Fig. 13A). Abdomen pale. Fe without dorsal spines, Fe I with one prolateral spine. Ti I–II with one retrolateral spine. Tm Mt I = 0.39, Mt I/CW = 0.87. Ascending parts of the ducts are Sshaped. Spermathecae are formed behind the ascending part of the ducts (Figs. 13C–F). Ƌ (from Jenišovice-Zalažany, Mravín, Czechia, 18 Apr 2014 – 29 Sep 2015). Embolus of middle length with a narrow velum. AP has the form of a bird head (Fig. 13B). Variation. Ƌ ♀. Carapace 0.56–0.59 mm wide. Ti I sometimes with one prolateral spine. Tm Mt I = 0.39–0.41, Mt I/CW = 0.84–0.89 (n = 8) (Růžička et al. 2011; sub P. aff. myops). Comments. O. Pickard-Cambridge (1871) described that the species Linyphia (?) oblonga is characterised by “eyes very small”. Based on vulva structure, Millidge & Locket (1952) synonymised this microphthalmic form with Porrhomma oblitum. Finally, Merrett (1994) removed it from synonymy with P. oblitum and revalidated it as a separate species P. cambridgei. Genitalia are indistinguishable from those of P. oblitum. The species is clearly characterised by femora I and II without dorsal spines, cephalothorax width P. cambridgei and P. oblitum. Ecology. The species was collected on tree bark in the Bohemian Karst (Thaler et al. 2003), in detritus in this karst region, and in conglomerate terrains in southern Moravia. Other specimens were found in grasslands (Merrett 1994). However, the reduced eyes suggest that this species lives mainly in subterranean habitats. Růžička & Dolanský (2016) and Růžička et al. (2011, sub. P. aff. myops) documented the occurrence of this species in sandy marlite terrain, alluvial soils and in karst terrain (unpubl.) at a depth of 35–140 cm. Finally, P. cambridgei was collected in two karst caves at a depth of 60 m. Global distribution. Europe among southern England, northern Italy and the Czech Republic after Hänggi (1999), Zingerle (1999), Harvey et al. (2002), van Keer et al. (2016), Arachnologische Gesellschaft (2017), and this paper. See Fig. 14., Published as part of Růžička, Vlastimil, 2018, A review of the spider genus Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae), pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4481 (1) on pages 16-18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4481.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1454736, {"references":["Merrett, P. (1994) Porrhomma cambridgei, replacement name for Porrhomma oblongum (O. P. - Cambridge, 1871), revalidated and redescribed from southern England (Araneae: Linyphiidae). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 9, 318 - 320.","Pickard-Cambridge, O. (1871) Descriptions of some British spiders new to science; with a notice of others, of which some are now for the first time recorded as British species. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 27, 393 - 464. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1871. tb 00218. x","Simon, E. (1884) Les arachnides de France. V- 2. Encyclopedie Roret, Paris, pp. 180 - 420.","Pickard-Cambridge, F. O. (1894) New genera and species of British spiders. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 13, 87 - 111. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939408677672","Millidge, A. F. & Locket, G. H. (1952) New and rare British spiders. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London, 163, 59 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1952. tb 00641. x","Ruzicka, V. (2011) Central European habitats inhabited by spiders with disjunctive distributions. Polish Journal of Ecology, 59, 367 - 380.","Thaler, K., Buchar, J. & Kubcova, L. (2003) Neue Funde von zwei Porrhomma - Arten in Zentraleuropa (Araneae, Linyphiidae). Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte, 46, 173 - 176.","Ruzicka, V. & Dolansky, J. (2016) Catching of spiders in shallow subterranean habitats in the Czech Republic. Arachnologische Mitteilungen, 51, 43 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.5431 / aramit 5106","Harvey, P. R., Nellist, D. R. & Telfer, M. G. (2002) Provisional atlas of British spiders (Arachnida, Araneae). Vols. 1 & 2. Biological Records Centre, Huntingdon, 406 pp.","Arachnologische Gesellschaft (2017) Atlas of the European Arachnids. Available from: https: // atlas. arages. de (accessed 30 November 2017)"]}

Porrhomma microps (Roewer, 1931) Figs. 34A–F. Troglohyphantes microps Roewer, 1931 — Roewer (1931): p. 72, Figs. 7a–b (descr. ♀); transferred by Thaler (1967). Porrhomma kolosvaryi Kratochvíl, 1934 — Kratochvíl (1934): p. 186, Figs. 5a–b (descr. ♂ ♀); synonymised by Thaler (1967). P. spipolae Caporiacco, 1949 — Bianchi et al. (1949): p. 500, Figs. 2a–b (descr. ♂ ♀); considered a nomen dubium by Thaler (1968: p. 384); considered a synonym of Porrhomma convexum (Westring, 1851) by Brignoli (1979: 26); examined and rejected from this synonymy by Helsdingen (1986); examined and synonymised by Růžička (2009). P. microphthalmum lativela Tretzel, 1956 — Tretzel (1956): p. 45, Figs. 1–4 (descr. ♂); elevated to species by Thaler (1983); synonymised by Růžička (2009). P. microps — Thaler (1967): p. 171, Fig. 5 (♀); synonymy. P. microphthalmum microps — Miller & Obrtel (1975): p. 8, Pl. II, Fig. 6 (♂). sub P. convexum —Loksa (1981): p. 335, Figs. 12–14 (♂ ♀); misidentification. P. lativela —Thaler (1983): p. 146, Fig. 2–3, Figs. 102–103 (♂ ♀). P. lativela — Helsdingen (1986): p. 13, Figs. 3–5 (♂ ♀). P. microps — Růžička (2009): p. 1089, Figs. 5, 6, 9 (♂); synonymy. sub P. microcavense, Helsdingen & IJland (2011): Figs. 1–3, 5 (♀), misidentification. sub P. convexum — Demircan & Topçu (2016): p. 88, Figs. 1A–D (♂ ♀); misidentification. Material examined. CZECHIA: Skuteč-Hluboká, 31 Jul –15 Sep 2006, 5 Ƌ 2 ♀, leg. V. Laška & I. H. Tuf. Jenišovice-Zalažany, Mravín, 28 Apr –29 Sep 2015, 5 Ƌ 2 ♀, leg. V. Růžička & J. Dolanský. Moravian Karst, Harbešská Cave, 10 Apr 2015 –12 Nov 2016, 2 Ƌ, leg. V. Růžička. Lanžhot, Ranšpurk Reserve, 21 Jun –27 Jul 1999, 2 ♀, leg. J. Chytil. Dolní Věstonice, Netopýří Cave, 15 Dec 2004 –18 Oct 2005, 2 ♀, leg. R. Mlejnek (IECA). SLOVAKIA: Revúcka Vrchovina Hills, near Malá Drienčanská Jaskyňa Cave, leg. & coll. J. Chrystophoryová. ITALY: Trieste, Grotta di Trebiciano Cave, 17 Jul 1999, 1 Ƌ 1 ♀, leg. F. Gasparo (CCTh). SLOVENIA: Podvin pri Polzeli env., Ravbarjevo Brezno Abyss, 20 Aug 2001, 1 Ƌ 3 ♀, leg. R. Mlejnek (IECA). Diagnosis. Two species of the microphthalmum -group have reduced eyes: P. microps and P. profundum. Males of P. microps (Fig. 33C) differ from those of P. profundum by the free end of the embolus approximately two to three times longer than the velum is wide. Females (Fig. 34E) differ by very marked fold in the uppermost part of the copulatory ducts. Description. ♀ (from Horka nad Moravou, Czechia, 17 Apr–2 Oct 2008). Carapace brown, 0.84 mm wide, eyes reduced, PME–PME = 2.3 (Fig. 34A). Abdomen grey. Fe I–III with one dorsal spine, Fe I with one prolateral spine. Ti I with one prolateral spine, Ti I–II with one retrolateral spine. Tm Mt I = 0.36, Mt I/CW = 1.13. Aperture rather square in appearance, broad side loops of the copulatory ducts are seen as circular windows at sides of the aperture (Fig. 34C). Axes of copulatory ducts seem to be almost parallel on the epigynum and in the ventral view of vulva (Figs. 34C–D). The fold in the uppermost part of the ducts is very marked in caudal view (Fig. 34E). Axes of main sacks seem to be horizontal in the dorsal view of the vulva (Fig. 34F). Ƌ (together with female). Embolus long, with a broad velum containing a pigmented spot. Curved to the side and crossing the upper margin of the embolic plate. AP relatively long, approximately three times longer than broad, reaching almost to the end of the embolus (Fig. 34B). The free end of the embolus approximately two to three times longer than the velum is wide (Fig. 33C). Variation. Ƌ ♀. Carapace 0.78–0.91 mm wide. Fe I–III, and sometimes also Fe IV with one dorsal spine. Tm Mt I = 0.33–0.42, Mt I/CW = 1.07–1.20 (n = 10). Comments. See Růžička (2009) for details. Ecology. Inhabits leaf litter in floodplain forests and alluvial soils in these forests at a depth of 5–45 cm (Růžička et al. 2011; Růžička & Dolanský 2016). It was also recorded in the soil and in subjacent fissured rock formed by a sandy marlite at a depth of 50–135 cm (Laška et al. 2011; Růžička & Dolanský 2016). Also found in caves in Czechia, Slovenia and northern Italy. Global distribution. Europe after Helsdingen (2017), modified. The occurrence in Hungary was documented by Loksa (1981; sub P. convexum). The occurrence in European Turkey was documented by Demircan & Topçu (2016; sub P. convexum). See Fig. 35. The occurrence in Caucasus (Otto 2017) is partly based on misidentifications (Ponomarev in litt.) and should be reconsidered. The distribution area of P. microps would include also North Africa, in the case of synonymy of P. indecorum Simon, 1910 with P. microps., Published as part of Růžička, Vlastimil, 2018, A review of the spider genus Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae), pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4481 (1) on pages 39-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4481.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1454736, {"references":["Roewer, C. F. (1931) Arachnoideen aus sudostalpinen Hohlen, gesammelt von Herrn Karl Strasser in den Jahren 1929 und 1930. Mitteilungen uber Hohlen- und Karstforschung, 1931 (3), 69 - 80.","Thaler, K. (1967) Zum Vorkommen von Troglohyphantes - Arten in Tirol und dem Trentino (Arachn., Araneae, Linyphiidae). Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlich-Medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck, 55, 155 - 173.","Kratochvil, J. (1934) Liste generale des Araignees cavernicoles en Yougoslavie. Pregled pecinskih paukova u Jugoslaviji. Prirodoslovne razprave, 2 (4), 165 - 226.","Bianchi, C., Caporiacco, L. di, Massera, M. G. & Valle, A. (1949) Raccolte faunistiche della grotta della Spipola (Bologna). Commentationes Pontificia Academia Scientiarvm, 13, 493 - 527.","Thaler, K. (1968) Zum Vorkommen von Porrhomma - Arten in Tirol und anderen Alpenlandern (Arachn., Araneae, Linyphiidae). Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlich-Medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck, 56, 361 - 388.","Westring, N. (1851) Forteckning ofver de till narvarande tid kande, i Sverige forekommande spindelarter, utgorande ett antal af 253, deraf 132 aro nya for svenska Faunan. Goteborgs Kungliga Vetenskaps- och Vitterhets-Samhalles Handlingar, 2, 25 - 62.","Brignoli, P. M. (1979) Ragni d'Italia XXXI. Specie cavernicole nuove o interessanti (Araneae). Quaderni del Museo di Speleologia \" V. Rivera \", 5 (10), 3 - 48.","Helsdingen, P. J. van (1986) The Porrhomma microphthalmum species-group. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 7, 11 - 16.","Ruzicka, V. (2009) The European species of the microphthalmum - group in the genus Porrhomma (Araneae: Linyphiidae). Contributions to Natural History, 12, 1081 - 1094.","Tretzel, E. (1956) Ein Beitrag zur Systematik und Verbreitung mitteleuropaischer Arten aus der Gattung Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 157 (3 / 4), 42 - 56.","Miller, F. & Obrtel, R. (1975) Soil surface spiders in a lowland forest. Acta scientiarum naturalium Academiae scientiarum bohemoslovacae, Brno, 9 (4), 1 - 40.","Helsdingen, P. J. van & IJland, S. (2011) Porrhomma microcavense Wunderlich, 1990 (Araneae, Linyphiidae) new for the Netherlands. Nieuwsbrief Spined, 31, 23 - 26.","Demircan, N. & Topcu, A. (2016) First records for spider fauna of the European part of Turkey (Araneae). Serket, 15, 85 - 91.","Naumova, M. V., Lazarov, S. P., Petrov, B. P. & Deltshev, C. D. (2016) New faunistic data on the cave-dwelling spiders in the Balcan Peninsula (Araneae). Ecologica Montenegriana, 7, 425 - 438.","Ruzicka, V. (2011) Central European habitats inhabited by spiders with disjunctive distributions. Polish Journal of Ecology, 59, 367 - 380.","Ruzicka, V. & Dolansky, J. (2016) Catching of spiders in shallow subterranean habitats in the Czech Republic. Arachnologische Mitteilungen, 51, 43 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.5431 / aramit 5106","Otto, S. (2017) Caucasian spiders. A faunistic database on the spiders of the Caucasus. Version 0 8.2017. Available from: http: / / caucasus-spiders. info / (accessed 29 December 2017)","Simon, E. (1910) Araneae et Opiliones (Seconde Serie). Biospeologica. XV. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, Serie 5, 5 (2), 49 - 66."]}

Porrhomma indecorum Simon, 1910 Porrhomma indecorum Simon, 1910 ��� Simon (1910): p. 56 (descr. ♀); examined by Bosmans (2005). P. indecorum ��� Thaler (1968), p. 384, considered a nomen dubium. P. indecorum ��� Bosmans (2005): p. 148, Figs. 63, 64 (♀ vulva). Comments. The holotype should be deposited in the MNHN; however, type material is not available (Rollard, in litt.). The species was described according to one female from a cave in North Algeria. The vulva fits well to Porrhomma microps. A male is unknown, and it is impossible to decide on the species identity without a male. At present, we must consider this species as species inquirenda and the name Porrhomma indecorum to be a nomen dubium., Published as part of R����i��ka, Vlastimil, 2018, A review of the spider genus Porrhomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae), pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4481 (1) on page 65, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4481.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1454736, {"references":["Simon, E. (1910) Araneae et Opiliones (Seconde Serie). Biospeologica. XV. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, Serie 5, 5 (2), 49 - 66.","Bosmans, R. (2005) Contribution to the knowledge of the Linyphiidae of the Maghreb. Part XI. Miscellaneous Linyphiid genera and additions (Araneae: Linyphiidae: Linyphiinae). Bulletin et Annales de la Societe Royale d' Entomologie de Belgique / Koninklijke Belgische Vereniging voor Entomologie, 141, 125 - 161.","Thaler, K. (1968) Zum Vorkommen von Porrhomma - Arten in Tirol und anderen Alpenlandern (Arachn., Araneae, Linyphiidae). Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlich-Medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck, 56, 361 - 388."]}

Porrhomma microphthalmum (O. P.-Cambridge, 1871) LITERATURE. — Negro et al. 2009; Isaia et al. 2011; [Rossi & Bosio 2012]. CHOROTYPE. — PAL. MACROHABITAT. — Caves., Published as part of Paschetta, Mauro, Christille, Claretta, Marguerettaz, Fabio & Isaia, Marco, 2016, Regional catalogue of the spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of Aosta Valley (NW Italy), pp. 49-125 in Zoosystema 38 (1) on page 81, DOI: 10.5252/z2016n1a3, http://zenodo.org/record/4578074, {"references":["NEGRO M., ISAIA M., PALESTRINI C. & ROLANDO A. 2009. - The impact of forest ski-pistes on diversity of ground-dwelling arthropods and small mammals in the Alps. Biodiversity and Conservation 18 (11): 2799 - 2821. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10531 - 009 - 9608 - 4","ISAIA M., PASCHETTA M., LANA E., PANTINI P., SCHONHOFER A. L., CHRISTIAN E. & BADINO G. 2011. - Aracnidi sotterranei delle Alpi Occidentali italiane / Subterranean Arachnids of the Western Italian. Torino, Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali (Monografie 47), 325 p.","ROSSI G. & BOSIO F. 2012. - Elenco delle specie di ragni (Arachnida, Araneae) note per la Valle d ' Aosta. Revue valdotaine d'Histoire naturelle 66: 45 - 88."]}

Porrhomma pygmaeum (Blackwall 1834) Material: 1 ♂ (SMF), China, Shaanxi Prov., S flanks of Taibai Shan, above Houshenzi, mixed coniferous/ Rhododendron forest, 3050 m, 14–15.VI. 1997, leg. P. Jäger & J. Martens.; 4 ♂, 6 Ψ (SMF), Quinghai Prov., Bei Shan National Park, 120 km NE Xining, 2300–2700 m, 23.V.– 8.VI. 1996, leg. J. Martens., Published as part of Tanasevitch, Andrei V., 2006, On some Linyphiidae of China, mainly from Taibai Shan, Qinling Mountains, Shaanxi Province (Arachnida: Araneae), pp. 277-311 in Zootaxa 1325 on page 307, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273569

Porrhomma longjiangense Zhu & Wang, 1983 Material examined: 1 ♀, Lazovsky Distr, Gersimov River, 43��24'N 133��53.7'E, 13.09.1998, YS. COMMENTS. The first record in the province. Earlier known from eastern Siberia (south part of Magadan Area, Amur Area, Khabarovsk Prov.) and mountains of NE China [Eskov & Marusik 1994]. Recently [Marusik et al��� in press] found in Transbaikalia. Chinese authors consider this species as ajunior synonym of P. rakanum Yaginuma & Saito, 1981 [cf. Li & Tao 1995, Song et al. 1999], but in our opinion, the widespread free- living continental population ( P. longjiangense ) and cave- dwelling one ( P. rakanum ) are not conspecific; cf. also drawings in Yaginuma & Saito [1981: figs 1-4] and Eskov & Marusik [1994; figs 45-48]., Published as part of Marusik, Yuri M. & Koponen, Seppo, 2000, New data on spiders (Aranei) from the Maritime Province, Russian Far East, pp. 55-68 in Arthropoda Selecta 9 (1) on page 62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.822713, {"references":["Eskov K. Yu, Marusik Yu. M. 1994. New data on the taxonomy and faunistics of North Asian linyphiid spiders (Aranei Linyphi- idae) / / Ibid. Vol. 2 (for 1993). No. 4. P. 41 - 79.","Yaginuma T, Saito H. 1981. A new cave spider of the genus Porrbomma (Araneae, Linyphiidae) found in a limestone cave of Shikoku, southwest Japan / / J. Speleol. Soc Japan. Vol. 6. P. 33 - 36.","Tao Y, Li S. Q, Zhu C. D. 1995. Linyphiid spiders of Changbai mountains, China (Aranaeae: Linyphiidae: Linyphiinae) / / Beitr. Araneol. Bd. 4 (for 1994). P. 241 - 288.","Song DX, Zhu, M. S, Chen, J. 1999. The spiders of China. Hebei Science & Technology Press. 640 pp."]}