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2. Climate targets in European timber-producing countries conflict with goals on forest ecosystem services and biodiversity

Author

Blattert, C., Mönkkönen, M., Burgas, D., Di Fulvio, F., Toraño Caicoya, A., Vergarechea, M., Klein, J., Hartikainen, M., Antón-Fernández, C., Astrup, R., Emmerich, M., Forsell, N., Lukkarinen, J., Lundström, J., Pitzén, S., Poschenrieder, W., Primmer, E., Snäll, T., Eyvindson, K., Blattert, C., Mönkkönen, M., Burgas, D., Di Fulvio, F., Toraño Caicoya, A., Vergarechea, M., Klein, J., Hartikainen, M., Antón-Fernández, C., Astrup, R., Emmerich, M., Forsell, N., Lukkarinen, J., Lundström, J., Pitzén, S., Poschenrieder, W., Primmer, E., Snäll, T., and Eyvindson, K.

Abstract

The European Union (EU) set clear climate change mitigation targets to reach climate neutrality, accounting for forests and their woody biomass resources. We investigated the consequences of increased harvest demands resulting from EU climate targets. We analysed the impacts on national policy objectives for forest ecosystem services and biodiversity through empirical forest simulation and multi-objective optimization methods. We show that key European timber-producing countries – Finland, Sweden, Germany (Bavaria) – cannot fulfil the increased harvest demands linked to the ambitious 1.5°C target. Potentials for harvest increase only exists in the studied region Norway. However, focusing on EU climate targets conflicts with several national policies and causes adverse effects on multiple ecosystem services and biodiversity. We argue that the role of forests and their timber resources in achieving climate targets and societal decarbonization should not be overstated. Our study provides insight for other European countries challenged by conflicting policies and supports policymakers.

Published
2023
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3. What drives forest multifunctionality in central and northern Europe? Exploring the interplay of management, climate, and policies

Author

Toraño Caicoya, A., Vergarechea, M., Blattert, C., Klein, J., Eyvindson, K., Burgas, D., Snäll, T., Mönkkönen, M., Astrup, R., Di Fulvio, F., Forsell, N., Hartikainen, M., Uhl, E., Poschenrieder, W., Antón-Fernández, C., Toraño Caicoya, A., Vergarechea, M., Blattert, C., Klein, J., Eyvindson, K., Burgas, D., Snäll, T., Mönkkönen, M., Astrup, R., Di Fulvio, F., Forsell, N., Hartikainen, M., Uhl, E., Poschenrieder, W., and Antón-Fernández, C.

Abstract

Forests provide a range of vital services to society and are critical habitats for biodiversity, holding inherent multifunctionality. While traditionally viewed as a byproduct of production-focused forestry, today's forest ecosystem services and biodiversity (FESB) play an essential role in several sectoral policies’ needs. Achieving policy objectives requires careful management considering the interplay of services, influenced by regional aspects and climate. Here, we examined the multifunctionality gap caused by these factors through simulation of forest management and multi-objective optimization methods across different regions - Finland, Norway, Sweden and Germany (Bavaria). To accomplish this, we tested diverse management regimes (productivity-oriented silviculture, several continuous cover forestry regimes and set asides), two climate scenarios (current and RCP 4.5) and three policy strategies (National Forest, Biodiversity and Bioeconomy Strategies). For each combination we calculated a multifunctionality metric at the landscape scale based on 5 FESB classes (biodiversity conservation, bioenergy, climate regulation, wood, water and recreation). In Germany and Norway, maximum multifunctionality was achieved by increasing the proportion of set-asides and proportionally decreasing the rest of management regimes. In Finland, maximum MF would instead require that policies address greater diversity in management, while in Sweden, the pattern was slightly different but similar to Finland. Regarding the climate scenarios, we observed that only for Sweden the difference in the provision of FESB was significant. Finally, the highest overall potential multifunctionality was observed for Sweden (National Forest scenario, with a value of 0.94 for the normalized multifunctionality metric), followed by Germany (National Forest scenario, 0.83), Finland (Bioeconomy scenario, 0.81) and Norway (National Forest scenario, 0.71). The results highlight the challenges of maximizing

Published
2023
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4. Forest Biodiversity, Carbon Sequestration, and Wood Production: Modeling Synergies and Trade-Offs for Ten Forest Landscapes Across Europe

Author

Biber, P., Felton, A., Nieuwenhuis, M., Lindbladh, M., Black, K., Bahýl', J., Bingöl, Ö., Borges, J.G., Botequim, B., Brukas, V., Bugalho, M.N., Corradini, G., Eriksson, L.O., Forsell, N., Hengeveld, G.M., Hoogstra-Klein, M.A., Kadıoǧulları, A.I., Karahalil, U., Lodin, I., Lundholm, A., Makrickienė, E., Masiero, M., Mozgeris, G., Pivoriūnas, N., Poschenrieder, W., Pretzsch, H., Sedmák, R., Tuček, J., Biber, P., Felton, A., Nieuwenhuis, M., Lindbladh, M., Black, K., Bahýl', J., Bingöl, Ö., Borges, J.G., Botequim, B., Brukas, V., Bugalho, M.N., Corradini, G., Eriksson, L.O., Forsell, N., Hengeveld, G.M., Hoogstra-Klein, M.A., Kadıoǧulları, A.I., Karahalil, U., Lodin, I., Lundholm, A., Makrickienė, E., Masiero, M., Mozgeris, G., Pivoriūnas, N., Poschenrieder, W., Pretzsch, H., Sedmák, R., and Tuček, J.

Abstract

Europe's forests provide vital habitat for biodiversity and essential ecosystem services whose provision must be sustained or enhanced over the coming century. However, the potential to secure or increase forest ecosystem services, while securing the habitat requirements of taxa remains unclear, especially within the context of uncertain climate and socio-economic developments. To tease out the associated trade-offs and synergies, we used 10 case study landscapes within nine countries throughout Europe. Starting with the current status of the forests in the case study landscapes, we simulated forest development 100 years into the future. Simulations were embedded in three combined climate and socio-economic frame scenarios based on global and European policies which varied in their climate change mitigation efficiency. Scenarios were translated into country specific projections of climate variables, and resultant demands for wood products. Forest management regimes were projected to vary in response to these scenarios at local scales. The specific combinations of alternative forest management practices were based on parallel research and input from local forest stakeholders. For each case study, a specific forest growth simulator was used. In general, the climate scenarios applied did not cause fundamentally different ecosystem service outputs at the case study level. Our results revealed almost no reduction in outcomes for biodiversity indicators with an increase in wood production, and in some cases synergistic results occurred when diversity was actively promoted as part of the management concept. Net carbon uptake was not strongly correlated with biodiversity, indicating that biodiversity-friendly forest management doesn't need to curtail carbon sequestration. Notably, we obtained heterogeneous results for the relation between sustainable wood production and net carbon uptake. Most scenarios resulted in a more or less reduced net carbon uptake over the long term

Published
2020

5. Forest decision support systems for the analysis of ecosystem services provisioning at the landscape scale under global climate and market change scenarios

Author

Nordström, E.-M., Nieuwenhuis, M., Başkent, E., Biber, P., Black, K., Borges, J.G., Bugalho, M., Corradini, G., Corrigan, E., Eriksson, L., Felton, A., Forsell, N., Hengeveld, G., Hoogstra-Klein, M., Korosuo, A., Lindbladh, M., Lodin, I., Lundholm, A., Marto, M., Masiero, M., Mozgeris, G., Pettenella, D., Poschenrieder, W., Sedmak, R., Tucek, J., Zoccatelli, D., Nordström, E.-M., Nieuwenhuis, M., Başkent, E., Biber, P., Black, K., Borges, J.G., Bugalho, M., Corradini, G., Corrigan, E., Eriksson, L., Felton, A., Forsell, N., Hengeveld, G., Hoogstra-Klein, M., Korosuo, A., Lindbladh, M., Lodin, I., Lundholm, A., Marto, M., Masiero, M., Mozgeris, G., Pettenella, D., Poschenrieder, W., Sedmak, R., Tucek, J., and Zoccatelli, D.

Abstract

Sustainable forest management is driving the development of forest decision support systems (DSSs) to include models and methods concerned with climate change, biodiversity and various ecosystem services (ESs). The future development of forest landscapes is very much dependent on how forest owners act and what goes on in the wider world; thus, models are needed that incorporate these aspects. The objective of this study is to assess how nine European state-of-the-art forest DSSs cope with these issues. The assessment focuses on the ability of these DSSs to generate landscape-level scenarios to explore the output of current and alternative forest management models (FMMs) in terms of a range of ESs and the robustness of these FMMs in the face of increased risks and uncertainty. Results show that all DSSs assessed in this study can be used to quantify the impacts of both stand- and landscape-level FMMs on the provision of a range of ESs over a typical planning horizon. DSSs can be used to assess how timber price trends may impact that provision over time. The inclusion of forest owner behavior as reflected by the adoption of specific FMMs seems to be also in the reach of all DSSs. Nevertheless, some DSSs need more data and development of models to estimate the impacts of climate change on biomass production and other ESs. Spatial analysis functionality needs to be further developed for a more accurate assessment of the landscape-level output of ESs from both current and alternative FMMs.

Published
2019

6. ASDEX UPGRADE: THE FIRST PERIOD OF OPERATION

Author

Streibl, B., primary, Behler, K., additional, Mc Carthy, P.J., additional, Drube, R., additional, Ernesti, J., additional, Finkelmeyer, H., additional, Gernhardt, J., additional, Gruber, O., additional, Herpplch, G., additional, Hupfloher, H., additional, Jacobi, D., additional, Klement, G., additional, Kollotzek, H., additional, Köppendörfer, W., additional, Lackner, K., additional, Mattes, K., additional, Mertens, V., additional, Neu, G., additional, Noterdaem, J.M., additional, Oswald, J., additional, Poschenrieder, W., additional, Raupp, G., additional, Richter, H., additional, Richter, T., additional, Schneider, H., additional, Schramm, G., additional, Schweizer, S., additional, Seidel, U., additional, Vernickel, H., additional, Wieczorek, A., additional, Wesner, F., additional, Woyke, W., additional, and Zasche, D., additional

Published
1993
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7. Lower Hybrid Current Drive and Recharging of the Ohmic Heating Transformer in ASDEX

Author

Leuterer, F., Eckhartt, D., Söldner, F., Bartiromo, R., Becker, G., Bernhardi, K., Bosch, H. S., Brambilla, M., Brocken, H., Derfler, H., Eberhagen, A., Fußmann, G., Gehre, O., Gernhardt, J., v. Gierke, G., Giuliana, A., Glock, E., Gruber, O., Haas, G., Hesse, M., Janeschitz, G., Karger, F., Keilhacker, M., Klüber, O., Kornherr, M., Kotzé, P. B., Kislyakov, A., Lenoci, M., Lisitano, G., Mayer, H. M., McCormick, K., Meisel, D., Mertens, V., Müller, E. R., Münich, M., Murmann, H., Niedermeyer, H., Poschenrieder, W., Rapp, H., Ryter, F., Schmitter, K. H., Schneider, F., Siller, G., Smeulders, P., Steuer, K. H., Vien, T., Vlases, G., Wagner, F., v. Woyna, F., Zouhar, M., Zichichi, Antonino, editor, and Knoepfel, Heinz, editor

Published
1986
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8. Importance of tree height and social position for drought stress and induced mortality

Author

Grote, R., Gessler, A., Hommel, R., Poschenrieder, W., and Priesack, E.

Subjects
fungi, food and beverages, Drought Stress
Abstract

Drought stress can trigger tree mortality but the impact depends on stress intensity (water demand and availability) and on the vulnerability of the individual. Therefore, most research focusses on the species-specific properties such as water use efficiency or hydraulic conductivity that determine vulnerability. At the ecosystem scale, however, tree properties that have been found important for drought sensitivity or resistance vary with individual size and resource availability within a forest—also within the same species. This is caused by different environmental conditions for each tree and hence different growth histories of individuals generating specific anatomical and physiological features. Individual drought stress sensitivity might thus be considerably different from stand scale sensitivity. Indeed, empirical evidence shows that drought stress impact depends on tree social position which can be defined in degrees of suppression but correlated to resource availability, stress sensitivity and stress exposure. In this review, we collect such evidence and discuss the role of microclimate and soil water distribution as well as anatomical and physiological adjustments, which might serve as foundation for better-adapted management strategies to mitigate drought stress impacts. Finally, we define model requirements aiming to capture stand-scale drought responses or management impacts related to drought stress mitigation.

Published
2016

11. FIRST RESULTS FROM NEUTRAL BEAM HEATING OF DIVERTED ASDEX DISCHARGES

Author

Wagner, F., primary, Behringer, K., additional, Becker, G., additional, Campbell, D., additional, Eberhagen, A., additional, Engelhardt, W., additional, Fussmann, G., additional, Gehre, O., additional, Gierke, G. v, additional, Haas, G., additional, Karger, F., additional, Keilhacker, M., additional, Klüber, O., additional, Kornherr, M., additional, Lackner, K., additional, Lisitano, G., additional, Mayer, H.-M., additional, Meisel, D., additional, Müller, R., additional, Murmann, H., additional, Niedermeyer, H., additional, Poschenrieder, W., additional, Rapp, H., additional, Röhr, H., additional, Schneider, F., additional, Siller, G., additional, Steuer, K.-H., additional, Venus, G., additional, Stäbler, A., additional, Speth, E., additional, Kunze, R.C., additional, Lister, G.G., additional, Lohnert, H., additional, Succi, S., additional, and Vollmer, O., additional

Published
1982
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12. H-mode discharges with feedback-controlled radiative boundary in the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak

Author

Kallenbach, A., Dux, R., Mertens, V., Gruber, O., Haas, G., Kaufmann, M., Poschenrieder, W., Ryter, F., Zohm, H., Alexander, M., Behringer, K., Bessenrodt-Weberpals, M., Bosch, H., Büchl, K., Field, A., Fuchs, J., Gehre, O., Herrmann, A., Köppendörfer, W., Lackner, K., Mast, F., Neu, G., Neuhauser, J., de Pena-Hempel, S., Raupp, G., Schönmann, K., Stäbler, A., Steuer, K., Vollmer, O., Weinlich, M., West, W., Zehetbauer, T., and ASDEX Upgrade Team

Published
1995

13. Charge Exchange Fluxes of Ripple Trapped Slowing-Down Ions During L-to-H Transition and ELMs

Author

Herrmann, W., Fahrbach, H.-U., Kaufmann, M., Lackner, K., Ryter, F., Zohm, H., Albrecht, M., Alexander, M., Asmussen, K., Behler, K., Behringer, K., Bessenrodt-Weberpals, M., Bosch, H.-S., Büchl, K., Carlson, A., Coster, D., de Blank, H. J., Drube, R., Dux, R., Engelhardt, W., Gehre, O., Gernhardt, J., Gruber, O., Haas, G., Herrmann, A., Hirsch, S., Ignacz, P., Jüttner, B., Junker, W., Kallenbach, A., Kass, T., Köppendörfer, W., Kurzan, B., Lang, P. T., Lang, R. S., Laux, M., Maraschek, M., Mast, K.-F., Mayer, H.-M., Meisel, D., Merkel, R., Mertens, V., Murmann, H., Napiontek, B., Naujoks, D., Neu, G., Neu, R., Neuhauser, J., Noterdaeme, J.-M., Pautasso, G., de Pena Hempel, S., Poschenrieder, W., Raupp, G., Richter, H., Röhr, H., Salzmann, H., Sandmann, W., Schilling, H.-B., Schittenhelm, M., Schneider, R., Schneider, W., Schönmann, K., Schramm, G., Seidel, U., Sokoll, M., Speth, E., Stäbler, A., Steuer, K.-H., Stober, J., Streibl, B., Suttrop, W., Treutterer, W., Troppmann, M., Ulrich, M., Vernickel, H., Vollmer, O., Wedler, H., Weinlich, M., Wenzel, U., Wesner, F., Wunderlich, R., Zasche, D., and Zehrfeld, H.-P.

Published
1995

16. Lunar lander mass spectrometer Final report

Author

Herzog, R. F. K and Poschenrieder, W. P

Subjects
Instrumentation And Photography
Abstract

Sputter ion source for lunar lander mass spectrometer

Published
1967

18. Vacuum system of ion-microprobe mass spectrometer.

Author

Barrington, A. E, Herzog, R. F. K, and Poschenrieder, W. P

Subjects
Instrumentation And Photography
Abstract

Vacuum system of ion microprobe mass spectrometer noting design criteria, operation and results

Published
1966

22. Plasma beam calibration mass spectrometer

Author

Poschenrieder, W. P

Subjects
Instrumentation And Photography
Abstract

Mass spectrometer for determining ratio of atomic to molecular ions in plasma beam

Published
1965

23. The Multiple Facets of Ohmic Confinement in ASDEX

Author

Bessenrodt-Weberpals, M., McCormick, K., Söldner, F., Wagner, F., Bosch, H., Gehre, O., Müller, E., Murmann, H., Neuhauser, J., Poschenrieder, W., Steuer, K., Tsois, N., and ASDEX Team

Published
1990

24. Boronization of ASDEX

Author

Schneider, U., Poschenrieder, W., Bessenrodt-Weberpals, M., Hofmann, J., Kallenbach, A., Krieger, K., Müller, E., Niedermeyer, H., Ryter, F., Roth, J., Söldner, F., Stäbler, A., Steuer, K. H., Vollmer, O., Wagner, F., ASDEX Team, ICHR-Team, LH-Team, NI-Team, and PSI-Group

Published
1990

25. Divertor tokamak operation at high densities on ASDEX Upgrade

Author

Gruber, O, primary, Mertens, V, additional, Neuhauser, J, additional, Ryter, F, additional, Suttrop, W, additional, Albrecht, M, additional, Alexander, M, additional, Asmussen, K, additional, Becker, G, additional, Behler, K, additional, Behringer, K, additional, Bergmann, A, additional, Bessenrodt-Weberpals, M, additional, Borras, K, additional, Bosch, H-S, additional, Braams, B, additional, Brambilla, M, additional, Braun, F, additional, Brinkschulte, H, additional, Büchl, K, additional, Buhler, A, additional, Carlson, A, additional, Chodura, R, additional, Coster, D, additional, Cupido, L, additional, Blank, H J De, additional, Hempel, S De Pena, additional, Deschka, S, additional, Dorn, C, additional, Drube, R, additional, Dux, R, additional, Engelhardt, W, additional, Engstler, J, additional, Fahrbach, H-U, additional, Feist, H-U, additional, Fiedler, S, additional, Franzen, P, additional, Fuchs, J C, additional, Fussmann, G, additional, Gafert, J, additional, Gehre, O, additional, Gernhardt, J, additional, Günter, S, additional, Haas, G, additional, Hallatschek, K, additional, Hartmann, J, additional, Heinemann, B, additional, Herppich, G, additional, Herrmann, A, additional, Herrmann, W, additional, Hirsch, S, additional, Hoek, M, additional, Hoenen, F, additional, Hofmeister, F, additional, Hohenoecker, H, additional, Holzhauer, E, additional, Ignacz, P, additional, Jacobi, D, additional, Junker, W, additional, Kakoulidis, M, additional, Kallenbach, A, additional, Karakatsanis, N, additional, Kardaun, O, additional, Kass, T, additional, Kaufmann, M, additional, Khutoretski, A, additional, Kollotzek, H, additional, Koeppendoerfer, W, additional, Kraus, W, additional, Krieger, K, additional, Kurzan, B, additional, Kyriakakis, G, additional, Lackner, K, additional, Lang, P T, additional, Lang, R S, additional, Laux, M, additional, Lengyel, L, additional, Leuterer, F, additional, Maraschek, M, additional, Markoulaki, M, additional, Mast, K-F, additional, McCarthy, P, additional, Meisel, D, additional, Meister, H, additional, Merkel, R, additional, Mueller, H W, additional, Muenich, M, additional, Murmann, H, additional, Napiontek, B, additional, Neu, G, additional, Neu, R, additional, Niethammer, M, additional, Noterdaeme, J-M, additional, Pasch, E, additional, Pautasso, G, additional, Peeters, A G, additional, Pereverzev, G, additional, Pitcher, C S, additional, Poschenrieder, W, additional, Raupp, G, additional, Reinmueller, K, additional, Riedl, R, additional, Rohde, V, additional, Roehr, H, additional, Roth, J, additional, Salzmann, H, additional, Sandmann, W, additional, Schilling, H-B, additional, Schittenhelm, M, additional, Schloegl, D, additional, Schneider, H, additional, Schneider, R, additional, Schneider, W, additional, Schramm, G, additional, Schweinzer, J, additional, Schweizer, S, additional, Schwoerer, R, additional, Scott, B D, additional, Seidel, U, additional, Serra, F, additional, Sesnic, S, additional, Silva, A, additional, Sokoll, M, additional, Speth, E, additional, Staebler, A, additional, Steuer, K-H, additional, Stober, J, additional, Streibl, B, additional, Thoma, A, additional, Treutterer, W, additional, Troppmann, M, additional, Tsois, N, additional, Ulrich, M, additional, Varela, P, additional, Verbeek, H, additional, Vollmer, O, additional, Wedler, H, additional, Weinlich, M, additional, Wenzel, U, additional, Wesner, F, additional, Wolf, R, additional, Wunderlich, R, additional, Xantopoulus, N, additional, Yu, Q, additional, Zasche, D, additional, Zehetbauer, T, additional, Zehrfeld, H-P, additional, Zohm, H, additional, and Zouhar, M, additional

Published
1997
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26. The tungsten divertor experiment at ASDEX Upgrade

Author

Neu, R, primary, Asmussen, K, additional, Krieger, K, additional, Thoma, A, additional, Bosch, H-S, additional, Deschka, S, additional, Dux, R, additional, Engelhardt, W, additional, García-Rosales, C, additional, Gruber, O, additional, Herrmann, A, additional, Kallenbach, A, additional, Kaufmann, M, additional, Mertens, V, additional, Ryter, F, additional, Rohde, V, additional, Roth, J, additional, Sokoll, M, additional, Stäbler, A, additional, Suttrop, W, additional, Weinlich, M, additional, Zohm, H, additional, Alexander, M, additional, Becker, G, additional, Behler, K, additional, Behringer, K, additional, Behrisch, R, additional, Bergmann, A, additional, Bessenrodt-Weberpals, M, additional, Brambilla, M, additional, Brinkschulte, H, additional, Büchl, K, additional, Carlson, A, additional, Chodura, R, additional, Coster, D, additional, Cupido, L, additional, Blank, H J de, additional, Hempel, S de Peña, additional, Drube, R, additional, Fahrbach, H-U, additional, Feist, J-H, additional, Feneberg, W, additional, Fiedler, S, additional, Franzen, P, additional, Fuchs, J C, additional, Fußmann, G, additional, Gafert, J, additional, Gehre, O, additional, Gernhardt, J, additional, Haas, G, additional, Herppich, G, additional, Herrmann, W, additional, Hirsch, S, additional, Hoek, M, additional, Hoenen, F, additional, Hofmeister, F, additional, Hohenöcker, H, additional, Jacobi, D, additional, Junker, W, additional, Kardaun, O, additional, Kass, T, additional, Kollotzek, H, additional, Köppendörfer, W, additional, Kurzan, B, additional, Lackner, K, additional, Lang, P T, additional, Lang, R S, additional, Laux, M, additional, Lengyel, L L, additional, Leuterer, F, additional, Manso, M E, additional, Maraschek, M, additional, Mast, K-F, additional, McCarthy, P, additional, Meisel, D, additional, Merkel, R, additional, Müller, H W, additional, Münich, M, additional, Murmann, H, additional, Napiontek, B, additional, Neu, G, additional, Neuhauser, J, additional, Niethammer, M, additional, Noterdaeme, J-M, additional, Pasch, E, additional, Pautasso, G, additional, Peeters, A G, additional, Pereverzev, G, additional, Pitcher, C S, additional, Poschenrieder, W, additional, Raupp, G, additional, Reinmüller, K, additional, Riedl, R, additional, Röhr, H, additional, Salzmann, H, additional, Sandmann, W, additional, Schilling, H-B, additional, Schlögl, D, additional, Schneider, H, additional, Schneider, R, additional, Schneider, W, additional, Schramm, G, additional, Schweinzer, J, additional, Scott, B D, additional, Seidel, U, additional, Serra, F, additional, Speth, E, additional, Silva, A, additional, Steuer, K-H, additional, Stober, J, additional, Streibl, B, additional, Treutterer, W, additional, Troppmann, M, additional, Tsois, N, additional, Ulrich, M, additional, Varela, P, additional, Verbeek, H, additional, Verplancke, Ph, additional, Vollmer, O, additional, Wedler, H, additional, Wenzel, U, additional, Wesner, F, additional, Wolf, R, additional, Wunderlich, R, additional, Zasche, D, additional, Zehetbauer, T, additional, and Zehrfeld, H-P, additional

Published
1996
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27. Measurement and modelling of neon radiation profiles in radiating boundary discharges in ASDEX Upgrade

Author

Dux, R, primary, Kallenbach, A, additional, Bessenrodt-Weberpals, M, additional, Behringer, K, additional, Bosch, H-S, additional, Fuchs, J C, additional, Gehre, O, additional, Mast, F, additional, Poschenrieder, W, additional, Murmann, H, additional, Salzmann, H, additional, Schweinzer, J, additional, Suttrop, W, additional, Team, the ASDEX Upgrade, additional, and Team, the NI, additional

Published
1996
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28. The compatibility of high confinement times and complete divertor detachment in ASDEX-Upgrade

Author

Neuhauser, J, primary, Alexander, M, additional, Becker, G, additional, Bosch, H S, additional, Buchl, K, additional, Coster, D, additional, Dux, R, additional, Field, A, additional, Fiedler, S, additional, Fuchs, Ch, additional, Gehre, O, additional, Gruber, O, additional, Haas, G, additional, Herrmann, A, additional, Hirsch, S, additional, Kallenbach, A, additional, Kaufmann, M, additional, Lackner, K, additional, Lieder, G, additional, Mast, K F, additional, Mertens, V, additional, Murmann, H, additional, Napiontek, B, additional, Neu, R, additional, Ryter, F, additional, Salzmann, H, additional, Schneider, R, additional, Schweinzer, J, additional, Sokoll, M, additional, Steuer, K -H, additional, Stober, J, additional, Suttrop, W, additional, Weinlich, M, additional, Wenzel, U, additional, Zehrfeld, H P, additional, Zohm, H, additional, Albrecht, M, additional, Asmussen, K, additional, Behler, K, additional, Behringer, K, additional, Bessenrodt-Weberpals, M, additional, Brambilla, M, additional, Carlson, A, additional, Chodura, R, additional, Cupido, L, additional, DeBlank, H J, additional, Hempel, S De Pena, additional, Deschka, S, additional, Dorn, C, additional, Drube, R, additional, Engelhardt, W, additional, Fahrbach, H U, additional, Feist, H U, additional, Fieg, G, additional, Fussmann, G, additional, Garcia-Rosales, C, additional, Gernhardt, J, additional, Herrmann, W, additional, Ignacz, P, additional, Juttner, B, additional, Junker, W, additional, Kass, T, additional, Koppendorfer, W, additional, Kollotzek, H, additional, Krieger, K, additional, Kurzan, B, additional, Lang, P, additional, Lang, R, additional, Laux, M, additional, Manso, M E, additional, Maraschek, M, additional, McCarthy, P, additional, Meisel, D, additional, Merkel, R, additional, Naujoks, D, additional, Neu, G, additional, Niethammer, M, additional, Noterdaeme, J -M, additional, Pautasso, G, additional, Pitcher, C S, additional, Poschenrieder, W, additional, Raupp, G, additional, Rohr, H, additional, Roth, J, additional, Sandmann, W, additional, Schilling, H -B, additional, Schittenhelm, M, additional, Schneider, H, additional, Schneider, W, additional, Schonmann, K, additional, Schramm, G, additional, Seidel, U, additional, Serra, F, additional, Silva, A, additional, Speth, E, additional, Stabler, A, additional, Streibl, B, additional, Treutterer, W, additional, Troppmann, M, additional, Ulrich, M, additional, Varela, P, additional, Vollmer, O, additional, Wedler, H, additional, Wesner, F, additional, West, W P, additional, Wunderlich, R, additional, Zasche, D, additional, and Zehetbauer, T, additional

Published
1995
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29. H mode discharges with feedback controlled radiative boundary in the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak

Author

Kallenbach, A, primary, Dux, R, additional, Mertens, V, additional, Gruber, O, additional, Haas, G, additional, Kaufmann, M, additional, Poschenrieder, W, additional, Ryter, F, additional, Zohm, H, additional, Alexander, M, additional, Behringer, K.H, additional, Bessenrodt-Weberpals, M, additional, Bosch, H.-S, additional, Buchl, K, additional, Field, A.R, additional, Fuchs, J.C, additional, Gehre, O, additional, Herrmann, A, additional, Hirsch, S, additional, Koppendorfer, W, additional, Lackner, K, additional, Mast, K.F, additional, Neu, G, additional, Neuhauser, J, additional, Hempel, S. De Pena, additional, Raupp, G, additional, Schonmann, K, additional, Stabler, A, additional, Steuer, K.-H, additional, Vollmer, O, additional, Weinlich, M, additional, West, W.P, additional, and Zehetbauer, T, additional

Published
1995
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30. Observation of Continuous Divertor Detachment inH-Mode Discharges in ASDEX Upgrade

Author

Gruber, O., primary, Kallenbach, A., additional, Kaufmann, M., additional, Lackner, K., additional, Mertens, V., additional, Neuhauser, J., additional, Ryter, F., additional, Zohm, H., additional, Bessenrodt-Weberpals, M., additional, Büchl, K., additional, Fiedler, S., additional, Field, A., additional, Fuchs, Ch., additional, Garcia-Rosales, C., additional, Haas, G., additional, Herrmann, A., additional, Herrmann, W., additional, Hirsch, S., additional, Köppendörfer, W., additional, Lang, P., additional, Lieder, G., additional, Mast, K.-F., additional, Pitcher, C. S., additional, Schittenhelm, M., additional, Stober, J., additional, Suttrop, W., additional, Troppmann, M., additional, Weinlich, M., additional, Albrecht, M., additional, Alexander, M., additional, Asmussen, K., additional, Ballico, M., additional, Behler, K., additional, Behringer, K., additional, Bosch, H. S., additional, Brambilla, M., additional, Carlson, A., additional, Coster, D., additional, Cupido, L., additional, DeBlank, H. J., additional, De Pena Hempel, S., additional, Deschka, S., additional, Dorn, C., additional, Drube, R., additional, Dux, R., additional, Eberhagen, A., additional, Engelhardt, W., additional, Fahrbach, H.-U., additional, Feist, H.-U., additional, Fieg, D., additional, Fußmann, G., additional, Gehre, O., additional, Gernhardt, J., additional, Ignacz, P., additional, Jüttner, B., additional, Junker, W., additional, Kass, T., additional, Kiemer, K., additional, Kollotzek, H., additional, Kornherr, M., additional, Krieger, K., additional, Kurzan, B., additional, Lang, R., additional, Laux, M., additional, Manso, M. E., additional, Maraschek, M., additional, Mayer, H.-M., additional, McCarthy, P., additional, Meisel, D., additional, Merkel, R., additional, Murmann, H., additional, Napiontek, B., additional, Naujoks, D., additional, Neu, G., additional, Neu, R., additional, Noterdaeme, J.-M., additional, Pautasso, G., additional, Poschenrieder, W., additional, Raupp, G., additional, Richter, H., additional, Richter, T., additional, Röhr, H., additional, Roth, J., additional, Salmon, N., additional, Salzmann, H., additional, Sandmann, W., additional, Schilling, H.-B., additional, Schneider, H., additional, Schneider, R., additional, Schneider, W., additional, Schönmann, K., additional, Schramm, G., additional, Schumacher, U., additional, Schweinzer, J., additional, Seidel, U., additional, Serra, F., additional, Silva, A., additional, Sokoll, M., additional, Speth, E., additional, Stäbler, A., additional, Steuer, K.-H., additional, Streibl, B., additional, Treutterer, W., additional, Ulrich, M., additional, Varela, P., additional, Vernickel, H., additional, Vollmer, O., additional, Wedler, H., additional, Wenzel, U., additional, Wesner, F., additional, Wunderlich, R., additional, Zasche, D., additional, and Zehrfeld, H. P., additional

Published
1995
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31. Recent results from divertor operation in ASDEX Upgrade

Author

Lackner, K, primary, Bosch, H S, additional, Coster, D, additional, Gruber, O, additional, Haas, G, additional, Herrmann, A, additional, Kallenbach, A, additional, Kaufmann, M, additional, Mertens, V, additional, Neuhauser, J, additional, Ryter, F, additional, Weinlich, M, additional, Zohm, H, additional, Albrecht, M, additional, Alexander, M, additional, Asmussen, K, additional, Ballico, M, additional, Behler, K, additional, Behringer, K, additional, Bessenrodt-Weberpals, M, additional, Brambilla, M, additional, Buchl, K, additional, Carlson, A, additional, Cupido, L, additional, DeBlank, H J, additional, Pena-Hempel, S De, additional, Deschka, S, additional, Dorn, C, additional, Drube, R, additional, Dux, R, additional, Eberhagen, A, additional, Engelhardt, W, additional, Fahrbach, H -U, additional, Feist, H -U, additional, Fiedler, S, additional, Fieg, D, additional, Field, A, additional, Fuchs, J C, additional, Fussmann, G, additional, Garcia-Rosales, C, additional, Gehre, O, additional, Gernhardt, J, additional, Herrmann, W, additional, Hirsch, S, additional, Ignacz, P, additional, Juttner, B, additional, Junker, W, additional, Kass, T, additional, Kiemer, K, additional, Koppendorfer, W, additional, Kollotzek, H, additional, Kornherr, M, additional, Krieger, K, additional, Kurzan, B, additional, Lang, P, additional, Lang, R, additional, Laux, M, additional, Lieder, G, additional, Manso, M E, additional, Maraschek, M, additional, Mast, K -F, additional, Mayer, H -M, additional, McCarthy, P, additional, Meisel, D, additional, Merkel, R, additional, Murmann, H, additional, Napiontek, B, additional, Poschenrieder, W, additional, Raupp, G, additional, Richter, H, additional, Richter, T, additional, Rohr, H, additional, Roth, J, additional, Salmon, N, additional, Salzmann, H, additional, Sandmann, W, additional, Schilling, H -B, additional, Schittenhelm, M, additional, Schneider, H, additional, Schneider, R, additional, Schneider, W, additional, Schonmann, K, additional, Schramm, G, additional, Schumacher, U, additional, Schweinzer, J, additional, Seidel, U, additional, Serra, F, additional, Silva, A, additional, Sokoll, M, additional, Speth, E, additional, Stabler, A, additional, Steuer, K -H, additional, Stober, J, additional, Streibl, B, additional, Suttrop, W, additional, Treutterer, W, additional, Troppmann, M, additional, Ulrich, M, additional, Varela, P, additional, Vernickel, H, additional, Vollmer, O, additional, Wedler, H, additional, Wenzel, U, additional, Wesner, F, additional, Wunderlich, R, additional, Zasche, D, additional, and Zehrfeld, H P, additional

Published
1994
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33. Edge physics and H-mode studies in ASDEX Upgrade

Author

Kaufmann, M, primary, Bosch, H -S, additional, Field, A, additional, Fussmann, G, additional, Gruber, O, additional, Hermann, A, additional, Junker, W, additional, Kallenbach, A, additional, Koppendorfer, W, additional, Krieger, K, additional, Lackner, K, additional, Laux, M, additional, Mertens, V, additional, Napiontek, B, additional, Naujoks, D, additional, Neuhauser, J, additional, Poschenrieder, W, additional, Roth, J, additional, Ryter, F, additional, Zohm, H, additional, Albrecht, M, additional, Alexander, M, additional, Asmussen, K, additional, Becker, G, additional, Behler, K, additional, Behringer, K, additional, Bergmann, A, additional, Bessenrodt-Weberpals, M, additional, Brambilla, M, additional, Braun, F, additional, Buchl, K, additional, Carlson, A, additional, Chodura, R, additional, Cupido, L, additional, Barbieri, O de, additional, Blank, H J de, additional, Pena, de, additional, Hempel, S, additional, Dorn, C, additional, Drube, R, additional, Eberhagen, A, additional, Engelhardt, W, additional, Engstler, J, additional, Fahrbach, H -U, additional, Feist, J -H, additional, Feneberg, W, additional, Fieg, G, additional, Fuchs, C, additional, Garcia-Rosales, C, additional, Gehre, O, additional, Gernhardt, J, additional, Gotsch, S, additional, Gruber, J, additional, Gunther, K, additional, Haas, G, additional, Heinemann, B, additional, Herppich, G, additional, Herrmann, W, additional, Hofmeister, F, additional, Hohenocker, H, additional, Jacobi, D, additional, Juttner, B, additional, Kardaun, O, additional, Kass, T, additional, Kiemer, K, additional, Kollotzek, H, additional, Kornherr, M, additional, Kurzan, B, additional, Lang, P, additional, Lang, R, additional, Lengyel, L, additional, Leuterer, F, additional, Lieder, G, additional, Manso, M E, additional, Mast, K -F, additional, Mayer, H -M, additional, McCarthy, P, additional, Meisel, D, additional, Merkel, R, additional, Munich, M, additional, Murmann, H, additional, Neu, G, additional, Neu, R, additional, Noterdaeme, J -M, additional, Pautasso, G, additional, Pitcher, C S, additional, Raupp, G, additional, Richter, H, additional, Richter, T, additional, Rohr, H, additional, Salmon, N, additional, Salzmann, H, additional, Sandmann, W, additional, Schilling, H -B, additional, Schittenhelm, M, additional, Schneider, H, additional, Schneider, R, additional, Schneider, W, additional, Schonmann, K, additional, Schramm, G, additional, Schumacher, U, additional, Schweinzer, J, additional, Scott, B, additional, Seidel, U, additional, Serra, F, additional, Silva, A, additional, Soldner, F X, additional, Speth, E, additional, Stabler, A, additional, Steuer, K -H, additional, Streibl, B, additional, Suttrop, W, additional, Treutterer, W, additional, Troppmann, M, additional, Tsois, N, additional, Ulrich, M, additional, Varela, P, additional, Venus, G, additional, Vernickel, H, additional, Vollmer, O, additional, Wedler, H, additional, Weinlich, M, additional, Wenzel, U, additional, Wesner, F, additional, Wilhelm, R, additional, Wunderlich, R, additional, Zasche, D, additional, and Zehrfeld, H -P, additional

Published
1993
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36. Density limit investigations on ASDEX

Author

Stabler, A, primary, McCormick, K, additional, Mertens, V, additional, Muller, E.R, additional, Neuhauser, J, additional, Niedermeyer, H, additional, Steuer, K.-H, additional, Zohm, H, additional, Dollinger, F, additional, Eberhagen, A, additional, Fussmann, G, additional, Gehre, O, additional, Gernhardt, J, additional, Hartinger, T, additional, Hofmann, J.V, additional, Kakoulidis, E, additional, Kaufmann, M, additional, Kyriakakis, G, additional, Lang, R.S, additional, Murmann, H.D, additional, Poschenrieder, W, additional, Ryter, F, additional, Sandmann, W, additional, Schneider, U, additional, Siller, G, additional, Soldner, F.X, additional, Tsois, N, additional, Vollmer, O, additional, and Wagner, F, additional

Published
1992
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39. Physics of enhanced confinement with peaked and broad density profiles

Author

Mertens, V, primary, Bessenrodt-Weberpals, M, additional, Dodel, G, additional, Gehre, O, additional, Giannone, O, additional, Gruber, O, additional, Holzhauer, E, additional, Kallenbach, A, additional, Ryter, F, additional, Soldner, F X, additional, Stroth, U, additional, Wagner, F, additional, Aratari, R, additional, Becker, G, additional, Bosch, H S, additional, Buchse, R, additional, Carlson, A, additional, Chu, C C, additional, Eberhagen, A, additional, Endler, M, additional, Engelhardt, W, additional, Fahrbach, H U, additional, Fussmann, G, additional, Gentle, K W, additional, Gernhardt, J, additional, Herrmann, W, additional, Hofmann, J V, additional, Kardaun, O, additional, Karger, F, additional, Kaufmann, M, additional, Kluber, O, additional, Kornherr, M, additional, Krieger, K, additional, Kurzan, B, additional, Lackner, K, additional, Lang, R, additional, Loch, R, additional, Manso, M E, additional, Mayer, H M, additional, McCormick, K, additional, Meisel, D, additional, Muller, E R, additional, Murmann, H, additional, Neuhauser, J, additional, Niedermeyer, H, additional, Poschenrieder, W, additional, Rohr, H, additional, Rudyj, A, additional, Ruhs, N, additional, Sandmann, W, additional, Schneider, F, additional, Schneider, U, additional, Serra, F, additional, Siller, G, additional, Simmet, E, additional, Stabler, A, additional, Steuer, K H, additional, Vollmer, O, additional, Wira, K, additional, and Zohm, H, additional

Published
1990
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45. Experimental evidence for neoclassical ion transport effects in the H-transition of ASDEX

Author

Wagner, F., Bartiromo, R., Becker, G., Bosch, H.S., Eberhagen, A., Fussmann, G., Gehre, O., Gernhardt, J., Gierke, G.V., Clock, E., Gruber, O., Haas, G., Janeschitz, G., Karger, F., Keilhacker, M., Kislyakov, A., Klüber, O., Kornherr, M., Kotzé, P.B., Lackner, K., Lenoci, M., Lisitano, G., Mahdavi, A., Mayer, H.-M., McCormick, K., Meisel, D., Mertens, V., Müller, E.R., Murmann, H., Niedermeyer, H., Poschenrieder, W., Rapp, H., Ryter, F., Roth, J., Schneider, F., Siller, G., Smeulders, P., Söldner, F., Speth, E., Steinmetz, K., Steuer, K.-H., and Vollmer, O.

Abstract

The H-mode develops in conditions of low and controlled recycling. The electron and ion collisionality parameters at the plasma periphery are close to, but above, one in the L-phase and drop below one in the H-phase. The realization of the H-phase is easier in the single-null than in the double-null configuration which has higher power and density thresholds. The increased H-mode accessibility of the single-null configuration requires the ion grad B-drift direction to be towards the stagnation point. The experimental observations are in agreement with a recent theory of the H-transition by Hinton.

Published
1985
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46. Confinement and stability in ASDEX discharges close to the beta limit

Author

Becker, G., Gierke, G.V., Keilhacker, M., Bernhardi, K., Ditte, U., Eberhagen, A., Fussmann, G., Gehre, O., Gernhardt, J., Glock, E., Gruber, O., Haas, G., Hesse, M., Janeschitz, G., Karger, F., Kerner, W., Klober, O., Kornherr, M., Lackner, K., Lisitano, G., Mayer, H.M., Mccormick, K., Meisel, D., Mertens, V., Moller, E.R., Murmann, H., Niedermeyer, H., Poschenrieder, W., Rapp, H., Ryter, F., Schneider, F., Siller, G., Smeulders, P., Söldner, F., Speth, E., Steuer, K.-H., and Vollmer, O.

Abstract

The highest ?-values derived from diamagnetic flux measurements in H-discharges are found to be close to the ?-limit due to kink and ideal ballooning modes. Both energy and particle confinement are degraded in these discharges and do not recover during the injection period. The energy confinement time decreases by a typical factor of two, the electron thermal diffusivity being correspondingly enhanced. Electron heat conduction is again found to be the dominant energy loss channel. The degradation of confinement close to the ideal-MHD limit suggests that kink and ballooning instabilities occur and are responsible for the enhanced transport. This conclusion is supported by the correlation with the pressure profile and by the result that global and local transport do not change in a reference discharge which is stable against ideal-MHD modes.

Published
1985
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47. Heating and confinement in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies on the divertor tokamak ASDEX

Author

Steinmetz, K., Niedermeyer, H., Noterdaeme, J.-M., Wagner, F., Wesner, F., Bäumler, J., Becker, G., Becker, W., Bosch, H.S., Brambilla, M., Braun, F., Bracken, H., Dodel, G., Eberhagen, A., Fritsch, R., Fussmann, G., Gehre, O., Gernhardt, J., von Gierke, G., Glock, E., Gruber, O., Haas, G., Hofmann, J., Hofmeister, F., Holzhauer, E., Izvozchikov, A.B., Janeschitz, G., Karger, F., Keilhacker, M., Kislyakov, A., Klüber, O., Kornherr, M., Kotze, P.B., Lackner, K., Lisitano, G., Van Mark, E., Mast, K.F., Mayer, H.-M., McCormick, K., Meisel, D., Mertens, V., Müller, E.R., Murmann, H.D., Neuhauser, J., Pietrzyk, Z.A., Poschenrieder, W., Puri, S., Rapp, H., Roth, J., Rudyj, A., Ryter, F., Schneider, F., Setzensack, C., Siller, G., Smeulders, P., Söll, M., Speth, E., Söldner, F.X., Stäbler, A., Steuer, K.-H., Vollmer, O., Wedler, H., and Zasche, D.

Abstract

The paper summarizes the experiments performed with ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) on ASDEX, from November 1984 until March 1986; the most interesting results are reported and discussed in detail. Heating and confinement studies using the hydrogen second harmonic scheme and the hydrogen minority scheme (PIC< 2.6 MW, tIC< 1.5 s) show a typical L-mode behaviour, i.e. a power dependent confinement degradation, which is rather similar to that found with neutral beam injection (NBI) heating. ICRH is accompanied by a slightly improved particle and energy confinement compared with that of NBI; this is also true for a combined ICRH + NBI scheme, up to Ptot? 4.5 MW, absorbed in the plasma. Particular efforts have been devoted to investigations of the second harmonic regime in H/D plasmas with nH/ne? 0.1 - 1, with a view to heating mixtures in reactor relevant plasmas. The achievement of H-mode transitions with ICRH alone in the hydrogen minority scheme at an absorbed RF power of about 1.1 MW supports the assumption of common confinement properties in auxiliary heated tokamaks, since they appear to be widely independent of the additional heating method. ICRH specific impurity problems, such as the strong release of iron from the vessel walls, have been overcome by applying extensive in situ wall carbonization. The mechanisms responsible for impurity generation have partly been identified and analysed; however, the problem still remains to be solved. Impurities preferentially released from the ICRH antenna do not pose problems.

Published
1989
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48. Retention of gaseous and target produced impurities in the ASDEX divertor chamber

Author

Janeschitz, G., Fussmann, G., Kotzé, P.B., Mahdavi, A., Roth, J., Taglauer, E., Bartiromo, R., Becker, G., Bosch, H.S., Eberhagen, A., Gehre, O., Gernhardt, J., Von Gierke, G., Glock, E., Gruber, O., Haas, C., Karger, F., Keilhacker, M., Kislyakov, A., Klüber, O., Kornherr, M., Lenoci, M., Lisitano, G., Mayer, H.-M., McCormick, K., Meisel, D., Mertens, V., Müller, E.R., Murmann, H., Niedermeyer, H., Poschenrieder, W., Rapp, H., Ryter, F., Schneider, F., Siller, G., Smeulders, P., Söldner, F.X., Speth, E., Steinmetz, K., Steuer, K.-H., Vollmer, O., Wagner, F., and Wesner, F.

Abstract

This letter reports on two experiments undertaken to evaluate the retention of gaseous and target produced impurities in the ASDEX divertor. The retention for gaseous impurities was determined by puffing Ar into the main chamber and simulating the time behaviour of the Ar XVI line intensity with a time dependent impurity transport code including a simple divertor model. During Ohmic heating a factor of 3 and 4.5 enhancement of impurity retention if found relative to the vacuum time constant (90 ms) of the divertor chamber, for ne= 2 × 1013cm?3and ne= 3.5 × 1013cm?3, respectively, while a drastic breakdown of the retention occurs during high power NI heating. - To deduce the retention of impurities generated at the divertor plates, a segment (3.5%) of the plates was covered with copper, a metal previously not used in ASDEX. By measuring the Cu influx at the target plates and the line intensity of the Cu XX line (11.38 Å) in the core plasma and by using the transport code, it is found that during NI heating (ne? 2 × 1013cm?3) Cu atoms originating from the target plates have a ? 3.5 times higher probability to penetrate into the core plasma than if they had when originating from the main chamber walls.

Published
1986
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49. Experimental study of non-thermal electron generation by lower hybrid waves in the ASDEX tokamak

Author

Bartiromo, R., Hesse, M., Söldner, F.X., Burhenn, R., Fussmann, G., Leuterer, F., Murmann, H., Eckhartt, D., Eberhagen, A., Giuliana, A., Becker, G., Bosch, H.S., Brambilla, M., Brocken, H., Derfler, H., Gehre, O., Gernhardt, J., von Gierke, G., Glock, E., Gruber, O., Haas, G., Janeschitz, G., Karger, F., Keilhacker, M., Klüber, O., Kornherr, M., Kotzé, P.B., Lenoci, M., Lisitano, G., Mayer, H.M., McCormick, K., Meisel, D., Mertens, V., Müller, E.R., Münich, M., Niedermeyer, H., Poschenrieder, W., Rapp, H., Röhr, H., Ruhs, N., Ryter, F., Schmitter, K.H., Schneider, F., Siller, G., Smeulders, P., Steuer, K.-H., Vien, T., Vlases, G., Wagner, F., von Woyna, F., and Zouhar, M.

Abstract

High resolution X-ray spectroscopy was used to evaluate the fractional population of non-thermal electrons generated when electromagnetic waves in the lower hybrid frequency range are launched in the ASDEX tokamak. In complete current drive discharges a typical value of 1% is found for this parameter, in agreement with a theoretical estimate. Furthermore, it is shown that the toroidal electric field is very effective in enhancing tail electron generation, as confimed by ? measurements, and that the wave penetration to the plasma centre is inhibited when interaction of the waves with plasma ions is the dominant damping mechanism.

Published
1986
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50. Observation of clusters in a sputtering ion source

Author

Herzog, R. F. K., Poschenrieder, W. P., and Satkiewicz, F. G.

Abstract

This paper reports previously unpublished results which were obtained in 1966. We systematically investigated the dependence of cluster ion intensities on the bombarding gases He+, Ar+ and Xe+ (energies: 4 to 12 keV, current densities: 100 mA/cm2). Frequently, the observed structures in the relative cluster intensities were quite puzzling, e.g. for A1 and Si. Attempts to correlate these structures to crystal configurations failed, nor did any pattern develop from simple valency considerations alone. Initial ion energy distribution measurements from 0 to 1200 eV showed significant differences for atomic ions and cluster ions. This effect is used to reduce interference problems caused by cluster ion peaks in SIMS applied to trace analysis of solids. The results are discussed and compared with those of other investigators, also including cluster formation by vaporization and sparking. Extending known theoretical considerations may possibly afford a general understanding of the intensity structure. The formation and ejection mechanisms of clusters, however, remain unknown. Thermal effects to explain the latter are definitely discounted by the magnitude of the observed initial cluster energy (> 10 eV). Also discussed are two phenomena which demonstrate the presence of the bombarding gas in the surface.

Published
1973
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