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Using secondary data collected as part of a national survey of nonprofit organizations, this research examines compensation outcomes of 704 nonprofit Chief Executives (CEO), integrating and social and performative aspects of governing/governance to explain compensation (in)equity. Theorizing governance as a socially complex and functionally consequential arena, we examine the impact of social categorization and identity fit between CEO Ethno-Racial Demography and Board Ethno-Racial Variety prior to overlaying the influence of three forms of governance activity: Fiduciary Oversight, Internal Awareness, and External Engagement. We employ serial multiple mediation regression analysis to test direct and indirect effects of demographic diversity and governance activity for nonprofit CEO compensation outcomes. We found compensation of ethno-racialized CEOs is higher when their organizations have diverse boards. Therefore, boards of directors must be cognizant of board composition, the potential for subjectivity and bias, and the impact these factors can have on CEO compensation and compensation equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In August 2008, Beijing hosted the Summer Games of the XXIX Olympiad. On the fifteenth anniversary of that event, this article takes a multi-dimensional approach to analyzing the impact that the Games had on the neighborhoods surrounding the venues ("micro" effects), the city and country ("macro" effects), and China's international standing ("global" effects). The study is unique in including several years of direct observations made by one of the authors during the bid announcement period, the preparation period, and both the Games and post-Games periods. The study integrates the observational data with a review of relevant academic literature, an evaluation of Beijing's sustainability efforts, an assessment of domestic and international economic data, and an examination of the change in China's national power ranking to provide a holistic view of the Games' tangible and intangible legacies. The study compares data from a baseline period prior to the International Olympic Committee's 2001 announcement that Beijing would host the Games with data from the year following the announcement through 2015. The study finds that the Beijing Games accelerated urban renewal and sustainability efforts, strengthened national pride, and enhanced the country's global economic position and political influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past research suggests that task conflict may improve team performance under certain conditions; however, we know little about these specific conditions. On the basis of prior theory and research on conflict in teams, we argue that a climate of psychological safety is one specific context under which task conflict will improve team performance. Using evidence from 117 project teams, the present research found that psychological safety climate moderates the relationship between task conflict and performance. Specifically, task conflict and team performance were positively associated under conditions of high psychological safety. The results support the conclusion that psychological safety facilitates the performance benefits of task conflict in teams. Theoretical implications and suggestions for future research are discussed. (Contains 2 tables and 1 figure.)

A series of novel techniques, adapted from the field of tumor biology, were developed to quantify vascular structure and function and to explore the role of ANG II receptor AT1 in cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). We examined the scar neovasculature at 1-4 wk post-MI in Sprague-Dawley rats with a view toward its ability to deliver and exchange oxygen. CD31 and DiO[C.sub.7](3) staining was used to visualize anatomical vessels vs. those perfused. EF5/Cy3 immunohistochemical staining was used to quantify tissue hypoxia. We compared untreated controls with rats treated with losartan, an AT1 receptor antagonist. Our findings indicated that, at the infarct site, there was not only a 42-75% (1-4 wk post-MI) decrease in the number of anatomical vessels compared with controls but also a decrease in the fraction of perfused vessels from 70% in normal coronary vasculature to 48% at the infarct site. These changes were accompanied by progressive increases in diffusion distance and tissue hypoxia (100% increase in EF5/Cy3 staining at 4 wk post-MI). Losartan-treated rats exhibited a significantly less marked reduction in vascular perfusion and a significantly lesser extent of tissue hypoxia. Over the course of 4 wk post-MI, there is a reduction in coronary vasculature at the infarct site, the extent of which is attenuated by losartan. These findings implicate AT1 receptor upregulation, and perhaps angiotensin-related peptides, as being antiangiogenic. hypoxic marker; perfusion; myocardial infarction; microcirculation

Chronic inappropriate (relative to dietary [Na.sup.+] intake) elevations in circulating aldosterone (ALDO), termed aldosteronism, are associated with remodellng of intramural arteries of the right and left heart. Lesions appear at week 4 of treatment with ALDO and 1% dietary NaCl in uninephrectomized rats (ALDOST) and include invading monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes with intracellular evidence of oxidative and nitrosative stress, myofibroblasts, and perivascular fibrosis. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that an immunostimulatory state with activated circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) precedes this proinflammatory and profibrogenic cardiac phenotype and is initiated by reduction in the cytosolic free [Mg.sup.2+] concentration ([[[Mg.sup.2+]].sub.i]). At 1 and 4 wk of ALDOST (preclinical and clinical stages, respective]y), we monitored serum [Mg.sup.2+], PBMC [[[Mg.sup.2+]].sub.1] and cytosolic free [[Ca.sup.2+]] (via fluorimetry), and expressed genes (via microchip array) as well as markers of oxidative and nitrosative stress in plasma [[[alpha].sub.1]-antiproteinase activity ([[alpha].sub.1]-AP)] and cardiac tissue (immunohistochemical detection of [gp91.sup.phox] subunit of NADPH oxidase and 3-nitrotyrosine). Age- and gender-matched unoperated and untreated (UO) rats and uninephrectomized salt-treated (UN) rats served as controls. Serum [[Mg.sup.2+]] was unchanged by ALDOST. In contrast with UO and UN, [[[Mg.sup.2+]].sub.i] and plasma [[alpha].sub.1]-AP were each reduced (P < 0.05) at weeks 1 and 4. The decline in PBMC [[[Mg.sup.2+]].sub.i] was accompanied by [Ca.sup.2+] loading. Differential (twofold and higher) expression (up- and downregulation) in PBMC transcriptomes was present at week 1 and progressed at week 4. Involved were genes for the [[alpha].sub.1]- isoform of [Na.sup.+]-[K.sup.+]-ATPase, the ATP-dependent [Ca.sup.2+] pump, antioxidant reserves, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and PBMC activation with autoimmune responses. Expression of 3-nitrotyrosine and activation of [gp91.sup.phoo] were seen in inflammatory cells that invaded intramural arteries. Thus early in aldosteronism (preclinical stage), an immunostimulatory state featuring activated circulating PBMCs with reduced ionized [[[Mg.sup.2+]].sub.i] and oxidative and nitrosative stress precedes and may even predispose to coronary vascular lesions that first appear at week 4. peripheral blood mononuclear cells; ionized magnesium; oxidative and nitrosative stress; transcriptome; pathology