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• Bamboo-like B-MnO 2 ⋅Co 3 O 4 (S) is prepared via the repeated hydrothermal route. • The B-MnO 2 ⋅Co 3 O 4 (S) catalyst exhibits an outstanding toluene oxidation activity (T 50% = 276 °C). • Co3+ and Mn3+ species are the active sites for toluene oxidation. • B-MnO 2 ⋅Co 3 O 4 (S) shows good H 2 O, CO 2 , and SO 2 resistance in toluene oxidation. The manganese-cobalt mixed oxide nanorods were fabricated using a hydrothermal method with different metal precursors (KMnO 4 and MnSO 4 ·H 2 O for MnO x and Co(NO 3) 2 ⋅6H 2 O and CoCl 2 ⋅6H 2 O for Co 3 O 4). Bamboo-like MnO 2 ⋅Co 3 O 4 (B-MnO 2 ⋅Co 3 O 4 (S)) was derived from repeated hydrothermal treatments with Co 3 O 4 @MnO 2 and MnSO 4 ⋅H 2 O, whereas Co 3 O 4 @MnO 2 nanorods were derived from hydrothermal treatment with Co 3 O 4 nanorods and KMnO 4. The study shows that manganese oxide was tetragonal, while the cobalt oxide was found to be cubic in the crystalline arrangement. Mn surface ions were present in multiple oxidation states (e.g., Mn4+ and Mn3+) and surface oxygen deficiencies. The content of adsorbed oxygen species and reducibility at low temperature declined in the sequence of B-MnO 2 ⋅Co 3 O 4 (S) > Co 3 O 4 @MnO 2 > MnO 2 > Co 3 O 4 , matching the changing trend in activity. Among all the samples, B-MnO 2 ⋅Co 3 O 4 (S) showed the preeminent catalytic performance for the oxidation of toluene (T 10% = 187°C, T 50% = 276°C, and T 90% = 339°C). In addition, the B-MnO 2 ⋅Co 3 O 4 (S) sample also exhibited good H 2 O-, CO 2 -, and SO 2 -resistant performance. The good catalytic performance of B-MnO 2 ⋅Co 3 O 4 (S) is due to the high concentration of adsorbed oxygen species and good reducibility at low temperature. Toluene oxidation over B-MnO 2 ⋅Co 3 O 4 (S) proceeds through the adsorption of O 2 and toluene to form O*, OH*, and H 2 C(C 6 H 5)* species, which then react to produce benzyl alcohol, benzoic acid, and benzaldehyde, ultimately converting to CO 2 and H 2 O. The findings suggest that B-MnO 2 ⋅Co 3 O 4 (S) has promising potential for use as an effective catalyst in practical applications. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanosized Cu–Mn composite oxide catalysts were prepared from potassium permanganate, copper nitrate, n-butanol, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as a manganese source, copper source, reducing agent, and surfactant, respectively. The Cu 0. 2 –Mn sample possessed a small particle size (10–40 nm) and a relatively high specific surface area (4 6. 2 4 m 2 ⋅ g − 1 ); its main components were Cu 1. 5 Mn 1. 5 O4 and Mn3O4. As a consequence, the Cu 0. 2 –Mn catalyst exhibited good catalytic activity in the oxidation of toluene. At a toluene concentration of 1000 ppm and a space velocity of 6 0 , 0 0 0 mL ⋅ g − 1 ⋅ h − 1 , the T 5 0 and T 9 0 of the Cu 0. 2 –Mn catalyst toward toluene were 239 ∘ C and 250 ∘ C, respectively. Furthermore, even after 30 h of operation at 275 ∘ C, the conversion of toluene was 99% (at the space velocity of 6 0 , 0 0 0 mL ⋅ g − 1 ⋅ h − 1 ). An efficient method to fabricate nanosized copper manganese composite catalysts had been developed utilizing CTAB as soft templates. Moreover, characterizations of the Cu0.2-Mn catalysts had demonstrated that Cu0.2-Mn catalysts possessed a relatively high specific surface area, numerous nanoparticles of crystalline Mn3O4 and Cu1.5Mn1.5O4, high concentrations of surface lattice oxygen and a good reduction capacity. Such unique features had enhanced significantly the catalytic performance and catalytic stability of Cu0.2-Mn for toluene oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saprolegniasis is one of the most dangerous fungal diseases of fish, causing significant mortality in fish hatcheries and young ones. The present study aimed to isolate and characterize the causative fungus from fingerlings of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus cultured intensively in freshwater cages in Indian reservoirs and to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations of different antifungal compounds against the fungal hyphae and zoospores. The fungal isolates grown on potato dextrose agar showed an abundance of gemmae, elongated mycelia, non-septate hyphae, primary zoospores, mature zoosporangia with numerous zoospores, cysts with bundles of long hairs and were further identified as Saprolegnia parasitica following PCR amplification and sequencing of internal transcribed spacer region. S. parasitica showed temperature-sensitive optimum growth in a narrow window of 12–24 ℃, which might drive its experimental pathogenesis as well as natural infections in the winter months. In vitro sensitivity testing established negligible inhibitory activity of fluconazole, boric acid, sodium thiosulfate, and potassium permanganate while clotrimazole arrested the spore and hyphal growths at 2 mgL-1 concentration suggesting potential of the imidazole antifungal in treating S. parasitica infection in fish. The present study will serve as the baseline information for developing therapeutic and management strategies for controlling saprolegniasis in the economically significant iridescent catfish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted to determine the connections between dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), permanganate index (CODMn), five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-H) across five reservoirs of Yunmeng County, China, from January to November 2022. Each month, water samples were collected and subjected to analysis using standard methods. The samples were collected and analyzed using standard methods: dissolved oxygen was determined using the electrochemical probe method, COD was measured via the rapid digestion spectrophotometric method, CODMn was detected using the potassium permanganate oxidation method, BOD5 was determined using the dilution and inoculation method, and NH3-N was measured by using the Nessler reagent spectrophotometry method. The results confirmed strong positive correlations between COD and CODMn, with different intensities from reservoir to reservoir. More specific and demanding COD parameters were used to estimate the level of oxygen consumption; hence, a more variable correlation strength was observed between BOD5 and the other two parameters. Thus, BOD5 was found to be the main indicator of biodegradable organic matter and bacterial oxygen consumption. However, the results were negative, showing a decreasing trend. This means that the oxygen content was lower in the majority of reservoirs, which is attributed to the decomposition of ammonia nitrogen and the presence of organic matter. These findings significantly contribute to the development of appropriate programs for efficient water quality monitoring and the development of reservoir-specific management strategies. This study suggests that there is a need for continuous monitoring of these parameters, together with the extension of the program to additional reservoirs and water quality indicators, along with the use of advanced modeling techniques to clarify the underlying factors that connect water quality parameters in these complex reservoir ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces an innovative Grade 1 paper-based microfluidic device designed for the rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective detection of methanol in alcoholic beverages. The device integrates chemical reagents and sample fluid on a single paper strip, facilitating a straightforward and portable testing mechanism. The detection of methanol is achieved through a colorimetric reaction involving potassium permanganate, sulfuric acid, sodium bisulfite, and chromotropic acid. Upon interaction with methanol, the reagent mixture produces a distinct color change to purple, which can be visually assessed or quantified. The device works well with small sample volumes (usually less than 50 μl), making it ideal for field applications with minimal resources. The experimental validation confirmed that the device can detect methanol concentrations ranging from 5% (v/v) to 30% (v/v). This range of detection encompasses the critical concentrations found in contaminated alcoholic beverages responsible for methanol poisoning. In addition, numerical simulations were conducted at various time intervals for methanol concentrations, leading to the development of a colorimetric index specifically for measuring alcohol concentration ranging from 5% to 30% (v/v). Furthermore, experiments on both branded and locally made alcoholic beverages validated the accuracy of our developed colorimetric index. This paper-based technology provides various benefits compared to conventional methods, such as lower expenses, simplicity of operation, and the possibility of large-scale manufacturing and distribution in areas with limited resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tung oil pressing generates a substantial amount of tung cake waste rich in protein, which can be used to develop a novel wood protein adhesive. This study determined the optimal alkali treatment parameters based on NaOH concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction time. Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and methyl trimethoxy silane (MTMS) were then sequentially added for cross-linking modification to achieve the optimal preparation process for the tung cake protein adhesive. Bonding strength was tested on pressed boards, and various characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TG/TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), were used. The results indicated the following: (1) Optimal preparation conditions: The best preparation process for the adhesive involved 30% NaOH at 50 °C for 50 min, with the addition of 12% KMnO4 and 6% MTMS, meeting Class II plywood standards. (2) XRD and FTIR analyses revealed that carbohydrates in the tung cake oxidized and reacted with protein amino groups. The active groups in the protein cross-linked with MTMS, forming a spatial network structure, reducing hydrophilic groups, and enhancing water resistance. (3) TG/TGA and DSC showed that the thermal stability of the modified adhesive improved, thermogravimetric loss was reduced, and curing performance was enhanced. (4) SEM verified the adhesive's reaction mechanism, demonstrating that MTMS filled the protein structure unfolded by KMnO4, forming a three-dimensional network and improving bonding strength. This study successfully developed a new, formaldehyde-free, environmentally friendly tung cake protein adhesive with excellent performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Inorganic Chemicals Industry is the property of Editorial Office of Inorganic Chemicals Industry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanoparticles are increasingly recognized for their potential in biomedical applications, particularly in the realm of hypoxic cancer therapy, due to their unique physicochemical characteristics. This investigation introduces a novel, template‐free synthesis strategy. The reducing groups inherent in bovine serum albumin (BSA) facilitate a redox reaction with potassium permanganate (KMnO4), while the abundance of functional groups in BSA is instrumental in the formation of MnO2. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis has characterized the synthesized MnO2 nanoparticles, termed BM NPs, as spherical particles with a mean diameter of 210 nm and zeta potential of −40.1 mV measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectrum of BM NPs exhibits the characteristic peak of MnO2 at 1113 cm−1 and 620 cm−1. Furthermore, the elemental composition of BM NPs has been ascertained through energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) elemental mapping analysis. Though concentration of BM NPs up to 200 μg/mL, the survival rate of 4T1 cells remained approximately 75 %. Given that BM NPs at a concentration of 100 μg/mL significantly alleviate cellular hypoxia, the high oxygen‐generating capacity of these nanoparticles is proved, suggesting their suitability as a drug delivery system, especially in the context of hypoxic tumor microenvironments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of South China Fisheries Science is the property of South China Fisheries Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The advent of precision medicine in oncology emphasizes the urgent need for innovative therapeutic strategies that effectively integrate diagnosis and treatment while minimizing invasiveness. Manganese oxide nanomaterials (MONs) have emerged as a promising class of nanocarriers in biomedicine, particularly for targeted drug delivery and the therapeutic management of tumors. These nanomaterials are characterized by exceptional responsiveness to the tumor microenvironment (TME), high catalytic efficiency, favorable biodegradability, and advanced capabilities in magnetic resonance imaging. These attributes significantly enhance drug delivery, facilitate real-time bioimaging, and enable early tumor detection, thereby improving the precision and effectiveness of cancer therapies. This review highlights the significant advancements in the synthesis and therapeutic applications of MONs, beginning with a comprehensive overview of key synthetic methods, including thermal decomposition, potassium permanganate reduction, exfoliation, adsorption–oxidation, and hydro/solvothermal techniques. We delve into the preparation of MONs and H–MnO₂-based nanomaterials, emphasizing their chemical properties, surface modifications, and toxicity profiles, which are critical for their clinical application. Moreover, we discuss the notable applications of H–MnO₂-based nanomaterials in pH-responsive drug release, overcoming multidrug resistance (MDR), immunotherapy, and the development of nanovaccines for synergistic cancer treatments. By addressing the current challenges in the clinical translation of MONs, we propose future research directions for overcoming these obstacles. By underscoring the potential of MONs to transform cancer treatment paradigms, this review aims to inspire further investigations into their multifunctional applications in oncology, thus ultimately contributing to more effective and personalized therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene oxide (GO) is a single layer of carbon atoms obtained from the oxidation of graphite by the modified Hummers' method. Sulfuric acid acts as an intercalating agent and allows potassium permanganate to enter the layers to oxidize each layer of graphite to form GO. The resultant GO is highly hydrophilic and less conductive in nature. We further reduced it using a combination of thermal and chemical methods. Thermally reduced GO has been produced by thermal treatment of GO, and chemically reduced GO was obtained by two different reducing agents, such as l‐ascorbic acid and sodium borohydride. The degree of oxidation and the purity of the RGO were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FTIR analysis of GO revealed distinct absorption peaks of oxygen‐based functional groups that show a higher degree of oxidation of the carbon structure. Upon reduction, the FTIR spectrum exhibits a partial or total removal of the same, which signifies the loss of oxygen and the partial restoration of the graphitic structure. The results emphasize that the carbon‐to‐oxygen ratio was higher in both reduction methods, but thermal reduction yielded a greater degree of deoxygenation than the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the electrocatalytic properties of Ir/β‐MnO2, with 4.2–5.6 atomic % (at %) iridium. The Ir/β‐MnO2 was synthesized by heating Ir/R‐MnO2—formed via a surfactant‐assisted (SA) method using KMnO4, IrCl3.H2O, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)—to 400 °C. The Ir/β‐MnO2 (SA) was nano‐sized based on scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). Using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), 5.6 at % Ir/β‐MnO2 (SA) exhibited an overpotential (η) ${\eta){\rm \ }}$ of 327±5 mV for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), at 10 mAcm-2 ${\hskip0.17em{{\rm c}{\rm m}}^{-2}}$ in 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte. At 10 mA cm-2 ${{{\rm c}{\rm m}}^{-2}}$ the Ir/β‐MnO2 (SA) catalyzed the OER for 72 h at an η ${\eta }$ of 534 mV. During this time there was a 12 % loss in Mn and 8 % loss in Ir from the structure. An IrO2 catalyst exhibited an initial η of 420±7 for the OER, but after 20 h of operation at 10 mA cm-2 ${{{\rm c}{\rm m}}^{-2}}$ there was a steep rise in potential (>550 mV) and 12 % loss in Ir. The enhanced activity and stability of Ir/β‐MnO2 (SA) is attributed to the incorporation of Ir into the MnO2 lattice during synthesis and the formation of nano‐sized particles using the SA method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the distribution of phytoplankton functional groups (PFGs) and key factors on their compositions in different watersheds of the Huanghe (Yellow) River basin, 25 river sites and 25 lake-reservoirs sites were selected. The contents of nephelometric turbidity (NTU), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) were significantly higher in rivers than that in lakes or reservoirs, whereas the pH and CODMn (chemical oxygen demand or potassium permanganate index) were lower. Results show that, 27 PFGs, namely, assemblages A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J, K, LM, Lo, M, MP, N, P, S1, S2, T, TC, W1, W2, X1, X2, X3, XPh, and Y, were identified. Additionally, ANOSIM correlation analysis demonstrated significant differences in PFG composition between the riverine and lake-reservoir sections in the Huanghe River basin. In the riverine watersheds, the group MP was dominant, while assemblages B and J were prevalent in lakes and reservoirs. The Mantel correlation tests and RDA analysis showed that environmental variables, such as NTU, water temperature (WT), conductivity (Cond), and TP, were key driving factors of shaping the dominant PFGs of the study area. Using the Venn diagram based on variation partitioning analysis, PFGs were mainly influenced by WT and TP in lake-reservoir sites, while in the river sites were affected mainly by geo-climatic variables. This study helps understanding the PFGs in river ecosystems, and unraveling the key driving factors in different watersheds, which shall be important for the protection and management of entire Huanghe River basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces an innovative strategy for the selective leaching of lithium from spent Li-ion batteries. Based on thermodynamic assessments and exploiting waste eggshells as a source of calcium carbonate, an impressive 38% of lithium was dissolved selectively through mechanical milling and water leaching, outperforming conventional thermochemical methods. Afterwards, a hydrogen peroxide-assisted sulfuric acid leaching was also implemented to solubilize targeted elements (Mn, Co, Ni, and Li), with an exceptional 99% efficiency in Mn removal from the leachate using potassium permanganate and a pH range of 1.5 to 3.5. Selective separations of Co and Ni were then facilitated utilizing CYANEX 272 and n-heptane. This comprehensive study presents a promising and sustainable avenue for the effective recovery of Li and associated co-elements from spent lithium batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Adaptation can reduce or completely eliminate the effectiveness of antibiotics and antiseptics at clinical concentrations. To our knowledge, no studies have examined fungal adaptation to antiseptics. This study aimed to preliminarily investigate the potential for Candida albicans adaptation to eight antiseptics. Methods: The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), drug susceptibility, adaptation to antiseptics, and Karpinski Adaptation Index (KAI) of C. albicans strains were assessed. Results: The antiseptics with the most effective MICs activity against C. albicans were octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT), chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), and polyhexamethylene biguanide (polyhexanide, PHMB). Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethacridine lactate (ET) demonstrated moderate activity, while boric acid (BA), povidone–iodine (PVI), and potassium permanganate (KMnO4) showed the weakest activity. The MIC values for NaOCl and KMnO4 were close to or equal to the clinical concentrations used in commercial products. The studied strains were susceptible to econazole, miconazole, and voriconazole. Resistance to other drugs occurred in 10–30% of the strains. Antifungal resistance remained unchanged after antiseptic adaptation testing. The lowest KAI values, indicating very low resistance risk, were observed for CHX, OCT, and PHMB. PVI and BA presented a low risk, ET a moderate risk. KMnO4 and NaOCl had the highest KAI values, indicating high and very high resistance risk in Candida yeasts. Conclusions: C. albicans strains can adapt to antiseptics to varying extents. For most antiseptics, adaptation does not significantly affect their clinical efficacy. However, due to adaptation, NaOCl and KMnO4 may become ineffective against C. albicans strains even at clinical concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to elucidate the suitability of formalin and KMnO4 as therapeutics for fish diseases in Indian major carp, Labeo rohita, while considering their impact on fish stress levels. Acute toxicity tests revealed that the 96-hour LC50 values for formalin and KMnO4 were 66.58 ppm and 2.89 ppm, respectively. Sub-lethal concentrations of formalin (6.65 ppm, 3.32 ppm, and 2.21 ppm) and KMnO4 (0.289 ppm, 0.145 ppm, and 0.096 ppm), along with control groups, were administered to the fish for different exposure periods (24, 48, 72, and 96 hours) and different hematological, biochemical, and immunological parameters were analyzed. The findings demonstrated that formalin exposure resulted in a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in hematological parameters, immunological parameters, and serum protein levels. Conversely, formalin exposure led to significant increases (p < 0.05) in serum glucose, SGOT, SGPT, and ALP levels. In contrast, KMnO4 exposure significantly decreased (p < 0.05) hematological parameters and serum protein levels, while significantly increasing (p < 0.05) immunological parameters. To evaluate curative efficacy, challenge studies were conducted using three sub-lethal concentrations of formalin and KMnO4 against Aeromonas hydrophila (ATCC 7966) infection. Based on the aforementioned results, the recommended doses of formalin and KMnO4 were found to be 6.65 ppm and 0.289 ppm, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and potassium ferrate (K2FeO4) were used as modifiers to modify molecular sieves, and the modification periods were 35 days (KMnO4) and 27 days (K2FeO4), respectively. About 1 mol/L NaOH was used to pretreat the molecular sieves during the modification process of K2FeO4, and the modification period was further shortened to 22 days. After modification, modified molecular sieve (MMS) could effectively and continuously remove ammonium (NH4+) and manganese ions (Mn2+) from water. The adsorption kinetics showed that the adsorption of NH4+ and Mn2+ by MMS conformed to the quasi-secondary kinetic model adsorption kinetic model, and the adsorption process was mainly chemisorption. During the modification process, SEM, EDS, BET and XPS were used to investigate the structural characteristics of MMS. In the modification mechanism of molecular sieve, lattice oxygen (referred to as Oα), Mn (II), and Mn (III) accelerated the oxidation of Mn2+ to Mn4+ and promoted the rapid formation of active manganese oxide, which played a key role in shortening the modification period of MMS. This study contributes to a better understanding of the preparation and performance of MMS through a comprehensive analysis of the optimized molecular sieve modification process and the exploration of the accelerated formation mechanism of active manganese oxide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reports a nontraditional modified Hummer's method to synthesize graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets by adjusting the oxidation process via a different-molarity potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solution instead of utilizing its powder. The effect of KMnO4 concentrations on the structural and morphological properties of GO nanosheets was studied. Oxidant solutions of 0.5 M, 1 M and 1.5 M were experimented to control the properties of the GO layers. Then, the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Raman and ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopes. Finally, oxidant concentration was optimized at 1 M by which thinner, high-quality crystalline GO layers and wider bandgap energy ( E g ) were obtained. It is thus confirmed that such a modification in the oxidation is a pioneering process to improve the GO properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The start-up of filters for NH 4 + and Mn2+ removal by catalytic oxidation was studied. • Different combinations of oxidants and reductants were introduced during the start-up period. • Comparison of catalytic oxidation activity of MnOx follows: Mn7+→MnO x ˃Mn7+→MnO x ←Mn2+ ˃ Mn2+→MnO x. • Potassium permanganate was more conducive to the formation of active species. A pilot-scale filtration system was adopted to prepare filter media with catalytic activity to remove manganese (Mn2+) and ammonium (NH 4 +-N). Three different combinations of oxidants (KMnO 4 and K 2 FeO 4) and reductants (MnSO 4 and FeCl 2) were used during the start-up period. Filter R3 started up by KMnO 4 and FeCl 2 (Mn7+→MnO x) exhibited excellent catalytic property, and the NH 4 +-N and Mn2+ removal efficiency reached over 80% on the 10th and 35th days, respectively. Filter R1 started up by K 2 FeO 4 and MnSO 4 (MnO x ←Mn2+) exhibited the worst catalytic property. Filter R2 started up by KMnO 4 and MnSO 4 (Mn7+→MnO x ←Mn2+) were in between. According to Zeta potential results, the Mn-based oxides (MnO x) formed by Mn7+→MnO x performed the highest pH IEP and pH PZC. The higher the pH IEP and pH PZC , the more unfavorable the cation adsorption. However, it was inconsistent with its excellent Mn2+ and NH 4 +-N removal abilities, implying that catalytic oxidation played a key role. Combined with XRD and XPS analysis, the results showed that the MnO x produced by the reduction of KMnO 4 showed early formation of buserite crystals, high degree of amorphous, high content of Mn3+ and lattice oxygen with the higher activity to form defects. The above results showed that MnO x produced by the reduction of KMnO 4 was more conducive to the formation of active species for catalytic oxidation of NH 4 +-N and Mn2+ removal. This study provides new insights on the formation mechanisms of the active MnO x that could catalytic oxidation of NH 4 +-N and Mn2+. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work synthesized MnO2 modified winter melon-derived biochar (MnO2@WBC) using potassium permanganate oxidation/hydrothermal method for uranium(VI) removal. The factors influencing uranium(VI) adsorption by MnO2@WBC, including pH, adsorbent dosage, time, temperature, and initial U(VI) concentration were explored. The material's performance was characterized, and the underlying mechanism of U(VI) removal was analyzed using various techniques. The characterization results indicated that the MnO2@WBC exhibited excellent dispersibility, suggesting that MnO2 effectively prevented WBC aggregation and enhanced the reactive surface area, and providing more active sites that can effectively promote the complexation and adsorption of U(VI). The process suggested a dominant role for chemical adsorption. The Freundlich isotherm model demonstrated a high degree of alignment with the observed adsorption behavior, indicating a predominantly multilayer adsorption process. Thermodynamic studies indicated that adsorption was a spontaneous endothermic process. The XPS analysis demonstrated that the adsorption process was primarily due to the formation of stable complexes with C–O, Mn–O–H and C=O. The results demonstrated that MnO2@WBC effectively removed U(VI), achieving a maximum adsorption capacity of 240.86 mg g−1 at a pH of 5.0. These findings provided a theoretical basis for the treatment of wastewater contaminated with U(VI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monolithic catalysts with excellent O 3 catalytic decomposition performance were prepared by in situ loading of Co-doped KMn 8 O 16 on the surface of nickel foam. The triple-layer structure with Co-doped KMn 8 O 16 /Ni 6 MnO 8 /Ni foam was grown spontaneously on the surface of nickel foam by tuning the molar ratio of KMnO 4 to Co(NO 3) 2 ·6H 2 O precursors. Importantly, the formed Ni 6 MnO 8 structure between KMn 8 O 16 and nickel foam during in situ synthesis process effectively protected nickel foam from further etching, which significantly enhanced the reaction stability of catalyst. The optimum amount of Co doping in KMn 8 O 16 was available when the molar ratio of Mn to Co species in the precursor solution was 2:1. And the Mn2Co1 catalyst had abundant oxygen vacancies and excellent hydrophobicity, thus creating outstanding O 3 decomposition activity. The O 3 conversion under dry conditions and relative humidity of 65%, 90% over a period of 5 hr was 100%, 94% and 80% with the space velocity of 28,000 hr−1, respectively. The in situ constructed Co-doped KMn 8 O 16 /Ni foam catalyst showed the advantages of low price and gradual applicability of the preparation process, which provided an opportunity for the design of monolithic catalyst for O 3 catalytic decomposition. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The integration of natural fibers into Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRPs) has emerged as a promising avenue for sustainable and high-performance composite materials. Natural fibers, derived from plants, offer notable advantages such as renewability, low cost, and environmental friendliness. Among these natural fibers, Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis (HRS) plant fibers have gained significant attention owing to their widespread availability and unique mechanical properties. In this study, HRS fibers were chemically treated using Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4), and Acetic Acid (CH3COOH) at different weight percentages (3, 4, 5 Wt.%) and solutionizing times (1, 2, 3 h) based on Taguchi’s L27 orthogonal array. The fibers, extracted from epidermis of the stems, underwent cleaning and chemical treatment after water retting. The crystallinity index, determined via X-ray Diffraction (XRD), indicated a maximum value of 65.77%. Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) exhibited a degradation temperature of 365.24 °C and a material loss of 63.11%. Potassium Permanganate treatment at 4 Wt.% and 3 h of solutionizing time has yielded the best results. Multi-Layer Perceptron Artificial Neural Network (MLP-ANN) has been successfully applied to accurately predict the output physical characteristics of chemically treated HRS fibers using experimental data. The results are in close alignment with the literature. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) analyses have provided valuable insights into the microstructure and constituents of the chemically treated HRS fibers. This research emphasises on the effectiveness of the chemical treatment process in enhancing the properties of HRS plant fibers for potential composite applications.

Hierarchical porous carbon derived from discarded biomass for energy storage materials has attracted increasing research attention due to its cost-effectiveness, ease of fabrication, environmental protection, and sustainability. Brewed tea leaves are rich in heteroatoms that are beneficial to capacitive energy storage behavior. Therefore, we synthesized high electrochemical performance carbon-based composites from Tie guan yin tea leaf waste using a facile procedure comprising hydrothermal, chemical activation, and calcination processes. In particular, potassium permanganate (KMnO4) was incorporated into the potassium hydroxide (KOH) activation agent; therefore, during the activation process, KOH continued to erode the biomass precursor, producing abundant pores, and KMnO4 synchronously underwent a redox reaction to form MnO nanoparticles and anchor on the porous carbon through chemical bonding. MnO nanoparticles provided additional pseudocapacitive charge storage capabilities through redox reactions. The results show that the amount of MnO produced is proportional to the amount of KMnO4 incorporated. However, the specific surface area of the composite material decreases with the incorporated amount of KMnO4 due to the accumulation and aggregation of MnO nanoparticles, thereby even blocking some micropores. Optimization of MnO nanocrystal loading can promote the crystallinity and graphitization degree of carbonaceous materials. The specimen prepared with a weight ratio of KMnO4 to hydrochar of 0.02 exhibited a high capacitance of 337 F/g, an increase of 70%, owing to the synergistic effect between the Tie guan yin tea leaf-derived activated carbon and MnO nanoparticles. With this facile preparation method and the resulting high electrochemical performance, the development of manganese oxide/carbon composites derived from tea leaf biomass is expected to become a promising candidate as an energy storage material for supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, natural asphalt was oxidized to synthesize a new nano-structure adsorbent for dye removal. The functionalization of natural asphalt by oxidation introduced new properties that influenced its activity. The process of oxidizing natural asphalt with potassium permanganate resulted in a low-cost adsorbent, which can potentially be a more affordable option compared with synthetic alternatives. Characterization analysis confirmed the enhanced surface area, improving dye interaction and adsorption. The interconnected channels and capillaries of the oxidized natural asphalt facilitated the capillary action drawing in liquids, including dyes. The distinctive porosity of natural asphalt oxide (NA-oxide) was noted, and the experimental results showed that the NA–oxide nanoadsorbent efficiently adsorbed cationic and anionic dyes in water, with maximum capacities of 14.68 mg.g−1, 17.81 mg.g−1 and 16.47 mg.g−1 for methyl orange, methylene blue and Rhodamine B, respectively. The study investigated various parameters, such as concentration, adsorption dose, pH, contact time, and temperature, affecting the dye removal process. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms along with pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order kinetic equations were applied to assess the adsorption process, indicating that dyes adhered to the pseudo-first-order model and Langmuir isotherm. Analysis of MO, MB, and RhB dyes revealed conformity to Langmuir isotherm and first-order kinetics. Thermodynamic evaluations like ΔH°, ΔS°, and ∆G° displayed the exothermic and spontaneous nature of dye adsorption on the NA-oxide adsorbent. Furthermore, the absorbent displayed remarkable stability with a recovery rate of 98.45% after ten cycles, signifying its potential for enduring effectiveness in dye removal processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A well-designed experiment allows students to better understand chemical principles through observable phenomena. This study investigates the reaction between potassium permanganate and potassium bromide under two different conditions: identical setups as found in standard textbooks and varying pH ranges. The results indicate that potassium bromide reduces potassium permanganate in two distinct steps in the pH range 1.95-0.98, with the reduction products being influenced by the pH of the solution. The critical pH for the spontaneous occurrence of the second step is 1.21, which is close to the theoretical value of 1.36. Based on these findings, two recommendations are provided to further refine the experimental design by verifying the impact of acidity on reaction rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The permanganate–H2SO4 redox reaction, useful in oxidative treatments under aqueous conditions, was studied spectrophotometrically in the absence and presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The decolorization reactions were influenced by the [MnO4−], [H2SO4], and temperature. Permanganate reduction follows first‐, and complex–order kinetics with permanganate, and H2SO4 concentrations, respectively. The reduction of permanganate (Mn(VII)) proceeds through a complex formation between MnO4− and H2SO4. The characteristic absorption peaks for MnO42− (λmax = 439 and 606 nm), MnO43− (λmax = 667 nm), and MnO2 (λmax = 400–418 nm) were not appeared during the redox reaction. The KMnO4 degradation efficiency remains unaffected with sodium pyrophosphate and sodium fluoride. The results of this study demonstrated the formation of Mn(II) as the stable product in acidic reaction media. The degradation efficiency increases drastically from 15 to 100% with 2.0 × 10−4 to 16.0 × 10−4 mol/L CTAB concentration under sub‐, and post‐micellar reaction conditions, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters (activation energy = 98.8 and 43.2 kJ/mol), activation of enthalpy (96.3, and 39.0 kJ/mol), activation of entropy (16.2 and −149.5 J/K/mol), free energy of activation (93.1 and 83.5 kJ/mol) were calculated without and with CTAB, respectively. Hence, CTAB can be exploited for its multifunctional applications, and specifically for the catalytic role in the permanganate‐assisted redox reactions in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of natural fibers into Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRPs) has emerged as a promising avenue for sustainable and high-performance composite materials. Natural fibers, derived from plants, offer notable advantages such as renewability, low cost, and environmental friendliness. Among these natural fibers, Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis (HRS) plant fibers have gained significant attention owing to their widespread availability and unique mechanical properties. In this study, HRS fibers were chemically treated using Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4), and Acetic Acid (CH3COOH) at different weight percentages (3, 4, 5 Wt.%) and solutionizing times (1, 2, 3 h) based on Taguchi's L27 orthogonal array. The fibers, extracted from epidermis of the stems, underwent cleaning and chemical treatment after water retting. The crystallinity index, determined via X-ray Diffraction (XRD), indicated a maximum value of 65.77%. Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) exhibited a degradation temperature of 365.24 °C and a material loss of 63.11%. Potassium Permanganate treatment at 4 Wt.% and 3 h of solutionizing time has yielded the best results. Multi-Layer Perceptron Artificial Neural Network (MLP-ANN) has been successfully applied to accurately predict the output physical characteristics of chemically treated HRS fibers using experimental data. The results are in close alignment with the literature. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) analyses have provided valuable insights into the microstructure and constituents of the chemically treated HRS fibers. This research emphasises on the effectiveness of the chemical treatment process in enhancing the properties of HRS plant fibers for potential composite applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a novel colorimetric screening method for identifying menaquinone-7 (MK-7) producing strains was established using potassium permanganate. To our knowledge, this method represents the first direct screening methodology for the identification of MK-7 producing strains. Utilizing this screening method, a new MK-7 producing strain, Bacillus subtilis GSA-184, was identified from the soil of the Tibetan Plateau. Under the optimized fermentation medium (50 g/L glycerol, 30 g/L yeast extract powder, 100 g/L soybean peptone, 1 g/L KH2PO4, and 1 g/L MnSO4), the production of MK-7 was increased to 25.7 mg/L. Additionally, the maximum production of MK-7 reached 36.46 mg/L after 48 h in a 5-L fermenter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University / Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacilik Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ankara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Industrial Minerals & Processing / Huagong Kuangwu yu Jiagong is the property of Industrial Minerals & Processing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The synthesis of triple metal oxide nanocomposites has revolutionized materials science due to their unique properties resulting from the interaction of multiple oxide components. This study aimed to synthesize mixed metal oxide nanocomposites using a co‐precipitation method with copper sulfate, silver nitrate, and potassium permanganate as precursor salts and sodium hydroxide as the precipitating agent. The resulting Ag−Cu−MnO triple metal composite was extensively characterized using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM‐EDS), and Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR). The composite exhibited effective bactericidal efficacy against various bacterial strains, including Enterobacter bugandensis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Moreover, the composite demonstrated notable photocatalytic activity, degrading 87.26 % of 50 ppm Eosin Yellow within 140 minutes under sunlight irradiation, as monitored by a UV‐vis spectrophotometer. This study highlights the dual functionality of the synthesized composite as both a photocatalyst and an antibacterial agent. These findings underscore its potential for diverse applications in environmental remediation and healthcare, marking a significant advancement in materials science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a redox reaction is employed to synthesize manganese oxide (Mn3O4) nanoparticles using potassium permanganate as a precursor in the presence of diethyl amine. The structural characterization reveals the formation of the tetragonal phase of Mn3O4 nanoparticles with a space group of I41/amd. A free‐standing Mn3O4‐based paper electrode is fabricated and its electrochemical performances are investigated. The electrode exhibits a maximum specific capacitance value of ~353 F g−1 and an areal capacitance of ~530 mF cm−2 at a current density of 0.2 A g−1. A symmetric supercapacitor‐based device is also designed using Mn3O4 nanoparticles as an active material in a gel electrolyte configuration. The Mn3O4 device achieves specific and areal capacity values of ~208 mAh g−1 and 260 mA cm−2, respectively, at a current density of 0.3 A g−1. The device delivers maximum energy and power density values of ~104 Wh kg−1 and ~220 W kg−1, respectively, with ~92 % specific capacity retention at 0.3 A g−1 after 5000 cycles. The above results suggest that the Mn3O4‐based device has the potential for energy storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

α‐costic acid, the main component of Dittrichia viscosa collected from Morocco, was converted to its derivative γ‐costic acid, both products were the subject of a transformation to obtain new oxygenated derivatives (vicinal diols). The starting material, α‐costic acid was converted to methyl‐α and γ‐costate. The two esters were transformed to vicinal diols employing two reagents I2/t‐BuOOH and diluated KMnO4. The first one was the regioselectivity activation of carbon‐carbon double bond using iodine, creating an iodonium intermediate which react with t‐BuOOH to give corresponding diol and the second one was the exploitation of KMnO4 as an effective and environmentally friendly oxidant. These simple and effective oxidants led us to two natural vicinal diols α and γ esters costic with a good yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activated carbon preparation from sugarcane leaves and rice straw by carbonization (250°C–400°C) and activation at 500°C were studied. The effects of pre-oxidation, hydrolysis of derived charcoals by boiled KMnO4aqueous solution were evaluated. The derived charcoals products were pretreated using oxidation-hydrolysis with 1–5 wt.% KMnO4at 100°C and then activated at 500°C. The derived charcoal and activated carbon products were characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDS and BET. Iodine number and methylene blue number of derived products were also used for the analysis of the products. It was found that fabricated charcoal materials made at 350°C–400°C possess good characteristics with low content of surface functional groups and high carbon content. After pre-oxidation-hydrolysis and activation at 500°C, the resulting derived activated carbon materials from charcoals with 400°C carbonization temperature have high content of oxygen containing surface functional groups such as Mn-O, Si-O, Si-O-Si, C-O, or O-H. In addition, MnO2accumulated on the surface of the derived activated carbon products. The surface area and pore volume of the activated carbon products have also increased with increasing of KMnO4concentration from 1 to 3 wt.% and then decreased with 5 wt.% used during activation. Therefore, activated carbon products made by pre-oxidation-hydrolysis with 3 wt.% KMnO4were used for Fe(III) adsorption experiments. It was found that Fe(III) adsorption on the activated carbon materials can be fitted with both the Freundlich and the Langmuir models. The calculated maximum Fe(III) adsorption capacities of sugarcane leaves derived activated carbon and rice straw derived activated carbon products were 50.00 and 39.37 mg/g, respectively. It was shown that the effect of pre-oxidation-hydrolysis by KMnO4and activation at 500°C are beneficial for activated carbon preparation with environmentally friendly and low-cost simplified operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is hydrogen fluoride or its aqueous solution really incompatible with KMnO4? If so, in what respect (meaning why)? This contribution seeks to answer the previous question that was posed some 20 years ago on the pages of the Journal of Chemical Education. The previous conclusion was that KMnO4 cannot oxidize fluoride anions to elemental fluorine. However, this does not prevent the possibility of another type of reaction occurring between HF and KMnO4. In brief, the reaction of HF(aq) and KMnO4(s) cannot occur with concentrated HF(aq), where w(HF) ≈ 0.4. However, the reaction of liquefied hydrogen fluoride, HF(l) and KMnO4(s) appears to produce Mn2O7(l), which is explosive even at moderate temperatures. The same applies to aqueous solutions of HF where w(HF) ≥ 0.6. In this contribution, some details are further explained and the spreading of some misconceptions is, hopefully, hampered. In addition, some authors described HF as a "flammable and explosive" substance, which is even worse than claiming that "water is flammable and explosive".

The growing concern for environmentally friendly biomaterials has spurred interest in natural fibers as a viable alternative to synthetic fibers in various industrial applications. Chemical treatment of natural fibers is necessary in cases where it is desired to enhance their properties and make them more suitable for various industrial applications. These treatments can remove impurities, increase fiber roughness for better adhesion, and modify surface chemistry, ultimately improving characteristics like tensile strength, thermal stability, and compatibility with matrix materials in composites. In this study, chemical treatments, including Sodium Hydroxide, Ammonium Hydroxide, and Potassium Permanganate, were applied to the Bamboo fibers to modify the fiber structure. The tensile strength, morphological characteristics, and degree of crystallinity of the treated fibers were examined. Results revealed that 5% Sodium Hydroxide treatment for 2 hours significantly improved tensile strength and crystallinity compared to other treatments. Chemical composition analysis, XRD, and FTIR analyses confirmed the removal of impurities and amorphous substances. Density measurements indicated a reduction in volume due to the elimination of low molecular weight impurities, leading to increased fiber density. This research provides valuable insights for the development of sustainable biomaterials in the construction and automotive industries such as wall panels, dashboards and door panels.

Abstract Humans are the only species who generate waste materials that cannot be broken down by natural processes. The ideal solution to this waste problem would be to employ only compostable materials. Biodegradable materials play a key role in creating a safer and greener world. Biodegradability is the gift that keeps on giving, in the sense of creating an Earth worth living. The future is thus best served by green energy, sustainability, and renewable resources. To realize such goals, waste should be considered as a valuable resource. In this context, Zea mays (Zm) root fibres, which are normally considered as agricultural waste, can be used as reinforcing substances in polymer matrices to produce structural composite materials. Before being used in composites, such fibres must be analysed for their physical properties. Chemical treatments can be employed to improve the structural quality of fibres, and the changes due to such modification can be analysed. Therefore, the current work examines the effect of permanganate treatment on the surface properties of Zm fibres. The raw and potassium permanganate-treated samples were assayed for various properties. Physical analysis of the fibre samples yielded details concerning the physical aspects of the fibres. The thermal conductivity and moisture absorption behaviour of the samples were analysed. Chemical analysis was employed to characterize the composition of both treated and untreated samples. p-XRD was employed to examine the crystalline nature of the Zm fibres. Numerous functional groups present in each sample were analysed by FTIR. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to determine the thermal stability of Zm fibres. Elemental analysis (CHNS and EDS) was used to determine the elemental concentrations of both raw and treated samples. The surface alterations of Zm fibres brought on by treatment were described using SEM analysis. The characteristics of Zm roots and the changes in quality due to treatment were reviewed, and there were noticeable effects due to the treatment. Both samples would have applications in various fields, and each could be used as a potential reinforcing material in the production of efficient bio-composites.

Objective: The current investigation was conducted to identify existing fish culture practise, livelihood condition of fish farmers, and the major challenges faced by fish farmers in Bhaluka upazila, Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: Data were collected through surveys, monitoring, and participatory rural appraisal (PRA) tools like focus group discussions (FGD), using a preplanned questionnaire survey. A group of 5 fish farmers was interviewed from each of the six villages. Results: In the study, majority of fish farmers were between the ages of 41 and 60 years. Fish farming was their major occupation; however, they did not receive any formal training in fish culture. Fish ponds were large (> 4000 m²) and medium in depth (1-2 m), and the most popular fish culture system was polyculture. Commercial feeds were used to supply nutrients, fertilisers (organic and inorganic) were also applied to the pond water to produce natural food. Salt, lime, zeolite, potassium permanganate, and oxygen tablets were used to maintain water quality. Epizootic ulcerative syndrome, argulosis, and tail and fin rot are most prevalent in the winter. Increasing feed costs, lack of financial support, and disease outbreaks were critical challenges in fish farming in the study area. The socioeconomic status of fish farmers was found to improve with fish farming. Conclusion: Fish farming substantially improved the livelihoods of fish farmers in the study area, despite many constraints. Government support, including microcredit support, the supply of high-quality inputs, including fish fry, feed, vaccinations, and the provision of training facilities could increase fish production in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the high arsenic waste slag obtained from a lead-zinc smelting enterprise in Hunan Province was taken as the research object. The stabilization effect of different iron salts on arsenic in the waste slag was investigated to choose the best iron-based stabilizer, and the enhanced stabilization effect of calcium oxide and potassium permanganate on arsenic was further studied. The dosage of different stabilizers was optimized and the stabilization mechanism of arsenic was revealed. The results showed that ferrous sulfate exhibited the best stabilization performance on arsenic in waste slag, and calcium oxide and potassium permanganate had a significant strengthening effect on the stabilization of arsenic by ferrous sulfate. Under the conditions of 2 % potassium permanganate, 3 % ferrous sulfate and 1 % calcium oxide, the stabilization efficiency of arsenic in waste slag reached 86.07 %, and the pH of leaching solution was 8.89. The stabilization mechanisms of arsenic included oxidation, surface complexation and chemical precipitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Walnut cake has the potential for use in preparing wood adhesives because of its richness in protein and carbohydrate. In this work, walnut cakes were treated with sodium periodate or potassium permanganate and then were directly used as wood adhesives. Their bonding properties, curing performances, thermal properties, and chemical structures were compared. The results showed that: (1) The oxidation by KMnO4was nonselective. The reaction was very intense, accompanied by the great variability of oxidation degree and degradation degree, enormous viscosity of oxidation products, high coating difficulty, and low content of active aldehyde groups. (2) The oxidation by NaIO4 was selective; the reaction was mild and easy to control. More active aldehydes could be produced and the treatment was beneficial for constructing a spatial net structure of the adhesive. (3) Compared with oxidation of KMnO4, the walnut cake adhesive prepared by NaIO4 oxidation exhibited a more compact structure, a higher crosslinking degree, low curing temperature, and high thermal stability after curing; its bonding performances met the requirements for Class II plywood specified in GB/T 17657(2013). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determination and evaluation active substances in chemical settings is extremely difficult, linked to chemical waste in water sewage, and may eventually have an influence on public health. As a result, efforts are being made globally to find other, perhaps less hazardous ways. Hereby, we aimed to determine two pharmaceutical products for the detection of phenylephrine hydrochloride and terbutaline sulphate using green chemistry. The procedure involves oxidizing phenylephrine hydrochloride and terbutaline sulphate using potassium permanganate as an oxidant and decolorizing the surplus of potassium permanganate in the reaction with Nile blue dye. The results confirmed that this method has provided easy and precise evaluation of phenylephrine hydrochloride and terbutaline sulphate at concentrations ranging from (0.4-4.5) µg /ml, with molar absorption capacity of (6.9x104 ) l‧mol-1 ‧cm -1 for phenylephrine hydrochloride and (1.44×105 ) l‧mol-1 ‧cm-1 for terbutaline sulphate. The methodologies have precisely determined the pharmaceutical dosage forms of the tested drugs, agreeing with previously tested and stated values and standard compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fungal pathogen Calonectria pseudonaviculata causes boxwood blight and is a significant threat to the boxwood industry, as well as historic boxwood gardens. The pathogen produces conidia in sticky masses that are splash dispersed, which germinate and infect through stomata on the leaves or stems, causing leaf spots and stem lesions. Despite its ability to cause severe infections on boxwood plants, the pathogen often has a low germination rate on artificial media under lab conditions. To identify cues that stimulate germination, we explored whether host factors could induce high germination rates. In this study, we demonstrate that C. pseudonaviculata spores achieve high germination rales when they are placed on detached leaves of boxwood and other known hosts, compared to potato dextrose agar and glass coverslips. We also demonstrate that gennination is induced by volatiles from detached leaves of boxwood, as well as the nonhost Berberis tlumbergii. When C. pseudonaviculata spores were exposed to volatiles from boxwood leaves in the presence of ethylene scrubber packs that contained potassium permanganate, the stimulatory effect on spore germination was reduced. However, ethylene, a regulator of leaf senescence, did not stimulate germination of C. pseudonaviculata spores. This suggests that the pathogen may have evolved to recognize one or more host volatiles, other than ethylene to induce germination, thus limiting its growth until it senses the presence of a host plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Botanica Serbica is the property of University of Belgrade, Institute of Botany & Botanical Garden Jevremovac and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article describes each stage of the autocatalytic electroless metallization process of thermoplastic polymers produced with 3D printing technology. In particular, the influence of the preparation of the sample's surface layer on the quality of the finished metallic coating was assessed. Samples made of polylactide filament and polylactide with the addition of copper were subjected to metallization. In the metallization process, six different etching solutions were prepared to etch the polymer's surface layer. The concentration of sulfuric acid VI was 200 g/dm³ or 100 g/dm³, sodium hydroxide 100 g/dm³, and potassium permanganate 50 g/dm³ or 20 g/dm³. The microscopic analysis and measurement of the arithmetic mean of the ordinates of the surface roughness profile of the samples for the selected process steps are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]