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The aim of this study was to determine the location of the infraorbital foramen (IOF) in relation to infraorbital margin (IOM), anterior nasal spine (ANS) and Nasion (NA), Supraorbital margin (SOM) and sockets of the maxillary teeth in adult skulls (of South Indian population). Fourteen skulls (28 sides) have been analyzed. In order to analyse the size and the relative position of the IOF with the above parameters, we have used a digital caliper for measurements with a precision of 0.01 mm. The IOF was oval in shape (85.7 %) on right side and (71.4 %) on left side while none of them were found either in semilunar or triangular shape in contrast to previous reports. In most of the cases IOF was found to be situated lateral to the plane of SOM. The vertical and transverse diameter of the IOF on both sides was found to be almost equal. The mean distance and standard deviation (mean ± SD) between right IOF and ANS, IOM and NA were 33.6 ±2.22 mm, 5.49± 1.10 mm and 41.4± 3.27 mm respectively, while the mean ± SD between left IOF and ANS, IOM and NA were 33.1 ± 2.30 mm, 5.85 ±1.06 mm and 40.3 ± 3.09 mm respectively. The results obtained from descriptive analysis are relevant and help surgeons for blocking the infraorbital nerve while performing surgeries in midface region, particularly in patients with edema of the infraorbital region when precise location of the IOF is difficult., Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology, Vol. 124 No. 3 (2019)

Background: Fibularis tertius (FT) is a variant muscle of the anterior compartment of leg which involves in dorsiflexion and evertion of the foot. Literature shows that the reported prevalence of FT ranges from 49-100%. This study investigates the prevalence of FT in South-eastren population of India using surface anatomy techniques in living subjects and comparing it with the studies available in the literature. Material and methods: Study included the evaluation of 195 subjects from Year 1 & 2 medical students (102 females and 93 males) which correspond to 390 feet in total. The average age of the sample was 17.9 years, with lower and upper limits of 17 and 20 years, respectively. The presence of FT was identified with a standard palpation technique that determines the presence of muscle on the basis of the progression tests called F1, F2, and F3. Results: The total FT prevalence was found to be 52% of the sample. On the right foot, FT was found to be 26.5% in males and 24.4% in females and on the left foot, it was 26.5% in males and 25.5% in females. FT palpation criterion showed 0 (zero) cases for F1, 31 cases for F2 and 172 cases for F3. Conclusion: This surface anatomical study reports for the first time the FT prevalence in South-eastren population of India. Further studies on prevalence of FT are needed to understand its role in biomechanics and reconstructive surgeries of the ankle and foot. 2016, TIP ARASTIRMALARI DERNEGI. All rights reserved. Scopus

Objectives: Effect of single dose Cyclophosphamide (CP), a known teratogen on early ovarian development was studied to understand whether it affects the primordial germ cells (PGC) in migratory phase. Materials and Methods: Adult female pregnant Charles foster rats were divided into control and experimental groups. Experimental group was given intraperitoneal injection of CP at a dose of 2mg/kg of body weight on day 10 of gestation when PGCs were in migratory phase. 12 fetuses from each group were sacrificed on 16th day of gestation to process for histochemical studies (alkaline phosphatase staining), whereas the ovaries of 12 fetuses from each group were collected on 20th day of gestation for histological studies (haematoxyline and eosin staining). Results: Examination of sections of the fetuses of group I showed clusters of large circular PGCs showing blackish brown color in 16 day old fetus. In experimental group, only homogeneous light brown cells were present. Ovaries of 20 day old fetus showed ovarian follicles with large germ cells in the centre in controls. Germ cells were totally absent in treated group. Conclusion: It was concluded that the CP, inhibited migration of PGCs to gonadal ridge leading to absence in ovary. ©2007, Fırat University, Medical Faculty, Amaç: Erken ovaryan gelişimin üzerinde teratojen olduğu bilinen siklofosfamitin (CP), tek dozunun primordial germ hücrelerinin (PGC) migrasyon fazını etkileyip etkilemediği çalışıldı. Gereç ve Yöntem: Yetişkin gebe Charles foster sıçanları kontrol ve deney grubu olmak üzere iki gruba ayrıldı. Deney grubundaki hayvanlara, PGC'nin migrasyon fazında olduğu gestasyonun 10. gününde 2 mg/kg dozunda CP intraperitoneal olarak yapıldı. Her gruba ait 12 fetus gebeliğin 16. gününde histokimyasal çalışmalar (alkalin fosfataz boyama) için çıkarılırken, her gruba ait 12 fetüsün ovaryumları da gebeliğin 20. gününde histolojik çalışmalar (hematoksilen-eosin boyama) için toplandı. Bulgular: Grup I'e ait fetüslerin kesitlerinde geniş sirküler PGC kümeleri, 16 günlük fetüste siyahımsı kahverengi olarak göründü. Deney grubunda ise homojen açık kahverengi hücreler vardı. Kontrol grubuna ait 20 günlük fetüslerin overlerinde, merkezinde geniş germ hücrelerinin olduğu ovaryan foliküller gözlendi. Deney grubunda ise germ hücreleri tamamen yoktu. Sonuç: Siklofosfamit uygulaması primordial germ hücrelerinin gonadal kabartıya göçlerini inhibe etmekte ve overler içinde germ hücrelerinin olmamasına neden olmaktadır. ©2007, Fırat Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi

A thorough knowledge of the variations in the patterns of muscle insertion and the consequent neurovascular entrapment due to them is important for orthopedic and plastic surgeons. During routine dissection, we encountered a unique occurrence of an accessory brachialis muscle (acBr) blending with the medial aspect of bicipital aponeurosis in the cubital fossa. It also entrapped the median nerve and brachial artery due to its superficial position. The abnormality reported here might result in neurovascular compression symptoms in the upper limb and possible mechanical advantages or disadvantage in the flexion of elbow joint. To the best of our knowledge, the brachialis variant insertion we present here is rare in the list of its anomalies. We also discuss in this report the embryological background and the clinical application of the variation that can abet clinicians in evaluating symptoms involving the upper limb.

A thorough knowledge of the variations in the patterns of muscle insertion and the consequent neurovascular entrapment due to them is important for orthopedic and plastic surgeons. During routine dissection, we encountered a unique occurrence of an accessory brachialis muscle (acBr) blending with the medial aspect of bicipital aponeurosis in the cubital fossa. It also entrapped the median nerve and brachial artery due to its superficial position. The abnormality reported here might result in neurovascular compression symptoms in the upper limb and possible mechanical advantages or disadvantage in the flexion of elbow joint. To the best of our knowledge, the brachialis variant insertion we present here is rare in the list of its anomalies. We also discuss in this report the embryological background and the clinical application of the variation that can abet clinicians in evaluating symptoms involving the upper limb. Es importante para los cirujanos ortopédicos y plásticos, el conocimiento integral de las variaciones en los patrones de inserción de los músculos y el consiguiente atrapamiento neurovascular. Durante una disección de rutina, encontramos un caso único de un músculo accesorio braquial con aponeurosis bicipital en el lado medial de la fosa cubital. También cubre la arteria braquial y nervio mediano debido a su posición superficial. La anomalía informada aquí podría resultar en síntomas de compresión neurovascular en el miembro superior y las posibles ventajas o desventajas mecánicas de flexión de la articulación del codo. De acuerdo a lo estudiado, la inserción variante braquial que presentamos aquí es un caso raro dentro de la lista de sus variaciones. También se discuten en este informe la base embriológica y la aplicación clínica de la variación que puede ser útil para los clínicos en la evaluación de los síntomas relacionados con el miembro superior.

Problem based learning (PBL) made a great impact on the methodology of teaching. The major advantage of PBL method of teaching is integration of basic and clinical sciences in an integrated curriculum. This is achieved by presenting clinical problems to students which contain learning objectives from subjects related to the given clinical problems. In recent reports deficiencies have been reported regarding quantity of anatomy content of the clinical problems which has resulted in difficulty in understanding of theanatomy. We have made an attempt to quantify the content of anatomy and its sub-disciplines in PBL curriculum by a case study method using 'documentary analysis' at School of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. From the results of our study it is apparent that learning objectives for anatomy is not sufficiently spread across all the clinical problems and there is very less coverage of the sub-disciplines of anatomy particularly osteology and embryology. The benefits of PBL method of teaching is definitely more than that of traditional method, the uneven distribution of anatomy and its sub-disciplines had a major impact on the students during their clinical years. El aprendizaje basado en problemas (ABP) generó un gran impacto en la metodología de la enseñanza. La principal ventaja del método ABP es la integración de las ciencias básicas y clínicas en un curriculum integrado. Esto se consigue mediante la presentación de los problemas clínicos a los estudiantes, que contienen objetivos de aprendizaje de temas relacionados con los problemas propuestos. En informes recientes se han reportado deficiencias en cuanto a la cantidad de contenido de la anatomía en los problemas clínicos, lo que se ha traducido en dificultades en la comprensión de la anatomía. Hemos hecho un esfuerzo para cuantificar el contenido de la anatomía y sus sub-disciplinas en el curriculum de ABP mediante el método de estudio de caso con "análisis documental" en la Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malasia. A partir de los resultados de nuestro estudio es evidente que los objetivos de aprendizaje para la anatomía no se extienden suficientemente a través de todos los problemas clínicos, y hay poca cobertura de la anatomía en las sub-disciplinas, en particular osteología y embriología. Los beneficios del método de ABP en la enseñanza es, sin duda, mayor que la de los métodos tradicionales, además la distribución desigual de la anatomía y sus sub-disciplinas, tuvieron un gran impacto en los estudiantes durante sus años clínicos.

Different patterns of variations in the venous drainage have been observed in the past. During routine dissection in our Department of Anatomy, an unusual drainage pattern of the veins of the left side of the face of a middle aged cadaver was observed. The facial vein presented a normal course from its origin up to the base of mandible, and then it crossed the base of mandible posteriorly to the facial artery. Thereafter, it joined with the anterior division of retromandibular vein to form the common facial vein, which drained into the external jugular vein directly. Sound anatomic knowledge of the above variation in facial veins is essential to the success of surgical procedures in this region. Padrões distintos de variações na drenagem venosa já foram observados. Durante a dissecção de rotina em nosso Departamento de Anatomia, observou-se um padrão incomum de drenagem das veias do lado esquerdo da face de um cadáver de meia idade. A veia facial apresentava curso normal de sua origem até a base da mandíbula, e então atravessava a base da mandíbula posteriormente à artéria facial. A seguir, juntava-se à divisão anterior da veia retromandibular para formar a veia facial comum, que drenava diretamente para a veia jugular externa. Um bom conhecimento anatômico da variação descrita acima nas veias faciais é essencial para garantir o sucesso que procedimentos cirúrgicos nessa região.

The knowledge about the formation and relations of the portal vein is important for surgeons and radiologists. The variations in the level of formation and the pattern of formation of portal vein might lead to confusions during radiological and surgical procedures. Here we present a rare variation in the formation of the portal vein as found during the cadaveric dissections. The portal vein was formed by the union of splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein and inferior mesenteric veins. The abnormal termination of left gastric vein into superior mesenteric vein before the formation of portal vein was also seen in the same cadaver. Identification of these variations is useful in managing traumatic rupture of the mesentery.

The knowledge about the formation and relations of the portal vein is important for surgeons and radiologists. The variations in the level of formation and the pattern of formation of portal vein might lead to confusions during radiological and surgical procedures. Here we present a rare variation in the formation of the portal vein as found during the cadaveric dissections. The portal vein was formed by the union of splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein and inferior mesenteric veins. The abnormal termination of left gastric vein into superior mesenteric vein before the formation of portal vein was also seen in the same cadaver. Identification of these variations is useful in managing traumatic rupture of the mesentery. O conhecimento sobre a formação e as relações da veia porta é importante para cirurgiões e radiologistas. As variações no nível de formação e o padrão de formação da veia porta podem causar confusões durante procedimentos cirúrgicos e radiológicos. Neste relato, apresentamos uma variação na formação da veia porta encontrada durante as dissecções cadavéricas. A veia porta foi formada pela união da veia esplênica, veia mesentérica superior e veias mesentéricas inferiores. A terminação anormal da veia gástrica esquerda na veia mesentérica superior antes da formação da veia porta também foi observada no mesmo cadáver. A identificação dessas variações é útil para tratar a ruptura traumática do mesentério.

During the laboratory dissection of the fore arm, an accessory head of flexor pollicis longus muscle has been observed unilaterally in the right upper limb of a male cadaver. It took its origin from the under surface of flexor digitorum superficialis muscle just distal to the origin of this muscle from medial epicondyle. On further dissection we have noticed that, the accessory belly was running downwards to the medial aspect of the tendon of flexor pollicis longus muscle for its insertion. Its possible role in anterior interosseous syndrome is discussed in detail with a brief review Durante una disección en el laboratorio se encontró en el antebrazo derecho de un cadáver de sexo masculino una cabeza accesoria del músculo flexor largo del pulgar. Ésta se originaba de la superficie profunda del músculo flexor superficial de los dedos, inmediatamente distal al origen de este músculo en el epicónddilo medial. El vientre accesorio se dirigía hacia abajo medial al tendón del músculo flexor largo del pulgar hasta su inserción. Se discute detalladamente su posible rol en el síndrome interóseo anterior