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RESUMEN El Clorpirifós (CP) es un pesticida ampliamente utilizado, relacionado a diversos daños en salud y dado a su ubicuidad, su monitoreo ha adquirido relevancia para evaluar el estado y tasas de descarga al medioambiente. Por su parte, los factores ambientales favorecen la degradación de CP y disipación en el medio ambiente, dificultando su trazabilidad y detección real en las diversas matrices. En la actualidad, el uso de biosensores proporciona técnicas analíticas prometedoras para la detección de diversos compuestos de importancia ambiental, pero se desconoce si la degradación natural de dichos compuestos afectaría el correcto reconocimiento por parte de los biosensores, influyendo en su uso como herramienta de trazabilidad. El objetivo principal de esta revisión es abordar los recientes avances de biosensores para la detección de CP, sus desafíos en la detección en muestras reales asociados a la degradación de este contaminante y los aspectos futuros asociados al monitoreo ambiental de este pesticida relacionado con riesgos para la salud. ABSTRACT Chlorpyrifos (CP) is a widely used pesticide related to various health hazards, and for its ubiquity, its monitoring has become relevant to assess the state and rates of emission to the environment. On the other hand, environmental factors favor the degradation of CP and dissipation in the environment, making it difficult to trace and detect it in the different matrices. Nowadays, the use of biosensors provides promising analytical techniques for the detection of various environmental importance compounds. However, it is unknown if the natural degradation of these compounds would affect the correct recognition by biosensors, influencing their use as a traceability tool. The main objective of this review is to address the recent advances in biosensors for the detection of CP, its challenges in detecting the real sample associated with the degradation of this pollutant, and the future aspects about with the environmental monitoring of this pesticide related to health risks.

Agitation is a heterogeneous concept without a uniformly accepted definition, however, it is generally considered as a state of cognitive and motor hyperactivity characterized by excessive or inappropriate motor or verbal activity with marked emotional arousal. Not only the definition but also other aspects of agitated patients' care are still unsolved and need consensus and improvement. To help the discussion about agitation among experts and improve the identification, management, and treatment of agitation, the 1st International Experts' Meeting on Agitation was held in October 2016 in Madrid. It was attended by 20 experts from Europe and Latin America with broad experience in the clinical management of agitated patients. The present document summarizes the key conclusions of this meeting and highlights the need for an updated protocol of agitation management and treatment, the promotion of education and training among healthcare professionals to improve the care of these patients and the necessity to generate clinical data of agitated episodes. © 2018 Martínez-Raga, Amore, Di Sciascio, Florea, Garriga, Gonzalez, Kahl, Karlsson, Kuhn, Margariti, Pacciardi, Papageorgiou, Pompili, Rivollier, Royuela, Safont, Scharfetter, Skagen, Tajima-Pozo and Vidailhet.

The use of antipsychotic drug, regardless of dose and exposure time, is associated with potential structural teratogenic effects on the fetus together with perineonatal and postnatal complications and neurobehaviorual sequelae.There are few specifc datas on the antipsychotics' pharmacocinetics and pharmacodynamics in pregnancy therefore the giudelines for therapy are based on observational stadies and basic priciples. All antipsychoitics can pass through placenta and in milk during the pregnancy and lactation. Their administration in pregnancy can result in maternal metabolic complications (gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension and obesity, associated with neural tube defects) and the fetal macrosomia in the new born.Neonathal extrapyramidal adverse effects are less frequent comared to FGA.

time, is associated with potential structural teratogenic effects on the fetus together with perineonatal and postnatal complications pharmacodynamics in pregnancy therefore the guidelines for therapy are based on observational studies and basic principles.All antipsychotics

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are toxic organic compounds able to persist in the Environment for long time. They can be accumulated through food webs and this could be a risk to some extent to threat human health and environmental quality. Marine currents represent further important distribution way of POPs through marine habitats and organisms. In Sicily, no much attention has been paid on POPs distribution on coastal habitats, important reservoirs of biodiversity, even if these are strongly influenced by anthropogenic pressure. In this study, concentrations of PCBs, OCPs and PAHs were analyzed in pools of marine species such as Patella sp., Monodonta turbinata and Purpura haemastoma, taken from four sites along the west sicilian coast (Isola delle Femmine, Sferracavallo, Stagnone di Marsala and Menfi). Samples were analysed for their POPs content by using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Analysis of 15 congeners of PAHs concentrations were carried out, but only 4 of them were found in significant amount. In the PCBs concentration’s analysis only PCB 153 was detected in samples of M. turbinata coming from two (Sferracavallo and Menfi) of the four sampling sites. The OCPs concentrations were the highest detected in the organisms. The isomers of DDT: p,p’-DDE and o,p’-DDE, were found in significant amount in samples of P. haemastoma (Stagnone) and M. turbinata (Isola delle Femmine).

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are ubiquitous on the planet. Because their physicochemical properties they are persistent and toxic and may become highly accumulated in the food chain. The Stockholm Convention on POPs which is coordinated through the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) is intended to reduce or eliminate the use, discharges and emissions of these compounds to improve the health of the environment. To assist member countries in assessing the “effectiveness” of their reduction efforts, UNEP Chemicals published a guidance document for the global monitoring of POPs. Of the media that are recommended for monitoring, the atmosphere is especially important because it responds relatively quickly to changes in emissions of POPs. The UNEP Guidance document further promotes the use of passive air samplers (PAS) as a cost-effective approach for conducting air sampling of POPs at background sites. PAS have been used successfully in numerous spatial studies at local, regional, and continental scales. However, not much literature is dedicated to the Mediterranean basin by using passive air sampling. Better spatial resolution sampling is required to assess the spatial and temporal trends, and fate of POPs in this region. In this study passive air samplers were deployed at eight sites in Sicily Island located in the middle of the Mediterranean Region. The purpose of the study was to generate much-needed air concentration data for POPs in this region and to demonstrate the feasibility of using PUF disk samplers as a cost effective approach for contributing information on POPs for national and international reporting needs.