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Le travail aborde l’étiologie sociale des maladies infectieuses associées à la pauvreté, maladies dominantes en Espagne et en Italie dans la première moitié du xxe siècle. La première partie analyse le cadre explicatif de l’interaction entre agents infectieux, individus vulnérables ou susceptibles d’être malades et environnements morbides qui facilitent la contagion par l’action des fomites et des vecteurs passifs des maladies, ainsi que des pratiques et conduites à risque. La deuxième partie explique les fondements des stratégies d’intervention et les mesures de surveillance épidémiologique et sanitaires qui ont permis d’améliorer les conditions d’hygiène et d’agir sur les carences primaires responsables de la prévalence de ces pathologies., This paper examines the social etiology of poverty-related infectious diseases prevalent in Spain and Italy in the first half of the twentieth century. Using an ecological model of health determinants, we analyze an explanatory framework consisting of the interaction between infectious agents, individuals vulnerable or susceptible to illness and unhealthy environments that facilitate contagion, on the one hand, and the action of fomites and vectors and high-risk practices and behaviors on the other. In addition, we discuss the bases of the intervention strategies and epidemiological and health surveillance measures that made it possible to improve hygienic conditions and mitigate the primary deficiencies responsible for the prevalence of these diseases.

In recent years, the need for the vascular access surveillance has been growing steadily. In our dialysis department, a dedicated multidisciplinary team is active since 10 years. The Team is composed of 2 nephrologists and 5 nurses who take care of AV related surgery, AV management in the dialysis rooms, infection control, nurses education and audit. Having an AV Team allowed to monitor and efficiently control the infection rate (0.65/1000 CVC days) and contained the AV management related costs while improving patients' quality of life. Furthermore, it has been a reason for continuous professional growth. The article describes the major organization and structural and professional characteristics of our AV Team setting. (nursing), non disponibile (nursing)

The timings of historical fertility transitions in different regions are well understood by demographers, but much less is known regarding their specific features and causes. In the study reported in this paper, we used longitudinal micro-level data for five local populations in Europe and North America to analyse the relationship between socio-economic status and fertility during the fertility transition. Using comparable analytical models and class schemes for each population, we examined the changing socio-economic differences in marital fertility and related these to common theories on fertility behaviour. Our results do not provide support for the hypothesis of universally high fertility among the upper classes in pre-transitional society, but do support the idea that the upper classes acted as forerunners by reducing their fertility before other groups. Farmers and unskilled workers were the latest to start limiting their fertility. Apart from these similarities, patterns of class differences in fertility varied significantly between populations.