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Objectives The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of charcoal toothpastes on the surface roughness and microhardness of resin composites.Methods A total of 132 disc-shaped specimens were produced using a plastic mould of 8mm internal diameter and 2 mm thickness. Sixty six samples each from composite resins Z250 Filtek Z250 XT bulk- fill Tetric-N - Ceram all in A3 shade were prepared. For the surface roughness and microhardness testing the samples were split into three subgroups of seven specimens each and thirty specimens in total. Colgate total charcoal deep clean Healthvit activated charcoal toothpaste and Colgate total charcoal toothpaste were used to brush these specimens. A Vickers microhardness tester was used to assess microhardness and a portable surface profile metre was used to assess surface roughness. The data were statistically assessed by applying the paired t test ANOVA and Shapiro Wilks test.Results At first the surface characteristics of each composite resin varied significantly. Comparison of Tetric-N-Ceram with Filtek Z250 XT revealed higher baseline values. Colgate total charcoal deep clean toothpaste demonstrated an increase in surface roughness while Healthvit activated charcoal toothpaste showed a larger decrease in microhardness.Conclusion Microhardness and surface roughness were significantly impacted by the dentifrices that were employed. Following the dentifrice exposure Tetric-N-Ceram had less microhardness and more surface roughness. When compared to Colgate total charcoal deep clean Healthvit activated charcoal toothpaste showed the greatest reduction in microhardness. Conversely as compared to Healthvit activated charcoal toothpaste Colgate charcoal displayed a higher amount of surface roughness.

Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Objectives: There is a higher prevalence of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) in more recent times, owing to increased awareness, clinical diagnostic skills, and advancements in neuroimaging modalities. This study aimed to identify and characterize the geographical, clinical, and etiological profiles of patients with CVST that may be relevant to planning appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to improve functional recovery., Methods and Results: A retrospective observational study was carried out at a tertiary care hospital between March 2014 and October 2018. The demographics and clinical profile of the hospitalized patients were extracted from the Medical Record Division. Choropleth maps were created to present the geographic distribution of the patients with CVST admitted to our hospital. A total of 145 patients with CVST were included in the study. Etiological factors revealed striking abnormalities in red blood cells counts and serum homocysteine. Analyzing the geographical distribution of the patients with CVST showed most of the patients hailed from Central Karnataka Plateau 106 (73%). Polycythemia was most commonly seen in patients residing in the Central Karnataka Plateau 21 (62%)., Conclusion: It is inferred that large scale community-based studies to identify a genetic abnormality like a mutant erythropoietin gene should be undertaken to plan effective diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive measures., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2022 Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology.)

Background: Sleep apnea is increasingly being recognized as 1 of the important, modifiable risk factors of stroke and cardiovascular diseases. Sleep apnea is thought to impair the functional recovery following stroke. Hence, we evaluated the patients with acute ischemic stroke for prevalence of sleep apnea and compared the functional outcomes of patients with and without sleep apnea, at 3rd month of acute ischemic stroke., Method: This study was conducted in Kasturba Medical College (KMC) hospital, Manipal, India, between May 2015 and August 2016. We included 102 consecutive patients of acute ischemic stroke with hemiplegic upper limb power of Medical Research Council (MRC) 3 or less. Sleep apnea was diagnosed in these patients using the sleep disordered Questionnaire, Berlin Questionnaire, and Epworth sleepiness scale. Functional outcome was measured using Barthel score on day 7 and at 3rd month following the onset of stroke., Result: Out of 102 patients, sleep apnea was present in 31 (30.6%) patients, more in males (67.7%) and elderly. Hypertension was present in 66.6% of patients with sleep apnea. NIHSS score at admission did not differ between the 2 groups. At 3rd month, the Barthel score calculated was better among patient with no apnea, but this was not statistically significant (P = .119). When mean Barthel score at baseline and 3rd month was calculated using repeated measure Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) between the 2 groups, gain in functional independence in no apnea group was statistically significant (P < .001)., Conclusion: Sleep-disordered breathing is an independent risk factor for stroke, and sleep apnea is also associated with other known stroke risk factors like hypertension. In acute ischemic stroke, sleep apnea has a negative impact on functional recovery. Sleep apnea is amenable to treatment and should be considered in patients with acute ischemic stroke to improve the chance of recovery, and to reduce the risk of recurrence., (Copyright © 2018 National Stroke Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Selected isomeric and nonisomeric oxime O-ether derivatives of thioxanthone oxime were synthesized and evaluated for anticholinergic activity. The oxime O-ethers were prepared via O-alkylation of the oximate anion with appropriate aminoaklyl halides. Separation and isolation of the structural isomers were accomplished through dry-column chromatography. The racemic alpha-methyl isomer was resolved via formation of tartrate diastereomers, which were subsequently isolated. All synthesized compounds exhibited significant antimuscarinic activity. A comparison of the antimuscarinic activities of these compounds revealed that the racemic alpha-methyl isomer was the most potent and that the racemic beta-methyl isomer was the least potent. Structure-activity relationships among the oxime O-ether derivatives synthesized are discussed.