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Aims: The objective of this study was to determine whether the use of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1 RAs) is associated with an increased risk of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer, separately, compared with the use of sulfonylureas among patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Using the United Kingdom Clinical Practice Research Datalink (2007–2019), we assembled two new‐user active comparator cohorts. In the first cohort assessing melanoma as the outcome, 11,786 new users of GLP‐1 RAs were compared with 208,519 new users of sulfonylureas. In the second cohort assessing nonmelanoma skin cancer as the outcome, 11,774 new users of GLP‐1 RAs were compared with 207,788 new users of sulfonylureas. Cox proportional hazards models weighted using propensity score fine stratification were fit to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer, respectively. Results: Compared with sulfonylureas, GLP‐1 RAs were not associated with an increased risk of either melanoma (42.6 vs. 43.9 per 100,000 person‐years, respectively; HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.53–1.75) or nonmelanoma skin cancer (243.9 vs. 229.9 per 100,000 person‐years, respectively; HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.80–1.33). There was no evidence of an association between cumulative duration of use with either melanoma or nonmelanoma skin cancer. Consistent results were observed in secondary and sensitivity analyses. Conclusions: In this population‐based cohort study, GLP‐1 RAs were not associated with an increased risk of melanoma or nonmelanoma skin cancer, compared with sulfonylureas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine whether glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, separately, are associated with a decreased risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) compared with dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors among patients with type 2 diabetes.Research Design and Methods: We assembled two new-user, active comparator cohorts using the U.K. Clinical Practice Research Datalink. The first included 30,291 and 225,320 new users of GLP-1 RA and DPP-4 inhibitors, respectively. The second included 41,184 and 148,421 new users of SGLT-2 inhibitors and DPP-4 inhibitors, respectively. Cox proportional hazards models weighted using propensity score fine stratification were fit to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs of NAFLD. We also determined whether the study drugs were associated with a decreased risk of hepatic transaminase elevation within restricted subcohorts.Results: GLP-1 RA were associated with a lower incidence of NAFLD with a wide CI compared with DPP-4 inhibitors (3.9 vs. 4.6 per 1,000 person-years, respectively; HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.73-1.01). SGLT-2 inhibitors were associated with a decreased risk of NAFLD (5.4 vs. 7.0 per 1,000 person-years, respectively; HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.68-0.89). In the restricted subcohorts, both GLP-1 RA and SGLT-2 inhibitors were associated with a decreased risk of hepatic transaminase elevation (HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.83-0.95, and HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.61-0.71).Conclusions: SGLT-2 inhibitors, and possibly GLP-1 RA, may be associated with a decreased incidence of NAFLD and hepatic transaminase elevation among patients with type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Byline: Tapas. Sur, Suparna. Chatterjee, Alok. Hazra, Richeek. Pradhan, Supriyo. Chowdhury Objectives: Systematic oral toxicity study for black tea (Camellia sinensis), the most commonly consumed variety of tea, is lacking. [...]

Byline: Richeek. Pradhan, Soumita. De, Nidhi. Choudhary, Shibabrata. Mukherjee, Gobinda. Chatterjee, Arghyaprasun. Ghosh, Mitali. Chatterjee, Suparna. Chatterjee Background: Generalized vitiligo is a disease with unpredictable bursts of activity, goal of [...]

External controls have been primarily used in the setting of single‐arm trials of rare diseases; their use in common diseases has not been readily investigated, nor is there guidance on how to best select comparators. Thus, the objective of this study was to emulate a large cardiovascular outcome trial of type 2 diabetes to compare associations of effectiveness with different comparator groups to those reported in the trial. Using the Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes: Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcome Results (LEADER) trial, we investigated six comparator groups using three calendar time periods (Early: 1999–2003; Later: 2004–2008, and Contemporaneous: 2009–2013) and two comparators (sulfonylureas and other second‐to‐third‐line antidiabetic drugs). Hazard ratios (HRs) of the three‐point composite cardiovascular outcome were estimated using four variations of the propensity score (adjustment, stratification, fine stratification, and matching) and compared with the LEADER trial (HR, 0.87; 95% confidence interval, 0.78–0.97). When comparing users of liraglutide with users of sulfonylureas, the HRs ranged from 0.57 to 1.03, with estimates in the early period most closely reflecting the LEADER trial (HR, 0.57–0.88). In contrast, the HRs ranged from 0.73 to 0.97 when comparing liraglutide users with users of any second‐to‐third‐line antidiabetic drugs, although the later period generated estimates closest to the LEADER trial (HR, 0.77–0.84). Different methods of adjustment led to generally consistent HRs, aside from the fine stratification in the early period. This study highlights the complex interplay between comparator, temporality, and method of adjustment when selecting comparators using real‐word data. These design choices must be considered in the design of trial emulation studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]