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This paper provides some new insights into the dual function of expressive speech acts discussed in pragmatic theory as either expressions of genuine emotions or conventionalised acts of courtesy. Drawing on the framework of interpersonal pragmatics, it analyses signs displayed on the doors of closed businesses in Athens and London during the first lockdown of the Covid-19 pandemic. These closure signs are characterised by a heavy use of relational features, including four expressive speech acts, namely greetings, apologies, thanks and wishes, which form the focus of the analysis. The relational work performed by these speech acts reflects the social changes brought about by the pandemic as well as the business owners’ attempts to retain their customers. The expressive speech acts featured on the signs are evaluated against the norms set out by the genre of closure signs. The comparative angle of the study, on the other hand, links the discussion to norms related to the display of emotions and to the use of conventionalised formulae in the two countries under study, thus revealing culture-specific perspectives on the dual function of expressive speech acts.

¿Es adecuada la concepción de justicia como equidad (propuesta por J. Rawls) para explorar y resolver cuestiones filosóficas, sociales y religiosas en la sociedad contemporánea? Según A. Sen, la perspectiva de Rawls, por extremamente ingeniosa que sea, necesita revisión: más y mejor atención de los aspectos sociales, y sus posibles consecuencias. Esta alternativa se basa en pensamiento de la India, realización comparada y meta alcanzable para erradicar la injusticia real y concreta; es entonces una teoría pragmática.

The potential for pragmatic insights to be enriched, and even generated, from investigation of people with communication disabilities has been vastly underutilised in theoretical pragmatics. An adequate pragmatic theory must account for the full range of human communication, including that of people with communication disabilities. A similar argument has been made regarding pragmatic explanations of the natural non-verbal behaviours accompanying speech, which has lagged behind exploration of non-natural linguistic meaning. These two domains – pragmatic research into the meaning of non-verbal behaviours and clinical research into the communicative strategies of people with aphasia (the communication disability that commonly follows a stroke) – have the potential to inform each other. This paper builds on the idea that a relevance-theoretic ostensive stimulus is typically a complex of linguistic elements, which usually convey propositional information, and non-verbal behaviours, which carry emotional or attitudinal information that supplement the verbal content. Many people with aphasia, however, rely much more heavily on the use of non-verbal behaviours. What do these convey? How can what is conveyed best be described and explained? This paper will use the ‘bi-dimensional continuum’ in which meaning and showing are plotted against determinate and indeterminate intended import (Sperber and Wilson 2015, p. 147) to demonstrate the complexity of non-verbal communication in dyads where one partner has aphasia.

This commentary takes a meta-view of the articles in this module by Westerman (2021a), and by Critchfield, Dobner-Pereira and Stucker (2021a), which offer two overlapping but also different formulations of the same case. It raises the question of whether there is only one true formulation of a clinical case (correspondence theory), or whether any one of several would qualify as accurate (coherence theory). A third alternative is that the truth-value of a formulation is a function of its ability to predict which therapist interventions will most help the client (pragmatic theory). A study is described in which the relative accuracy of two different formulations of the same case was put to the test in predicting which therapist interventions led to client progress. I propose that the current authors compare the pragmatic value of their formulations in a similar manner.

In his commentary, Stanley Messer (2021) posed the question of whether it is possible to evaluate the relative merits of different case formulation approaches to psychotherapy. He went on to maintain, based on the pragmatic theory of truth, that it is possible to compare different case formulation approaches, and pointed to a program of research that he and his collaborators conducted as an example for possible future research (Collins & Messer, 1991; Holland, Roberts, & Messer, 1998; Messer, Tishby, & Spillman, 1992; Tishby & Messer, 1995). In this reply, we express our appreciation for Messer’s remarks, with which we agree in large measure, and attempt to highlight and build upon some of the points he made. We discuss Dewey’s (1896) classic critique of the reflex arc concept to point out other ways the philosophical perspective of pragmatism supports the view that different approaches to therapy are not incommensurate. We also offer a number of suggestions for future research comparing psychotherapy based on Interpersonal Defense Theory and IRT, or any two case formulation approaches to therapy. At many points, our suggestions follow along the lines of Messer’s research. We also emphasize the value of case formulation-based studies, not only with regard to research comparing approaches to treatment, but for investigating other issues about therapy as well.

Pragmatic theories of truth need to pass the pragmatic test: they need to make a difference. Unfortunately, defenders of the pragmatic theory have rarely applied this test. I argue that a Deweyan p...

Everyone needs speak politely. A person speaks and behaves politely for self-actualization. The use of language politeness is not only determined by the choice of words, but also by the attitude of the speaker to the speech partner or interlocutor. The objective of this study is to describe the supporting values of language politeness in the Banjar language. This study uses a descriptive method; it is a descriptive quantitative, this research consists of three steps, namely 1) collecting data, 2) data analysis, and 3 presenting the results of data analysis. This research data consists of various kinds of utterances in various social communication situations in the Banjar language speaker. This study uses a pragmatic theory, especially regarding the politeness scale of language by Robin Lakoff. The results show that the supporting values of politeness in the Banjar language are based on 1) humility, 2) empathy, 3) respect, 4) sacrifice and 5) introspective manner.

Summary The paper discusses the occurrence of emphatic negative polarity items (NPIs) in high degree result clause constructions. We will identify four distributional patterns for Romanian emphatic NPIs. These will range from NPIs that only occur occasionally in result constructions to NPIs that are bound to such constructions and even do not show any truth-conditionally relevant semantic contribution. We reformulate a scalar, pragmatic theory of NPIs in a constraint-based, representational framework, Lexical Resource Semantics. We propose a scalar extension of a standard semantics of result clauses in order to capture the high degree, i.e. intensification readings. The constraint-based, representational perspective of this paper allows for an elegant modeling of the data: (i) We can capture the four distributional patterns as a lexical property of the discussed NPIs. (ii) The semantics and pragmatics of Romanian result clause constructions is accounted for by lexical properties of the result clause complementizers. (iii) A scalar analysis of emphatic NPIs can be applied in embedded clauses and even when the NPI itself does not contribute to the at-issue content of the overall utterance.

Humor discourse is a form of language that deviates from the rules of speech and conversation principles. Humor is a form of contradiction or deviation from the constraints of language. One of the humor discourse that presents language use conditions with a particular speech strategy is NET TV Tonight Show. This television program may contain speech offenses at the event. This study aims to describe and explain the implicature of humor discourse in the Tonight Show. In this study, researchers used a qualitative approach with the content analysis method and the pragmatic theory approach. The data is in the form of humor discourse in the Tonight Show television program, which is aired on NET TV. Still, researchers take the data from the Tonight Show uploaded on YouTube, collected by recording and recorded techniques. The data is analyzed by using an interactive model. The results showed that the implicature of humor discourse in the Tonight Show was in the form of mentioning, insinuating, revealing, protesting, informing, rejecting, accusing, asking, and saying. The benefit of this study is to know the humor discourse contained in the Tonight Show.

This research is entitled Deixis in the Business Article of The Jakarta Post. This research is conducted in order to find out the deixis in the business article of the Jakarta Post and five articles are taken as the samples. The data is analyzed through a pragmatic theory stated by Levinson theory. The theory divides the types of deixis into 5 types, (1) person deixis (2) place deixis (3) time deixis (4) discourse deixis (5) social deixis. Problem discussed in this research: 1) what types of deixis found in the article of Jakarta Post? 2)what is the dominant type of deixis found in the article of Jakarta Post? The research method in this research used is qualitative description. The data of this research were taken from the article of the Jakarta Post. Finally, the findings show: 1) all types of deixis found in the article of the Jakarta Post, 2) the dominant types of deixis found in the article of the Jakarta Post.

Aim. The aim of the study is to analyse the basic philosophical ideas proposed by Ludwig Wittgenstein in education from the pragmatic standpoint. Methods. The article is based on an extended literature review, which involves the use of such methods as interpretation (to explain incomprehensible and incomplete aspects of philosophical theory), comparative analysis (to compare Wittgenstein’s views with the views of pragmatists) and historico-philosophical reconstruction (to build a complete pragmatico-analytic conception of Wittgenstein’s philosophy of education). Results. The study clarified the pragmatic aspect of Wittgenstein’s reasoning about education. The author reconstructed and critically comprehended the features of Wittgenstein’s pedagogical method, his views on the purpose and characteristics of learning, communication in the educational environment and the results of the pedagogical process. Conclusion. Wittgenstein developed an original pedagogical method, which was a synthesis of his theoretical and practical generalisations based on personal experience of teaching and learning. He supplemented them with pragmatic ideas, which were both his own developments and the result of improving the ideas of pragmatic theory. This made it possible to form the basis of the pragmatico-analytic philosophy of education and to reinterpret its basic principles and ideas.

Since the early days of economics, the rationality principle has been a core element of economic theorizing. It is part of almost any theoretical framework that economists use to generate knowledge. Despite its central role, the principle’s epistemic status and function continue to be debated between empiricists and rationalists, and a clear winner is yet to emerge. One point of contention is that we cannot explain the principle’s special status in light of clear evidence against its empirical validity and the continuous conceptual changes it undergoes. In this paper, I argue that we should think of the rationality principle as a functional a priori principle along the lines of a pragmatic theory of constitutive elements recently put forward by David Stump. Such an approach would explain the principle’s persistence and changing status. More generally, the pragmatic theory of constitutive elements in science offers a viable alternative to rationalism and empiricism that allows for approaching the debate about the status and function of the rationality principle in economics. It provides a new framework and starting point to think about the usefulness of a central first principle in economics in a constructive way.

Superlative adjectives of Madura Kangean Dialect (MKD) are  repetitive adjectives that has R+D+(-an) structure or paleng. Superlative adjectives in MKD are used to describe different functions of utterances according to the contexts. The native people of Kangean island possess a distinctive dialect called Kangean dialect. This study explored the functions of superlative adjectives in MDK. Theories used to determine the functions of superlative adjectives in this research are descriptive and pragmatic theory. This study employed participatory observation method. The data were obtained from interviews with the dialect speakers by voice recording and field note -taking. In addition, the researchers also used reflective-introspective method. The collected data were then transcribed into written form of orthographic transcription. The method applied for analyzing the data are equivalent and distributional method. Meanwhile, the methods used for displaying the results of data analysis are informal and formal steps. The results of this study indicate that superlative adjectives of MKD have different functions, such as for giving motivation, praise, reprimand, satire, advice, orders, blemishes and accusations.

This article aims to describe the book of Proverbs for how someone gets wisdom, which the ability to understand everything clearly and use knowledge to overcome a problem. The problem in this study is how verses in the Book of Proverbs can represent wisdom that aims to teach someone to understand each teaching. This research is a qualitative research using descriptive method. The data are taken from The Book of Proverbs written by Solomon. Data collection techniques are reading analysis and documentation. This study uses three steps of work, they are (1) providing data; (2) data analyzing; and (3) presenting the results of the data analysis. This study uses pragmatic theory. The results of this study indicate that verse fragments in articles taken from the Book of Proverbs can teach someone to have wisdom, that wisdom can direct people into discipline, happiness and achievement of success.

This article explores the complex question of how instruction should be framed (i.e., contextualized). Reports from the US National Research Council reveal a broad consensus among experts that most instruction should be framed with problems, examples, cases, and illustrations. Such framing is assumed to help learners connect new knowledge to broader “real world” knowledge, motivate continued engagement, and ensure that learners can transfer their new knowledge to subsequent contexts. However, different theories of learning lead to different assumptions about when such frames should be introduced and how such frames should be created. This article shows how contemporary situative theories of learning argue that frames should be (a) introduced before instructional content, (b) generated by learners themselves, (c) used to make connections with people, places, topics, and times beyond the boundaries of the course, and (d) used to position learners as authors who hold themselves and their peers accountable for their participation in disciplinary discourse. This expansive approach to framing promises to support engagement with disciplinary content that is productive (i.e., increasingly sophisticated, raising new questions, recognizing confusion, making new connections, etc.) and generative (i.e., supporting transferable learning that is likely to be useful and used in a wide range of subsequent educational, professional, achievement, and personal contexts). A framework called Participatory Learning and Assessment (PLA) is presented that embeds expansively framed engagement within multiple levels of increasing formal assessments. This paper first summarizes PLA as theory-laden design principles. It then presents PLA as fourteen more prescriptive steps that some may find easier to implement, allowing them to learn as they go. Examples are presented from several courses from an extended program of design-based research using this approach in online and hybrid secondary, undergraduate, graduate, and technical courses.

The main objective of this research was to describe the mechanisms for engagement with affordances that help to sustain written interpersonal interactions of students in online discussion forums of a virtual learning environment while they were learning English as a foreign language. The notion of affordance was discussed in this study according to three dimensions: (i) environmental, (ii) technological, and (iii) linguistic, associating a pragmatic theory to the latter (GREENO, 1994; VAN LIER, 2000; LAMY & HAMPEL, 2007). The research findings showed that the environmental and technological affordances contributed to the construction of students’ presence as well as of a learning community. New forms of online interactions afforded new forms of language learning, especially by the movement of relexicalization and gap-filling.

Intentional ambiguity refers to the linguistic phenomenon that the addresser consciously uses some indirect or ambiguous words to express illocutionary forces to the addressee in the specific context. By analyzing the intentional ambiguity from the perspective of pragmatic definition, pragmatic connotation, pragmatic theory and pragmatic value, it shows that the dynamic study of intentional ambiguity based on pragmatics is conducive to explain the phenomenon of intentional ambiguity in communication. As long as it is used skillfully in the specific context, intentional ambiguity can be an effective communicative strategy to help the communicators achieve their communication intention.

Poster is a general term for a letter attached / placard. Posters are placards that are placed in public places, in the form of announcements or advertisements (Big Indonesian Dictionary, 1986: 679). Posters can be interpreted as a form of visual communication work for a wide audience in the format of writing and images, which are generally in the form of stickers on the wall with a communication range for the masses. This study analyzes the works of Naufan Noordiyanto's posters which include studies of the form of the work, design elements, messages and values contained in his poster works with an art criticism approach. Naufan Noordiyanto's poster works mostly on social and political themes, regarding identity, tolerance, equality, philosophy and things that are contemporary in nature. These works were created as a reflection of his experiences, thoughts, and current conflicts. Artist Naufan Noordiyanto has created many forms with changing forms. Many of the body parts that were deformed from the human figures he created appeared to be abnormal human forms. Of course, there is a message that designer Naufan Noordiyanto wants to convey through his works. As in his work, Marlina, which presents Naufan's self-disclosure of the consequences of a lack of equality for a person, and being isolated is sometimes preferable to being recognized through a set of norms in a system that can injure and negate. In this research, the writer uses mimesis theory, expressive theory, and objective / pragmatic theory.

Computational tools for building design and operation support entail fairly detailed representations of buildings' geometry, construction, and systems. Recent efforts aim at enhancing, in these tools, the relatively less developed models of building users. Thereby, one of the key challenges concerns the fit between the nature and level of needed support (e.g., performance queries) on the one hand and the required or appropriate resolution of the applied occupant model on the other hand. Some queries involving aggregate performance indicator may be sufficiently served by simple models of occupants' presence and actions in buildings. Detailed queries, however, may necessitate the implementation of high-resolution dynamic occupant representations. Methods to generate an occupant model may be fully data-driven, or they may be based on explicitly stated causal theories of human behaviour. However, there is not necessarily a sharp boundary between these approaches: Regularities harnessed by data-driven methods often reveal an implicit theoretical feature, as they are key to mapping processes from independent variables (model input) to dependent variables (manifest behaviour). Causal methods, on the other hand, need data to both develop and calibrate occupant methods. In this context, the present paper introduces the outline and main elements of a pragmatic theory of control-oriented human behaviour in buildings. The theory is suggested to inform the efforts towards construction of occupant models in computational applications related to building design, operation, and evaluation. Specifically, it can systematically guide the formulation of occupant-related ontologies and their instantiation in computational applications.

We propose the extension of previous work done on “the Web as a tool for proving” [2] to suggest a basis for a meta-theory for post-truth. We believe that such a theory cannot be based on the current philosophical theories about truth such as the correspondence theory, the coherence theory, the pragmatic theory or the consensus theory [8]. Neither can be based on the constructivist approach that truths in general are social constructions. “Post-truths” are often considered in the literature as real existing entities [7]; the only aspect that takes place in the real world is the processes of assigning truth-values to assertions. Our view is that the truth-assignment processes involve at least two agents – the claim initiator and the truth interpreter - which can be persons, groups of persons or even machines. The same kind of approach applies for Web-based proving which occurs at a particular time and place and involves particular people, some of them can act as administrators. Underlying the truth-assignment processes and the proving processes over the Web, we have some kind of social event. The nature of the Web allows the participation of people who have not necessarily particular skills as members of a certain group. Web proving has been studied [2] as a particular type of Goguen's proof events [3][4]. Proof events, are social events that involve particular persons that form social groups of experts with particular knowledge and skills. These groups are open and have no internal hierarchical structure but they usually have at least one administrator who acts as an overseer of the correctness of the proving processes. In any case, a proof event apart from involving specialists, involves mediating objects such as spoken words, data, videos, scientific papers, etc. Web-based proof-events have a social component, communication medium, prover-interpreter interaction, interpretation process, understanding and validation, historical component, and styles. By truth-interpretation we understand the determination of the definition or meaning of the signs that are fixed by the language or semiotic code of communication used for the claim initiation or for what is thought as truth- assignment. Interpretation is an active process of interactive nature, as allowed by the open Web architecture [1][2]. The concept of post-truth has received a lot of publicity the last few years [7]. It refers to situations that claims can be accepted on the basis of beliefs or emotions and not of real facts [7] [8] [9]. As a concept, it originates from the study of misinformation and in particular fake news [6] [10]. However, its formal epistemological definition is an open question. In our view we need to re-approach the process of truth-assignment within the Web technology, in order to develop a proper theory on post truth based on agents within a social environment. Many social agents that can contribute towards this goal. Still, two of them play the most crucial part in this direction: the claim initiator and the truth-interpreter, both seen as integral parts in the social approach to truth-assignment processes. This theory needs to be accompanied by the necessary socio-theoretical approach regarding the concepts of correctness and proving. Mathematical logic uses mainly mechanical methods, such as rules of inference and validation, and in a sense considers that most of the truth-related components of a logical system can be constructed as finite sequences of such rules. This approach leaves out the social dimension of the truth-assignment process as well as the social dimension of proofs, including their histories, attempts to arrive at a true conclusion, motivations, misleading interpretations, etc. Truth-assignments have much greater diversity than what most of logicians would easily accept. Any post-truth statement depends much on the processes used for the truth assignment. Depending on which processes are used, the output differs. To conclude that “an assertion is true”, a broader notion of correctness is desirable. In the literature, correctness refers to whether or not an argument or proof follows a logical path from premises to conclusions [12]. We suggest that, apart from this logical correctness, we need a rule-based and a morally-based conception of correctness to encapsulate accurately the social aspects. Correctness of an action over the Web needs to re-defined as an action that is not only logically acceptable but complies with these kinds of social norm [11]. The open architecture of the Web, facilitates certain social behaviors and prevents others, thus it provides novel features of the truth assignment process far beyond the traditional approach to argumentation within a natural language.

Donkey sentences have existential and universal readings, but they are not often perceived as ambiguous. We extend the pragmatic theory of non-maximality in plural definites by Križ (2016) to explain how hearers use Questions under Discussion to fix the interpretation of donkey sentences in context. We propose that the denotations of such sentences involve truth-value gaps — in certain scenarios the sentences are neither true nor false — and demonstrate that Križ’s pragmatic theory fills these gaps to generate the standard judgments of the literature. Building on Muskens’s (1996) Compositional Discourse Representation Theory and on ideas from supervaluation semantics, we define a general schema for dynamic quantification that delivers the required truth-value gaps. Given the independently motivated pragmatic theory of Križ 2016, we argue that mixed readings of donkey sentences require neither plural information states, contra Brasoveanu 2008, 2010, nor error states, contra Champollion 2016, nor singular donkey pronouns with plural referents, contra Krifka 1996, Yoon 1996. We also show that the pragmatic account improves over alternatives like Kanazawa 1994 that attribute the readings of donkey sentences to the monotonicity properties of the embedding quantifier. EARLY ACCESS

This research was conducted with the aim of investigating rebuke speech acts in student interactions during practicing class using pragmatic approach and politeness strategies. Human beings can never be separated from the use of oral language in the form of speech acts. One of the interesting events to study and analyze language pragmatics is by observing how students relate in academic environments. This is necessary due to the importance of speech act in communication through the use of spoken language. This research was conducted qualitatively using a pragmatic theory approach and 100 students participating in a practical class were selected randomly as subjects of the research. The data used include the students' speeches during the violation of practice procedures in the laboratory and the data collection techniques used were open questionnaires through the Discourse Complete Test (DCT) involving 10 types of real situations. The data obtained were analyzed using Searle's speech act and Brown and Levinson's politeness strategy theories. The results indicated the existence of greatest tendency for rebuke expressive speech acts, which violate politeness strategies.

Nurses need a pragmatic theory to understand and respond to the impact of vulnerable patients’ previous healthcare experiences, as these are likely to influence response and adherence to treatment plans. The authors of this paper present the new BITTEN (Betrayal history by health-related institutions, Indicator for healthcare engagement, Traumas related to healthcare, Trust in healthcare providers, patient Expectations and Needs) Model of Trauma-Informed Healthcare. BITTEN identifies patients’ current healthcare expectations and needs as a function of their previous betrayal by healthcare systems, which operates in conjunction with their current health indicators to potentially trigger trauma symptoms and impact trust in healthcare providers.

This essay explicates Robert Cummings Neville’s theory of religious truth, focusing especially upon its foundations in the semiotic and pragmatism of C. S. Peirce. In accordance with Peirce’s semiotic, Neville construes religious truth as consisting in a triadic relation obtaining between religious signs, the ultimate objects they represent, and the living interpreters who interpret those ultimate objects via religious signs. In accordance with Peirce’s pragmatism, Neville construes religious truth as consisting in the practical fruits of interpreting religious signs in the experience, behavior, and thought of living interpreters. Neville’s theory of religious truth also depends crucially upon his metaphysics, which hypothesizes that all determinate things are defined by four elements: form, components formed, existential location, and value-identity. These “cosmological ultimates” define the finite sides of four “finite/infinite contrasts” with the infinite, indeterminate ontological creative act that creates all determinate things out of nothing. Religious symbols are true in a semiotic sense when they represent what is ultimately real by schematizing the finite/infinite contrasts that actually define the boundedness of the creation over against the ontological creative act. And religious symbols are true in a pragmatic sense when interpreting those symbols causes interpreters to regard as their ultimate concerns the religious predicaments associated with having form, components, existential location, and a value-identity. In short, religious symbols are true insofar as they represent realities that are truly ultimate and their interpretation generates the good living fruits of righteousness, wholeness, love, and ultimate meaning.

This article investigates a ubiquitous phenomenon known as multimodal recycling, so called because cartoonists frequently recycle pictorial and compositional ideas they have developed earlier. This...

This article provides a pragmatic interpretation of the effects of euphemistic lexical choices made in public discourse in reference to taboo topics. It contributes to the cognitive pragmatic theory of proximization by considering how euphemisms weaken the potentially negative effect of specific linguistic representations or – more broadly – conceptualizations of forbidden reality, on the recipients. Doing so, such expressions extend the discourse space between the unpleasant phenomenon and the recipients’ deictic centre. Focusing on the military euphemism blue-on-blue and its use in various media, the paper interprets this expression as a strategy of discursive distanciation from the unwelcome consequences of military action. The data indicate that distanciation involves several levels of grammatical and structural transformations that obliterate the potentially negative impact by veiling the congruent, i.e. the most direct, verbalization of the event with an increasingly complex series of semantically opaque realizations.

Truth is a fundamental philosophical concept that, despite its common and everyday use, has resisted common-sense formulations. At this point, one may legitimately wonder if there even is a common-sense notion of truth or what it could look like. In response, I propose here a common-sense account of truth based on four “truisms” (to use J.L. Austin’s term) that set a baseline for how to go about building an account of truth. Drawing on both ordinary language philosophy and contemporary pragmatic approaches to truth, I defend a pragmatic, common-sense theory of truth. The result is a theory that focuses the use and function of truth while also emphasizing its “subject-independence.”

This study aims to explain the forms of speech hate in the public space using pragmatic theory, especially acts of perlokusi speech. In addition, this research also explains the actualization of the Solo Raya Center for Religion and Peace Studies in minimizing the utterances of hatred in the public sphere. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative. Data is obtained from hate speech monitored by PSAP for the period January-December 2017 until January-July 2018. Data is a word or sentence in the form of banners and the like with utterances of hate spread in public spaces. The results of the study show that all forms of speech if associated with pragmatic science, are all included in the category of perlocution speech acts, because they all lead to the power of one's influence or cause bad stereotypes. Based on the class of hate speech forms, the data presented is classified into several types of hate speech, namely (1) insult; (2) provocation; (3) oppression; (4) speech of crime. In addition, a forum for communication and discussion is needed to erode speeches of hatred. For example, the formation of the Solo Raya PSAP institution as a form of minimizing the utterance of hate in the public space.

The article is concerned with one of the newest trends in literary studies championed by the journal Translit . The ‘new poetics’ promulgated by the journal, as well as the underlying ‘pragmatic theory of literature’, means rejection of the aesthetic focus in writing. In its crusade against the ‘aesthetic ideology’ the journal adopts an extreme form of relativism and adheres to the theory of power struggle between elites as the key driver of social relationships. The author argues that attachment of a fetish status to writing tools (especially the most fashionable electronic ones), dismissal of ‘anthropocentricity’ in favour of ‘posthumanism’ by pragmatic theorists, and an aggressive search for ‘epistemological and political enemies’ are a cause for a major concern in the contemporary cultural crisis.

This article introduces new Mandarin Chinese data on ziji ‘self’, namely it has been overlooked that ziji is able to take the collective suffix –men to form zijimen. This observation is gleaned from written material found in the mainstream Chinese news media, as well as among general Chinese websites. In evaluating this new reflexive data, there are two major theoretical traditions, syntactic and pragmatic, to consider. Assessing recent Minimalist anaphoric theories shows that there are challenges presented for these syntactic theories’ mechanisms when applied to zijimen. In the field of pragmatics however, this new form presents little challenge to the revised neo-Gricean pragmatic theory of anaphora. Moreover, this new data sheds light on the distributivity problem of ziji, leading to a new pragmatic analysis. Consequently, in spite of recent syntactic advances in anaphoric theory, the best answer to Chinese reflexive pronouns is still a pragmatic one.

It has been pointed out that Gettier case scenarios have deviant realizations and that deviant realizations raise a difficulty for the logical analysis of thought experiments. Grundmann and Horvath have shown that it is possible to rule out deviant realizations by suitably modifying the scenario of a Gettier-style thought experiment. They hypothesize further that the enriched scenario corresponds to the way expert epistemologists implicitly interpret the original one. However, no precise account of this implicit enrichment is offered, which makes the proposal somewhat ad hoc. Drawing on pragmatic theory, I argue that the content of Grundmann and Horvath’s modified scenario corresponds to the default interpretation of the original scenario and that epistemological expertise is not required to access the deviance-proof interpretation. This Default Interpretation proposal offers thus a more general and independently motivated solution to the Problem of Deviant Realizations.

Foundations play an increasingly important role in the creation and maintenance of urban infrastructure supporting social reproduction (e.g. schools, health care, human services, etc.). Yet, geographical scholarship on the consequences of their funding and influence remains relatively sparse, and research from other disciplines is predominately critical. This manuscript offers a more hopeful reading of the consequences of foundations through pragmatic theory. It highlights pragmatism’s pluralistic theory of knowledge, focus on the problematic situation and the future, and its integration of hope as a generative process in creating truths to reveal a more nuanced and ultimately more hopeful reading of the possibilities for nonprofits engaging with philanthropic foundations. It further argues that in an era of mature neoliberalism and hallowed out urban government, abandoning all engagement with philanthropic foundations as a universal principle runs the risk of further starving critical community resources of the necessary funds to do their work.

Democratic governments might be required by law to disseminate information to the people. This is called governmental transparency. What is the burden of transparency? We propose a “pragmatic information theory of communication” that places information accessibility as a foundation of transparency. Using a game model—the Transparency Game—we show that the pragmatic theory is the only one that makes it difficult for governments to appear transparent (transparency de vidi) while not actually being transparent (transparency de facto). There are two important consequences of understanding transparency through the theory: (1) Accessible information must be actionable, and (2) cognitive science plays a vital role in assessing the accessibility of information. These consequences can have implications for public policies that promote transparency.

The aim of study is to cast the light on factive presupposition in religious Islamic texts. The Pragmatic approach is adopted to analyze the factive presupposition in religious Islamic texts, and it looks at the relation between a text and its contexts and the ways that contexts contribute to meaning. This study is a qualitative study Pragmatic theory aims at clarifying how communication is successful and possible among people and how utterances are recognized. Apprehension of an utterance involves retrieving proposal expressed and drawing some conclusions draw on this assumption as a starting point. In terms of context, it is limited to mutual knowledge, beliefs and assumptions of the speaker and hearer, where mutual knowledge is a knowledge that divides, and also is known to be common and shared (Smith, 1982). A Presupposition is one of the main concepts of pragmatics, and it is used to include a general class of pragmatic and semantic phenomena that have a fundamental impact on the apprehension of utterances. Particularly, this concept denotes premise that truth is taken in an utterance and without the value of truth that cannot be set, and can broadly be related with a lexical element or certain grammatical features in any utterance. Thus, because pragmatics is very essential in analyzing the extent of rhetorical and sentential meaning, it is also essential to find out how factive presupposition performs in English religious texts and how it can be analyzed.

In their daily activities, people will need to interact with other people. In this interaction, people use language as a means of communication. A conversation, as a way of people doing communication, can only take place by the presence of both speakers and hearers under a particular circumstance. As one of the pragmatic aspects, cooperative principle becomes something that should be noticed in a conversation. Grice (1975) said that the conversation will run well if both of the speaker and hearer obey the rules of conversation which he arranged into four conversational maxims, namely Maxim of Quantity, Maxim of Quality, Maxim of Relevance, and Maxim of Manner. For Islamic followers, these conversational rules, however, have long time been known well since Islam has ruled its people to treat other people well in all aspects, not to mention in speaking. This present article will see how Grice’s conversational maxims, which were proposed in 1975, are in line with the Islamic conversational rules which were mentioned in Quran and hadith long time ago, since 600s. It means that this broadly-known pragmatic theory is not something new in Islam. It is also to prove that Islam, to some extent, is the source of knowledge and value which are often developed further by western scholars. Keywords: pragmatics, Grice’s conversational maxims, Islamic conversational rules

This paper briefly summarizes the relevant theories of pragmatics, analyzes the importance of pragmatics in College English education, probes into the application of pragmatics in College English education, and points out the measures of combining pragmatics with college English teaching.

The Sessler Branden Advocacy Theory (SBAT) was discovered through the Corbin and Strauss grounded theory method to address the gaps in the literature regarding the advocate role. This study has contributed to the extant knowledge of the nurse as advocate and has identified and explicated the role of the nurse advocate. The SBAT has bridged the existing knowledge with a substantive, pragmatic theory that can be applied and utilized by any nurse in any situation where advocacy is needed. Although the study participants were nurses, this theory could be operationalized by all professional groups in order to effect change.

Business schools are ripe for innovation to better meet their primary goal of helping students improve their value-creation ability. The purpose of this paper is three-fold: One, to offer three key ideas that have been marginalized and under-exposed in the business school curricula but are nevertheless critical for enabling today's students to create value and hence deserve inclusion: perceptual control theory, pragmatic uses of the imagination, and the pragmatic theory of the firm. Two, explain how more extensive research built upon these ideas could lead to exciting new inter-disciplinary thinking. And three, describe how these ideas would be better utilized if business schools had a Value Creation Center that supported interdisciplinary collaboration and the sharing of new knowledge.

In this paper, the theoretical concept of language consciousness is used as the angle and starting point to study the language variation under the bilingual phenomenon. First of all, this thesis introduces the Language Variation and analyzes the Canadian English and French in detail. This theory serves as the theoretical framework to facilitate the conversational analysis. Then, the writer selects some typical examples and analyzes them though the theory of Language Ideology. From this way, the readers can better understand Language Variation in Bilingualism and it clarifies the validity of taking pragmatic theory into text analysis.

I want to promote what I shall call (unoriginally, and for the sake of its having a name ) 'the identity theory of truth'. I suggest that other accounts put forward as theories of truth are genuine rivals to it, but are unacceptable. A certain conception of thinkables belongs with the identity theory's conception of truth. I introduce these conceptions in Part I, by reference to John McDowell's Mind and World; and I show why they have a place in an identity theory, which I introduce by reference to Frege. In Part II, I elaborate on the conception of thinkables, with a view to demonstrating that the identity theory's conception of truth is defensible. Part III is concerned with the theory's relation to some recent work on the concept of truth: I hope to show that the identity theorist not only has a defensible conception of truth, but also, in the present state of play, has appropriate ambitions.Article

In this paper, we outline a relevance-based approach to pragmatics, the theory of utterance interpretation. The main aim of a pragmatic theory is to explain how the hearer recognises the intended interpretation of an utterance. We argue that this interpretation is not decoded but inferred, by a non-demonstrative inference process in which considerations of relevance play a central role. We offer a definition of relevance, and argue that every utterance creates an expectation of relevance in the hearer, with the preferred interpretation being the one that best satisfies that expectation of relevance. The theory is illustrated by applying it to a wide range of examples.