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Objectives Methods Results Conclusion To describe the epidemiological status of oral cancer (OC) in India along with updates on risk factors, advances and gaps in preventive measures, treatment, costs of care and monitoring.Two national estimates of incidence and mortality were cited, one for 2016 by the Global Burden of Disease India Study and one based on projections for 2020 by GLOBOCAN. The National Cancer Registry Project provided local and regional incidence and trends using data from 2012–2016. Scientific literature, reports of the NCRP, the IARC and government press releases were also consulted.Tobacco and areca nut habits are the major risk factors for OC in India. In the 1980s, intervention studies on oral screening, awareness generation and habit cessation in rural areas reduced tobacco use and oral leukoplakia. Lately, adoption of the tobacco control law and mass media communications have resulted in decreased tobacco use. However, the increasing popularity of highly carcinogenic tobacco products containing areca nut, with evasion of their bans, is increasing OC incidence.Despite advances in care, there is growing incidence of OC, persisting poor awareness about the need to quit tobacco/areca nut/alcohol use and go for screening. Major efforts are needed to implement preventive activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the differential impact of six civil society organizations' (CSO) capacity-building factors on governance, using data from a survey of 366 Nepali non-governmental organizations. The factors include Organizational Commitment to Need-based Intervention, Institutionalized Learning Process, Creative Engagement of Staff in Decision-Making, Financial Management, Legal Enabling Environment, and Education of Leaders. Results from Multiple Regression in SPSS 16 show that all six capacity-building factors, both collectively and individually, significantly and positively influence CSO governance with large effect sizes. Notably, Organizational Commitment to Need-based Intervention, Institutionalized Learning Process, Creative Engagement of Staff in Decision-Making, and Financial Management explain 68% of the variance, while Legal Enabling Environment and Education of Leaders explain 19%. Financial management (38.3%) and creative engagement of staff in decision-making (26%) stand out as significant contributors, suggesting a need for targeted capacity-building efforts in these areas to enhance CSO governance. The study provides valuable insights for Confirmatory Factor Analysis and future longitudinal studies on the role of these factors in CSO governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces Multi-dimensional Disparity Index (MDI) to measure multi-form of disparity in different level of governments referencing Nepal. The measurement scale of MDI was developed by adopting Santos and Alkire's (2011) approaches. A wide range of thematic experts was consulted, employing the Semi-Delphi approach to determine its dimensions and indicators. The MDI in this study includes six dimensions and 34 indicators composited with dimension-wise indices like Economy Disparity Index [ECODI], Educational Disparity Index [EDUDI], Health Disparity Index [HDI], Geography and Climatic Vulnerability Index [GCVI], Living Standard Disparity Index [LSDI], and Demography Disparity Index [DDI]. Overall, the study revealed the extent of multi-dimensional disparity across three tiers of government in Nepal. More specifically, Nepal scored 0.388 MDI value. Karnali and Bagmati provinces are accounted as the highest and least deprived. This study contributes essential knowledge, particularly in exploring the dimensions and their indicators and develops an approach to measure multi-dimensional disparities. Most existing approaches for assessing disparities are mono-dimensional and measure the disparities in a single aspect. In this context, MDI provides a broader approach to consider multiple dimensions and measures multiple aspects in a country like Nepal, where disparity manifests at multiple levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different chemical extractants and ion exchange resins are used to assess the bioavailability of soil nutrients for crop plants. The major problems associated with the use of IER in soil testing are their reusability and the difficulties encountered in their separation from the soil being extracted. We addressed these difficulties by encapsulating a weakly acidic cation exchange resin and weakly basic anion exchange resin in separate dialysis membrane pouches and suspending them together in a cellulose extraction thimble during extraction. The suitability of this method has been evaluated for diverse types of soils widely varying in physicochemical properties. The standardization of protocol revealed that the ideal conditions for extraction of micronutrients were: 20:40 soil water ratio and 4 h extraction at 25°C in a shaker incubator at 120 rpm. This simple modified ion exchange resin method can be used multiple times for routine soil tests in laboratories for extraction of cationic micronutrients. The soil extracts can be analyzed for cationic micronutrients. The coefficients of determination (R2) between resin extractable- and diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid extractable- nutrients were 0.31, 0.59, 0.67, and 0.88 for Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid surfaces with spatial wettability control are key for wider applicability in microfluidics, water harvesting, and inkjet printing. The patterned wettable surface is limited in its use on a broad scale due to the technological challenges of applying it to curved surfaces. In this study, we explore and demonstrate a desilanization technique to pattern hydrophilic spots on a superhydrophobic background. A simple chemical etching technique followed by functionalization with a low-surface-energy polymer yielded superhydrophobicity with contact angle of 178° ± 1° and sliding angle < 3° on Al5052. Further, surface processing by fluorine-free desilanization for 5 min yielded hydrophilicity with contact angle of ~ 20° ± 1°. To ensure the suitability of this technique in microfluidics, a microchannel surface with 300 µm channel width has been fabricated. Furthermore, the present study demonstrates the efficiency of simple wettability patterning on curved surfaces like Al cups and hollow pipes. Thus, a simple, cost-effective and time efficient methodology to fabricate wetting patterns on curved surfaces is proposed here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saline wastewater pollution is a critical issue that needs to be addressed. The present study focused on the development of a dual-chambered microbial fuel cell (MFC) treating saline wastewater at the anode. Halophilic exo-electrogenic bacteria enriched from seawater (Arabian Sea, Mumbai, India) were used in the anodic chamber of the MFC. Denitrification using denitrifying bacteria was employed in the cathodic chamber. The maximum power density was significantly increased from 96.77 mW/m2 to 162.09 mW/m2 with a rise in NaCl concentration from 20 to 40 g/L. Nitrate removal in the cathode chamber increased from 80 ± 3% to 89 ± 3.2% with increase in salt concentration from 20 g/L to 40 g/L and concomitantly COD removal in the anode chamber increased from 76 ± 3.8% to 83 ± 4%. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis revealed higher electrochemical activity at 40 g/L salt concentration. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis exhibited that charge transfer and solution resistances were lower when the salinity was increased. Microbial community analysis revealed the presence of Clostridium, Shewanella, and Bacillus as the most abundant genera in the anodic chamber. This study demonstrated the dual applicability of the system targeted for removal of organics from saline wastewater and nitrate removal from contaminated wastewater accompanied by power generation from the MFC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction-Anemia in pregnancy is one of the gravest world health crises affecting one fourth of the world population, mainly children and women of the reproductive age. The onset of anemia is attributed to two major classifications being 'Nutritional'-meaning deficiency of minerals and vitamins, and 'Nonnutritional' corresponding to infection and hemoglobinopathies. The only micronutrient mandatorily required supplementing to fill the gap between the dietary intake and the demand is iron. Micronutrient's iron, folate, and vitamins are very vital for the proper growth of the fetus during pregnancy. The diverse consequences of nutritional anemia are recurrent abortion, recurrent fetal loss, congenital abnormalities, preterm labour, reduced birth weight and neonatal and maternal mortalities. Methodology. It's an empirical, longitudinal, prospective, and comparative study using a structured questionnaire on the target group of the urban population in the city of Ajmer city. Results and Conclusion. Assessing BMI, there were 51.61% of anemic rich pregnant women who were considered malnourished as they belonged to the group with BMI < 18.4 kg/m2 whereas among the poor anemic pregnant women it was 75.87% women under this BMI. Evaluating the poor non-anemic pregnant women, nearly 16.98% of women belonged to BMI < 18.4 kg/m2 category and 8.95% of the rich non-anemic women who had their BMI < 18.4 kg/m2. Among the rich non-anemic pregnant women, there were 37.74% who came under the category of overweight having BMI >23kg/m2 and only 3.77% of poor non-anemic women grouped under over weight. The mean+SD of Hb at third trimester of the rich and poor pregnant women was 10.4+1.02 and 9.0+0.02 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With more and more research happening in the various dimensions of all the sanitary napkin components, various sanitary napkins are available in the market with enhanced functionalities. The increasing consumer awareness on eco-friendliness and the demanding expectations on disposable products to maintain a healthy environment have been the driving forces to initiate the research on improving the eco-friendliness of disposable hygienic product and producing low-cost sanitary napkins. The reasons for non-penetration of sanitary napkins in all strata of Indian markets are mainly due to financial non-affordability, lack of awareness about health, and hygiene etc. The efforts by the Government in the form of creating awareness and offering subsidiaries and supplying raw materials at low cost, low cost sanitary napkins are now available in the market. All these efforts will together guarantee the low cost of the sanitary napkin but still the quality is not ensured, the main reason for this is the higher cost of the testing apparatus. This project focuses on fabricating an economic and indigenous instrument for the accurate evaluation of selected performance properties of sanitary napkin. Varieties of sanitary napkins have been tested in this fabricated performance tester (SANPER tester) and analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elastic weft knitted single jersey fabrics are produced by plating of elastane (elastomeric polyurethane) yarn with lyocell yarn in a circular knitting machine with positive feeder. This type of fabrics and their cloths have great response in the market as they have the tendency to re-gain their original size and shape due to physical extension by any part of human body. This research analyzed the effect of elastane plating on the physical and thermal comfort properties such as GSM, thickness, stitch density, air permeability, water vapor transmission rate, thermal conductivity and thermal resistivity of lyocell single jersey knitted fabrics by varying the loop length. The work revealed that the physical properties like stitch density, thickness and GSM increased with increase in elastane content and decrease in increasing of loop length. The air permeability, water vapor transmission rate and thermal resistivity of the fabrics decreased with increasing of elastane plating and increased with increasing of loop length. The thermal conductivity values of the fabrics are not much significant at 95% significance level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dhivya, Padma, and Santhini ([2]) states that wound dressing is designed to be in contact with the wound, which is different from a bandage that holds the dressing in place. Keywords: Chitosan; hemostatic efficacy; plain gauze; secondary layer; spunlace; wound dressing; ; ; ; ; ; EN Chitosan hemostatic efficacy plain gauze secondary layer spunlace wound dressing ZH 8044 8050 7 11/21/22 20221220 NES 221220 Introduction The selection of fibers and textile structures are very essential for the selection hemostatic wound dressing material (Kubera Sampath Kumar et al. [4]; [6]; [5]). 2020a. Study of wound dressing material coated with natural extracts of Calotropis Gigantean, Eucalyptus Globulus and buds of Syzygium Aromaticum solution enhanced with rhEGF (REGEN-D TM 60). 2017a. Evaluation of antibacterial efficacy and wound healing activity of natural fibre based wound dressing coated with natural extracts of calotropis gigantean, eucalyptus globules and buds of syzygiumaromaticum enhanced with epidermal growth factor. [Extracted from the article]

We report a patient with racemose neurocysticercosis, highlighting the diagnostic and management issues. A 37-year-old male had headaches, fever, and seizures for 8 months. He had a positive tuberculin test, cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis, and hydrocephalus and exudates on MRI. His symptoms rapidly resolved following antitubercular and prednisolone treatment. After 2 months, he was readmitted with headache and vomiting, and his brain MRI revealed communicating hydrocephalus with a cyst in the lateral ventricle and subarachnoid space, which was confirmed as neurocysticercosis on the third ventriculostomy. The patient was managed with dexamethasone and a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. This case highlights that meningitis symptoms, CSF pleocytosis, and positive tuberculin tests may not always suggest tubercular etiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is concerned with the characterization of pulp extracted from agro-waste fibers using steam explosion technique. Steam explosion is a very efficient and non-reactive technique to extract soft and absorbent cellulose pulp from agro waste fibers like banana, bagasse, and sisal. Preforms prepared from the extracted pulp, with the aid of binders, using the water laid method, enhanced their suitability to be used for sanitary napkins, due to improved fiber integrity and absorbency. The preforms developed from these extracted pulp were used as the absorbent core of the sanitary napkins to replace the widely used synthetic viscose wood pulp, which thereby improved the eco-friendliness of the sanitary napkins. The preforms were made from these pulps in combination with various binders namely cassava, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and sodium alginate in various concentrations namely 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5%. The various preform samples were tested for physical and absorbency-related performance characteristics like grams per square meter, thickness, density of the pulp, absorbency and immersion time, vertical wicking, strike through rate and swelling measurements. It was found that the preforms made with cassava as the binder, recorded higher absorbency properties when compared to other preforms, which were made using CMC and sodium alginate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Hot-rolled Mg-3Al-0.5Ce alloy possesses anisotropic elastic–plastic fracture toughness (J IC) behavior. • Anisotropic J IC could be attributed to long-aligned Al 11 Ce 3 precipitates within elongated grain boundaries along RD. • Profuse 10 1 ¯ 2 〈 10 1 ¯ 1 〉 extension twins (ET) with lamellae almost ⊥ to RD forms irrespective of the notch, a n ‖ to RD or TD. • The ET lamellae ⊥ and ‖ to crack path lead to trans and inter lamellar crack for a n ‖ to RD and TD , respectively. • Trans-lamellar crack causes larger plasticity in a n ‖ R D and have higher J IC than in a n ‖ T D with inter-lamellar crack. Anisotropic fracture toughness (FT) in a hot-rolled Mg-3Al-0.5Ce magnesium alloy has been investigated using fatigue pre-cracked compact tension (CT) specimens with the notch (a n) ‖ to the rolling direction (R D) and transverse direction (T D). During testing, notable non-linear load–displacement behavior before peak load indicated significant crack tip plasticity. Thus, elastic–plastic FT (J IC) was evaluated and found to be 20.7 N / m m and 15.8 N / m m for a n ‖ to R D and T D , respectively. Long-aligned Al 11 Ce 3 precipitates were present in this alloy within the elongated grain boundaries along RD. During FT testing, profuse 10 1 ¯ 2 〈 10 1 ¯ 1 〉 extension twins (ET) with c-axis almost ‖ and lamellae morphology almost ⊥ to RD formed between these elongated precipitates, irrespective of the notch, a n ‖ to RD or TD. The ET lamellae ⊥ and ∥ to crack path lead to trans and inter lamellar crack for a n ‖ to RD and TD, respectively. Translamellar crack in a n ‖ to R D leads to comparatively high strain hardening, dislocation density, geometrically necessary boundaries, and grain refinement, indicating larger plastic energy dissipation and thereby has higher J IC than in a n ‖ to TD with interlamellar crack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early marriage is one of the major traditional practices that affects the life of both boys and girls in many different ways. In this context, this research assessed the prevalence of early marriage and derived its underlying causes. Adopting a mixed methods approach, first, the study surveyed a sample of 1350 households of Nepal in which at least a marriage took place within the five years before the survey. Following a survey, secondly, the study explored 30 unique cases of early marriage, and ten among them were studied in more depth through face-to-face interviews. Logistic regression was applied to determine the factors that could influence the prevalence of early marriage. It was then followed by an analysis of the qualitative data. The research findings demonstrate that there is a high prevalence of early marriage (49.6%) among households within Nepal; nevertheless, the overall trend of early marriage is noted at a decreasing trend over the years. Undoubtedly, factors such as the level of education of the family members, the gender of the head of the household, and religion, influence the predisposition to early marriage within Nepal. Early marriage is undeniably a subjective phenomenon; however, such subjectivity is shaped by the socio-economic situation, as well as individual and family values. Thus, among others, the study implied that improving the strategies that promote higher formal schooling could reduce the prevalence of early marriage and thereby result in associated beneficial welfare effects in Nepal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of death and disability among people with type 2 diabetes (T2D), presenting a significant impact on longevity, patient quality of life, and health care costs. In the United States, attainment of recommended glycemic targets is low and T2D-related cardiovascular complications remain a significant burden. Many glucose-lowering treatment options are available, but glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors are recommended in recent guidelines as the preferred add-on therapy to metformin to improve glycemic control. This is particularly the case for patients with T2D and established atherosclerotic CVD, at high risk of atherosclerotic CVD, and/or with chronic kidney disease. Recommendations were based on GLP-1RA and SGLT-2 inhibitor cardiovascular outcomes trials (CVOTs), which consistently showed that these agents pose no additional cardiovascular risk compared with placebo. Three GLP-1RAs (liraglutide, dulaglutide, and subcutaneous semaglutide) demonstrated significantly lower major adverse cardiovascular events versus placebo and are now approved for this indication. However, to realize improvement in outcomes in the clinical setting, organized, systematic, and coordinated approaches to patient management are also needed. For example, nurse-led diabetes self-management education and support programs have been shown to be effective. This article explores T2D management with emphasis on cardiovascular risk and CVOTs performed to date and reviews the clinical experience with GLP-1RAs for managing hyperglycemia and their impact on cardiovascular risk. In addition, practical guidance is given for key health care providers involved in the care of patients with T2D with cardiovascular risk outside of diabetes clinics/endocrinology centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Central nervous system (CNS) has a different immune surveillance system; therefore, fever at admission and timeline of fever response after antitubercular treatment (ATT) may follow a different course in CNS infection. We report the predictors of fever response in tuberculous meningitis (TBM) including the effect of tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and its gene expression at mRNA of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Methods: Fifty‐seven patients with TBM were prospectively evaluated. Their clinical findings and severity of meningitis were recorded. The expression of TNF‐α gene in PBMCs was quantified by real‐time polymerase chain reaction and TNF‐α concentration in CSF by cytokine bead array both in the patients and 14 matched controls. Results: All the patients had history of fever for a median duration of 75 days. The admission temperature ranged between 37.2°C and 40°C and correlated with CSF cell counts (p < 0.05). Cranial MRI was abnormal in 54 (94.7%) and revealed exudates in 33(57.9%), hydrocephalus in 27(47.4%), infarction in 27(47.4%) and tuberculoma in 33(57.9%) patients. Fever subsided after a median duration of 18 (2 60) days of treatment. Twelve (21.8%) patients only became afebrile within 10 days. The expression of TNF‐α gene correlated with CSF concentration of TNF‐α (p = 0.02) and independently predicted duration of defervescence [adjusted hazard ratio 1.02 (95% CI 1.00–1.04; p = 0.01). Conclusion: In the patients with TBM, defervescence takes longer time, and TNF‐α gene expression predicts the duration of defervescence. Future studies are needed to evaluate the role of TNF‐α‐modifying drugs in TBM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbes have been confirmed to play key role in biogeochemistry of antimony. However, the impact of indigenous bacteria (from active mines) on the behavior of dissolved antimony remained poorly understood. In current study, the hyper antimony-resistant strain, Achromobacter sp. 25-M, isolated from the world largest antimony deposit, Xikuangshan antimony deposit, was evaluated for its role in dissolved Sb(V) and Sb(III) precipitation and removal. Despite of the high resistance to Sb(III) (up to 50 mM), the facultative alkaliphile, 25-M was not capable of Sb(III) oxidation. Meanwhile 25-M can produce high amount of exopolymeric substance (EPS) with the presence of Sb, which prompted us to investigate the potential role of EPS in the precipitation and removal of Sb. To this end, 2 mM of Sb(III) and Sb(V) were added into the experimental systems with and without 25-M to discern the interaction mechanism between microbe and antimony. After 96 hrs' incubation, 88% [1.73 mM (210 mg/L)] of dissolved Sb(V) and 80% [1.57 mM (190 mg/L)] of dissolved Sb(III) were removed. X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis confirmed the formation of valentinite (Sb 2 O 3) in Sb(III) amended system and a solitary Sb(V) mineral mopungite [NaSb(OH) 6 ] in Sb(V) amended group with microbes. Conversely, no precipitate was detected in abiotic systems. Morphologically valentinite was bowtie and mopungite was pseudo-cubic as indicated by scanning electronic microscopy. EPS was subjected to fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis. FT-IR analysis suggested that –OH and –COO groups were responsible for the complexation and ligand exchange with Sb(III) and Sb(V), respectively. Additionally, the C–H group and N–H group could be involved in π-π interaction and chelation with Sb species. All these interactions between Sb and functional groups in EPS may subsequently favore the formation of valentinite and mopungite. Collectively, current results suggested that EPS play fundamental role in bioprecipitation of Sb, which offered a new strategy in Sb bioremediation. [Display omitted] • Achromobacter sp. 25-M isolated from Sb rock of XKS mine showed strong resistance of antimony up to 50 mM. • 25-M can remove 80% of Sb(III) and 88% of Sb(V) via bioprecipitation as valentinite and mopungite, respectively. • EPS produced by 25-M may play the fundamental role in bioprecipitation of antimony. • -OH, –COO, C–H, N–H groups of EPS may facilitate complexation, ligand exchange, π-π interaction and chelation with Sb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the part of work, the leave extracts of aloe vera, piper betel, and neem leaf were prepared and coated on bamboo fiber-based material for wound dressing applications. The fabrics coated with different compositions of the natural extract were enhanced with recombinant human epidermal growth factor (REGEN-D™ 150). The FTIR confirms the presence of alcoholic and phenolic group which were responsible for antibacterial activity. The SEM morphology of the developed dressing material was porous nature and more suitable for the process of curing wound. In antimicrobial tests, the zone of incubation of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus ranges from 18 to 22 mm. In vivo study using albino rats induced with diabetes reveals that the wound healing rate is increased in the range of 25–54% compared to a negative control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the leave extracts of Calotropis gigantean, Eucalyptus globulus and buds of Syzygium aromaticum were prepared and coated on natural fibers based bamboo gauze fabric for wound dressing applications. The fabrics coated with different compositions of the natural extract were enhanced with rhEGF (REGEN-D™ 60). The morphology of developed samples was studied using SEM to know its pores sizes. Various mechanical properties have been studied. The antibacterial activity was studied using Gram positive and negative types of bacteria. The wound healing efficacy of the coated fabric samples were studied through in vivo method. The type of wound selected for the study was second degree wound. The dorsal surface of the rat's skin was removed and second degree wound was created. Then the developed fabric samples were dressed over the wound surface and the wound healing was studied by wound closure rate in equal interval of days. A specified composition of natural extracts coated on bamboo gauze fabric enhanced with rhEGF (REGEN-D™ 60) exhibits good antibacterial property was confirmed from the formation of zone of inhibition in antibacterial test against Escherichia coli and a Staphylococcus aureus and appropriate wound closure rate on second degree wound through in vivo evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the leave extracts of Aloe vera, piper betel and neem leaf were prepared and coated on bamboo fiber based material for wound dressing applications. The fabrics coated with different compositions of the natural extract were enhanced with rhEGF (REGEN-D™ 150). The FTIR confirms the presence of alcoholic and phenolic group which were responsible for antibacterial activity. The SEM morphology of the developed dressing material was porous nature and more suitable for the process of curing wound. In antimicrobial tests, the zone of incubation of E. coli and S. aureus ranges from 18 mm and 22. In vivo study using albino rats induced with diabetes reveals that the wound healing rate is increased in the range of 25% to 54% compared to a negative-control group. Overall, the natural extracts coated dressing material has considerable potential and well suited for clinical application that was evidenced through antimicrobial and in vivo study results. Therefore, natural extracts coated on bamboo-based dressing materials are claimed to have helpful nature for wound healing and the current study will be one of the platforms for natural extracts coated material-based medical textile applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the influence of modified yarn path on ring spinning like straight path, left diagonal path, and right diagonal path on the physical properties of the cotton fabrics like tensile strength, tear strength, and drape performance. The results show that the fabrics made with the left diagonal yarn path gives a better overall performance of the physical properties of the cotton fabrics followed by straight path and right diagonal yarn path. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jute and hollow conjugated polyester fiber (HCP)-reinforced nonwoven composites were designed by Box and Behnken model approach. Its thermal properties such as thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, thermal transmittance, and thermal diffusivity were evaluated. From the test results of response surface method (RSM), the weight of composite material maintained as 3280 g/m2 with the proportion of jute/HCP fiber in the ratio of 50/50%, 60/40%, and 70/30% played a significant role in insulation and mechanical properties. Various needling density maintained on the composite material such as 300, 150, and 75 punches/cm2 contributes to the role of significant impacts on the research process. The optimum of 150 needling density with the proportion of 50/50 Jute and HCP fiber was selected to produce four kinds of composite structures. Its thermal, sound, electrical insulation values and limiting oxygen values were analyzed and suggested for building environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After reviewing the past work into the characterization of weave structures and their relationships with various properties of fabrics, an account is given of the present knowledge of them on comfort properties which represents one of the major areas that have been neglected in garments. The shortcomings of this knowledge are shown to be that, although many studies have been conducted on comfort, there have been no systematic studies of weave structures and their impact on comfort. Thermal comfort properties of fabrics are affected by a gamut of fiber, yarn, and fabric properties. In this study, the characterization in the comfort properties, namely thermal resistance and thermal conductivity, has been studied as a function of weave structures and other geometrical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study discusses the effect of modified yarn path in ring spinning such as straight path, left diagonal path and right diagonal path on moisture management properties of the cotton fabric like wetting time, absorption time, spreading area, spreading speed, accumulative one way transport index and overall moisture management capability. The results show that the fabric made with right diagonal yarn path exhibits better overall performance of the moisture management properties of the cotton fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Health can be defined as more than an absence or lack of disease. It is generally related to personal, physical, social, along with spiritual wellness. However, the importance of good health is comparable with a progressive physical and cognitive limitations due to aging and hence, its clear definition is not possible. Hence, most of the important aims or goals in aging are unrelated to finding a cure but rather toward achieving an optimal function. Thus, a healthy aging process that encompasses physical, mental, psychological, and spiritual well-being is always much desired. Aim and Objectives: The aim and objective of this study is to assess the oral health status and degree of cognitive impairment along with dementia, if present. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective and cross-sectional analysis comprising of 300 study participants of which 150 are males while 150 are females. Cognitive ability is assessed using the Standardized Mini-Mental State Examination (SMMSE) scoring test. A score value lesser than or equal to 23 is considered as low, whereas a score of 24 and above represents normal cognitive abilities. Subjects with low score are selected for the study. Oral health status is assessed by examining a) total numbers of teeth present; b) presence or absence of denture use; and c) capacity for masticatory or chewing ability (recorded as yes or no). Demographic variables parameters include age, gender, and presence of smoking habit. Clinical parameters or variables are analyzed by employing the independent t-test and Chi-square test. Pearson's correlation analysis is used to test a correlation between impairment of cognitive capacity, oral health status, masticatory capability, and use of dentures, if present. Two-tailed t-test is used to derive a P value for significance. Results: The total numbers of teeth present are significantly correlated with a lower SMMSE score (R = + 0.56; P = 0.03) while a significant association is noted between ability for mastication and lower SMMSE score (P = 0.05). Conclusion: This study concluded that loss of cognition or dementia is closely related to a poor oral health status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of air, oxygen and argon plasma treatment on the thermal comfort behavior of cotton woven fabric which is spun from modified yarn path in ring spinning has been investigated in this study. The cotton fabric samples were undergone different plasma treatment namely air, argon and oxygen. The fabric air permeability has tend to be decreased with the plasma treatment and the oxygen plasma-treated fabric has least air permeability. The untreated fabric shows higher air permeability followed by left diagonal yarn path, straight path and right diagonal yarn path. It was also observed thermal resistance and water vapor permeability of the fabric has increased with the plasma treatment and the oxygen plasma-treated fabric has higher thermal resistance and water vapor permeability. The untreated fabric shows lower thermal resistance and water vapor permeability followed by left diagonal yarn path, straight path and right diagonal yarn path. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bumper is an automotive part act as a protective shield in the vehicle. It bears and absorbs the load when the vehicle incurs a collision. If the bumper has got more weight it leads to more fuel consumption and decreases the fuel efficiency of the vehicle. This problem can be overcome by reducing the weight of the bumper without compromising its performance. The main objective in bumper design and fabrication is that it should possess less weight and at the same time, it should withstand the higher load during a collision. In this paper, the properties and performance of the developed bumper composite are compared with the existing bumper. The bumper performance is optimized using a finite element analysis with ANSYS R15.0. From the cost analysis, it has been observed that the weight and cost of the Basalt composite bumper is 49% and 56% lesser than the steel bumper. The Impact strength and Factor of Safety values of the Basalt fabric composite bumper is 47.6% and 32.5% higher than the steel bumper. The total deformation of the Steel bumper is 15.7 mm, and the Basalt composite bumper is 32 mm, which shows 51% higher deformation than steel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study discusses the effect of molding temperature, molding pressure and molding time on the final compression molded CFF and its hybrid composites for its acoustic property. The results of tests like sound absorption coefficient, noise absorption coefficient (NRC) value, thickness and density of composites conducted to characterize the bio-composites developed with different fiber loads of chosen fiber and processing conditions, are discussed in this study. When comparing the overall results on the acoustic property of the composites, 100% CFF composite showed highest NRC of 0.6 by keeping the process variables at lower conditions (165°C temperature, 5 Bar pressure and 3-min time). The influence of temperature and pressure is significant on the NRC value than time on the acoustic properties of the composite board. If the fiber loading of CFF rise, the NRC value also increased. The maximum sound absorption observed at 1.8 KHz because of the natural frequency of the CFF material. The processing conditions, reinforcement fiber wt%, thickness and density have a significant impact on the NRC values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of the application of neem charcoal microparticles on thermophysiological comfort properties of the treated fabrics as against the control fabrics. The materials used for this study are 100% cotton, the synthetic woven fabrics and their blends such as 100% polyester and 65/35 polyester/cotton. The fabrics are pre-washed and are analyzed for the constructional parameters. The neem wood aged more than 5 years are collected and are used for preparation of neem charcoal particles using furnace heating method followed by ball milling. Characterization of the neem charcoal microparticles for particle size and distribution is carried out through Particle Analyzer. The presence of particles on the treated fabrics is confirmed through SEM study. Testing the untreated and treated fabrics for the thermophysiological properties such as wetting, wicking, water vapor permeability, air permeability, and thermal resistance by following the relevant standard test procedures were carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study conducted to understand the limitations of existing wound-dressing systems. A case study on healing performance of different types of commercially available wound dressings was conducted at Madras Medical College and Government General Hospital (MMC&GH), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (Ethical Clearance No. 3250/ME5/2010). The study indicated that the single-layer dressing would not satisfy most of the requirements of an ideal wound-dressing system, and hence there is the need for developing a multilayer wound-dressing system with each layer satisfying different requirements of an ideal wound-dressing system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the wide application prospects in energy harvesting, conversion, and emission control technology, wettability has gathered momentum in recent years. Surface wettability alteration by nanomaterial fabrication and coating is of recent interest among researchers to attain desirable wetting surfaces. The wettability of liquid over a surface changes with surface properties such as roughness, surface energy, porosity, capillarity, and structure. Eventually, surface chemistry plays major role in changing surface energy which in turn leads to wettability alteration toward wetting and non-wetting extents. Herein, the dependence of surface properties in wettability alteration has been analyzed with the literature reports. Furthermore, surface pre- and post-treatments such as laser, ozone plasma, and UV irradiation contribute to change of surface energy inducing the liquid to encroach toward superhydrophilicity and superhydrophobicity. This review article analyzes the properties that induces wetting and non-wetting ability of liquids over surfaces. Theoretical models opted for wettability determination has been accounted to study the contribution of roughness, porosity, and surface energy. The article provides a clear idea of properties involved in wettability alteration with respect to wide range of applications in energy conversion, oil–water separation, self-cleaning, bio-adhesion, and bio-molecular immobilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fabric tear strength is an important parameter in textile material, ever since it is close to relate to the service of the fabric. Tear strength of the fabrics depends on the flexibility of the yarn in fabric structure. In this research, the tear strength of 11 cotton woven fabrics is analyzed based on the weave parameters such as crossing over firmness factor (CFF), Floating Yarn Factor (FYF), Fabric Firmness Factor (FFF) and weave factor (P1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable production of solar-based chemicals is possible by mimicking the natural photosynthetic mechanism. To realize the full potential of solar-to-chemical production, the artificial means of photosynthesis and the biological approach should complement each other. The recently developed hybrid microbe–metal interface combines an inorganic, semiconducting light-harvester material with efficient and simple microorganisms, resulting in a novel metal–microbe interface that helps the microbes to capture energy directly from sunlight. This solar energy is then used for sustainable biosynthesis of chemicals from CO 2. This review discusses various approaches to improve the electron uptake by microbes at the bioinorganic interface, especially self-photosensitized microbial systems and integrated water splitting biosynthetic systems, with emphasis on CO 2 bioelectrosynthesis. Many self-photosensitized bioinorganic hybrid systems have recently been developed by exploiting material–microbe interactions. These hybrids combine the complex functionality of biological systems and inorganic materials to efficiently catalyze the photoreduction of CO 2 to chemicals and fuel precursors. The multifaceted mechanism of material–microbe interactions depends on several factors, including the band-gap of the material, biomineralization strategy, biocompatibility, nature of membrane-bound proteins, and electron carriers. Well-organized biohybrid materials can be used to develop bio-inspired materials for biomedical and therapeutic applications. Genetically improving microbes can further improve the biohybrid performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study discusses the effect of molding temperature, pressure and time on the final compression-molded hybrid composites with polypropylene resin for its flexural strength. The results of tests conducted to characterize the hybrid composites developed with different proportion of fibers and processing conditions are discussed in this study. When comparing the overall results on the flexural strength of the composites, 25:75 Chicken Feather Fiber (CFF)/Jute composite showed highest flexural strength by keeping minimum temperature, maximum pressure and medium time. The influence of pressure on flexural strength is significant compared to temperature and time. As time increases the flexural strength decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer electrolyte fuel cells are considered as a promising alternative to mitigate the CO 2 emission in the transport sector. To achieve an efficient and cost-effective system, hybridisation of the energy storage system with a fuel cell is important. Efficient management of energy is the key in order to achieve an efficient and cost-effective configuration for fuel cell electric vehicle. Optimum sizing of the power source and energy storage system, which is capable of meeting the load requirement of the driving cycle is the key challenge for achieving efficient and cost-effective system. In this work, an alternative methodology based on the principles of pinch analysis is proposed, for sizing the energy storage system and the fuel cell for fuel cell-based electric vehicle, and validated for the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC) class-3 driving cycle. • Component sizing of a fuel cell based electric vehicle. • Pinch analysis optimisation methodology is adopted. • Trade-off between of energy storage and fuel cell size. • Complete system is simulated for optimized design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work discusses the influence of process variables on antimicrobial properties of cotton single jersey knitted fabrics. The antimicrobial process variables are optimized based on the Box-Benken experimental design using design-expert software 8.0 to predict the optimum process parameter for achieving the required level of antimicrobial properties. The effects of process parameters such as yarn count, loop length, and finishing % of the zone of inhibition (ZOI) against the Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus microbes on cotton knitted fabric have been carried out. Result shows that except yarn count other parameters are not significant toward the ZOI against microbes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Around the globe every year around ten million lives are lost due to hunger and undernutrition. Multitudes of people are impinged on by "hidden hunger," a lack of essential vitamins and minerals, which is known as micronutrient deficiencies. Worldwide till date iron deficiency remains as the topranking source of anemia. The consequences of poor nutrition are not always prominent to notice. Infants, young children and women of child- bearing age are those at greatest risk of nutritional anemia besides the men. Over 30% of the world's population - are anemic with about 1 billion suffering from iron deficiency anemia (Gleason G.). The etiology of ID and IDA is complex and has a prolonged imbalance between dietary intake, absorption and body needs which in the long run leads to iron deficiency anemia. However this article focuses on the nutritional approach for the balance of iron absorption in the body thereby reducing the occurrence of ID and IDA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the application of Musa acuminata leaf methanol extract on cellulose fabrics. Musa acuminata is a banana species. It is a popular edible fruit consumed worldwide. Musa acuminata leaf methanol extract was prepared, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy was performed to analyze the extracted solution using 0.1% NaOH. The methanol extract in three different concentrations, viz., 3%, 5%, and 7%, was applied on cotton fabrics using padding mangle at room temperature, 40°C, and 50°C, respectively. After application of the methanol extract, antibacterial property of the fabric was tested both qualitatively by a zone of inhibition (AATCC-147) and quantitatively by reduction of bacteria evaluated in percent (AATCC-100). Presence of gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria were studied following the AATCC standards. The results reveal that the methanol extract from Musa acuminata leaf, an economic resource, can be applied to medical textile fabrics to impart antibacterial action and UV protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composting is a biological process in which the organic matter is degraded by the mixed population of microorganisms in a moist aerobic environment to more stable and humidified end products. The composting process involves an interaction between the organic waste, microorganisms, moisture and oxygen. The molasses-based biomethanated distillery wastewater is presently effectively utilized with sugarcane pressmud through the composting process. The aim of present work was to evaluate the effect of ozone pretreatment on the rate of composting process and the quality of compost obtained. The GC-MS & FTIR analysis of ozone pretreated wastewater indicated the degradation and/or transformation of the organic compounds to simpler compounds present in the wastewater. Composting was performed by mixing fixed weight ratios of pressmud and different ratios of ozone pretreated wastewater (1:3, 1:4 and 1:5). The composting process was found to occur faster in the ozone pretreated wastewater for all the ratios as compared to the untreated wastewater. The final compost characteristics were found to be optimum for the 1:3 and 1:4 ratios of pressmud and wastewater. The bio-oxidative phase duration of composting has been reduced for the ozone pretreated wastewater. • Ozone pretreatment for Biodegradability enhancement of BMDWW. • Composting period has been reduced for the ozone pretreated BMDWW. • Improved quality of compost for ozone pretreated BMDWW. • GC-MS analysis confirms the cleavage of recalcitrant organic compounds. • 96% germination index for ozone pretreated BMDWW compost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The yarn selection is an essential step in the manufacturing of brocade. The objective of the research paper is the selection of the best yarn for manufacturing handloom Varanasi brocade. In this research paper, the nine natural fibers (Cotton, Kapok, Hemp, Jute, Palm, Pineapple, Bamboo, Sisal, and Flax) and their properties (Cost, Availability, Comfort, Durability, Texture, color, luster, Ease of use and social values) are considered. This study was conducted in two stages. In first stage, a draft questionnaire was created by considering previous research papers and informal consultation with Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) professionals. It was then tested with seven respondents. In the second stage, the questionnaire was circulated to the 135 consumers. An analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approach was utilized to determine the suitable material through a customer survey to select the best yarn for the furnishing and upholstery industry in Varanasi. The results of the study showed that the customers have given more weight to the availability, comfort and color criteria of handloom products, whereas the weight of the cost was less compared to all other criteria. From the overall weight matrix, the pine apple yarn was ranked as the best yarn for the manufacturing of the Banaras brocade, whereas flax was ranked last. The study was only focused on the selection of natural yarns for Varanasi brocade, and the data were collected only from the handloom customers who prefer offline shopping. It does not consider online customers. Therefore, future research should include the other types of yarns and online customers for the research study. The input of the customers will be helpful for the Varanasi handloom product manufacturers to understand customers' requirements, and it will help to improve sales performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the effect of air plasma treatment on moisture management properties of cotton and polyester fibers blended in 0:100, 50:50, 100:0 ratios in four different structures: single jersey, cross-tuck, cross-miss and twill at two different loop lengths 0.29 cm and 0.32 cm is analyzed. It is clearly shown that the knit fabric made of 100% polyester has providing good moisture management properties. The moisture management properties mainly depend on the loop length and fabric structure of the fabric. The fabric made with 100% polyester of cross-miss knit fabric with a loop length of 0.32 cm has good moisture management property. The plasma treatment also has a significant impact on improving the moisture management properties of the fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • CaO 2 -metallic NP was applied for pretreatment and H 2 production from RS. • MnO 2 -CaO 2 NP addition was beneficial for biomass pretreatment and H 2 production. • MnO 2 -CaO 2 NP addition attained 16% lignin removal than hydrothermal treated RS. • MnO 2 -CaO 2 NP supplementation modulating the acetate and butyrate mediated pathway. In this study, calcium peroxide was modified and doped with metal-based nanoparticles (NP) to enhance the efficiency of pretreatment and biohydrogen generation from RS. The findings revealed that the addition of MnO 2 -CaO 2 NPs (at a dosage of 0.02 g/g TS of RS) had a synergistic effect on the breakdown of biomass and the production of biohydrogen. This enhancement resulted in a maximum hydrogen yield (HY) of 58 mL/g TS, accompanied by increased concentrations of acetic acid (2117 mg/L) and butyric acid (1325 mg/L). In contrast, RS that underwent pretreatment without the use of chemicals or NP exhibited a lower HY of 28 mL/g TS, along with the lowest concentrations of acetic acid (1062 mg/L) and butyric acid (697 mg/L). The outcome showed that supplementation of NP stimulated the pretreatment of RS and improved the formation of acetic and butyric acid through the regulation of metabolic pathways during acidogenic fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The herpetofauna of Nepal have been historically understudied, and although previous studies have reported on bioinventory surveys of the Kathmandu Valley, few have surveyed widely during the peak monsoon season. In addition, past studies largely neglected to survey intact forest habitats. Here we conduct a comprehensive field survey of the herpetofauna of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, with an emphasis on the surrounding foothills containing intact forest habitat. We record natural history and distribution data for seven species of amphibians and four species of reptiles. We also use mitochondrial sequence data to confirm the phylogenetic placement of two frog species, Megophrys (Xenophrys) parva and Duttaphrynus melanostictus. Using phylogenetic and morphological data we assign Megophrys parva from the Kathmandu Valley to Megophrys zhangi. We find that while this species shares a haplotype with its sister species, Megophrys monticola, morphological data align the individuals from the Kathmandu Valley with M. zhangi from Tibet. We find that M. zhangi exhibits no phylogenetic structure within the Kathmandu Valley, and wider sampling is needed throughout the Himalayas to determine its full range. These findings support the hypothesis that molecular sequence data will lead to the discovery of cryptic species in Nepal and facilitate the revision of species taxonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic moulding is a casting technique, in which an expendable pattern is surrounded by steel shots and the steel shots are compacted by the application of electromagnetic field. The steel shots used in the preparation of mould can vary in size between 0.18mm to 1mm. This paper discusses the effect of the steel shots size on the microstructure, tensile strength, impact toughness and the wear properties of the aluminium silicon carbide particles (Al/SiCP) metal matrix composites (MMC). The composites have been prepared using moulds made of different sized steel shots (diameter of 0.18mm, 0.6mm and 1mm). The microstructure, tensile strength, wear properties and the impact toughness of the composites are studied along with the scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDAX) of the fractured surfaces and compared to determine the optimal steel shot size for magnetic moulding. Also the 3D surface roughness parameters are studied for the cast produced using optimal diameter steel shot mould. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims at research on characterization of Wrightia tinctoria fiber, such as fiber content, fiber longitudinal view, cross-sectional view, fiber diameter, moisture content, SEM analysis, surface resistivity, swelling, and also mechanical properties of fiber, such as fiber strength, elongation, linear density, etc. The fiber was used to produce carded webs using the pilot carding machine from blends of Wrightia tinctoria fiber (W) with cotton (C), bamboo (B), and polyester (P) in the blend ratios of 25:75 and 50:50 for required GSM. The produced webs were bonded using spunlace bonding technique to produce required non-woven medical apparel. The produced nonwoven were tested for dressing mass and thickness, absorbency of wound dressing, the dehydration rate of dressing, wettability, vertical wicking, air permeability, potential of hydrogen, water vapor permeability, and anti-bacterial. The test results of the studies were investigated in detail and observed that the product development from Wrightia tinctoria fiber has immense potential for curing various skin diseases as revealed from the test results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Stand alone process with light energy as external energy source. • Photosynthesis mimicked in microbes via enabling light harvesting ability. • Nano inorganic hybrid on microbe surface facilitates electron transfer. • H 2 S as sulphur source resulted in the production of higher carbon chain length. Abstract Tandem bio-inorganic platform by combining efficient light harvesting properties of nano-inorganic semiconductor cadmium sulfide (CdS) with biocatalytic ability of electro-active bacteria (EAB) towards carbon dioxide (CO 2) conversion is reported. Sulfur was obtained from either cysteine (EAB-Cys-CdS) or hydrogen sulfide (EAB-H 2 S-CdS) and experiments were carried out under similar conditions. Anchoring of the nano CdS cluster on the microbe surface was confirmed using electronic microscope. Bio-inorganic hybrid system was able to produce single and multi-carbon compounds from CO 2 in visible spectrum (λ > 400 nm). Though, acetic acid was dominant (EAB-Cys-CdS, 1.46 g/l and EAB-H 2 S-CdS, 1.55 g/l) in both the microbe-CdS hybrids, its concentration as well as product slate varied significantly. EAB-H 2 S-CdS produced hexanoic acid and less methanol fraction, while the EAB-Cys-CdS produced no hexanoic acid along with almost double the concentration of methanol. Due to easy harvesting process, this bio-inorganic hybrid represents unique sustainable approach for solar-to-chemical production via CO 2 transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The full extent of global smokeless tobacco (SLT) use and its association with key demographic factors such as gender, place of residence, and household or country income status is not yet known.Methods: The global burden of SLT use among adults was estimated using nationally representative data of 140 countries by gender and country income group. Countries were grouped in Group 1 (low and low-middle income countries combined) and Group 2 (upper middle and high income countries combined). The number of male and female SLT users was calculated using prevalence and population estimates of corresponding age groups.Results: Nearly one in 10 males and one in 20 females used SLT in some form. SLT use prevalence was significantly higher among males (p < .001) and females (p < .001) in Group 1 countries compared with their counterparts in Group 2 countries. However, for both Group 1 (p < .01) and Group 2 (p < .01), males were more likely to use SLT than females. Nearly 91% of a total 356 million adult SLT users resided in Group 1 countries, with 81.6% in countries of WHO South-East Asia region (SEAR). In SEAR and African region, SLT use was higher in rural areas and poorest communities.Conclusion: The majority of the burden of SLT use is on lower and lower middle income countries with the greatest burden on the poorest segments of the population in these countries.Implications: This study brings the comprehensive information on epidemiology of SLT use among adults at global level. Ninety percent of SLT burden is in low and low-middle income group of countries and more specifically among the poorest group in such countries. These countries need to have strategies to implement different provisions of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. The program in such countries should be targeted towards the poorest communities for effective SLT control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient approach for the preparation of N-aryl/heterocyclic/alkyl benzamides derivatives 3a-3ac by using 4-methyl benzoic acid 1a, amine 2a-2ac with HOBt under very mild reaction condition. The synthesized compounds were further characterized by ¹H NMR, 13C NMR, 19F NMR, IR and mass spectroscopy. The majority of synthesized compounds were obtained in good to excellent yield and screened for their anticancer activity against MCF-7 cell line and showed interesting results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]