126 results on '"Prakash, Ganesan"'
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2. The Major Diseases of Pearl Millet in the Indian Sub-continent: Current Scenarios in Resistance and Management Strategies
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Bansal, Shilpi, Balamurugan, Alexander, Mallikarjuna, Mallana Gowdra, Singh, Sumer Pal, Nayaka, S. Chandra, Prakash, Ganesan, Tonapi, Vilas A, editor, Thirunavukkarasu, Nepolean, editor, Gupta, SK, editor, Gangashetty, Prakash I, editor, and Yadav, OP, editor
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- 2024
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3. Correction: Comprehensive genomic analysis of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus paralicheniformis associated with the pearl millet panicle reveals their antimicrobial potential against important plant pathogens
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Ashajyothi, Mushineni, Mahadevakumar, Shivannegowda, Venkatesh, Y. N., Sarma, Pullabhotla V. S. R. N., Danteswari, Chalasani, Balamurugan, Alexander, Prakash, Ganesan, Khandelwal, Vikas, Tarasatyavathi, C., Podile, Appa Rao, Mysore, Kirankumar S., and Chandranayaka, Siddaiah
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- 2024
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4. Comprehensive genomic analysis of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus paralicheniformis associated with the pearl millet panicle reveals their antimicrobial potential against important plant pathogens
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Ashajyothi, Mushineni, Mahadevakumar, Shivannegowda, Venkatesh, Y. N., Sarma, Pullabhotla V. S. R. N., Danteswari, Chalasani, Balamurugan, Alexander, Prakash, Ganesan, Khandelwal, Vikas, Tarasatyavathi, C., Podile, Appa Rao, Mysore, Kirankumar S., and Chandranayaka, Siddaiah
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- 2024
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5. Phenotypic and Genetic Variation Studies in Finger Millet Genotypes to Blast Disease Caused by Pyricularia grisea
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Thakur, Swagata, Jain, Sanjay Kumar, Kumar, Vinay, Prakash, Ganesan, Jeer, Mallikarjuna, and Kaushal, Pankaj
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- 2024
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6. Genome-wide characterization of the NBLRR gene family provides evolutionary and functional insights into blast resistance in pearl millet (Cenchrus americanus (L.) Morrone)
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Ambalavanan, Aruljothi, Mallikarjuna, Mallana Gowdra, Bansal, Shilpi, Bashyal, Bishnu Maya, Subramanian, Sabtharishi, Kumar, Aundy, and Prakash, Ganesan
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- 2024
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7. Temperature-controlled defect engineering in ceria nanostructures using thin film VO2-CeOx bilayers
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Kumar, Udit, Feit, Corbin, Prakash Ganesan, Jeya, Novia Berriel, S., Fu, Yifei, Neal, Craig J., Kolanthai, Elayaraja, Banerjee, Parag, and Seal, Sudipta
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- 2024
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8. Multimodality imaging of transient perivascular inflammation of carotid artery (TIPIC) syndrome: a case report
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Prakash Ganesan and Indira Durai
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TIPIC ,Carotid artery ,MRI ,Ultrasonography ,Case report ,Carotidynia ,Medical physics. Medical radiology. Nuclear medicine ,R895-920 - Abstract
Abstract Background Transient Perivascular Inflammation of Carotid artery syndrome is a rare clinicoradiological entity characterized by inflammation of the carotid artery wall with surrounding perivascular inflammatory changes. This is a self-limiting condition and necessitates awareness and high degree of suspicion to differentiate from other serious pathologies involving the carotid artery. Case presentation A middle aged asian male patient presented with acute onset of intense pain in the right lateral aspect of neck. Ultrasonography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging showed wall thickening of the common carotid artery and carotid bulb with surrounding inflammation in the perivascular soft tissues. He was treated with brief course of oral anti-inflammatory medications. The patient’s symptoms improved and imaging findings resolved in 2 weeks. Conclusions Being infrequently encountered in clinical practice, recognition of transient perivascular inflammation of carotid artery syndrome by the physician is of prime importance. Prompt radiological investigation and follow-up imaging are crucial for accurate diagnosis, thereby leading to appropriate treatment.
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- 2023
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9. Enhancing defense against rice blast disease: Unveiling the role of leaf endophytic firmicutes in antifungal antibiosis and induced systemic resistance
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Velmurugan, Shanmugam, Ashajyothi, Mushineni, Charishma, Krishnappa, Kumar, Shanu, Balamurugan, Alexander, Javed, Mohammed, Karwa, Sourabh, Prakash, Ganesan, Subramanian, S., Gogoi, Robin, Eke, Pierre, and Kumar, Aundy
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- 2023
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10. Editing Plant Genome with CRISPR/Cas: A Sustainable Strategy for Disease Management
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Bansal, Shilpi, Balamurugan, Alexander, Achary, V. Mohan Murali, Kumar, Aundy, Reddy, Malireddy K., Prakash, Ganesan, Gowdra Mallikarjuna, Mallana, editor, Nayaka, S. Chandra, editor, and Kaul, Tanushri, editor
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- 2022
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11. Characterization and validation of hypothetical virulence factors in recently sequenced genomes of Magnaporthe species
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Bansal, Shilpi, Mallikarjuna, Mallana Gowdra, Reddy, Bhaskar, Balamurugan, Alexander, Achary, V. Mohan Murali, Reddy, Malireddy K., Kumar, Aundy, and Prakash, Ganesan
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- 2023
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12. Pearl Millet Blast Resistance: Current Status and Recent Advancements in Genomic Selection and Genome Editing Approaches
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Anil Kumar, B. M., Hosahatti, Rajashekara, Tara Satyavathi, C., Prakash, Ganesan, Sharma, Rajan, Narasimhulu, R., Chandra Nayaka, S., Gupta, Vijai Kumar, Series Editor, Tuohy, Maria G., Series Editor, Nayaka, S. Chandra, editor, Hosahatti, Rajashekara, editor, Prakash, Ganesan, editor, Satyavathi, C. Tara, editor, and Sharma, Rajan, editor
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- 2021
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13. Microconidia: Understanding Its Role in the Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae Inciting Rice Blast Disease
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Prakash, Ganesan, Patel, Asharani, Prakash, Ish, Sahu, Kuleshwar Prasad, Hosahatti, Rajashekara, Kumar, Aundy, Gupta, Vijai Kumar, Series Editor, Tuohy, Maria G., Series Editor, Nayaka, S. Chandra, editor, Hosahatti, Rajashekara, editor, Prakash, Ganesan, editor, Satyavathi, C. Tara, editor, and Sharma, Rajan, editor
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- 2021
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14. Deciphering core phyllomicrobiome assemblage on rice genotypes grown in contrasting agroclimatic zones: implications for phyllomicrobiome engineering against blast disease
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Sahu, Kuleshwar Prasad, Kumar, A., Sakthivel, K., Reddy, Bhaskar, Kumar, Mukesh, Patel, Asharani, Sheoran, Neelam, Gopalakrishnan, Subbaiyan, Prakash, Ganesan, Rathour, Rajeev, and Gautam, R. K.
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- 2022
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15. Identification of rice seed infection routes of Fusarium fujikuroi inciting bakanae disease of rice
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Sunani, Sunil Kumar, Bashyal, Bishnu Maya, Kharayat, Bhupendra Singh, Prakash, Ganesan, Krishnan, S. Gopala, and Aggarwal, Rashmi
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- 2020
16. New Insights on Endophytic Microbacterium-Assisted Blast Disease Suppression and Growth Promotion in Rice: Revelation by Polyphasic Functional Characterization and Transcriptomics
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Asharani Patel, Kuleshwar Prasad Sahu, Sahil Mehta, Mohammed Javed, Alexander Balamurugan, Mushineni Ashajyothi, Neelam Sheoran, Prakash Ganesan, Aditi Kundu, Subbaiyan Gopalakrishnan, Robin Gogoi, and Aundy Kumar
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blast disease ,Magnaporthe ,Microbacterium testaceum ,probiotic features ,transcriptome assembly ,DEGs ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
Plant growth-promoting endophytic microbes have drawn the attention of researchers owing to their ability to confer fitness benefits in many plant species. Here, we report agriculturally beneficial traits of rice-leaf-adapted endophytic Microbacterium testaceum. Our polyphasic taxonomic investigations revealed its identity as M. testaceum. The bacterium displayed typical endophytism in rice leaves, indicated by the green fluorescence of GFP-tagged M. testaceum in confocal laser scanning microscopy. Furthermore, the bacterium showed mineral solubilization and production of IAA, ammonia, and hydrolytic enzymes. Tobacco leaf infiltration assay confirmed its non-pathogenic nature on plants. The bacterium showed antifungal activity on Magnaporthe oryzae, as exemplified by secreted and volatile organic metabolome-mediated mycelial growth inhibition. GC-MS analysis of the volatilome of M. testaceum indicated the abundance of antimicrobial compounds. Bacterization of rice seedlings showed phenotypic traits of MAMP-triggered immunity (MTI), over-expression of OsNPR1 and OsCERK, and the consequent blast suppressive activity. Strikingly, M. testaceum induced the transcriptional tradeoff between physiological growth and host defense pathways as indicated by up- and downregulated DEGs. Coupled with its plant probiotic features and the defense elicitation activity, the present study paves the way for developing Microbacterium testaceum-mediated bioformulation for sustainably managing rice blast disease.
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- 2023
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17. A relook into plant wilting: observational evidence based on unsaturated soil–plant-photosynthesis interaction
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Ankit Garg, Sanandam Bordoloi, Suriya Prakash Ganesan, Sreedeep Sekharan, and Lingaraj Sahoo
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Abstract Permanent wilting point (PWP) is generally used to ascertain plant resistance against abiotic drought stress and designated as the soil water content (θ) corresponding to soil suction (ψ) at 1500 kPa obtained from the soil water retention curve. Determination of PWP based on only pre-assumed ψ may not represent true wilting condition for soils with contrasting water retention abilities. In addition to ψ, there is a need to explore significance of additional plant parameters (i.e., stomatal conductance and photosynthetic status) in determining PWP. This study introduces a new framework for determining PWP by integrating plant leaf response and ψ during drought. Axonopus compressus were grown in two distinct textured soils (clayey loam and silty sand), after which drought was initiated till wilting. Thereafter, ψ and θ within the root zone were measured along with corresponding leaf stomatal conductance and photosynthetic status. It was found that coarse textured silty sand causes wilting at much lower ψ (≈ 300 kPa) than clayey loam (≈ 1600 kPa). Plant response to drought was dependent on the relative porosity and mineralogy of the soil, which governs the ease at which roots can grow, assimilate soil O2, and uptake water. For clay loam, the held water within the soil matrix does not facilitate easy root water uptake by relatively coarse root morphology. Contrastingly, fine root hair formation in silty sand facilitated higher plant water uptake and doubled the plant survival time.
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- 2020
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18. Hybrid de novo genome-reassembly reveals new insights on pathways and pathogenicity determinants in rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae RMg_Dl
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Reddy, Bhaskar, Kumar, Aundy, Mehta, Sahil, Sheoran, Neelam, Chinnusamy, Viswanathan, and Prakash, Ganesan
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- 2021
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19. Correction to: Blast Disease of Cereal Crops: Evolution and Adaptation in Context of Climate Change
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Nayaka, S. Chandra, primary, Hosahatti, Rajashekara, additional, Prakash, Ganesan, additional, Satyavathi, C. Tara, additional, and Sharma, Rajan, additional
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- 2021
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20. Genome-wide identification and characterization of NBLRR genes in finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) and their expression in response to Magnaporthe grisea infection.
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Balamurugan, Alexander, Mallikarjuna, Mallana Gowdra, Bansal, Shilpi, Nayaka, S. Chandra, Rajashekara, Hosahatti, Chellapilla, Tara Satyavathi, and Prakash, Ganesan
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RAGI ,PYRICULARIA grisea ,SORGHUM ,BIOMETRIC fingerprinting ,FOXTAIL millet ,BINDING sites - Abstract
Background: The nucleotide binding site leucine rich repeat (NBLRR) genes significantly regulate defences against phytopathogens in plants. The genome-wide identification and analysis of NBLRR genes have been performed in several species. However, the detailed evolution, structure, expression of NBLRRs and functional response to Magnaporthe grisea are unknown in finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.). Results: The genome-wide scanning of the finger millet genome resulted in 116 NBLRR (EcNBLRRs1-116) encompassing 64 CC-NB-LRR, 47 NB-LRR and 5 CC
R -NB-LRR types. The evolutionary studies among the NBLRRs of five Gramineae species, viz., purple false brome (Brachypodium distachyon (L.) P.Beauv.), finger millet (E. coracana), rice (Oryza sativa L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. (Moench)) and foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv.) showed the evolution of NBLRRs in the ancestral lineage of the target species and subsequent divergence through gene-loss events. The purifying selection (Ka/Ks < 1) shaped the expansions of NBLRRs paralogs in finger millet and orthologs among the target Gramineae species. The promoter sequence analysis showed various stress- and phytohormone-responsive cis-acting elements besides growth and development, indicating their potential role in disease defence and regulatory mechanisms. The expression analysis of 22 EcNBLRRs in the genotypes showing contrasting responses to Magnaporthe grisea infection revealed four and five EcNBLRRs in early and late infection stages, respectively. The six of these nine candidate EcNBLRRs proteins, viz., EcNBLRR21, EcNBLRR26, EcNBLRR30, EcNBLRR45, EcNBLRR55 and EcNBLRR76 showed CC, NB and LRR domains, whereas the EcNBLRR23, EcNBLRR32 and EcNBLRR83 showed NB and LRR somains. Conclusion: The identification and expression analysis of EcNBLRRs showed the role of EcNBLRR genes in assigning blast resistance in finger millet. These results pave the foundation for in-depth and targeted functional analysis of EcNBLRRs through genome editing and transgenic approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
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21. Investigating soil tipping suction in Axonopus compressus grown in poorly graded sand using a novel framework
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Sanandam Bordoloi, Suriya Prakash Ganesan, Ankit Garg, Lingaraj Sahoo, and Sreedeep Sekharan
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Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology - Published
- 2022
22. Raman Microspectroscopy of a Multi-Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell
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Nafis Iqbal, Parag Banerjee, Kristopher O. Davis, Jeya Prakash Ganesan, Andrew K. Dickerson, Milos Krsmanovic, Fernand Torres-Davila, and Laurene Tetard
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inorganic chemicals ,Materials science ,Silicon ,business.industry ,technology, industry, and agriculture ,Nanocrystalline silicon ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,law.invention ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,symbols.namesake ,chemistry ,law ,Solar cell ,Screen printing ,symbols ,Optoelectronics ,Wafer ,Crystalline silicon ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business ,Raman spectroscopy ,Silver oxide - Abstract
A multicrystalline silicon solar cell was analyzed using Raman microspectroscopy. We measured the prominent Raman modes of silicon, nanocrystalline silicon and silver oxide in various regions of the solar cell to generate insights into the process and material quality of the finished device. First, by comparing the distribution of the transverse optical (TO) phonon peak position and full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) of the solar cell with a single crystal silicon wafer, the quality of the multicrystalline silicon surface was ascertained. Second, a similar analysis of the remnant saw marks on the device surface showed a discernably higher and wider distribution of TO phonon peak position and FWHM compared to a multicrystalline silicon surface. This indicated the presence of residual compressive stresses in the saw mark region. Third, by observing the silver fingers and bus bars, a residual silver oxide layer was identified, up to 25 μm away from the line edges. This was attributed to the screen printing of the silver paste and the subsequent firing process. Finally, Raman mapping on an embedded inclusion showed the presence of nanocrystalline silicon phase. The multicrystalline silicon region surrounding the inclusion was under tensile stress. A nondestructive, confocal Raman analysis of the inclusion provided a 3-D visualization of the defect, both inside and above the surface of the multicrystalline silicon wafer.
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- 2022
23. Multiscale Characterization of Photovoltaic Modules—Case Studies of Contact and Interconnect Degradation
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Jean-Nicolas Jaubert, Dylan J. Colvin, Parag Banerjee, Bryan D. Huey, Alan J. Curran, Andrew G. Norman, Jeya Prakash Ganesan, Dana B. Sulas-Kern, Roger H. French, Kristopher O. Davis, Steven P. Harvey, Fang Li, Nafis Iqbal, GovindaSamy TamizhMani, and Joseph Karas
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Interconnection ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Photovoltaic system ,Optoelectronics ,Degradation (geology) ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Condensed Matter Physics ,business ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Characterization (materials science) - Published
- 2022
24. Composition and Codon Usage Pattern Results in Divergence of the Zinc Binuclear Cluster (Zn(II)2Cys6) Sequences among Ascomycetes Plant Pathogenic Fungi
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Bansal, Shilpi, primary, Mallikarjuna, Mallana Gowdra, additional, Balamurugan, Alexander, additional, Nayaka, S. Chandra, additional, and Prakash, Ganesan, additional
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- 2022
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25. Quantifying hydraulic link in soil-plant system by water potential metrics
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Suriya Prakash Ganesan
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- 2022
26. Genome assisted molecular typing and pathotyping of rice blast pathogen, Magnaporthe oryzae, reveals a genetically homogenous population with high virulence diversity
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Najeeb M Mughal, Aundy Kumar, Inderjit Singh Yadav, Neelam Sheoran, and Prakash Ganesan
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0106 biological sciences ,Population ,Virulence ,Biology ,01 natural sciences ,Genome ,Genetic analysis ,03 medical and health sciences ,Ascomycota ,Genetics ,education ,Genotyping ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Plant Diseases ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,education.field_of_study ,Genetic diversity ,food and beverages ,Oryza ,Housekeeping gene ,Molecular Typing ,Infectious Diseases ,Multilocus sequence typing ,Genome, Fungal ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Genome sequence-driven molecular typing tools have the potential to uncover the population biology and genetic diversity of rapidly evolving plant pathogens like Magnaporthe oryzae. Here, we report a new molecular typing technique -a digitally portable tool for population genetic analysis of M. oryzae to decipher the genetic diversity. Our genotyping tool exploiting allelic variations in housekeeping and virulence genes coupled with pathotyping revealed a prevalence of genetically homogenous populations within a single-field and plant niches such as leaf and panicle. The M. oryzae inciting leaf-blast and panicle-blast were confirmed to be genetically identical with no or minor nucleotide polymorphism in 17 genomic loci analyzed. Genetic loci such as Mlc1, Mpg1, Mps1, Slp1, Cal, Ef-Tu, Pfk, and Pgk were highly polymorphic as indicated by the haplotype-diversity, the number of polymorphic sites, and the number of mutations. The genetically homogenous single field population showed high virulence variability or diversity on monogenic rice differentials. The study indicated that the genetic similarity displayed by the isolates collected from a particular geographical location had no consequence on their virulence pattern on rice differentials carrying single/multiple resistance genes. The data on virulence diversity showed by the identical Sequence Types (STs) is indicative of no congruence between polymorphic virulence genes-based pathotyping and conserved housekeeping genes-based genotyping.
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- 2021
27. Exploring Effect of Mature Tree on Suction Distribution in a Natural Slope
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Ankit Garg, Suriya Prakash Ganesan, and Junwei Liu
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Hydrology ,Pore water pressure ,Suction ,Hydraulic conductivity ,Slope stability ,Evapotranspiration ,Environmental science ,Climate change ,Geotechnical engineering ,Landslide ,Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology ,Debris - Abstract
Climate change altered variations in weather trends and rainfall fluctuations could trigger soil slope instability, causing landslides or debris flows. To mitigate such rainfall-induced slope failures, vegetated slopes are considered as an effective mechanism. For that reason, several studies have addressed the restraining of mechanical failures and advantages of evapotranspiration model in soil–plant-slope stability continuum. However, most of these investigations were examined on tree seedlings (1–2 m trunk height), which are relatively atypical and are insufficient to comprehend the vegetated slope mechanism. Besides, the variation of pore water pressure (directly related to slope stability) with different rainfall intensities are unclear. These critical measurements are required for modelling climate change-slope stability models and for practicing in long-term maintenance of man-made slopes. Therefore, this study attempted to investigate the temporal variation (suction distribution) of matured Ivy tree under different rainfall events (return periods equal to 20 years, 2 years and less than 2 years). The suction variations with different rainfall events were measured both vertically and horizontally below the root zones using jet fill tensiometers (± 1 kPa accuracy). The study provides evidence of suction distribution within the root zones, discussing the suction recovery after consecutive rainfall events and natural drying. Based on the observations, it was found that antecedent rainfall plays an effective role in suction recovery rates and changes in soil hydraulic conductivity.
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- 2021
28. Structured Framework and Genome Analysis of Magnaporthe grisea Inciting Pearl Millet Blast Disease Reveals Versatile Metabolic Pathways, Protein Families, and Virulence Factors
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Reddy, Bhaskar, primary, Mehta, Sahil, additional, Prakash, Ganesan, additional, Sheoran, Neelam, additional, and Kumar, Aundy, additional
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- 2022
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29. Modelling and Simulation of Incremental Conductance Algorithm for Solar Maximum Power Point Tracker
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Prakash Ganesan, Gunasekaran S, and Andrew Jebrai Godson A
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- 2022
30. Additional file 1 of Deciphering core phyllomicrobiome assemblage on rice genotypes grown in contrasting agroclimatic zones: implications for phyllomicrobiome engineering against blast disease
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Sahu, Kuleshwar Prasad, Kumar, A., Sakthivel, K., Reddy, Bhaskar, Kumar, Mukesh, Patel, Asharani, Sheoran, Neelam, Gopalakrishnan, Subbaiyan, Prakash, Ganesan, Rathour, Rajeev, and Gautam, R. K.
- Abstract
Additional file 1. Table S1. Rice defense genes used for the qPCR analysis and their function. Table S2. List of the PCR primers used in the gene expression studies. Table S3. Metagenome read statistics of phyllomicrobiome of rice genotypes grown in two contrasting climatic zone. Table S4. Network analysis of rice phyllosphere microbiome using SparCC correlation coefficients. Table S5. Population size of epiphytic bacteria (Log CFU g_1) on phyllosphere of 15 and 30 days aged rice genotypes grown in Mountain zone. Table S6. Population size of epiphytic bacteria (Log CFU g−1) on phyllosphere of rice genotypes grown in Island zone. Table S7. Identification of bacterial isolates by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Table S8. Analysis of nature of BVC mediated mycelial inhibition of Magnaporthe oryzae. Table S9. qPCR based transcriptional analysis of defense genes expression in rice seedlings upon phyllobacterization. i. OsCEBiP was found induced in all-time points by bacterization; significant induction by Aureimonas sp.OsEp-Plm-30P7 for all three-time points and Pseudomonas putida OsEp-Plm-15P11 or Pantoea ananatis OsEp-AN-30A848 hour post bacterization. ii. OsPR1.1 was also found induced 72 h post bacterization with significant induction by Aureimonas sp.OsEp-Plm-30P7. iii. OsNPR1 and OsPDF2.2 showed induction at 72 h post-inoculation for all the bacterial treatments. iv. Other genes induced were OsFMO in Pantoea ananatis OsEp-AN-30A8, OsCERK1, andOsPAD4 in Pantoea ananatis OsEp-AN-30A8.
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- 2022
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31. Additional file 2 of Deciphering core phyllomicrobiome assemblage on rice genotypes grown in contrasting agroclimatic zones: implications for phyllomicrobiome engineering against blast disease
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Sahu, Kuleshwar Prasad, Kumar, A., Sakthivel, K., Reddy, Bhaskar, Kumar, Mukesh, Patel, Asharani, Sheoran, Neelam, Gopalakrishnan, Subbaiyan, Prakash, Ganesan, Rathour, Rajeev, and Gautam, R. K.
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food and beverages - Abstract
Additional file 2. Fig. S1. Identification of biomarkers based on the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and effect size (LEfSe) pipeline; (A) Two genotypes (PRR78 and Pusa1602); (B) Two locations (Palampur and Port Blair). Fig. S2. Network analysis of rice phyllosphere microbiome using SparCC correlation coefficients (Normal group). Fig. S3. Extended error bar plot at various taxonomic hierarchy levels for phyllomicrobiome of rice genotypes, PRR78 and Pusa1602. Fig. 4. Extended error bar plot at various taxonomic hierarchy levels for phyllomicrobiome of rice grown in Palampur, Himachal Pradesh and Port Blair, Andaman Island. Fig. 5. Relative abundance of phyllosphere bacterial communities on rice genotypes grown in two agroclimatic zones of India. Fig. S6. Relative abundance of phyllosphere bacterial communities at genus level on two rice genotypes representing contrasting agroclimatic zones of India. Fig. 7. BOX PCR fingerprinting of cultured bacterial isolates of rice phyllosphere; M: DNA size marker; Lanes: Isolates of bacteria isolated from the phyllosphere of rice leaf. Fig. 8. Amplification of 16S rRNA of bacterial isolates of rice phyllosphere. Fig. 9a. Colonies of cultured Acidovorax species from rice phyllomicrobiome. Fig. S9b. Colonies of cultured Acinetobacter species from rice phyllomicrobiome. Fig. 9c. Colonies of cultured Agrobacterium species from rice phyllomicrobiome. Fig. S9d. Colonies of cultured Aureimonas species from rice phyllomicrobiome. Fig. S9e. Colonies of cultured Curtobacterium species from rice phyllomicrobiome. Fig. 9f. Colonies of cultured Enterobacter species from rice phyllomicrobiome. Fig. S9g. Colonies of cultured Erwinia species from rice phyllomicrobiome. Fig. 9h. Colonies of cultured Exiguobacterium species from rice phyllomicrobiome. Fig. S9i. Colonies of cultured Microbacterium species from rice phyllomicrobiome. Fig. S9j. Colonies of cultured Micrococcus species from rice phyllomicrobiome. Fig. S9k. Colonies of cultured Pantoea species from rice phyllomicrobiome. Fig. S9l. Colonies of cultured Pseudomonas species from rice phyllomicrobiome. Fig. 9m. Colonies of cultured Sphingomonas species from rice phyllomicrobiome. Fig. S10. Secreted metabolite mediated in vitro antifungal activity of rice phyllosphere bacterial isolates on Magnaporthe oryzae. Fig. S11. Volatile mediated in vitro antifungal activity of rice phyllosphere bacterial isolates on Magnaporthe oryzae. Fig. S12. Analysis of nature of BVC mediated growth inhibition of Magnaporthe oryzae. Fig. S13. Effect of phyllobacterization on rice blast disease incited by Magnaporthe oryzae. Fig. S14. qPCR based transcriptional analysis of defense genes expression in rice seedlings upon phyllobacterization.
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- 2022
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32. Precision Genome Editing Toolbox: Applications and Approaches for Improving Rice’s Genetic Resistance to Pathogens
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Chattopadhyay, Anirudha, primary, Purohit, Jyotika, additional, Mehta, Sahil, additional, Parmar, Hemangini, additional, Karippadakam, Sangeetha, additional, Rashid, Afreen, additional, Balamurugan, Alexander, additional, Bansal, Shilpi, additional, Prakash, Ganesan, additional, Achary, V. Mohan Murali, additional, and Reddy, Malireddy K., additional
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- 2022
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33. Segmental Comparison of Peripheral Arteries by Doppler Ultrasound and CT Angiography
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Prem Kumar Chidambaram, Ram Kumar Swaminathan, Prakash Ganesan, and Manibharathi Mayavan
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non- invasive imaging ,peripheral arterial disease ,stenosis grading ,Medicine - Abstract
Introduction: Diseases of peripheral arterial system are one of the common causes of limb pain, especially in elderly patients. Here we analyse non invasive imaging of peripheral arterial segments. Aim: Aim of the study was to compare arterial diseases of extremities using Doppler ultrasound and CT angiography, and to find the better non-invasive modality of choice. Materials and Methods: Fifty patients {14 patients with upper limb complaints (15 upper limbs) and 36 patients with lower limb complaints (72 lower limbs)} of peripheral arterial disease underwent Doppler ultrasound (USG) and CT Angiogram (CTA). Arterial systems divided into anatomic segments and luminal narrowing were compared using gray scale Doppler ultrasound and axial images of arterial phase of CT angiogram. Using statistical methods, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of Doppler ultrasound and CT angiography were determined. Results: Six hundred and nineteen arterial segments were studied with CT angiography and Doppler ultrasound. Of which 226 diseased segments were identified in CT angiography. Doppler overestimated narrowing by one grade in 47 segments, by two grade in 11 segments, by three grades in 30 segments and by four grades in 22 segments; underestimated by one grade in 28 segments, by two grades in 9 segments, by three grades in 5 segments and by four grades in 3 segments. Significant statistical difference exists between Doppler USG and CT angiography. Doppler showed good correlation with CT angiography in 74%, but, Doppler overestimated stenosis grade in a significant percentage. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of Doppler USG compared with CT angiography was 93.36%, 82.44%, and 86.42%. Conclusion: Duplex Doppler can be the first investigation in excluding peripheral arterial disease, especially for evaluation of infra inguinal region of lower limbs and from second part of the subclavian artery in upper limbs.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Local Softening Characteristic of Soft Clay Subjected to Dynamic Loading Under Low Confining Pressure
- Author
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Ankit Garg, Shanbo Jiao, Suriya Prakash Ganesan, Jitendra Singh Yadav, and Peng Lin
- Subjects
Materials science ,Stress–strain curve ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Soil Science ,Geology ,02 engineering and technology ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology ,Overburden pressure ,Triaxial shear test ,01 natural sciences ,Physics::Geophysics ,Stress (mechanics) ,Pore water pressure ,Dynamic loading ,Architecture ,Soil water ,Composite material ,Softening ,021101 geological & geomatics engineering ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
In this study, the local softening characteristic of saturated soft clay was examined through a series of dynamic triaxial test under varying confining pressures. Additionally, the stress strain relationship and pore water pressure development during the process of softening zone formation were recorded. Using the energy based pore pressure model, it has been seen that the pore water pressure and energy dissipation has very good correlation for saturated sands and silty soils. The experimental results prove that the local softening and the development of pore water pressure have a good correlation. The different dynamic stress makes the soil sample to reach the same damage level. The softening area made by the smaller dynamic stress is more clear and concentrated than larger stress.
- Published
- 2020
35. Influence of in-house produced biochars on cracks and retained water during drying-wetting cycles: comparison between conventional plant, animal, and nano-biochars
- Author
-
Weiling Cai, Yangping Wen, Sanandam Bordoloi, Guoxiong Mei, Suriya Prakash Ganesan, Peinan Chen, Ankit Garg, Himanshu Kumar, Xiaoying Liu, and Junlong Lai
- Subjects
Materials science ,Stratigraphy ,Evaporation ,Compaction ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,010501 environmental sciences ,Raw material ,Pulp and paper industry ,01 natural sciences ,Manure ,Water retention ,Cracking ,Biochar ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,medicine ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Wetting ,medicine.symptom ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Earth-Surface Processes - Abstract
Biochars produced from different feedstocks (such as wood, pig manure) possess varying physical and chemical properties, which have influence on crack and evaporation rate of biochar-amended soil (BAS). Furthermore, influence of compaction state and drying-wetting cycles on evaporation rate and cracking of BAS has not been investigated comprehensively. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of biochar types, compaction state of BAS, and drying-wetting cycles on crack propagation and retained water (or evaporation rate). An animal and plant feedstock-based biochars were produced in-house from pig manure (PM) and wood (W), respectively. In addition, nano structured chalk and wheat biochar (CWB) were also produced. Soil amended with individual biochars was compacted in petri-glass discs at two densities. Disc specimens were subjected to multiple drying-wetting cycles, and evaporation rate of specimens and crack area were monitored throughout the experimental period (70 days). Images were captured after every 24 h and processed using image processing technique to obtain the crack intensity factor (CIF). The results show that plant-based W BAS showed the high water retention, i.e., low evaporation rate and low CIF. Furthermore, the crack potential of CW BAS was seen to be higher. In dense compacted soil, maximum CIF% can be reduced from 3.9 to 0.4% for W BAS, from 3.9 to 1.7% for PM BAS, and from 3.9 to 1.6% for CW BAS. WB was able to resist cracking more efficiently than other types of biochar. Evaporation was found to be minimal for plant-based W BAS at 10% biochar percentage. Higher biochar content in soil was seen to increase the water retention of BAS significantly. Dense state of BAS at high biochar content (i.e., 10%) was effective in reducing evaporation rate and crack progression.
- Published
- 2020
36. Investigation on the Efficiency of a Smart Trolley System for Supermarkets
- Author
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U Rajkanna, M Mathankumar, and Prakash Ganesan
- Published
- 2021
37. Automated Public Screening and Health Vitals Monitoring Station
- Author
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D. Rakesh, K.V.R. Keerthivaasan, A. Mohan, P. Samvasan, Prakash Ganesan, and R. Raffik
- Published
- 2021
38. Comparative Analysis on Industrial IoT Communication Protocols and its Future Directives
- Author
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Prakash Ganesan, S Gunasekaran, Ar Ashwin Balaji, S Jini Fathima, and S Suryaprakash
- Published
- 2021
39. Deciphering Core-Phyllomicrobiome of Rice Genotypes Grown In Contrastingmountain And Island Agroclimatic Zones: Implications For Phyllomicrobiome Engineering Against Blast Disease
- Author
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Kuleshwar Prasad Sahu, Kumar Aundy, Sakthivel Krishnan, Bhaskar Reddy, Mukesh Kumar, Asharani Patel, Neelam Sheoran, Gopalakrishnan Subbaiyan, Prakash Ganesan, Rajeev Rathour, and Gautam Raj Kumar
- Abstract
Background The fundamental role and contributions of phyllosphere habitat in shaping plant functional ecology are poorly investigated, and often underestimated. Phyllosphere -the harsh and dynamic foliar-photosynthetic-habitat is continuously exposed to vagaries of changing weather events during the entire plant life. With its adapted microbiota, the phyllosphere-niche brings microbial diversity to the plant-holobiont pool and potentially modulates a multitude of plant and agronomic traits. The phyllomicrobiome structure and the consequent ecological functions are vulnerable to a host of biotic (Genotypes) and abiotic-factors (Environment) which is further compounded by agronomic-transactions on domesticated agricultural crops. However, the ecological forces driving the phyllomicrobiome assemblage and functions are among the most under-studied aspects of plant biology. Despite the reports on the occurrence of diverse prokaryotic phyla such as Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroides, and Actinobacteria on phyllosphere habitat, the functional characterization leading to their utilization for agricultural sustainability is not yet adequately explored.Currently, the metagenomic-Next-Generation-Sequencing (mNGS) technique scanning the conserved V3-V4 region of ribosomal RNA gene is a widely adopted strategy for microbiome-investigations. However, the structural and functional validation of mNGS annotations by microbiological methods is not integrated into the microbiome exploration-programs. In the present study, we combined the high throughput mNGS approach with conventional microbiological methods to decipher the core-functional-phyllomicrobiome of contrasting rice genotypes varying in their response to blast disease grown in contrasting agroclimatic zones in India. We, further, scanned the rice phyllosphere by electron microscopy to show the microbial communities on leaf. Magnaporthe oryzae-the phyllosphere pathogen inciting necrotic lesion on cereal crops is managed by the deployment of ‘non-durable’blast resistance genes and ‘toxic’ fungicidal molecules. Nowadays, there is a growing consensus for devising an alternative strategy for mitigating blast owing to a recent ban on the use of most commonly used fungicidal molecule, tricyclazole. In the present work, we further identified phyllosphere- core-functional microbial groups leading tothe proposal of phyllomicrobiome assisted rice blast management strategy.Multi-pronged activities of phyllomicrobiome against Magnaporthe oryzae (antifungal activity), rice innate immunity (defense elicitation), and rice blast disease (disease suppression) have beenelaborated for effective management of blast by phyllomicrobiome re-engineering. ResultsRice phyllomicrobiome of tropical “Island-Zone” displayed marginally more bacterial community diversity than that of temperate ‘Mountain-Zone’. Principal coordinate analysis based on Bray Curtis and ANoSIM method indicated nearly converging-phyllomicrobiome profiles on two contrasting rice genotypes grown in the same agroclimatic zone. However, the rice genotype grown in the contrasting Mountain-zone and Island-zone displayed diverse-phyllomicrobiome profiles indicating a strong influence of environmental factors rather than the genotype on phyllomicrobiome structure and assembly. The predominance of Phyla such as Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes was observed on the rice phyllosphere irrespective of the genotypes and environmental conditions. The core-microbiome analysis showed multi-microbiota-core consisting of Acidovorax, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Clavibacter, Clostridium, Cronobacter, Curtobacterium, Deinococcus, Erwinia, Exiguobacterium, Hymenobacter, Kineococcus, Klebsiella, Methylobacterium, Methylocella, Microbacterium, Nocardioides, Pantoea, Pedobacter, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Serratia, Sphingomonas and Streptomyceson phyllosphere of rice genotypes grown in contrasting agroclimaticzones. The linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) method revealed ten and two distinct bacterial genera in blast-resistant and -susceptible genotypes, respectively. The analysis further indicated 15 and 16 climate-zone specific bacterial genera for Mountain and Island zone, respectively. SparCC based network analysis of phyllomicrobiome showed hundreds of complex intra-microbial cooperative or competitive interactions on the rice genotypes and agroclimatic zones. Our microbiological validation of mNGS data further confirmed the presence of resident Acinetobacter, Aureimonas, Curtobacterium, Enterobacter, Exiguobacterium, Microbacterium, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, andSphingomonason the rice phyllosphere.Strikingly,the two contrastingagroclimatic zones displayed genetically identical bacterial isolates on the phyllosphere that could be attributed to the spatio-temporal transmission of core-phyllomicrobiome, perhaps, aided by rice seeds. A total of 59 distinct bacterial isolates were obtained, identified, and evaluated for their functional attributes on Magnaporthe oryzae and rice plant. The phyllomicrobiome associated core-bacterial communities showed secreted-metabolite and volatile-compound mediated antifungal activity on M. oryzae.Uponphyllobacterization (a term coined for spraying of bacterial cells on the phyllosphere), the core bacterial species such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Aureimonas sp., Pantoea ananatis, P. eucrina,andPseudomonas putidaelicited plant defense and contributed significantly to blast disease suppression. Transcriptional analysis by qPCR indicated induction of rice innate immunity associated genes such as OsPR1.1, OsNPR1, OsPDF2.2, OsFMO, OsPAD4, OsCEBiP, andOsCERK1in phyllobacterized rice seedlings. ConclusionsThe rice genotypes growing in a particular agroclimatic zone showed a convergent phyllomicrobiome assemblage and composition. Conversely, diverging phyllomicrobiome assembly was observed on rice genotype cultivated in the contrasting agroclimatic zones.Agroclimatic zones and the associated climatic-factors rather than plant-genotypesper se appeared to drive phyllomicrobiome structure and composition on the rice genotypes. Our integrated mNGS method and microbiological validation divulged Acinetobacter, Aureimonas, Curtobacterium, Enterobacter, Exiguobacterium, Microbacterium, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, andSphingomonasas core phyllomicrobiome of rice. Genetically identical bacterial communities belonging to Pantoea intercepted on the phyllosphere of rice grown in the two contrasting agroclimatic zones are suggestive of spatio-temporal transmission of phyllomicrobiome aided by seed. The core-microbiome mediated phyllobacterization showed potential for blast disease suppression by direct-antibiosis and defense elicitation. The identification of phyllosphere adapted functional core-bacterial communities in our study and their co-occurrence dynamics presents an opportunity to devise novel strategies for rice blast management through phyllomicrobiome reengineering in the future.
- Published
- 2021
40. Antifungal and defense elicitor activity of Potassium phosphite against fungal blast disease on ptxD-OE transgenic indica rice and its acceptor parent
- Author
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Sahil Mehta, A. Kumar, V. Mohan Murali Achary, Prakash Ganesan, Asharani Patel, Asmita Singh, Neelmani Rathi, T.K. Das, Shambhu Krishan Lal, and Malireddy K. Reddy
- Subjects
Magnaporthe ,Antifungal Agents ,Phosphites ,Potassium Compounds ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Oryza ,General Medicine ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Plant Diseases - Abstract
In rice farming, the blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae (T.T. Hebert) M.E. Barr. is one of the primary production constraints worldwide. The current blast management options such as blast-resistant varieties and spraying fungicides are neither durable nor commercially and environmentally compatible. In the present study, we investigated the antifungal and defense elicitor activity of potassium phosphite (Phi) against M. oryzae on elite rice cultivar BPT5204 (popularly known as Samba Mahsuri in India) and its transgenic rice variant (ptxD-OE) over-expressing a phosphite dehydrogenase enzyme. The Phi was evaluated both preventively and curatively on rice genotypes where the preventive spray of Phi outperformed the Phi curative application with significant reductions in both rice blast severity (35.67-60.49%) and incidence (22.27-53.25%). Moreover, the application of Phi increased the levels of photosynthetic pigments (Chlorophyll and Carotenoids) coupled with increased activity of defense enzymes (PAL, SOD, and APx). Besides, Phi application also induced the expression of defense-associated genes (OsCEBiP and OsPDF2.2) in the rice leaf. Furthermore, the Phi application reduced the reactive Malondialdehyde (lipid peroxidation) to minimize the cellular damage incited by Magnaporthe in rice. Overall, the present study showed the potential of Phi for blast suppression on rice as an alternative to the current excessive use of toxic fungicides.
- Published
- 2021
41. Composition and Codon Usage Pattern Results in Divergence of the Zinc Binuclear Cluster (Zn(II) 2 Cys 6) Sequences among Ascomycetes Plant Pathogenic Fungi.
- Author
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Bansal, Shilpi, Mallikarjuna, Mallana Gowdra, Balamurugan, Alexander, Nayaka, S. Chandra, and Prakash, Ganesan
- Subjects
PATHOGENIC fungi ,PHYTOPATHOGENIC fungi ,PLANT-fungus relationships ,FUNGI ,PHYTOPATHOGENIC microorganisms ,ASCOMYCETES - Abstract
Zinc binuclear cluster proteins (ZBC; Zn(II)
2 Cys6 ) are unique to the fungi kingdom and associated with a series of functions, viz., the utilization of macromolecules, stress tolerance, and most importantly, host–pathogen interactions by imparting virulence to the pathogen. Codon usage bias (CUB) is the phenomenon of using synonymous codons in a non-uniform fashion during the translation event, which has arisen because of interactions among evolutionary forces. The Zn(II)2 Cys6 coding sequences from nine Ascomycetes plant pathogenic species and model system yeast were analysed for compositional and codon usage bias patterns. The clustering analysis diverged the Ascomycetes fungi into two clusters. The nucleotide compositional and relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) analysis indicated GC biasness toward Ascomycetes fungi compared with the model system S. cerevisiae, which tends to be AT-rich. Further, plant pathogenic Ascomycetes fungi belonging to cluster-2 showed a higher number of GC-rich high-frequency codons than cluster-1 and was exclusively AT-rich in S. cerevisiae. The current investigation also showed the mutual effect of the two evolutionary forces, viz. natural selection and compositional constraints, on the CUB of Zn(II)2 Cys6 genes. The perseverance of GC-rich codons of Zn(II)2 Cys6 in Ascomycetes could facilitate the invasion process. The findings of the current investigation show the role of CUB and nucleotide composition in the evolutionary divergence of Ascomycetes plant pathogens and paves the way to target specific codons and sequences to modulate host–pathogen interactions through genome editing and functional genomics tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Raman microspectroscopy of a silicon solar cell
- Author
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Kristopher O. Davis, Laurene Tetard, Milos Krsmanovic, Andrew K. Dickerson, Jeya Prakash Ganesan, Parag Banerjee, Fernand Torres Davila, and Nafis Iqbal
- Subjects
Materials science ,Silicon ,business.industry ,Nanocrystalline silicon ,chemistry.chemical_element ,law.invention ,Metrology ,symbols.namesake ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Aluminium ,law ,Solar cell ,symbols ,Optoelectronics ,Crystalline silicon ,business ,Raman spectroscopy ,Silver oxide - Abstract
A fully finished, aluminum back-surface field, multi crystalline silicon solar cell was analyzed using Raman microspectroscopy. New insights into the process and material quality of the finished device is obtained. First, the image scan obtained on the multi crystalline silicon surface is reflective of the textured surface contributing to the surface topology. Second, the analysis helps to identify differences in the Raman spectra of the remnant saw marks on the silicon surface when compared to a textured silicon surface. Third, Raman analysis of the silver line shows a clear silver oxide signal that is detected up to 25 μm away from the edge of the silver line thus, quantifying the quality and effectiveness of the screen-printing and firing process. Finally, inclusions embedded inside the silicon surface are unambiguously identified as nanocrystalline silicon. Using confocal Raman microspectroscopy 3D tomography of the inclusions are constructed and the state of compressive stress around these particulates are measured. Taken together, these results demonstrate Raman microspectroscopy as a valuable tool for identification of micron-scale feature sizes and defects, otherwise too small to be identified using current metrology techniques.
- Published
- 2021
43. Influence of Process Parameters on the Surface Passivation Quality of Phosphorus Doped Polysilicon Contacts Deposited by APCVD
- Author
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Jeya Prakash Ganesan, Parag Banerjee, Ken Provancha, Kristopher O. Davis, Christian Nunez, Sven Seren, Geoffrey Gregory, and Jannatul Ferdous Mousumi
- Subjects
Amorphous silicon ,Materials science ,Passivation ,technology, industry, and agriculture ,Substrate (electronics) ,engineering.material ,Dopant Activation ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Polycrystalline silicon ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,engineering ,Deposition (phase transition) ,Crystalline silicon ,Silicon oxide - Abstract
Doped polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) passivating contacts featuring a thin tunneling oxide have emerged as one of the most promising carrier selective contacts for crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells due to their very low recombination and resistive losses, as well as a high thermal stability compared to amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) heterojunctions. This contact technology consists of a heavily doped poly-Si layer on top of a c-Si substrate with an interfacial ultra-thin silicon oxide layer (SiO x ). To implement poly-Si passivating contacts into an industrial silicon solar cell production line, a cost-effective and high-throughput deposition process is required. Atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) process is a single side deposition process that requires no vacuum or plasma systems and is very well suited for high volume manufacturing. In this work, we present an in-line APCVD process for depositing heavily phosphorus doped poly-Si films to form low recombination electron contacts using silane (SiH 4 ) and phosphine (PH 3 ) as precursor gases. The as-deposited samples went through different post deposition annealing processes for solid phase crystallization, dopant activation and dopant diffusion. We have studied the effect of different process parameters like deposition temperature, precursor gas ratio and different post deposition treatments etc. on the surface passivation quality of this contact.
- Published
- 2021
44. Root bio-hydro-mechanical reinforcement of unsaturated vegetated soil: experiments and modelling
- Author
-
Suriya Prakash Ganesan, Davide Boldrin, Anthony Kwan Leung, Zhaoyi Wu, and Ali Akbar Karimzadeh
- Subjects
Root (linguistics) ,Environmental science ,Geotechnical engineering ,Reinforcement - Abstract
Plant roots affect soil water regime through root-water uptake upon transpiration. This process induces soil matric suction, which affects soil hydraulic conductivity, soil shear strength and hence shallow soil stability. This is referred to as plant hydrological reinforcement in the soil bioengineering application. Recent experimental evidence put forward by the authors has demonstrated that plant hydrological reinforcement should not be exclusively limited to the effects of root-water uptake and plant transpiration. The presentation will provide some new evidence of other potential aspects of plant hydrological reinforcement, namely (1) root-induced changes in soil hydraulic properties, (2) root water-dependent bio-hydro-mechanical properties. In aspect (1), laboratory test results on how root growth dynamic alter the soil pore size distribution and hence affect both the soil water retention curve and hydraulic conductivity will be presented. To highlight the effects of these root-induced changes in soil properties on slope water regime and slope stability, numerical simulation employing a dual-permeability water transport model in unsaturated rooted soil will be discussed. In aspect (2), a new concept, hysteretic root water retention curve (relationship between root water content and root water potential), will be introduced with support of some preliminary data. How root water retention affects the root biomechanical properties including not only tensile strength and Young’s modulus that have received wide attention in the soil bioengineering literature but also breakage strain will be presented. New data will be provided in order to attempt to use root water content to explain the large variability of biomechanical properties observed in the literature.
- Published
- 2021
45. Deciphering Core-Phyllomicrobiome of Rice Genotypes Grown in Contrasting Mountain and Island Agroclimatic Zones: Implications for Microbiome Engineering Against Blast Disease
- Author
-
R. Rathour, Kumar Aundy, Bhaskar Reddy, Mukesh Kumar, Kuleshwar Prasad Sahu, Prakash Ganesan, Sakthivel Krishnan, Gopalakrishnan Subbaiyan, Raj K. Gautam, A. K. Patel, and Neelam Sheoran
- Subjects
Core (optical fiber) ,Ecology ,food and beverages ,Microbiome ,Biology ,Blast disease - Abstract
Background The fundamental role and contributions of phyllosphere habitat in shaping plant functional ecology are poorly investigated, and often underestimated. Phyllosphere -the harsh and dynamic foliar-photosynthetic-habitat is continuously exposed to vagaries of changing weather events during the entire plant life. With its adapted microbiota, the phyllosphere-niche brings microbial diversity to the plant-holobiont pool and potentially modulates a multitude of plant and agronomic traits. The phyllomicrobiome structure and the consequent ecological functions are vulnerable to a host of biotic (Genotypes) and abiotic-factors (Environment) which is further compounded by agronomic-transactions on domesticated agricultural crops. However, the ecological forces driving the phyllomicrobiome assemblage and functions are among the most under-studied aspects of plant biology. Despite the reports on the occurrence of diverse prokaryotic phyla such as Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroides, and Actinobacteria on phyllosphere habitat, the functional characterization leading to their utilization for agricultural sustainability is not yet adequately explored.Currently, the metagenomic-Next-Generation-Sequencing (mNGS) technique scanning the conserved V3-V4 region of ribosomal RNA gene is a widely adopted strategy for microbiome-investigations. However, the structural and functional validation of mNGS annotations by microbiological methods is not integrated into the microbiome exploration-programs. In the present study, we combined the high throughput mNGS approach with conventional microbiological methods to decipher the core-functional-phyllomicrobiome of contrasting rice genotypes varying in their response to blast disease grown in contrasting agroclimatic zones in India. We, further, scanned the rice phyllosphere by electron microscopy to show the microbial communities on leaf. Magnaporthe oryzae -the phyllosphere pathogen inciting necrotic lesion on cereal crops is managed by the deployment of ‘non-durable’ blast resistance genes and ‘toxic’ fungicidal molecules. Nowadays, there is a growing consensus for devising an alternative strategy for mitigating blast owing to a recent ban on the use of most commonly used fungicidal molecule, tricyclazole. In the present work, we further identified phyllosphere- core-functional microbial groups leading to the proposal of phyllomicrobiome assisted rice blast management strategy. Multi-pronged activities of phyllomicrobiome against Magnaporthe oryzae (antifungal activity), rice innate immunity (defense elicitation), and rice blast disease (disease suppression) have been elaborated for effective management of blast by phyllomicrobiome re-engineering. ResultsRice phyllomicrobiome of tropical “Island-Zone” displayed marginally more bacterial community diversity than that of temperate ‘Mountain-Zone’. Principal coordinate analysis based on Bray Curtis and ANoSIM method indicated nearly converging-phyllomicrobiome profiles on two contrasting rice genotypes grown in the same agroclimatic zone. However, the rice genotype grown in the contrasting Mountain-zone and Island-zone displayed diverse-phyllomicrobiome profiles indicating a strong influence of environmental factors rather than the genotype on phyllomicrobiome structure and assembly. The predominance of Phyla such as Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes was observed on the rice phyllosphere irrespective of the genotypes and environmental conditions. The core-microbiome analysis showed multi-microbiota-core consisting of Acidovorax, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Clavibacter, Clostridium, Cronobacter, Curtobacterium, Deinococcus, Erwinia, Exiguobacterium, Hymenobacter, Kineococcus, Klebsiella, Methylobacterium, Methylocella, Microbacterium, Nocardioides, Pantoea, Pedobacter, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Serratia, Sphingomonas and Streptomyces on phyllosphere of rice genotypes grown in contrasting agroclimatic zones. The linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) method revealed ten and two distinct bacterial genera in blast-resistant and -susceptible genotypes, respectively. The analysis further indicated 15 and 16 climate-zone specific bacterial genera for Mountain and Island zone, respectively. SparCC based network analysis of phyllomicrobiome showed hundreds of complex intra-microbial cooperative or competitive interactions on the rice genotypes and agroclimatic zones. Our microbiological validation of mNGS data further confirmed the presence of resident Acinetobacter, Aureimonas, Curtobacterium, Enterobacter, Exiguobacterium, Microbacterium, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, and Sphingomonas on the rice phyllosphere. Strikingly, the two contrasting agroclimatic zones displayed genetically identical bacterial isolates on the phyllosphere that could be attributed to the spatio-temporal transmission of core-phyllomicrobiome, perhaps, aided by rice seeds. A total of 59 distinct bacterial isolates were obtained, identified, and evaluated for their functional attributes on Magnaporthe oryzae and rice plant. The phyllomicrobiome associated core-bacterial communities showed secreted-metabolite and volatile-compound mediated antifungal activity on M. oryzae. Upon phyllobacterization (a term coined for spraying of bacterial cells on the phyllosphere), the core bacterial species such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Aureimonas sp., Pantoea ananatis, P. eucrina, and Pseudomonas putida elicited plant defense and contributed significantly to blast disease suppression. Transcriptional analysis by qPCR indicated induction of rice innate immunity associated genes such as OsPR1.1, OsNPR1, OsPDF2.2, OsFMO, OsPAD4, OsCEBiP, and OsCERK1 in phyllobacterized rice seedlings. ConclusionsThe rice genotypes growing in a particular agroclimatic zone showed a convergent phyllomicrobiome assemblage and composition. Conversely, diverging phyllomicrobiome assembly was observed on rice genotype cultivated in the contrasting agroclimatic zones. Agroclimatic zones and the associated climatic-factors rather than plant-genotypes per se appeared to drive phyllomicrobiome structure and composition on the rice genotypes. Our integrated mNGS method and microbiological validation divulged Acinetobacter, Aureimonas, Curtobacterium, Enterobacter, Exiguobacterium, Microbacterium, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, and Sphingomonas as core phyllomicrobiome of rice. Genetically identical bacterial communities belonging to Pantoea intercepted on the phyllosphere of rice grown in the two contrasting agroclimatic zones are suggestive of spatio-temporal transmission of phyllomicrobiome aided by seed. The core-microbiome mediated phyllobacterization showed potential for blast disease suppression by direct-antibiosis and defense elicitation. The identification of phyllosphere adapted functional core-bacterial communities in our study and their co-occurrence dynamics presents an opportunity to devise novel strategies for rice blast management through phyllomicrobiome reengineering in the future.
- Published
- 2021
46. A relook into plant wilting: observational evidence based on unsaturated soil–plant-photosynthesis interaction
- Author
-
Sreedeep Sekharan, Lingaraj Sahoo, Suriya Prakash Ganesan, Sanandam Bordoloi, and Ankit Garg
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Stomatal conductance ,Science ,Root hair ,Poaceae ,Plant Roots ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,Soil ,03 medical and health sciences ,Engineering ,Stress, Physiological ,medicine ,Photosynthesis ,Multidisciplinary ,biology ,Wilting ,biology.organism_classification ,Axonopus compressus ,Water retention ,Plant Leaves ,Permanent wilting point ,030104 developmental biology ,Agronomy ,Loam ,Soil water ,Medicine ,Environmental science ,Hydrology ,medicine.symptom ,Plant sciences ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Permanent wilting point (PWP) is generally used to ascertain plant resistance against abiotic drought stress and designated as the soil water content (θ) corresponding to soil suction (ψ) at 1500 kPa obtained from the soil water retention curve. Determination of PWP based on only pre-assumed ψ may not represent true wilting condition for soils with contrasting water retention abilities. In addition to ψ, there is a need to explore significance of additional plant parameters (i.e., stomatal conductance and photosynthetic status) in determining PWP. This study introduces a new framework for determining PWP by integrating plant leaf response and ψ during drought. Axonopus compressus were grown in two distinct textured soils (clayey loam and silty sand), after which drought was initiated till wilting. Thereafter, ψ and θ within the root zone were measured along with corresponding leaf stomatal conductance and photosynthetic status. It was found that coarse textured silty sand causes wilting at much lower ψ (≈ 300 kPa) than clayey loam (≈ 1600 kPa). Plant response to drought was dependent on the relative porosity and mineralogy of the soil, which governs the ease at which roots can grow, assimilate soil O2, and uptake water. For clay loam, the held water within the soil matrix does not facilitate easy root water uptake by relatively coarse root morphology. Contrastingly, fine root hair formation in silty sand facilitated higher plant water uptake and doubled the plant survival time.
- Published
- 2020
47. Process–Structure–Properties Relationships of Passivating, Electron‐Selective Contacts Formed by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition of Phosphorus‐Doped Polysilicon
- Author
-
Jannatul Ferdous Mousumi, Geoffrey Gregory, Jeya Prakash Ganesan, Christian Nunez, Kenneth Provancha, Sven Seren, Heiko Zunft, Titel Jurca, Parag Banerjee, Aravinda Kar, Ranganathan Kumar, and Kristopher O. Davis
- Subjects
General Materials Science ,Condensed Matter Physics - Published
- 2022
48. Exploring relations between plant photochemical quantum parameters and unsaturated soil water retention for biochars and pith amended soils
- Author
-
Lingaraj Sahoo, Sreedeep Sekharan, Huang Sang, Himanshu Kumar, Anthony Kwan Leung, Suriya Prakash Ganesan, and Ankit Garg
- Subjects
Stomatal conductance ,Irrigation ,Environmental Engineering ,biology ,Amendment ,Plant Development ,Water ,Wilting ,biology.organism_classification ,Photochemistry ,Pollution ,Axonopus compressus ,Soil ,Charcoal ,Soil water ,Biochar ,Soil Pollutants ,Environmental Chemistry ,Environmental science ,Coir ,Waste Management and Disposal - Abstract
Sustainable biomaterials such as natural fibers and biochars have been increasingly used in green infrastructures such as landfill covers for its dual-advantages of climate change mitigation and waste management. The existing studies did not systematically discuss the comparison on how biochar (stable carbon) and fiber (likely degradable), influence plant growth and water retention abilities in unsaturated soils. Also, the effect of photochemistry in the amended soils has rarely been investigated. This study addresses the limitations of previous investigations by exploring plant parameters such as photochemical yield, stomatal conductance, root area index, and unsaturated soil hydraulic parameters, including soil water retention curves (SWRC) of amended soils. Pot experiments were conducted in an environmentally controlled greenhouse. Two biochars from different plant-based feedstocks (Eichhornia crassipes, Prosopis juliflora) and one natural fiber (coir pith fiber) were mixed with soil at 5% and 10% application rate (by weight). Grass species of Axonopus compressus was planted to study the effects of different amendment materials and its corresponding plant responses during an applied drought period. The test results show that biochar amended soils increased the shoot growth by up to 100−200%. The stomatal conductance of the grass leaves increased by 54%−101% during the drought period for both biochars and coir amended soil. Furthermore, at low suction, the coir had a high water retention capacity than the biochars, explaining the observed higher stomatal conductance values. Importantly, it was discovered that the plant photochemical quantum yield responses associated with plant wilting was found to vary between 1500 and 1800 kPa for all the soil treatments. The study concludes with a newly developed mathematical expression based on the measurements of plant parameters and soil suction. The new equation could be used to optimize the irrigation frequency in order to apply any informed measures to maintain green infrastructures.
- Published
- 2022
49. Exploring implication of variation in biochar production on geotechnical properties of soil
- Author
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Junjun Ni, Sreedeep Sekharan, Suriya Prakash Ganesan, Sanandam Bordoloi, Tom Sizmur, and Ankit Garg
- Subjects
Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,020209 energy ,Amendment ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Raw material ,01 natural sciences ,Biochar ,Soil water ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Erosion ,Cohesion (geology) ,Environmental science ,Geotechnical engineering ,Pyrolysis ,Water content ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Biochar produced from the pyrolysis of plant-based feedstock has been advocated as an alternative soil amendment for landfill cover. Previous literature indicated that the pyrolysis temperature influences the intra-pore distribution and surface functional groups (especially hydroxyl groups), resulting in “love-hate relationship” of the biochar-amended soil (BAS) with water. From the purview of geotechnical engineering, the effects of pyrolysis temperature on geotechnical properties are rarely investigated. In total, three biochar rates (0, 5, and 10%) were considered for a set of geotechnical experiments in sand clay mixture soil with biochar produced at 350°C and 550°C. Test results show that biochar addition in soil, in general regardless of pyrolysis temperature, increased the optimum moisture content (OMC), plasticity index, and soil water retention characteristics (SWRC) and decreased the maximum dry density (MDD), shear strength parameters (cohesion, friction), and erosion rates. Whilst comparing the pyrolysis temperature effects on two biochar-amended soils, only marginal effects (in terms of magnitude) on SWRC were observed. The most significant decrease of MDD (or increase of OMC) for 5% (w/w) and 10% (w/w) biochar additions occurred at pyrolysis temperatures of 550 °C and 350°C, respectively. In addition, biochar produced at lower pyrolysis temperature (350 °C) was more effective in reducing cracks and enhancing shrinkage area ratio. Ten percent of biochar addition with pyrolysis temperature of 350 °C was the optimum combination in resisting soil erosion. The study provides evidence that the geotechnical properties of biochar-amended soils for landfill cover soil applications could be tailor made by controlling the pyrolysis temperature.
- Published
- 2020
50. Dynamics of Biochar-Silty Clay Interaction Using In-house Fabricated Cyclic Loading Apparatus: A Case Study of Coastal Clay and Novel Peach Biochar from the Qingdao Region of China
- Author
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Karthik Datta Dosetti, Ankit Garg, Aman Singhal, Xin Li, Haibao Feng, Suriya Prakash Ganesan, and Junwei Liu
- Subjects
lcsh:TJ807-830 ,Geography, Planning and Development ,lcsh:Renewable energy sources ,Amendment ,Soil science ,010501 environmental sciences ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,01 natural sciences ,Shear modulus ,Pore water pressure ,shear modulus ,void ratio ,Biochar ,medicine ,residual cyclic strength ,biochar amended soils ,lcsh:Environmental sciences ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,lcsh:GE1-350 ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,lcsh:Environmental effects of industries and plants ,Soil classification ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Water retention ,Void ratio ,dynamic loading ,lcsh:TD194-195 ,Soil water ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Environmental science ,medicine.symptom - Abstract
Biochar has been recently investigated as an eco-friendly material in bio-engineered slopes/landfill covers. A majority of recent studies have focused on analyzing water retention behavior while very few have examined dynamic behavior (i.e., cyclic loading due to earthquake, wind, or wave) of biochar amended soil. As far as the authors are aware, there is no study on the dynamic behavior of biochar amended soils. Considering the above mentioned study as a major objective, field excavated soil was collected and mixed with in-house produced biochar from peach endocarps, at three amendment rates (5%, 10%, and 15%). The un-amended bare soil and biochar amended soil were imposed to a cyclic load in a self-designed apparatus and the corresponding stress-strain parameters were measured. Dynamic parameters such as shear modulus and damping ratio were computed and the results were compared between bare and biochar amended soil. Furthermore, the residual cyclic strength of each soil types were correlated with an estimated void ratio to understand the interrelation between dynamic loading responses and biochar amended soils. The major outcomes of this study show that the addition of biochar decreases the void ratio, thereby increasing the shear modulus and residual cyclic strength. However, the modulus and strength values attenuates after 15 cycles due to an increase in pore water pressure. In contrary, at higher amendment rates, Biochar Amended Soils (BAS) forms clay-carbon complex and decreases both shear modulus and residual cyclic strength.
- Published
- 2020
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