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Background: From the management perspective, rare medical conditions do not attract enough attention, though their management can often be resource intensive. Increased awareness among health professionals can lead to early diagnosis of cases and prevention of complications leading to improved outcomes. Paediatric spinal tumours are rare disease entities with an annual incidence of approximately 1 per 1 million children. The profile of spinal tumours in the paediatric population is significantly different than that in adults. In this study we retrospectively analyse a heterogenous variety of paediatric spinal tumours which were treated at our institution over the last 6 years, with the goal of contributing to existing knowledge of this relatively rare disease entity. Methods: This retrospective study includes paediatric patients (under 18 years of age) who underwent surgery for primary spinal tumours from 2014 to 2019. The medical records were reviewed retrospectively and the information regarding clinical presentation, tumour location, operative findings, and postoperative status and functional outcome were analysed. The modified McCormick grade was used to assess the neurological status. Patients with spinal metastasis or incomplete medical records were excluded from the study. Results: Of 74 patients with primary spinal tumours operated at our centre between 2014 to 2019, a total of 8 patients (5 males and 3 females) who met the inclusion criteria were identified for the present study. The mean age of the patients included was 12.1±5.3 and the median follow-up period was 24 months. An improvement in the neurological status, as assessed by the modified McCormick grade, was seen in 37.5% of the patients. Three of the patients received adjuvant radiotherapy, post-surgical resection. A unique feature of this series was the wide variety of cases encountered, as each case had a different histopathological diagnosis, despite being limited by its sample size. Conclusion: Primary paediatric spinal cord tumours are rare, and surgical resection remains the treatment of choice. Adjuvant therapy is warranted in cases of high-grade lesions or recurrences. Through this study, we realised that due to its relative rarity and low incidence, a lack of public awareness can often lead to disproportionately increased morbidity and mortality. Prospective multi-centric studies can provide tools to help develop future management strategies for improved survival rates and reduced complications.

Trauma is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in today’s world. It is the fourth major cause of death in the general population, and the principal cause of mortality among individuals under 45 years of age. Cases of abdominal trauma are frequently encountered by health professionals at different levels of care, as abdomen is the third most commonly injured region, with surgery required in about 25 per cent of civilian cases. In this article, an attempt has been made to review, analyze and present a suggestive protocol for managing cases of blunt trauma abdomen at peripheral health care facilities where resources are often limited.

In this paper, a band pass frequency selective surfaces has been proposed to enhance the performance of 2.25 GHz, WiMax and WLAN devices. The objective of this design to increase the received signal strength of 2.25 GHz, WiMax and WLAN devices. This FSS is used to enhance the three signals having resonant frequency as 2.25 GHz, 3.5 GHz and 5.75 GHz and attenuate the rest signals in 1GHz to 6.5 GHz frequency range. This FSS has been designed on the FR-4 dielectric substrate. FSS consist of a one square loops in front side and one swastik-like structure in back side of substrate.

This paper presents circular ring and square loop Band reject Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSSs) for dual band WiMax and single band WLAN applications. FSS consist of two square loops with four small square loops in back side & one square loop and circular ring with some slots in front side of the substrate. This FSS designed on the FR-4 dielectric substrate with a relative permittivity of 4.4, loss tangent 0.025 and thickness of 1.6 mm. The proposed designed unit cell shows band reject response for three frequency bands having resonant frequencies as 2.5 GHz (WiMax), 3.5 GHz (WiMax) and 5.5 GHz (WLAN). The proposed design is simulated in CST microwave studio software.

We investigated the apoptosis inducing effect of essential oil (EO) from aerial parts of Ocimumviride in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (COLO 205 cell line). The COLO 205 cells were exposed to 0.0125-0.1 microl/ml of EO for 24, 48 and 72h. Growth inhibition was determined by sulphorhodamine B (SRB) assay. Double staining with acridine orange and ethidium bromide for nuclear changes was performed. Cell cycle analysis and change in mitochondrial membrane potential was quantified by flow cytometry. Subsequently, using annexin V/PI assay, the proportion of cells actively undergoing apoptosis was determined. Changes in DNA were observed by DNA ladder assay. Eventually the surface morphology of apoptotic cells was studied by scanning electron microscopy. EO is cytotoxic to COLO 205 cells in dose and time-dependent manner, as is evident by SRB assay. This observed cell death was due to apoptosis, as established by annexin V/PI assay, DNA ladder formation and scanning electron microscopy. Our results reveal that EO has apoptosis inducing effect against COLO 205 cells in vitro and is a promising candidate for further anti-cancer study.