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A real-time qPCR assay was designed to detect African-derived subspecies of western honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). The probes targeted the same region of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene used in previous restriction enzyme assays. Using samples from 16 A. mellifera subspecies representing four lineages, we evaluated the efficacy of this assay to identify African- (or A-lineage) and non-A-lineage honey bees. The qPCR assay successfully differentiated A-lineage honey bees, including A. m. scutellata and A. m. capensis, from M-, C-, and O-lineage A. mellifera subspecies. In conclusion, the assay we developed is useful for rapid detection of A-lineage honey bees in areas where they are introduced, although it cannot be used to identify the specific A. mellifera subspecies within the A-lineage.

Activated and promoter-bound heat-shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) induces RNA polymerase II recruitment upon heat shock, and this is facilitated by the core Mediator in Drosophila and yeast. Another Mediator module, CDK8 kinase module (CKM), consisting of four subunits including MED12 and CDK8, plays a negative or positive role in the regulation of transcription; however, its involvement in HSF1-mediated transcription remains unclear. We herein demonstrated that HSF1 interacted with MED12 and recruited MED12 and CDK8 to the HSP70 promoter during heat shock in mammalian cells. The kinase activity of CDK8 (and its paralog CDK19) promoted HSP70 expression partly by phosphorylating HSF1-S326 and maintained proteostasis capacity. These results indicate an important role for CKM in the protection of cells against proteotoxic stress.

Today's Children will be tomorrow's responsible citizen of the country. Entertainment is an essential part of life, by this we feel tension free, relaxed, energetic and having a positive attitude towards life. Games plays an important role for the all round development of the children's personality especially outdoor games but Now a days children are adopting habits of playing indoor games and also entertaining themselves by using various electronic devices as we know one of them is television. There are various programmes such as various kids’ channels, cartoon shows, video games etc. being watched by the children. Directly or indirectly these programs affect behaviour of the children in positive and negative ways. That’s why it is needed that parents should have a look for types of programmes seen by children, how long a child is watching a program, how it is affecting child habits/ behaviour etc. Later on, these negative impacts will create health issues/behaviour problems such as obesity, aggressive behaviour, lack of concentration etc. Child who watch television for 10 hours or more per week are less skilled at reading and are less successful in school as compared to children who watch television for less than 10 hours per week. The American academy of paediatrics makes the following recommendations regarding television viewing should not exceed one to two hours of quality programming daily and children younger than two years old should not watch television.1 That is why researchers took this topic to highlight the attitude and knowledge of parents about the impact of television on their Children's behaviour. A co-relational study conducted to assess parental knowledge and attitude regarding the impact of television on children in selected area at Kanpur (U.P). A descriptive cross-sectional survey approach was used, sample size was 100 parents selected by convenient sampling for this study. Self-structured knowledge questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge of parents, and attitude of parents was assessed by Likert scale. The study shows that among 100 parents 8% of them had poor knowledge, 36% average knowledge, 50% good knowledge, 6% very good knowledge about impact of television on children. The study shown the positive attitude 84%, negative attitude 16% on impact of television on children. The correlation value shows that positive correlation between knowledge and attitude score of parents. There was no significant association between knowledge score with their demographic variables and significant association seen between attitude score with types of family, educational status of parents, income of parents and number of children. There was no significant association between attitude score with age of parents and religion. KEYWORDS: Impact, Television, Attitude, Parental Knowledge

The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) is characterized by the transcriptional induction of mitochondrial chaperone and protease genes in response to impaired mitochondrial proteostasis and is regulated by ATF5 and CHOP in mammalian cells. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying the UPRmt are currently unclear. Here, we show that HSF1 is required for activation of mitochondrial chaperone genes, including HSP60, HSP10, and mtHSP70, in mouse embryonic fibroblasts during inhibition of matrix chaperone TRAP1, protease Lon, or electron transfer complex 1 activity. HSF1 bound constitutively to mitochondrial chaperone gene promoters, and we observed that its occupancy was remarkably enhanced at different levels during the UPRmt. Furthermore, HSF1 supported the maintenance of mitochondrial function under the same conditions. These results demonstrate that HSF1 is required for induction of mitochondrial chaperones during the UPRmt, and thus, it may be one of the guardians of mitochondrial function under conditions of impaired mitochondrial proteostasis., The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) is characterized by the transcriptional induction of mitochondrial chaperone and protease genes in response to impaired mitochondrial proteostasis. Here, we show that heat shock transcription factor (HSF1) is required for activation of mitochondrial chaperone genes and supports the maintenance of mitochondrial function in mouse cells during the UPRmt.

Filamentous fungi synthesize natural products as an ecological function. In this study, an interesting indigenous fungus producing orange pigment exogenously was investigated in detail as it possesses additional attributes along with colouring properties. An interesting fungus was isolated from a dicot plant, Maytenus rothiana. After a detailed study, the fungal isolate turned out to be a species of Gonatophragmium belonging to the family Acrospermaceae. Based on the morphological, cultural, and sequence-based phylogenetic analysis, the identity of this fungus was confirmed as Gonatophragmium triuniae. Although this fungus grows moderately, it produces good amounts of pigment on an agar medium. The fermented crude extract isolated from G. triuniae has shown antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 0.99 mg/mL and antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (with MIC of 3.91 μg/mL against Bacillus subtilis, and 15.6 μg/mL and 31.25 μg/mL for Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus, respectively). Dyeing of cotton fabric mordanted with FeSO4 using crude pigment was found to be satisfactory based on visual observation, suggesting its possible use in the textile industry. The orange pigment was purified from the crude extract by preparative HP-TLC. In addition, UV-Vis, FTIR, HRMS and NMR (1H NMR, 13C NMR), COSY, and DEPT analyses revealed the orange pigment to be “1,2-dimethoxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one” (C14H11NO4, m/z 257). To our understanding, the present study is the first comprehensive report on Gonatophragmium triuniae as a potential pigment producer, reporting “1,2-dimethoxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one” as the main pigment from the crude hexane extract. Moreover, this is the first study reporting antioxidant, antibacterial, and dyeing potential of crude extract of G. triuniae, suggesting possible potential applications of pigments and other bioactive secondary metabolites of the G. triuniae in textile and pharmaceutical industry.

Looking at the severity of SARS-CoV-2 even after the approval of several vaccines like Covishield and Covaxin, there is a concern to find a fruitful remedy for treating infected people in the whole world to stop the spreading of this virus. In this piece of work, we systematically carried out the computational study of potent natural flavonoids Podocarflavone A and Rugosaflavonoid A and their analogs with many targets of COVID-19 such as main Protease (6LU7), S-protein and human ACE2 receptor Complex (6VW1), and RdRp (6M71), which are essential for the survival of nCov-19. MD simulations for 50ns were carried out in TIP3P to check their stability. Thermodynamic stability of the receptor-ligand complexes was evaluated with MMGBSA, and MMPBSA study. The Podocarflavone A and dihydrorugosaflavonoid analogs showed effective binding energy (DS -8.8 to -8.0 Kcal/mol) with S-protein and human ACE2 receptor Complex (6VW1), Protease (6LU7), and RdRp (6M71) of COVID-19. The comparative analysis with several standard antivirals such as remdesivir, oseltamivir, lopinavir, sofosbuvir, tenofovir, galidesivir, and favipiravir displayed that these natural analogs can be better antiviral for the COVID-19. This study demonstrated that halogenated Podocarflavone 2b (MMGBSA -40.93 Kcal/mol, MMPBSA -14.16 Kcal/mol) has comparable results with lopinavir (MMGBSA -43.15 Kcal/mol, MMPBSA -11.89 Kcal/mol). These compounds could be selected for wet-lab screening to develop as lead molecules in the initial infective stage with spike protein and replicative stage with RdRp of the n-Cov-19 virus.

Government’s Activities Success Depends on Community Participation. At present in India around 9,07883 active cases of covid-19 and 57,44,693 recovered and discharged from hospital and more than 1 lakh people died because of this disease. By doing this survey researcher came to know about covid-19 awareness level among Indian population. Available data may be helpful get feedback of strategies as implemented by Govt at central, state, district level to fight against this Covid-19 and also will be helpful to reduce mortality and morbidity rate due to this pandemic disease. It is a descriptive study based on survey approach, Total 5600 People participated in this study, out of these mostly 60.7% belongs to Uttar Pradesh, 47.1% belongs to medical profession, 55.4 % Participants belongs to 15-25 years age group, 65.2% were female, 52.7% were graduate. The mean score was 15.71 shows people had good awareness level about covid-19.

Antiviral therapy is crucial for the circumvention of viral epidemics. The unavailability of a specific antiviral drug against the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) disease has created an alarming situation to identify or develop potent chemical molecules for remedial management of CHIKV. In the present investigation, in silico studies of dihydrorugosaflavonoid derivatives (5a-f) with non-structural protein-3 (nsP3) were carried out. nsP3 replication protein has recently been considered as a possible antiviral target in which crucial inhibitors fit into the adenosine-binding pocket of the macrodomain. The 4'-halogenated dihydrorugosaflavonoids displayed intrinsic binding with the nsp3 macrodomain (PDB ID: 3GPO) of CHIKV. Compounds 5c and 5d showed docking scores of -7.54 and -6.86 kcal mol-1, respectively. Various in vitro assays were performed to confirm their (5a-f) antiviral potential against CHIKV. The non-cytotoxic dose was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and was found to be

The first synthetic route developed for Podocarflavone A reported from

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and dengue virus (DENV) are important arboviruses transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. These viruses are known to coexist within the same vector and coinfect the same host. Although information is available on the mechanism of replication of CHIKV and DENV when present independently in a vector, reports are lacking on the dynamics of virus-vector interactions when these viruses coexist in a mosquito. The current study attempts to understand the perturbations in the proteome of Aedes mosquitoes when infected with CHIKV and DENV either independently or together. Global proteome profiling of chikungunya and dengue mono- and coinfection revealed 28 proteins to be significantly regulated. Validation of the transcripts of these proteins using qRT-PCR indicated differences in the expression patterns between transcript profiling and quantitative proteome analyses. Pathway analysis of the 28 differentially regulated proteins revealed 11 significant pathways, which include oxidative phosphorylation, carbon metabolism, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a programed course of developmental changes resulting in the acquisition of invasiveness and mobility in cells. In cancer, this course is used by epithelial cells to attain movability. Translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) has been extensively characterized following the observation on tumor reversion ensuing its depletion. However, the role of TCTP in cancer progression is still elusive. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that TCTP is a target of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), a key regulator of EMT in A549 cells. We here present changes in expression patterns of intermediate filament markers (vimentin and cytokeratin 18a) of EMT following TCTP knockdown or over expression. The TCTP over-expression in cancer cells is associated with mesenchymal characters, while downregulation promotes the epithelial markers in the cells. Interaction of TCTP with β-catenin seems to stabilize β-catenin, preparative to its nuclear localization highlighting a role for β-catenin signaling in EMT. Moreover, the induction of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) following ectopic expression of TCTP leads to destabilization of ECM. The cells knocked down for TCTP show diminished invasiveness and migration under TGF-β1 treatment. The present results for the first time demonstrate that TGF-β1 dependent TCTP expression is required for EMT in cells.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Dengue virus (DENV) spread via the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. Both these viruses exist as co-infections in the host as well as the vector and are known to exploit their cellular machinery for their replication. While there are studies reporting the changes in Aedes transcriptome when infected with DENV and CHIKV individually, the effect both these viruses have on the mosquitoes when present as co-infections is not clearly understood. In the present study, we infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes with DENV and CHIKV individually and as co-infection through nanoinjections. We performed high throughput RNA sequencing of the infected Aedes aegypti to understand the changes in the Aedes transcriptome during the early stages of infection, i.e., 24 h post infection and compared the transcriptome profiles during DENV and CHIKV mono-infections with that of co-infections. We identified 190 significantly regulated genes identified in CHIKV infected library, 37 genes from DENV library and 100 genes from co-infected library and they were classified into different pathways. Our study reveal that distinct pathways and transcripts are being regulated during the three types of infection states in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.

A cost effective green synthesis was adopted to synthesize the cerium dioxide (CeO2) nanoparticles (NPs) using leaf extract of Azadirachta indica plant as reducing agent for thermal and photo catalytic processes. The composition and surface properties of green synthesized CeO2 NPs were determined by observing the elemental analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The thermal catalytic activity of green synthesized CeO2NPs toward the decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) was comprehensively demonstrated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry analysis techniques. The addition of green synthesized CeO2 NPs in AP showed a significant drop in decomposition temperature of AP by 130 °C and reduction in activation energy of pure AP, indicating excellent thermal catalytic behavior of CeO2 NPs. Photocatalytic activity was examined by performing the Rhodamine B dye photodegradation and observed that the green synthesized CeO2 NPs exhibited the good degradation rate of 96% within 120 min.

The recruitment of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) to core promoters is highly regulated during rapid induction of genes. In response to heat shock, heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) is activated and occupies heat shock gene promoters. Promoter‐bound HSF1 recruits general transcription factors and Mediator, which interact with Pol II, but stress‐specific mechanisms of Pol II recruitment are unclear. Here, we show in comparative analyses of HSF1 paralogs and their mutants that HSF1 interacts with the pericentromeric adaptor protein shugoshin 2 (SGO2) during heat shock in mouse cells, in a manner dependent on inducible phosphorylation of HSF1 at serine 326, and recruits SGO2 to the HSP70 promoter. SGO2‐mediated binding and recruitment of Pol II with a hypophosphorylated C‐terminal domain promote expression of HSP70, implicating SGO2 as one of the coactivators that facilitate Pol II recruitment by HSF1. Furthermore, the HSF1‐SGO2 complex supports cell survival and maintenance of proteostasis in heat shock conditions. These results exemplify a proteotoxic stress‐specific mechanism of Pol II recruitment, which is triggered by phosphorylation of HSF1 during the heat shock response.

Apanteles opuntiarum Martínez & Berta (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a native natural enemy of the cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum Berg (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Argentina, where the 2 species are believed to have co-evolved. Cactoblastis cactorum is an established invasive pest in the US that is rapidly spreading throughout the southeast. Apanteles opuntiarum was imported from Argentina, and reared at the Division of Plant Industry containment facility in Gainesville, Florida, for study as a possible biocontrol agent for release in the US to control C. cactorum. A DNA barcode was developed to enable the identification of the reared parasitoid population. The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene of the A. opuntiarum reared in Florida containment was found to be identical to its Argentine founders, but distinctly different from the COI sequences of all other reported Apanteles species in the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) GenBank. Additionally, the AoF1 and AoR1 primer pair developed in this study specifically amplified the COI gene of A. opuntiarum, but did not amplify the COI gene of the host C. cactorum. Therefore, the COI gene fragment identified in this study has the potential to be used as a DNA barcode specific to A. opuntiarum that can aid in tracking and identifying this parasitoid inside hosts. Apanteles opuntiarum Martínez & Berta (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) es un enemigo natural de la polilla de la tuna Cactoblastis cactorum Berg (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) en Argentina, su rango nativo, donde han co-evolucionado. Cactoblastis cactorum es una especie invasora establecida en Estados Unidos, que se está dispersando rápidamente hacia el sudeste de este país. Apanteles opuntiarum fue importado desde Argentina y es criado en la cuarentena de Gainesville, Florida (Division of Plant Industry), donde está siendo evaluado como posible agente de control de C. cactorum, para ser liberado en Estados Unidos. Se desarrolló un código de barras de ADN para permitir la identificación de la población de parasitoides criada. Se encontró que el gen de la citocromo oxidasa mitocondrial I (COI) de los A. opuntiarum criados en Florida fue idéntico al de sus fundadores argentinos, y claramente diferente de las secuencias de COI de todas las demás especies de Apanteles reportados en el GenBank del NCBI (Centro Nacional de información sobre biotecnología). Además, el par “primer” AoF1 y AoR1 desarrollado en este estudio amplificó específicamente el gen COI de A. opuntiarum, y no amplificó el gen de la COI del hospedador C. cactorum. Por lo tanto, el fragmento del gen COI identificado en este estudio tiene el potencial para ser utilizados como un código de barras de ADN específico para A. opuntiarum que puede ayudar en el seguimiento y la identificación de este parasitoide dentro de los hospedadores Fil: Srivastava, Mrittunjai. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services; Estados Unidos Fil: Srivastava, Pratibha. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services; Estados Unidos Fil: Karan, Ratna. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services; Estados Unidos Fil: Jeyaprakash, Ayyamperumal. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services; Estados Unidos Fil: Whilby, Leroy. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services; Estados Unidos Fil: Rohrig, Eric. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services; Estados Unidos Fil: Howe, Amy C.. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services; Estados Unidos Fil: Hight, Stephen D.. United States Department of Agriculture. Agriculture Research Service; Estados Unidos Fil: Varone, Laura. Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Most estrogen receptor α (ERα) ligands target the ligand binding domain (LBD). Agonist 17β-estradiol (E2) and tamoxifen (TM, known SERM), bind to the same site within the LBD. However, structures of ligand-bound complexes show that E2 and TM induce different conformations of helix 12 (H12). During the molecular modelling studies of some naturally occurring flavonoids such as quercetin, luteolin, myricetin, kaempferol, naringin, hesperidin, galangin, baicalein and epicatechin with human ERα (3ERT and 1GWR), we observed that most of the ligands bound to the active site pocket of both 3ERT and 1GWR. The docking scores, interaction analyses, and conformation of H12 provided the data to support for the estrogenic or antiestrogenic potential of these flavonoids to a limited degree. Explicit molecular dynamics for 50 ns was performed to identify the stability and compatibility pattern of protein-ligand complex and RMSD were obtained. Baicalein, epicatechin, and kaempferol with 1GWR complex showed similar RMSD trend with minor deviations in the protein backbone RMSD against 1GWR-E2 complex that provided clear indications that ligands were stable throughout the explicit molecular simulations in the protein and outcome of naringin-3ERT complex had an upward trend but stable throughout the simulations and all molecular dynamics showed stability with less than overall 1 Å deviation throughout the simulations. To examine their estrogenic or antiestrogenic potential, we studied the effect of the flavonoids on viability, progesterone receptor expression and 3xERE/3XERRE-driven reporter gene expression in ERα positive and estrogen responsive MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Epicatechin, myricetin, and kaempferol showed estrogenic potential at 5 µM concentration.

Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz, Brassicaceae, whose common name is Crantz-large-seeded false flax, is an annual oilseed species. It is grown as a forage and biofuel crop in Europe and North America. False flax is an ideal low-input crop for biodiesel production, because of its low requirements for nitrogen fertilizer and pesticides. Production costs of this crop are substantially lower than those of many other oilseed crops such as rapeseed, corn, and soybean. It is an excellent rotation crop and can reduce disease and insect and weed pressure in wheat fields. During the spring of 2011, commercial and research plantings of C. sativa cultivar Calena in Liberty and Gadsden counties in north Florida developed symptoms typical of downy mildew. In spring of 2012, the same symptoms were observed in experimental plantings of false flax. A white downy mold was observed on the upper third portion of the plants, on the upper stem internodes, and on the developing seed. The affected stems exhibited a twisted growth. Conidiophores had main trunks with dichotomous branches terminating in slender curved tips. Conidia were ovoid and 28 to 45 (mean 36) μm long and 22 to 38 (mean 30) μm wide. Conidiophores were branched (three to four branches, each with six to eight curved tips) and ranged from 107 to 236 μm long and 5 to 14 μm wide. Mycelium was obtained directly from diseased plants for DNA extraction (Qiagen DNeasy Plant Mini Kit, Valencia, CA). Primers ITS1 and ITS4 were used for PCR amplification (4). The PCR product was sequenced bidirectionally with the PCR primers. A consensus nucleotide sequence (Accession JQ997103) was compared to those in the NCBI GenBank database using a BLAST search. The sequence was 99% similar to sequence from Hyaloperonospora camelinae (Gäum.) Göker, Voglmayr, Riethm, M. Weiss & Oberw. (Accession AY198249.1) with a 95% query coverage (1). Pathogenicity was established by applying white conidial masses of downy mildew from field samples to stems of 4-week-old plants grown in pots in a greenhouse maintained at 25 ± 2°C. Noninoculated plants maintained under the similar conditions served as control. Symptoms and signs of downy mildew developed after 14 days only on inoculated plants. Downy mildew constitutes a serious threat to the cultivation of C. sativa in Florida because of the humid climate favoring disease development. Diseased plants may reduce yield and disease management would increase production costs. H. camelinae was previously reported on C. sativa in Oregon, Minnesota, Montana (3), and Nebraska (2). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of downy mildew caused by H. camelinae on C. sativa in Florida. References: (1) M. Göker et al. Canad. J. Bot. 81:672, 2003. (2) R. M. Harveson et al. Plant Health Progress. 2011. doi: 10.1094/PHP-2011-1014-01-BR. (3) M. L. Putnam et al. Plant Health Progress. 2009. doi: 10.1094/PHP-2009-0910-01-BR. (4) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.

Rugosaflavonoid, is a secondary metabolite isolated from the plant Rosa rugosa was synthesized in five simple steps from commercially available 3,5-dihydroxy benzoic acid involving domino aldol-Michael-oxidation reaction. This is the first report of the synthesis of rugosaflavonoid (6a). A series of its derivatives were also synthesized, characterized and evaluated for the cytotoxicity against the breast cancer MCF-7 and normal NIH3T3 cell lines. The synthetic derivatives of rugosaflavonoid showed comparable activity in both the cell lines and compounds 6d, 6e and 6f, which were found to be cytotoxic towards MCF-7 cell lines but nontoxic to NIH3T3 cell lines at 5 μM concentration. In an attempt to explore the mode of action of the best active compounds, docking on the ATP binding site of EGFR (1M17) was performed considering that EGFR over-expressed in most of the tumors. The docking score (Gscore) of 6f and standard quercetin was found to be −8.608 and −8.310 respectively.

Benzothiazole derivatives were synthesized and their antidiabetic potential evaluated using α-glucosidase, α-amylase, non-enzymatic glycosylation of hemoglobin and advanced glycation end product inhibition assays. Compound 3l showed low IC50 values of 0.31, 0.98, 0.59 and 0.19 mM in α-amylase, α-glucosidase, non-enzymatic glycosylation of hemoglobin and AGE inhibition assays, respectively, and outperformed the standard acarbose. Enzyme kinetic studies revealed that it has a K i of 0.39 and 1.5 mM for α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively. The non-bonded interactions of 3l with α-amylase (3OLD) and α-glucosidase (2ZE0) showed that it binds in the active site pocket and is surrounded by residues Asp197, Glu233, Asp300 in 3OLD and Asp199, Glu256, Asp326 in 2ZE0.

The heat shock response (HSR) is characterized by the rapid and robust induction of heat shock proteins (HSPs), including HSP70, in response to heat shock and is regulated by heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) in mammalian cells. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), which can form a complex with HSF1 through the scaffold protein PARP13, has been suggested to be involved in the HSR. However, its effects on and the regulatory mechanisms of the HSR are not well understood. Here we show that prior to heat shock, the HSF1-PARP13-PARP1 complex binds to the HSP70 promoter. In response to heat shock, activated and auto-PARylated PARP1 dissociates from HSF1-PARP13 and is redistributed throughout the HSP70 locus. Remarkably, chromatin in the HSP70 promoter is initially PARylated at high levels and decondensed, whereas chromatin in the gene body is moderately PARylated afterwards. Activated HSF1 then binds to the promoter efficiently and promotes the HSR. Chromatin PARylation and HSF1 binding to the promoter are also facilitated by the phosphorylation-dependent dissociation of PARP13. Furthermore, the HSR and proteostasis capacity are reduced by pretreatment with genotoxic stresses, which disrupt the ternary complex. These results illuminate one of the priming mechanisms of the HSR that facilitates the binding of HSF1 to DNA during heat shock.

Recent applications of transition metal nanoferrites as catalyst in thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) and combustion of composite solid propellant (CSP), have been reviewed. Catalytic applications include the use of mainly cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, manganese, cadmium nanoferrites, as well as their mixed-metal combinations. The nanoferrites are obtained mainly by wet-chemical, sol-gel, solvo-thermal, auto-combustion and co-precipitation methods. Addition of nanoferrites to AP led to shifting of the high temperature decomposition peak toward lower temperatures which shows their catalytic activity. The burning rates of CSPs have also been enhanced by these nanoferrites. Contents of Paper

This paper reports on the synthesis of CuO nanoparticles (NPs) by the leaves extract of Calotropis gigantea plant in aqueous medium through green synthesis and their characterizations in terms of morphology, structure, crystallinity and catalytic properties. The synthesized CuO NPs are crystalline in nature having the average sizes in range of 30–40 nm. Green synthesized CuO NPs are utilized as effective catalyst in the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) and combustion of composite solid propellants (CSPs) by measuring the thermo gravimetric analysis–differential scanning calorimetry (TGA–DSC), ignition delay and burning rate. High catalytic activity to AP decomposition and high burning rate for CSPs containing hydroxyl terminates polybutadiene (HTPB) as binder and AP as oxidizer have observed over the surface of green synthesized CuO NPs. Kinetics of thermal decomposition of AP with and without green synthesized CuO NPs was also studied by isoconversional method using isothermal TG data.

We highlight here current research focused on the catalytic activity of nano oxalates of Fe, Co and Ni synthesized by colloidal precipitation method. The catalytic activity of these nano oxalates was examined for the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) and composite solid propellants (CSPs) using thermogravimetry (TG), TG coupled with differential scanning calorimetry (TG–DSC) and ignition delay measurements. All the nano oxalates showed very high activity as burning rate catalysts for composite solid propellants (CSPs) containing hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) as binder and AP as oxidizer. CoC2O4·2H2O was found to be the best catalyst in terms of lowering decomposition temperature of both AP and CSPs.

Green synthesized copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs) were employed as electrocatalytic materials for the fabrication of counter electrode in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Uniform CuO NPs were synthesized by the leaves extract of Calotropis gigantea plant in aqueous medium through green synthesis. The synthesized CuO NPs were extensively characterized in terms of morphology, crystalline nature, structural, electrochemical and photovoltaic properties using various experimental tools. The synthesized CuO NPs possessed a well crystalline nature which was perfectly matched to monoclinic structure of bulk CuO. For DSSC application, a thin film of synthesized CuO NPs was prepared by the paste of CuO NPs and coated onto FTO glass using glass rod. The cyclovoltametry measurement revealed that CuO NPs based thin film showed reasonably good surface for the reduction of triiodide ions in redox electrolyte, suggesting its good electrocatalytic activity toward the iodide ions. Moderately high solar to electrical energy conversion efficiency of ∼3.4% along with high short circuit current density (JSC) of ∼8.13 mA/cm2, open circuit voltage (VOC) of ∼0.676 V and fill factor (FF) of 0.62 was recorded in the DSSC fabricated with synthesized CuO NPs based counter electrode.

In this paper, we report on the green synthesis of cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co 3 O 4 NPs) using leaves extract of plant Calotropis gigantea and characterize by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The green synthesized Co 3 O 4 NPs showed excellent catalytic effect on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) and burning rate of composite solid propellants (CSPs). Kinetics of slow and rapid thermal decomposition has been investigated by isoconversional and ignition delay methods, respectively. Moreover, the electrocatalytic performance of green synthesized Co 3 O 4 NPs in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) has also been evaluated. The cyclic voltametry measurement shows good electrocatalytic activity of Co 3 O 4 NPs toward the reduction of I 3 − to I − ions.

Novel drug regimens against tuberculosis (TB) are urgently needed and may be developed by targeting essential enzymes of Mtb that sustain the pathogenicity of tuberculosis. In the present investigation, series of compounds (5a-f and 6a-f) based on a naturally occurring rugosaflavonoid moiety were evaluated by

A facile and eco-friendly method for the synthesis of α-Fe2O3 in a hexagonal cone (HC) like morphology by the addition of Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf extract into the aqueous solution of ferric chloride has been developed. The morphology, optical, crystalline and structural properties of the synthesized α-Fe2O3 HC nanomaterials were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultra violet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy, respectively. The α-Fe2O3 HCs synthesized by the A. indica leaf extract were used as a burn rate enhancer for the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) and the combustion of composite solid propellants (CSPs). The thermal properties were evaluated systematically using TGA (thermogravimetric analysis), DSC (differential scanning calorimetry), burn rate data and activation energy calculations.

A facile and eco-friendly biosynthetic method was employed to synthesize NiO nanoparticles (NPs) using leaf extract of plant Calotropis gigantea. The crystalline and structural characterizations confirmed the formation of NiO NPs. A possible mechanism was proposed to explain the formation of NiO NPs through the plant assisted synthesis. The catalytic effect of biosynthesized NiO NPs on thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) and burning rate of composite solid propellants (CSPs) has been analyzed. The Kinetic studies of slow and rapid thermal decomposition have also been done.

Colors have great importance in our lives. Through them we get to know the conditions around us and know the effect of colors. Colors arise from the spectral activities when they meet the spectrum in the human eye. Originally, only seven colors of the rainbow are considered to be the father of colors. These seven colors are red, orange, yellow, green, sky, blue and purple. Human virtue religion has red, blue and green colors according to the virtual perception. Different types of objects, sources and categories etc. come from colors. The physical, properties of light sources such as light villian, inclusion, reflection, etc. are associated with which color combinations are known. रंगों का हमारे जीवन में बहुत महत्व है। इनके द्वारा हमें अपने चारों ओर की स्थितियों का ज्ञान होता है और रंगों का प्रभाव ज्ञात होता है। रंग मनुष्य की आँख में वर्णक्रम से मिलने पर छाया संबंधी गतिविधियों से उत्पन्न होते है। मूलरूप से इन्द्रधनुष के सात रंगों को ही रंगों का जनक माना जाता है। ये सात रंग लाल, नारंगी, पीला, हरा, आसमानी, नीला व बैंगनी है। मानवीय गुण धर्म में आभासी बोध के अनुसार लाल, नीला व हरा रंग होता है। रंगों से विभिन्न प्रकार से वस्तु प्रकाष स्त्रोत एवं श्रेणियां इत्यादि आती है। प्रकाष स्त्रोतोें के भौतिक, गुणधर्म जैसे प्रकाष विलियन, समावेषन, परावर्तन, इत्यादि जुड़े है, जिनसे रंग संयोजन ज्ञात होते है।

Magneto-resistive and magneto-caloric properties of polycrystalline Pr 2/3 Sr 1/3 MnO 3 have been studied as a function of sintering temperature ( T s ) between 1260 and 1450 °C. Reitveld refinement of their X-ray diffraction ( XRD ) patterns confirms their single phase crystalline structure with orthorhombic Pbnm space group. The point of maximum value of temperature coefficient of resistance ( TCR max ) and Curie temperature ( T c ) decreased slightly with T s . Magneto-resistance ( MR ) and magnetic entropy ( ΔS M ) increased markedly with sintering temperature. This could be attributed to the observed sharpness of both the magnetic and resistive transitions due to better grain connectivity. Optimum results are obtained for the sample with T s = 1400 °C. MR at T c of the same is found to be as large as 32% at 1T and 58% at 5T magnetic fields. The maximum entropy change ( ΔS M max ) near its T c is 2.3 J kg −1 K −1 and 7.8 J kg −1 K −1 upon 1T and 5T fields change respectively. These characteristics [ MR (32% 1T, 58% 5T) and reasonable change in magnetic entropy (7.8 J kg −1 K −1 , 5T)] generate possibility that the optimized compound can be used as a potential magnetic refrigerant close to room temperature.

Present approach should find a potential application in preparing ternary alloy nanoparticles as a catalyst. Ternary Co–Ni–Cu nanocrystals (TMNs) have been successfully synthesized via hydrazine reduction procession. X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectra (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) were employed to study the structural features of the nanomaterials. The resulting material showed a homogeneous alloy structure with an average diameter of 16.4 nm. Good composition control and size distribution of Co–Ni–Cu nanocrystals are achieved. It’s catalytic activity was investigated on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) and composite solid propellants (CSPs) using thermogravimetry (TG), TG coupled with differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) and ignition delay measurements. Kinetics of thermal decomposition of AP + (Co–Ni–Cu) has also been investigated using isoconversional and model-fitting approaches which have been applied to data for isothermal TG decomposition. TMNs can enhance catalytic activity towards thermal decomposition of AP as compared to Co–Ni and Ni–Cu bimetallic nanoparticles. The ignition delays and activation energies are found to decrease when TMNs were incorporated in the system. The burning rate of CSPs was considerably enhanced by these nanocrystals.

In this paper, we report the synthesis of cadmium cobaltite nanoparticles (CCNs) and their characterisation by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The particles are spherical in shape and the average particle size is of the order of 20–30 nm. Its catalytic activity was investigated through the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP), composite solid propellants (CSPs), 5-nitro-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-one (NTO) and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane (HMX) using thermogravimetry (TG), TG coupled with differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) and ignition delay measurements. The kinetics of thermal decomposition of AP + CCNs has also been investigated using isoconversional and model-fitting approaches, which have been applied to data for isothermal TG decomposition. The burning rate of CSPs was considerably enhanced by these nanoparticles. The ignition delays and activation energies are found...

The reaction of picric acid (2,4,6-trinitrophenol) with amines [urea, cyclohexane-1,2-diamine, 1H-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-diamine, 6-phenyl-1,3.5-triazine-2,4-diamine] yielded the corresponding picrate salts 1–4.Theoretical studies reveal that the hydrogen-bond interaction energy decreases on increasing the sterichindrance in amines. The solid state structure of compounds 1–4 was measured by X-ray techniques andcompared to the gas phase optimized geometries (DFT/B3LYP). Thermal stability of these salts has beenstudied by means of thermogravimetric–differential scanning calorimetry (TG–DSC) while kinetic param-eters have been evaluated using models fitting and isoconversional methods. Thermolytic pathways havealso been suggested. 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V. 1. IntroductionPicric acid (2,4,6-trinitrophenol) is used to produce very sensi-tive compounds since the nitro groups are the powerful oxidizinggroups, which decompose and explode at elevated temperature[1–5]. The crystal structures of picrate salts with amines have beenstudied in the past [6–10] but the mechanism of thermal analysis,explosion delay measurement are not yet reported in literature.When the picric acid is combined with amines, the resultant saltsundergoes self propagative decomposition reaction due to thepresence of both oxidizing (picric acid) and reducing (amines)

In this paper, the nanoferrites of Mn, Co and Ni were synthesized by wet chemical method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive, X-ray spectra (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). It is catalytic activity were investigated on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) and composite solid propellants (CSPs) using thermogravimetry (TG), TG coupled with differential scanning calorimetry (TG–DSC) and ignition delay measurements. Kinetics of thermal decomposition of AP + nanoferrites have also been investigated using isoconversional and model fitting approaches which have been applied to data for isothermal TG decomposition. The burning rate of CSPs was considerably enhanced by these nanoferrites. Addition of nanoferrites to AP led to shifting of the high temperature decomposition peak toward lower temperature. All these studies reveal that ferrite nanorods show the best catalytic activity superior to that of nanospheres and nanocubes.

Botryosphaeria spp. are ligninolytic ascomyceteous fungi that incite many diseases in economically important woody plant species. Four Botryosphaeria isolates, Botryosphaeria rhodina (Lasiodiplodia theobromae), Botryosphaeria obtusa, Botryosphaeria dothidea and Botryosphaeria ribis (Neofusicoccum ribis) were used in this study. Ten naturally occurring phenolic compounds from plants were tested to evaluate their effect on mycelium growth and the production of ligninolytic and pectinolytic enzymes. The effect of phenolic compounds in vitro varied with the Botryosphaeria isolates. Inhibition of mycelium growth was dose-dependent, and varied from 2 to 100% inhibition in the ten phenolic compounds tested except syringic acid, which has no toxic effect on mycelium of Botryosphaeria isolates. A significant decrease in laccase production occurred when Botryosphaeria isolates were grown on phenolic compounds. Benzoic acid significantly inhibited pectinase activity in all isolates. The percent inhibition of pectinase activity in B. dothidea and B. obtusa was significantly increased in the presence of salicylic acid and syringic acid, respectively.

The synthesis of Cu nanoparticles by reducing CuSO 4 with hydrazine in ethylene glycol under microwave irradiation, has been described. These nanoparticles have been characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern and X-ray diffraction (XRD) which shows an average particle diameter of 20.3 nm. The catalytic activity, of Cu nanoparticles on thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP), composite solid propellants (CSPs) using thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) have been measured. Results indicate that nanoscale Cu particle lowers the energy of activation for thermal decomposition of AP and CSPs. Activation energy for ignition has also been found to be lowered in case of AP, CSPs, HMX and NTO. The burning rate of CSPs has been found to be enhanced. Isothermal TG data was used to evaluate kinetic parameters by model fitting as well as isoconversional methods and values of activation energy were found to be lowered with Cu nanoparticles.

Young, H. M., George, S., Narvaez, D. F., Srivastava, P., Schuerger, A. C., Wright, D. L., and Marois, J. J. 2012. Effect of solar radiation on disease severity of soybean rust. Phytopathology 102:794-803. Soybean rust (SBR), caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is a damaging fungal disease of soybean (Glycine max). Although solar radiation can reduce SBR urediniospore survival, limited information is available on how solar radiation affects SBR progress within soybean canopies. Such information can aid in developing accurate SBR prediction models. To manipulate light penetration into soybean canopies, structures of shade cloth attenuating 30, 40, and 60% sunlight were constructed over soybean plots. In each plot, weekly evaluations of severity in lower, middle, and upper canopies, and daily temperature and relative humidity were recorded. Final plant height and leaf area index were also recorded for each plot. The correlation between amount of epicuticular wax and susceptibility of leaves in the lower, middle, and upper canopies was assessed with a detached leaf assay. Final disease severity was 46 to 150% greater in the lower canopy of all plots and in the middle canopy of 40 and 60% shaded plots. While daytime temperature within the canopy of nonshaded soybean was greater than shaded soybean by 2 to 3°C, temperatures recorded throughout typical evenings and mornings of the growing season in all treatments were within the range (10 to 28.5°C) for SBR development as was relative humidity. This indicates temperature and relative humidity were not limiting factors in this experiment. Epicuticular wax and disease severity in detached leaf assays from the upper canopy had significant negative correlation (P = 0.009, R = –0.84) regardless of shade treatment. In laboratory experiments, increasing simulated total solar radiation (UVA, UVB, and PAR) from 0.15 to 11.66 MJ m–2 increased mortality of urediniospores from 2 to 91%. Variability in disease development across canopy heights in early planted soybean may be attributed to the effects of solar radiation not only on urediniospore viability, but also on plant height, leaf area index, and epicuticular wax, which influence disease development of SBR. These results provide an understanding of the effect solar radiation has on the progression of SBR within the soybean canopy.

In present study, a series of rare earth metal oxide (CeO2, Pr2O3, and Nd2O3) nanoparticles have been prepared by sol–gel route using Ce(NO3)3·6H2O, Pr(NO3)3·6H2O and Nd(NO3)3·6H2O, and citric acid as precursor materials. Powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy are employed to characterize the size and morphology of the nano oxide particles. The particles are spherical in shape and the average particle size is of the order of 11–30 nm. Their catalytic activity was measured on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate and composite solid propellants (CSPs) by thermogravimetry (TG), TG coupled with differential thermal analysis (TG–DTA), and ignition delay measurements. The ignition delays and activation energies are found to decrease when rare earth metal oxide nanoparticles were incorporated in the system. Addition of metal oxide nanoparticles to AP led to shifting of the high temperature decomposition peak toward lower temperature and the burning rate of CSPs was also found to enhance. However, E a activation energy for decomposition was also found to decrease with each catalyst.

Some europium(III) and gadolinium(III) complexes viz., [Eu(phen)2Cl3CH3OH] (1), [Gd(phen)2(NO3)3] (6), [Ln(2,6-DNP)3(phen)CH3OH] (2, 7), [Ln(2,6-DNP)3(phen)(OH)]·Hphen (3, 8), [Ln(2,6-DNP)3(bipy)OH2] (4, 9), [Ln(2,6-DNP)3(bipy)(OH)].Hbipy (5, 10) (Ln = Eu, Gd; 2,6-DNP = 2,6-dinitrophenol; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline; bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine), have been synthesized and characterized by different physico-chemical methods including single crystal X-ray crystallography. Their thermal properties have been studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and demonstrated that the final product after decomposition was stable oxide (Ln2O3) for all these complexes. Isothermal thermogravimetric study in the range of 410–450 °C for 1–5 and 270–310 °C for 6–10 has been done for all the complexes while the kinetics of thermal decomposition was evaluated by applying model fitting as well as an isoconversional methods. To investigate the response of these complexes under the condition of rapid heating, ignition delay (Di) has been measured. The possible pathways of thermolysis for these complexes have also been proposed.

The salts comprised of picric acid [(OH)(NO2)3C6H2] and different ditopic pyrazoles PzR1,R2H (where R1 = R2 = H for 1, R1 = R2 = Me for 2, R1 = Ph, R2 = Me for 3) and 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethyl-4,4′-bipyrazole (Me4bpz) 4 are reported. Due to presence of different substituents on pyrazole, each salt contains infinite three-dimensional structure held together by primary N–H…O, O–H…N, O–H…O hydrogen bonds and secondary C–H…O interactions. The structure and harmonic vibration frequencies of the complexes were calculated in terms of the density functional theory. The orientation of molecule remains same in both the solid phase and the gaseous phase. The thermal decomposition of these salts was studied by thermogravimetry and differential thermogravimetric analysis. Kinetic parameters were evaluated using model-fitting and isoconversional methods.