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Objective: This research aims to look at competitiveness in the Asean region. Knowing the factors driving competitiveness then mapping the strength of competitiveness based on the driving factors for each country in ASEAN. So you will know which countries with high competitiveness are influenced by what factors. The results will be an illustration for other countries in ASEAN to improve these factors with the aim of increasing competitiveness. Method: The method used to determine the factors driving competitiveness is to use panel data regression with the Stata application. Then group them using main factor analysis with SPSS so that country categories are found based on the factors driving their competitiveness. The data used are 12 indicators forming independent and dependent variables. Obtained from various relevant sources. In a period of 10 years, namely 2010 to 2019. Results: The results of multivariate linear regression showed that both simultaneously and partially Human Capital Development (HCD), Human Capital - High Education (HCH), Research and Technology Development (RTD), and Social Capital – Unemployment (SCU) had a significant influence on Competitiveness. HCD has the greatest influence on competitiveness. This research can provide an illustration for each country in ASEAN that the driving factors of competitiveness needed to achieve high competitiveness are HCD and HCH because of their large influence in the regression model. Countries with very strong competitiveness also have very strong HCD and HCH factors and vice versa. This can be a consideration for each country in making policies related to increasing national competitiveness. Because high competitiveness indicates a high level of population welfare.

Objective: This study provides an overview of labor shifting from the manufacturing sector towards the services sector in Indonesia. Method: Data from the 2021 National Labor Force Survey (NLFS) were used to track laborers' characteristics with 1,856 sample size of labors in the services sector who previously worked in manufacturing industries in Indonesia. A descriptive statistics method was employed for analysis by utilizing cross-tabulation data. Results: This sectoral transition from manufacturing to the services sector indicates a decrease in labor absorption in Indonesia's manufacturing sector, which has occurred since The Asian Financial Crisis in 1997-1998. It was also obtained that the majority of these "new workers" in the services sector are in the category of position/skill level 2, namely jobs with several skills such as clerical support workers, services and sales workers, skilled agriculture workers, forestry and fishery workers, craft and related trades workers, plant and machine operators and assemblers. In addition, only 24.27% of respondents earn more than the minimum wage applicable in the district/city where they live, and 14.31% earn above the Indonesian middle-class standard set by the World Bank (> IDR 3,752,000 per month)., Objetivo: Este estudio ofrece una visión general del desplazamiento de la mano de obra del sector manufacturero al sector de servicios en Indonesia.   Método: Los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Fuerza Laboral (NLFS) de 2021 se utilizaron para rastrear las características de los trabajadores con un tamaño de muestra de 1,856 trabajadores en el sector de servicios que anteriormente trabajaban en industrias manufactureras en Indonesia. Se empleó un método estadístico descriptivo para el análisis mediante la utilización de datos de tabulación cruzada.   Resultados: Esta transición sectorial del sector manufacturero al sector de servicios indica una disminución de la absorción de mano de obra en el sector manufacturero de Indonesia, que se ha producido desde la crisis financiera asiática de 1997-1998. También se obtuvo que la mayoría de estos "nuevos trabajadores" en el sector de los servicios pertenecen a la categoría de puesto/nivel de cualificación 2, a saber, empleos con varias cualificaciones, como trabajadores de apoyo administrativo, trabajadores de servicios y ventas, trabajadores agrícolas cualificados, trabajadores forestales y pesqueros, artesanos y oficios conexos, operadores de plantas y máquinas y montadores. Además, solo el 24,27% de los encuestados gana más que el salario mínimo aplicable en el distrito / ciudad donde viven, y el 14,31% gana por encima del estándar de clase media de Indonesia establecido por el Banco Mundial (> IDR 3.752.000 por mes).

Purpose : The study aims to determine the decomposition of household income inequality in Bali based on the migration status using regression-based decomposition analysis. Theoretical framework: Alsina and Rodrick (1994) stated that hearing opinions will inhibit the growth process and will result in redistribution national income will be expensive. Other things Bourguignon (2004), stated that the worrying condition that occurred because relative presence of the population. Inequality in income occurs because of every normal observation with population mean, which makes the scale independent of income. Design/methodology/approach: The study uses consumption expenditure data from the National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS), covering for more than 45,000 household, focusing on Bali province in 2018. Finding: In general, the result shows that the proportion of rural-urban difference is the main cause of the household inequality in Bali, consistently with the prediction that migration from rural to urban areas is a key source of inequality. Moreover, the results of the Blinder-Oaxaca regression-based decomposition show that the rural-urban difference, the marital status of the head of the household, the highest education of the head of the household, and the number of household members affect the inequality of household income in Bali for both migrants and non-migrants. Only gender of the head of the household has no significant effect on the inequality. Research, Pratical & Sosial Implications: Practically, this research will contribute finding decomposition of household income inequality

Although the advancement of technology provides numerous opportunities to boost economic growth and development, equal distribution may not be guaranteed. Thus, this study seeks further elaboration as to whether ICT development has a role to play in the inequality in Indonesia. Using municipal level data from 2018, the study provides both linear and non-linear models to be estimated using OLS and 2SLS. Major findings include: (i) the availability of basic ICT infrastructure is strongly linked to the reduction of inequality; (ii) the actual ICT use is positively associated with inequality, albeit at a diminishing rate, revealing a non-linear relationship similar to Kuznets' curve; (iii) the ICT skill variable comprising the education level has direct correlation with ICT use instead of inequality, with an additional score on ICT skill being associated with an increase in ICT use; (iv) the relationship between ICT use and inequality differed depending on the level of economic development, with lower-income regions experiencing the inverted U-shaped relationship as in the original Kuznets curve and higher-income regions experiencing the U-shaped curve.JEL Classification: D63; I24; O10

The main purpose of this research to analysis sector and sub-sector development of chartered investment counsel maritime between regions which is bases sector in sub-province and opportunity of job activity at sub-sector fishery of sub-province in North Maluku with observation PDRB sub-province/town during five years (2009-2013). Then, analyses development policy strategy of chartered investment counsel maritime North Maluku. By using technique analyses LQ, multiplier effect, and AHP. The result of analysis shows sub-province Halmahera South and second archipelago Sula of the sub-province that there is sector and sub-sector bases which at most when in comparing to sector and sub-sector bases there is sub-province/town province North Maluku, multiplier effect opportunity of job activity at sub-sector fishery happened in the year 2010 that there is in sub-province/city West Halmahera, South-east Halmahera, East Halmahera North Halmahera, and city of Tidore archipelago’s. In the year of 2013, multiplier effect sub-sector fishery catches there is at sub-province West Halmahera, South Halmahera, and the city of Tidore archipelagoes. Development policy strategy of chartered investment counsel maritime human resource, public service, natural resources with fishery & oceanic requirement in making a preference for development of chartered investment counsel maritime of North Maluku.Keywords: Economic Between Regions, Pre-Eminent Sector, Development Economic MaritimJEL Classification: O18, R11

This thesis examines the effects of changes in minimum wage on wages, employment and hours worked in Indonesia. This study is important for Indonesia as a part of the policy evaluation relating to the minimum wage policy changes since the end of 1980s. Based on the standard competitive model, an increase in minimum wage is predicted to decrease the level of employment. More specifically, under the two-sector model, an increase in minimum is predicted to decrease employment in the covered sector and to increase employment in the uncovered sector, given a high proportion of uncovered sector employment in developing countries. Three main empirical analyses are conducted in this thesis. Firstly, using a regional panel data method, this study examines the effects of changes in minimum wage on wages and employment in Indonesia. Although the findings vary across different minimum wage measures and panel data methods, the result suggests that an increase in minimum wage increases wages and reduces paid employment in the covered sector, as predicted by the standard competitive model. The result shows that there is no significant impact on total paid employment because of the non-compliance problem in Indonesia. Secondly, extending the analysis, this thesis examines the effects of changes in minimum wage on employment in the covered and uncovered sectors using an individual micro-level data. The results suggest that an increase in minimum wage is more likely to decrease the covered sector employment and to inrease the uncovered sector employment. These results also indicate a displacement effect from the covered sector to the uncovered sector, as suggested by the two-sector model. Thirdly, providing a complete analysis of any adjustments in labour demand, this thesis examines the effects of changes in minimum wage on hours worked as an alternative measure of employment. Using a selection biased correction method based on multinomial logit, the empirical results suggest that a

This thesis examines the effects of changes in minimum wage on wages, employment and hours worked in Indonesia. This study is important for Indonesia as a part of the policy evaluation relating to the minimum wage policy changes since the end of 1980s. Based on the standard competitive model, an increase in minimum wage is predicted to decrease the level of employment. More specifically, under the two-sector model, an increase in minimum is predicted to decrease employment in the covered sector and to increase employment in the uncovered sector, given a high proportion of uncovered sector employment in developing countries. Three main empirical analyses are conducted in this thesis. Firstly, using a regional panel data method, this study examines the effects of changes in minimum wage on wages and employment in Indonesia. Although the findings vary across different minimum wage measures and panel data methods, the result suggests that an increase in minimum wage increases wages and reduces paid employment in the covered sector, as predicted by the standard competitive model. The result shows that there is no significant impact on total paid employment because of the non-compliance problem in Indonesia. Secondly, extending the analysis, this thesis examines the effects of changes in minimum wage on employment in the covered and uncovered sectors using an individual micro-level data. The results suggest that an increase in minimum wage is more likely to decrease the covered sector employment and to inrease the uncovered sector employment. These results also indicate a displacement effect from the covered sector to the uncovered sector, as suggested by the two-sector model. Thirdly, providing a complete analysis of any adjustments in labour demand, this thesis examines the effects of changes in minimum wage on hours worked as an alternative measure of employment. Using a selection biased correction method based on multinomial logit, the empirical results suggest that a