10,089 results on '"Praziquantel"'
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2. HIV And Parasitic Infection (HAPI) Study (HAPI)
- Author
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Fogarty International Center of the National Institute of Health
- Published
- 2024
3. Assessment of Combined Praziquantel and Albendazole vs Albendazole Alone to Treat Active Parenchymal Neurocysticercosis (NeuroSolve)
- Author
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Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, National Institute for Medical Research, Tanzania, Sokoine University of Agriculture, University of Zambia, University Ghent, and Dario Scaramuzzi, Director
- Published
- 2024
4. Praziquantel resistance in schistosomes: a brief report.
- Author
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Eastham, Gabriela, Fausnacht, Dane, Becker, Matthew H., Gillen, Alan, and Moore, William
- Subjects
- *
SCHISTOSOMIASIS , *PRAZIQUANTEL , *DRUG efficacy , *DRUG administration - Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a group of both acute and chronic parasitic trematode infections of the genus Schistosoma. Research into schistosomiasis has been minimal, leading to its classification as a neglected tropical disease, yet more than 140 million people are infected with schistosomes globally. There are no treatments available for early-stage infections, schistosomal dermatitis, or Katayama syndrome, other than symptomatic control with steroids and antihistamines, as the maturing organisms seem to be mostly resistant to typical antiparasitics. However, praziquantel (PZQ) has been the drug of choice for schistosomiasis for decades in the latter stages of the disease. Though it is effective against all three clinically relevant species, heavy reliance on PZQ has led to concerns of schistosome resistance, especially in areas that have implemented this drug in mass drug administration (MDA) programs. This article summarizes the available literature concerning the available evidence for and against a warranted concern for PZQ resistance, genomic studies in schistosomes, proposed mechanisms of resistance, and future research in alternative methods of schistosomiasis treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Evaluation of the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacies of mucus and tissue nucleoproteins extracted from Biomphalaria alexandrina snails on schistosomiasis mansoni.
- Author
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Nafie, Esraa H., Abou-Gamra, Maha M., Mossalem, Hanan S., Sarhan, Rania M., Hammam, Olfat A., Nasr, Sami M., and Anwar, Mona M.
- Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease with considerable morbidity. The lone effective drug, praziquantel (PZQ), is showing emergence of drug resistance hence, searching for new supportive treatment is crucial. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of mucus and nucleoproteins (NPs) extracted from Biomphalaria alexandrina (B. alexandrina) snails on miracidia, cercariae and Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) adults in vitro and assess their experimental in vivo effect through parasitological, histopathological, and biochemical parameters. The in vivo study included 90 male Swiss albino mice. Mice were grouped into 9 groups; G1-G5 were infected and treated with; GI: PZQ, GII: mucus, GIII: combined PZQ and mucus, GIV: NPs, GV: combined PZQ and NPs. Control groups; C
1 : Non infected non treated (negative control), C2 : Infected non treated (positive control), C3 : Non infected mucus treated and C4 : Non infected NPs treated. The in vitro study proved that the mucus had a better lethal effect on cercariae than miracidia, while NPs had better lethal effect on miracidia. The mucus lethal effect on adults surpassed the NPs as 100% and 60%, respectively. The in vivo study proved that the combined NPs or mucus with PZQ added to the effect of individual PZQ resulting in 100% total worm burden (TWB) reduction. As regard oxidative stress markers, the lowest level of nitric oxide (NO) was shown with combined PZQ and NPs. While, the highest glutathione (GSH) level was produced by individual PZQ. The study concluded that mucus and NPs of B. alexandrina had cercaricidal, miracidicidal and anti-schistosomal effect in vitro and that their combination could be considered a contribution to PZQ potentiality in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Evaluation of the In-Vitro Effects of Albendazole, Mebendazole, and Praziquantel Nanocapsules against Protoscolices of Hydatid Cyst.
- Author
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Soleymani, Nooshinmehr, Sadr, Soheil, Santucciu, Cinzia, Rahdar, Abbas, Masala, Giovanna, and Borji, Hassan
- Subjects
ECHINOCOCCUS granulosus ,ECHINOCOCCOSIS ,ALBENDAZOLE ,SCANNING electron microscopy ,ZETA potential - Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis still remains a serious health and economic problem worldwide. The etiologic agent is Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, giving origin to a fluid-filled cystic lesion. Therapy faces several challenges. Nanodrugs have shown promise as chemotherapeutics against hydatid cysts. The present study evaluated a highly safe lipid nano-polymeric capsule for its superior efficacy and ability to overcome drug resistance. Nanocapsule drugs were formulated into six groups: Albendazole, mebendazole, praziquantel, albendazole + mebendazole, albendazole + praziquantel, and praziquantel + mebendazole. The protoscolicidal effects of these six groups were assessed at 10, 60, and 120 min in three concentrations (1, 0.5, and 0.25 mg/mL). Drug formulations were evaluated via zeta potential, droplet size, solubility, particle size analyzer (PSA), and scanning electron microscopy. According to the PSA results, the mean size of the albendazole nanocapsules was 193.01 nm, mebendazole was 170.40 nm, and praziquantel was 180.44 nm. Albendazole + mebendazole showed the greatest protoscolicidal activity at a concentration of 1 mg/mL after 120 min. In contrast, each drug's 0.25 mg/mL single-dose times showed the least protoscolicidal activity after 120 min. With the right application of nanotechnology, it is possible to produce safe and effective drugs, such as the polymeric combination of albendazole and mebendazole, which has promising implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Therapeutic efficacy of a three-component anthelmintic drug against cestodosis and nematodosis of small domestic animals
- Author
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T. S. Filatova
- Subjects
dogs ,cats ,nematodes ,cestodes ,oxantel ,pyrantel ,praziquantel ,efficacy ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
The purpose of the study therapeutic efficacy of combined anthelmintic drug on dogs and cats of different age groups naturally infected with cestodes and nematodes.Materials and methods. The study drug in the suspension form contains oxantel pamoate, pyrantel pamoate, praziquantel, and additives as active ingredients. The therapeutic efficacy of the drug was evaluated on 228 animals naturally infected with nematodes or cestodes in the Podolsk Experimental Production Base of the VNIIP – FSC VIEV. The animals were divided into experimental and control groups of 6 animals each. The experimental dogs and cats were administered the study drug while the control animals were not given the drug. Clinical examinations and laboratory tests of fecal samples were performed on days 10, 20 and 30 after the start of the experiment. The method of helminthoscopy was used to detect segments and helminthoovoscopy as per Fülleborn to detect helminth eggs/cocoons in animal fecal samples with their subsequent differentiation. The results were statistically processed by the Student method using Microsoft Excel 2016.Results and discussion. It was found that anthelmintic drug based on oxantel pamoate, pyrantel pamoate and praziquantel had high therapeutic efficacy against parasitism in dogs and cats of nematodes Toxocara spp., Toxascaris leonina, Trichuris vulpis, Uncinaria stenocephala, Ancylostoma spp. and cestodes Echinococcus spp. (except for cats), Mesocestoides spp., Taenia spp., Dipylidium caninum, and Diphyllobothrium latum. When the drug was used in the animals of different age groups, no side effects or complications were recorded.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. The synergistic effect of Ficus carica nanoparticles and Praziquantel on mice infected by Schistosoma mansoni cercariae
- Author
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Naira A. El-Attar, Mamdouh R. El-Sawi, and Eman A. El-Shabasy
- Subjects
C57BL/6 Mice ,Protection ,Fig ,Nanoparticles ,Schistosomiasis ,Praziquantel ,Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Abstract Bilharzia is a parasitic flatworm that causes schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical illness worldwide. Praziquantel (PZQ) is a commercial single treatment of schistosomiasis so alternative drugs are needed to get rid of its side effects on the liver. The current study aimed to estimate the effective role of Ficus carica nanoparticles (Fc-NPCs), silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPCs) and Ficus carica nanoparticles loaded on silver nanoparticles (Fc-Ag NPCs) on C57BL/6 black female mice infected by Schistosoma mansoni and treated with PZQ treatment. It was proved that schistosomiasis causes liver damage in addition to the PZQ is ineffective as an anti-schistosomiasis; it is recorded in the infected mice group and PZQ treated group as in liver function tests, oxidative stress markers & anti-oxidants, pro-inflammatory markers, pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic markers also in liver cells’ DNA damage. The amelioration in all tested parameters has been clarified in nanoparticle-protected mice groups. The Fc-Ag NPCs + PZQ group recorded the best preemptive effects as anti-schistosomiasis. Fc-NPCs, Ag-NPCs and Fc-Ag NPCs could antagonize PZQ effects that were observed in amelioration of all tested parameters. The study showed the phytochemicals’ nanoparticles groups have an ameliorated effect on the health of infected mice.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Follow up study of symptomatic human cystic echinococcosis treatment with albendazole and praziquantel, in Uruguay
- Author
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Daniel Da Rosa, Elisa Figueredo, Michel Rosas, and Fernando Goñi
- Subjects
Cystic echinococcosis ,Medical treatment ,Albendazole ,Praziquantel ,Uruguay ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a chronic disease considered a neglected one. Cystic echinococcosis is endemic in Uruguay and the region. Surgery, using various technical approaches, has the potential to safely remove the cyst(s) and lead to a complete cure in a high number of patients with simple forms of CE. However, surgery may be impractical in patients with multiple cysts in several organs, high surgical risk, or in patients with previous multiple surgeries. In these cases, the pharmacological treatment with the benzimidazolic drug Albendazole (ABZ) alone or combined with Praziquantel (PZQ), has been promising as the best choice to achieve improvement or cure. Methods In this study, we analyze the results obtained on the anti-parasitic treatment of 43 patients diagnosed with CE between the years 2003 and 2020. Patients were treated before and/or after surgery with ABZ or the combination ABZ/PZQ. The standardize protocol of the anti-parasitic drug treatment before surgery was 7 days, 15 days or 1 month depending on the urgency and availability of the surgical procedure. All cases that involved confirmed locations on lungs underwent immediate surgery with minimal pre-treatment when possible. After surgery, the standardize protocol of anti-parasitic drug treatment consisted of six cycles of 30 days each and resting intervals of 15 days in between. ABZ was used in all cases, administered orally, twice daily, at a total dosage of 15 mg/kg/day, with food high in fat content for improved absorption. The follow up was carried out according to WHO-IWGE guidelines for 5 years. Results Of the 43 patients fourteen were ≤ 15 years of age and had a differentiated pre-surgical treatment. From the ≥ 16 years of age, 36 completed the treatments and the 5 years follow up. Four patients changed geographical locations, without a forwarding contact, after the post-surgery treatment. No patient died during the study. Of the 36 patients that completed the study, 32 were treated only with ABZ; 93.75% achieved treatment success as determined by improvement or cure, and 6.25% treatment failure determined by no change or worsening. The last four patients received the ABZ/PZQ combination therapy and achieved 100% treatment success. Conclusion The pharmacological treatment resulted in a good option not only as palliative but also as potentially curative. The main relevance of its use was in cases with previous multiple surgeries or surgeries with potential life-threatening complications due to the number and location of cysts and concurrent comorbidities. A follow-up of at least 5 years would be recommended to assure remission and control of the transmission. More randomized trials are needed to provide clear clinical evidence of different pharmacological treatments for CE.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Efficacy and safety of single-dose artesunate plus sulfalene/pyrimethamine combined with praziquantel for the treatment of children with Schistosoma mansoni or Schistosoma haematobium in western Kenya: a randomised, open-label controlled trial
- Author
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Charles O. Obonyo, Fredrick O. Rawago, Nicholas K. Makworo, and Erick M. O. Muok
- Subjects
Schistosomiasis ,Praziquantel ,Artesunate plus sulfalene-pyrimethamine ,Artemisinin-based combinations ,Schistosoma mansoni ,Schistosoma haematobium ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Reliance on praziquantel for the treatment and control of schistosomiasis is likely to facilitate the emergence of drug resistance. Combination therapy targeting adult and juvenile schistosome worms is urgently needed to improve praziquantel efficacy and delay the potential development of drug resistance. We assessed the efficacy and safety of single-dose praziquantel combined with single-dose artesunate plus sulfalene-pyrimethamine in the treatment of Kenyan children with schistosomiasis. Methods This was an open-label, randomised clinical trial involving 426 school-aged children (7–15 years old) diagnosed with Schistosoma mansoni (by Kato-Katz) or S. haematobium (by urine filtration). They were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to receive a single dose of praziquantel (40 mg/kg), a single dose of artesunate plus sulfalene-pyrimethamine (12 mg/kg artesunate) or combination therapy using a single dose of praziquantel (40 mg/kg) combined with a single dose of artesunate plus sulfalene-pyrimethamine (12 mg/kg artesunate). The primary outcome was cure and egg reduction rates at 6 weeks post-treatment in the available case population. Adverse events were assessed within 3 h after treatment. Results Of the 426 children enrolled, 135 received praziquantel, 150 received artesunate plus sulfalene-pyrimethamine, and 141 received combination therapy. Outcome data were available for 348 (81.7%) children. For S. mansoni-infected children (n = 335), the cure rates were 75.6%, 60.7%, and 77.8%, and the egg reduction rates were 80.1%, 85.0%, and 88.4% for praziquantel, artesunate plus sulfalene-pyrimethamine, and combination therapy, respectively. For S. haematobium-infected children (n = 145), the corresponding cure rates were 81.4%, 71.1%, and 82.2%, and the egg reduction rates were 95.6%, 97.1%, and 97.7%, respectively. Seventy-one (16.7%) children reported mild-intensity adverse events. The drugs were well tolerated and no serious adverse events were reported. Conclusions A single oral dose of praziquantel combined with artesunate plus sulfalene-pyrimethamine cured a high proportion of children with S. haematobium but did not significantly improve the treatment efficacy for either urinary or intestinal schistosomiasis. Sequential administration of praziquantel and artesunate plus sulfalene-pyrimethamine may enhance the efficacy and safety outcomes. Graphical abstract
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Albendazole and praziquantel combination versus albendazole alone in children with multiple neurocysticercosis: An open labelled randomized controlled trial
- Author
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Vijay Rani, Virender K. Gehlawat, and Vandana Arya
- Subjects
albendazole ,neurocysticercosis ,praziquantel ,Medicine - Abstract
Context: The efficacy of the combination of albendazole and praziquantel has not been thoroughly studied in multiple neurocysticercosis in children. Objective: To compare the efficacy and safety of albendazole and praziquantel combination versus albendazole alone in the treatment of children with multiple neurocysticercosis in terms of proportion of cysts undergoing complete resolution or calcification at 6-month follow-up. Materials and Methods: A total of 52 children, aged 1–14 years, with newly diagnosed two or more active neurocysticercosis were randomized to either group A or B. Group A (n = 26) received albendazole plus praziquantel, and Group B (n = 26) received albendazole alone. At the end of 6 months, a repeat MRI brain was performed to see for the resolution of cysts and was classified as complete resolution, calcified, or persistence of viable and noncalcified cysts. Results: The proportion of cysts undergoing complete resolution was higher in Group A (23/60 [38.33%]) than in Group B (19/65 [29.23%]), but the difference was not statistically significant. The proportion of cysts undergoing calcification was also comparable in Group A (20/60 [33.33%]) and Group B (20/65 [30.77%]). Both groups had comparable safety profiles. Conclusion: Albendazole and praziquantel combination therapy is as effective as albendazole alone in terms of complete resolution of viable cysts and calcification of cysts. Trial registration: CTRI/2021/12/038492.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. The synergistic effect of Ficus carica nanoparticles and Praziquantel on mice infected by Schistosoma mansoni cercariae.
- Author
-
El-Attar, Naira A., El-Sawi, Mamdouh R., and El-Shabasy, Eman A.
- Subjects
- *
FIG , *SCHISTOSOMA mansoni , *CERCARIAE , *NANOPARTICLES , *PRAZIQUANTEL , *TREMATODA - Abstract
Bilharzia is a parasitic flatworm that causes schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical illness worldwide. Praziquantel (PZQ) is a commercial single treatment of schistosomiasis so alternative drugs are needed to get rid of its side effects on the liver. The current study aimed to estimate the effective role of Ficus carica nanoparticles (Fc-NPCs), silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPCs) and Ficus carica nanoparticles loaded on silver nanoparticles (Fc-Ag NPCs) on C57BL/6 black female mice infected by Schistosoma mansoni and treated with PZQ treatment. It was proved that schistosomiasis causes liver damage in addition to the PZQ is ineffective as an anti-schistosomiasis; it is recorded in the infected mice group and PZQ treated group as in liver function tests, oxidative stress markers & anti-oxidants, pro-inflammatory markers, pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic markers also in liver cells' DNA damage. The amelioration in all tested parameters has been clarified in nanoparticle-protected mice groups. The Fc-Ag NPCs + PZQ group recorded the best preemptive effects as anti-schistosomiasis. Fc-NPCs, Ag-NPCs and Fc-Ag NPCs could antagonize PZQ effects that were observed in amelioration of all tested parameters. The study showed the phytochemicals' nanoparticles groups have an ameliorated effect on the health of infected mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Follow up study of symptomatic human cystic echinococcosis treatment with albendazole and praziquantel, in Uruguay.
- Author
-
Rosa, Daniel Da, Figueredo, Elisa, Rosas, Michel, and Goñi, Fernando
- Subjects
- *
FOLLOW-up studies (Medicine) , *FAT content of food , *ECHINOCOCCOSIS , *ALBENDAZOLE , *HEPATIC echinococcosis , *PRAZIQUANTEL - Abstract
Background: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a chronic disease considered a neglected one. Cystic echinococcosis is endemic in Uruguay and the region. Surgery, using various technical approaches, has the potential to safely remove the cyst(s) and lead to a complete cure in a high number of patients with simple forms of CE. However, surgery may be impractical in patients with multiple cysts in several organs, high surgical risk, or in patients with previous multiple surgeries. In these cases, the pharmacological treatment with the benzimidazolic drug Albendazole (ABZ) alone or combined with Praziquantel (PZQ), has been promising as the best choice to achieve improvement or cure. Methods: In this study, we analyze the results obtained on the anti-parasitic treatment of 43 patients diagnosed with CE between the years 2003 and 2020. Patients were treated before and/or after surgery with ABZ or the combination ABZ/PZQ. The standardize protocol of the anti-parasitic drug treatment before surgery was 7 days, 15 days or 1 month depending on the urgency and availability of the surgical procedure. All cases that involved confirmed locations on lungs underwent immediate surgery with minimal pre-treatment when possible. After surgery, the standardize protocol of anti-parasitic drug treatment consisted of six cycles of 30 days each and resting intervals of 15 days in between. ABZ was used in all cases, administered orally, twice daily, at a total dosage of 15 mg/kg/day, with food high in fat content for improved absorption. The follow up was carried out according to WHO-IWGE guidelines for 5 years. Results: Of the 43 patients fourteen were ≤ 15 years of age and had a differentiated pre-surgical treatment. From the ≥ 16 years of age, 36 completed the treatments and the 5 years follow up. Four patients changed geographical locations, without a forwarding contact, after the post-surgery treatment. No patient died during the study. Of the 36 patients that completed the study, 32 were treated only with ABZ; 93.75% achieved treatment success as determined by improvement or cure, and 6.25% treatment failure determined by no change or worsening. The last four patients received the ABZ/PZQ combination therapy and achieved 100% treatment success. Conclusion: The pharmacological treatment resulted in a good option not only as palliative but also as potentially curative. The main relevance of its use was in cases with previous multiple surgeries or surgeries with potential life-threatening complications due to the number and location of cysts and concurrent comorbidities. A follow-up of at least 5 years would be recommended to assure remission and control of the transmission. More randomized trials are needed to provide clear clinical evidence of different pharmacological treatments for CE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. A Case Series and Literature Review of Alveolar Echinococcosis in Kashmir, India: An Emerging Endemic Zone for Echinococcus multilocularis.
- Author
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Khuroo, Mohammad Sultan, Khuroo, Naira Sultan, and Rather, Ajaz Ahmad
- Subjects
- *
ECHINOCOCCUS multilocularis , *LITERATURE reviews , *BILIARY tract , *LIVER abscesses , *DISEASE prevalence , *GALLBLADDER - Abstract
A prospective study on 110 patients with echinococcosis at Dr. Khuroo's Medical Clinic, Srinagar, Kashmir, India, from March 2019 to April 2024 identified 12 cases (4 males, 8 females; mean age of 46.58 ± 11.97 years) of Alveolar echinococcosis (AE). Two patients were detected through ultrasound examinations carried out for unrelated causes; one presented with features of liver abscess, and nine had pain in the right upper quadrant for a mean period of 2.2 ± 1.79 years. All had the liver as the primary organ involved, with 15 tumor masses of a mean maximum diameter of 9.22 ± 3.21 cm and volume of 426 ± 374.61 cm3. Tumors placed centrally had invaded vessels and the biliary tract in eight patients, and those placed peripherally had invaded the liver capsule and adjacent organs in nine patients. Histologic examination of liver biopsies or resected organs revealed necrotic lesions, calcifications, and granulomatous inflammation with slender, thin-walled vesicles of bizarre configuration that stained strongly eosinophilic with periodic acid Schiff. Two patients had segmental liver resections; one was treated with liver aspiration, while the other nine with advanced disease received chemotherapy with albendazole along with praziquantel. Patients showed clinical improvement on a median follow-up of 12 months (range 1 to 60 months); however, MRI T2-weighted images and 18F-FDG-PET-CECT scans in two patients showed active disease on follow-up at one and five years, respectively. A systematic review detected 146 cases of AE in India from 1980 to April 2024. Twenty cases were from foreign countries, mostly from Central Asian republics, and 118 (93.65%) of the remaining 126 Indian patients were permanent residents of Kashmir Valley. The disease affected a population of 79,197 residing in 22 villages from 5 border districts of the valley. These villages were either high in or adjacent to the Himalayan mountain range. Disease prevalence in the affected population was 146.47/105 (males 131.53/105 and females 163.18/105) and the incidence was 12.41/105/year (males 11.16/105/year and females 13.81/105/year). Possible causes of the emergence of AE are discussed, and future directions for research to face this challenge arebeen identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Efficacy and safety of single-dose artesunate plus sulfalene/pyrimethamine combined with praziquantel for the treatment of children with Schistosoma mansoni or Schistosoma haematobium in western Kenya: a randomised, open-label controlled trial.
- Author
-
Obonyo, Charles O., Rawago, Fredrick O., Makworo, Nicholas K., and Muok, Erick M. O.
- Subjects
- *
SCHISTOSOMA mansoni , *SCHISTOSOMA haematobium , *PRAZIQUANTEL , *SCHOOL children , *KENYANS - Abstract
Background: Reliance on praziquantel for the treatment and control of schistosomiasis is likely to facilitate the emergence of drug resistance. Combination therapy targeting adult and juvenile schistosome worms is urgently needed to improve praziquantel efficacy and delay the potential development of drug resistance. We assessed the efficacy and safety of single-dose praziquantel combined with single-dose artesunate plus sulfalene-pyrimethamine in the treatment of Kenyan children with schistosomiasis. Methods: This was an open-label, randomised clinical trial involving 426 school-aged children (7–15 years old) diagnosed with Schistosoma mansoni (by Kato-Katz) or S. haematobium (by urine filtration). They were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to receive a single dose of praziquantel (40 mg/kg), a single dose of artesunate plus sulfalene-pyrimethamine (12 mg/kg artesunate) or combination therapy using a single dose of praziquantel (40 mg/kg) combined with a single dose of artesunate plus sulfalene-pyrimethamine (12 mg/kg artesunate). The primary outcome was cure and egg reduction rates at 6 weeks post-treatment in the available case population. Adverse events were assessed within 3 h after treatment. Results: Of the 426 children enrolled, 135 received praziquantel, 150 received artesunate plus sulfalene-pyrimethamine, and 141 received combination therapy. Outcome data were available for 348 (81.7%) children. For S. mansoni-infected children (n = 335), the cure rates were 75.6%, 60.7%, and 77.8%, and the egg reduction rates were 80.1%, 85.0%, and 88.4% for praziquantel, artesunate plus sulfalene-pyrimethamine, and combination therapy, respectively. For S. haematobium-infected children (n = 145), the corresponding cure rates were 81.4%, 71.1%, and 82.2%, and the egg reduction rates were 95.6%, 97.1%, and 97.7%, respectively. Seventy-one (16.7%) children reported mild-intensity adverse events. The drugs were well tolerated and no serious adverse events were reported. Conclusions: A single oral dose of praziquantel combined with artesunate plus sulfalene-pyrimethamine cured a high proportion of children with S. haematobium but did not significantly improve the treatment efficacy for either urinary or intestinal schistosomiasis. Sequential administration of praziquantel and artesunate plus sulfalene-pyrimethamine may enhance the efficacy and safety outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-1 as a potential target for host-directed therapy during chronic schistosomiasis in murine model.
- Author
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Mosala, Paballo, Mpotje, Thabo, Aziz, Nada Abdel, Ndlovu, Hlumani, Musaigwa, Fungai, Nono, Justin Komguep, and Brombacher, Frank
- Subjects
SCHISTOSOMIASIS ,NEGLECTED diseases ,SCHISTOSOMA mansoni ,REGULATORY T cells ,HEPATIC fibrosis - Abstract
Schistosomiasis remains the most devastating neglected tropical disease, affecting over 240 million people world-wide. The disease is caused by the eggs laid by mature female worms that are trapped in host's tissues, resulting in chronic Th2 driven fibrogranulmatous pathology. Although the disease can be treated with a relatively inexpensive drug, praziquantel (PZQ), re-infections remain a major problem in endemic areas. There is a need for new therapeutic drugs and alternative drug treatments for schistosomiasis. The current study hypothesized that cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) could mediate fibroproliferative pathology during schistosomiasis. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) are potent lipid mediators that are known to be key players in inflammatory diseases, such as asthma and allergic rhinitis. The present study aimed to investigate the role of cysLTR1 during experimental acute and chronic schistosomiasis using cysLTR1-/- mice, as well as the use of cysLTR1 inhibitor (Montelukast) to assess immune responses during chronic Schistosoma mansoni infection. Mice deficient of cysLTR1 and littermate control mice were infected with either high or low dose of Schistosoma mansoni to achieve chronic or acute schistosomiasis, respectively. Hepatic granulomatous inflammation, hepatic fibrosis and IL-4 production in the liver was significantly reduced in mice lacking cysLTR1 during chronic schistosomiasis, while reduced liver pathology was observed during acute schistosomiasis. Pharmacological blockade of cysLTR1 using montelukast in combination with PZQ reduced hepatic inflammation and parasite egg burden in chronically infected mice. Combination therapy led to the expansion of Tregs in chronically infected mice. We show that the disruption of cysLTR1 is dispensable for host survival during schistosomiasis, suggesting an important role cysLTR1 may play during early immunity against schistosomiasis. Our findings revealed that the combination of montelukast and PZQ could be a potential prophylactic treatment for chronic schistosomiasis by reducing fibrogranulomatous pathology in mice. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that cysLTR1 is a potential target for host-directed therapy to ameliorate fibrogranulomatous pathology in the liver during chronic and acute schistosomiasis in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. IN VITRO SCOLICIDAL EFFECT OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF JUGLANS REGIA AND CARICA PAPAYA ON HYDATID CYSTS OF SHEEP AND GOATS FROM NORTH WESTERN HIMALAYAS.
- Author
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Ahmad, Peerzada Rouf, Malik, M. A., Hafiz, Mahrukh, U Din Sofi, Omer Mohi, Malik, Sohrab, Gupta, Kavya, Mishra, Raghavendra Prasad, and Sharma, Nikhil
- Subjects
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TAPEWORM infections , *ECHINOCOCCUS granulosus , *PHYTOTHERAPY , *ENGLISH walnut , *ECHINOCOCCOSIS , *PAPAYA - Abstract
Over a century ago, there are anecdotal stories of the use of therapeutic anthelminthic plants, such as papaya (Carica papaya) against cestode infections. Various studies have explored the efficacy of traditional plants in the inactivation of protoscolices and have reported the scolicidal effect of plants. Further, these plants have relatively lower side effects compared to chemotherapeutic agents and are suggested to be used for treatment of this disease in humans as well. Thus, in the present study the in vitro scolicidal effect of C. papaya and J. regia on Echinococcus granulosus protoscolices was explored from sheep, goat and human cysts in Jammu region of North Western Himalayas.The ethanolic extracts of J. regia and C. papaya showed significant scolicidal activity against E. granulosus, under in vitro conditions with reference to the known standard drug “praziquantel”. Against J. regia, highest mortality was observed at 30 mg/ml concentration at different exposure time as 10 min. (88.58%), 20 min. (91.24%), 30 min. (93.16%) and 40 min. (96.64%). Against C. papaya, highest mortality was observed at 30 mg/ml concentration at different exposure time as 10 min. (82.95%), 20 min. (85.83%), 30 min. (90.23%) and 40 min. (92.95%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
18. Albendazole and praziquantel combination versus albendazole alone in children with multiple neurocysticercosis: An open labelled randomized controlled trial.
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Rani, Vijay, Gehlawat, Virender K., and Arya, Vandana
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NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS , *ALBENDAZOLE , *RANDOMIZED controlled trials , *PRAZIQUANTEL , *CALCIFICATION - Abstract
Context: The efficacy of the combination of albendazole and praziquantel has not been thoroughly studied in multiple neurocysticercosis in children. Objective: To compare the efficacy and safety of albendazole and praziquantel combination versus albendazole alone in the treatment of children with multiple neurocysticercosis in terms of proportion of cysts undergoing complete resolution or calcification at 6‑month follow‑up. Materials and Methods: A total of 52 children, aged 1–14 years, with newly diagnosed two or more active neurocysticercosis were randomized to either group A or B. Group A (n = 26) received albendazole plus praziquantel, and Group B (n = 26) received albendazole alone. At the end of 6 months, a repeat MRI brain was performed to see for the resolution of cysts and was classified as complete resolution, calcified, or persistence of viable and noncalcified cysts. Results: The proportion of cysts undergoing complete resolution was higher in Group A (23/60 [38.33%]) than in Group B (19/65 [29.23%]), but the difference was not statistically significant. The proportion of cysts undergoing calcification was also comparable in Group A (20/60 [33.33%]) and Group B (20/65 [30.77%]). Both groups had comparable safety profiles. Conclusion: Albendazole and praziquantel combination therapy is as effective as albendazole alone in terms of complete resolution of viable cysts and calcification of cysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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19. Lethal effects of praziquantel and albendazole, on the cercariae of Echinochasmus sp. (Dietz, 1909) in-vitro.
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El-Zeiny, Mohammed E., Samak, Ola A. Abu, Fahmy, Shereen A., and Khidr, Abdel Aziz A.
- Abstract
Echinochasmidae are considered one of the digenean intestinal parasites of carnivorous mammals and humans. Some larvicidal medications, such as praziquantel and albendazole, were employed to interrupt the life cycle of Echinochasmidae, which may cause harmful and serious effects on the domestic fish, ducks, and humans in our ecosystem. Cercariae of Echinochasmus sp. (gymnocephalus type) were harvested by exposing snails to strong artificial illumination. The emerging cercariae were exposed in vitro to different concentrations of praziquantel and albendazole at the same period of incubation 12 h. Using probit analysis in SPSS version 25, the lethal concentrations 50 and 95% were determined. They were 0.036 and 0.82 ppm, respectively, for praziquantel and 5.3 and 9.2 ppm, respectively, for albendazole. The ultrastructural changes using scanning electron microscope on the tegumental surface of the treated cercariae with the two drugs were compared to the untreated cercariae. The untreated cercariae have a pear-shaped body with a long tail. The oral sucker is armed with a spiny collar and decorated with ciliated and unciliated sensory papillae. The cardinal ventral sucker has a thick, muscular wall. The cercarial tail is decorated with parallel longitudinal tegumental processes and spherical, unciliated papillae. In comparisons, cercariae treated with both drugs lost all healthy morphological features, but in varying degrees and effects between the two drugs. Our findings suggest that the use of both drugs can be recommended during the design of control strategies to combat this type of intestinal parasite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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20. Human Placental Schistosomiasis—A Systematic Review of the Literature.
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Gerstenberg, Jacob, Mishra, Sasmita, Holtfreter, Martha, Richter, Joachim, Davi, Saskia Dede, Okwu, Dearie Glory, Ramharter, Michael, Mischlinger, Johannes, and Schleenvoigt, Benjamin T.
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SCHISTOSOMIASIS ,PLACENTA ,FETAL growth retardation ,WORM eggs ,CHORIONIC villi ,PREGNANCY outcomes - Abstract
Background: Schistosome egg deposition in pregnant women may affect the placenta of infected mothers and cause placental schistosomiasis (PS). Histopathological examination of placental tissue is an inadequate detection method due to low sensitivity. So far, there has not been any systematic review on PS. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature search on PubMed, EMBASE, and Medline and included all publications that reported microscopically confirmed cases of PS, as well as the relevant secondary literature found in the citations of the primarily included publications. Results: Out of 113 abstracts screened we found a total of 8 publications describing PS with a total of 92 cases describing egg deposition of dead and/or viable eggs and worms of S. haematobium and S. mansoni in placental tissue. One cross-sectional study investigating the prevalence of PS and its association with adverse birth outcomes, found 22% of placentas to be infested using a maceration technique but only <1% using histologic examination. Additionally, no direct link to deleterious pregnancy outcomes could be shown. Conclusions: PS is a highly unattended and underdiagnosed condition in endemic populations, due to a lack of awareness as well as low sensitivity of histopathological examinations. However, PS may play an important role in mediating or reinforcing adverse birth outcomes (ABO) such as fetal growth restriction (FGR) in maternal schistosomiasis, possibly by placental inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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21. Praziquantel resistance in schistosomes: a brief report
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Gabriela Eastham, Dane Fausnacht, Matthew H. Becker, Alan Gillen, and William Moore
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schistosomiasis ,praziquantel ,resistance ,efficacy ,mass drug administration ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a group of both acute and chronic parasitic trematode infections of the genus Schistosoma. Research into schistosomiasis has been minimal, leading to its classification as a neglected tropical disease, yet more than 140 million people are infected with schistosomes globally. There are no treatments available for early-stage infections, schistosomal dermatitis, or Katayama syndrome, other than symptomatic control with steroids and antihistamines, as the maturing organisms seem to be mostly resistant to typical antiparasitics. However, praziquantel (PZQ) has been the drug of choice for schistosomiasis for decades in the latter stages of the disease. Though it is effective against all three clinically relevant species, heavy reliance on PZQ has led to concerns of schistosome resistance, especially in areas that have implemented this drug in mass drug administration (MDA) programs. This article summarizes the available literature concerning the available evidence for and against a warranted concern for PZQ resistance, genomic studies in schistosomes, proposed mechanisms of resistance, and future research in alternative methods of schistosomiasis treatment.
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- 2024
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22. L-PZQ ODT in Schistosoma Infected Children
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- 2023
23. Schistosomiasis
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LoVerde, Philip T., Crusio, Wim E., Series Editor, Dong, Haidong, Series Editor, Radeke, Heinfried H., Series Editor, Rezaei, Nima, Series Editor, Steinlein, Ortrud, Series Editor, Xiao, Junjie, Series Editor, Toledo, Rafael, editor, and Fried, Bernard, editor
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- 2024
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24. Perspective on Schistosomiasis Drug Discovery: Highlights from a Schistosomiasis Drug Discovery Workshop at Wellcome Collection, London, September 2022
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Caldwell, Nicola, Afshar, Rana, Baragaña, Beatriz, Bustinduy, Amaya L, Caffrey, Conor R, Collins, James J, Fusco, Daniela, Garba, Amadou, Gardner, Mark, Gomes, Mireille, Hoffmann, Karl F, Hsieh, Michael, Lo, Nathan C, McNamara, Case W, Nono, Justin Komguep, Padalino, Gilda, Read, Kevin D, Roestenberg, Meta, Spangenberg, Thomas, Specht, Sabine, and Gilbert, Ian H
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Medical Microbiology ,Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Orphan Drug ,Vector-Borne Diseases ,Infectious Diseases ,Rare Diseases ,Digestive Diseases ,Development of treatments and therapeutic interventions ,5.1 Pharmaceuticals ,Infection ,Good Health and Well Being ,Animals ,London ,Schistosomiasis ,Praziquantel ,Anthelmintics ,Schistosoma ,schistosomiasis ,neglected tropical disease ,infectious disease ,drug discovery ,therapeutic s ,anthelmintic s ,target product profile ,anthelmintics ,therapeutics ,Medical microbiology - Abstract
In September 2022, the Drug Discovery Unit at the University of Dundee, UK, organised an international meeting at the Wellcome Collection in London to explore the current clinical situation and challenges associated with treating schistosomiasis. The aim of this meeting was to discuss the need for new treatments in view of the clinical situation and to ascertain what the key requirements would be for any potential new anti-schistosomals. This information will be essential to inform ongoing drug discovery efforts for schistosomiasis. We also discussed the potential drug discovery pathway and associated criteria for progressing compounds to the clinic. To date, praziquantel (PZQ) is the only drug available to treat all species causing schistosomiasis, but it is often unable to completely clear parasites from an infected patient, partially due to its inactivity against juvenile worms. PZQ-mediated mass drug administration campaigns conducted in endemic areas (e.g., sub-Saharan Africa, where schistosomiasis is primarily prevalent) have contributed to reducing the burden of disease but will not eliminate the disease as a public health problem. The potential for Schistosoma to develop resistance towards PZQ, as the sole treatment available, could become a concern. Consequently, new anthelmintic medications are urgently needed, and this Perspective aims to capture some of the learnings from our discussions on the key criteria for new treatments.
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- 2023
25. Correlates of prior HIV testing and schistosomiasis treatment: Baseline survey findings from the creating demand for fishermens schistosomiasis HIV services (FISH) cluster-randomized trial in Mangochi, Malawi.
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Kangogo, Geoffrey, Conserve, Donaldson, Kayuni, Sekeleghe, Kumwenda, Moses, Dovel, Kathryn, Chirombo, James, MacPherson, Peter, Corbett, Elizabeth, Butterworth, Anthony, and Choko, Augustine
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Humans ,Praziquantel ,Malawi ,Schistosomiasis ,HIV Infections ,HIV Testing ,Surveys and Questionnaires - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Fishing exposes fishermen to schistosomiasis-infested fresh water and concurrently through precarious livelihoods to risky sexual behaviour, rendering these two infections occupational hazards for fishermen. This study aimed to characterize the knowledge of the two conditions to obtain necessary data for a subsequent cluster randomized trial designed to investigate demand creation strategies for joint HIV-schistosomiasis service provision in fishing villages on the shores of southern Lake Malawi. METHODS: Enumeration of all resident fishermen in 45 clusters (fishing communities) was carried out between November 2019 and February 2020. In a baseline survey, fishermen reported their knowledge, attitudes and practices in the uptake of HIV and schistosomiasis services. Knowledge of HIV status and previous receipt of praziquantel were modelled using random effects binomial regression, accounting for clustering. Prevalence of willingness to attend a beach clinic was computed. RESULTS: A total of 6,297 fishermen were surveyed from the 45 clusters with harmonic mean number of fishermen per cluster of 112 (95% CI: 97; 134). The mean age was 31.7y (SD: 11.9) and nearly 40% (2,474/6,297) could not read or write. Overall, 1,334/6,293 (21.2%) had never tested for HIV, with 64.4% (3,191/4,956) having tested in the last 12 months, and 5.9% (373/6290) taking antiretroviral therapy (ART). In adjusted analyses, being able to read and write (adjusted risk ratio [aRR: 1.91, 95% CI: 1.59-2.29, p
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- 2023
26. A new human opisthorchiasis outbreak in central Italy: a never-ending story
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Papalini, Chiara, Gómez-Morales, Maria Angeles, Mercuri, Alessandra, Stolaj, Elisa, Brancaleoni, Maria Grazia, Fusco Moffa, Igino, Lo Vaglio, Giovanni, Ludovisi, Alessandra, Marucci, Gianluca, and Francisci, Daniela
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- 2024
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27. The Use of Systemically Absorbed Drugs to Explore An In Vitro Bioequivalence Approach For Comparing Non-Systemically Absorbed Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients in Drug Products For Use in Dogs
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Martinez, Marilyn N., Fahmy, Raafat, Li, Linge, Herath, Kithsiri, Hollenbeck, R. Gary, Ibrahim, Ahmed, Hoag, Stephen W., Longstaff, David, Gao, Shasha, and Myers, Michael J.
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- 2024
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28. Factors influencing the efficacy of praziquantel in a schistosome-exposed population
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Zdesenko, Grace, Woolhouse, Mark, and Mutapi, Francisca
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praziquantel ,schistosome ,schistosome-exposed population ,Urogenital schistosomiasis ,Schistosoma haematobium ,parasite ,mass drug administration ,schistosomiasis ,pharmacogenetic studies ,metabolomic studies ,cytochrome P450 enzymes ,PZQ- metabolising cytochrome P450 enzymes ,schistosomiasis control - Abstract
Urogenital schistosomiasis, caused by the Schistosoma haematobium parasite, is a global cause of morbidity and mortality and affects millions of people each year. The mass drug administration (MDA) of praziquantel (PZQ) is a vital intervention to treat schistosome infections and eliminate schistosomiasis as a public health problem. After decades of use, variable PZQ efficacy and persistent schistosome infections have been reported across multiple schistosome-endemic African countries. However, there is a paucity of information on the factors that influence the efficacy of a PZQ treatment and contribute to the persistence of infection, particularly in schistosome-exposed populations where the drug is commonly used. To address this, I examined the factors that influence individual responses to PZQ and how these contribute to variable PZQ efficacy. This focused on alterations to PZQ metabolism, which regulates the concentration of the schistosome-killing PZQ, and thus can be a crucial determinant of PZQ efficacy and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). During a review of published studies, I identified several drug and host-related factors, such as drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and the liver's capacity to metabolise PZQ, that influenced the systemic concentrations of PZQ via altered PZQ metabolism, and discussed the resultant impact on PZQ efficacy. This review also highlighted gaps in the research regarding pharmacogenetic (PGx) and metabolomic studies. Consequently, I characterised PGx variations in PZQ- metabolising cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and determined associations between each detected variant and the efficacy of PZQ treatment in S. haematobium-infected Zimbabweans. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A5 enzymes were significantly associated with PZQ treatment outcome, including genotypes that increased the odds of an individual clearing or not clearing schistosome infection. A further study using in vivo analyte concentrations detected no associations with PZQ efficacy. Yet, there were significant associations between variants in the CYP1A2 and CYP2C9 enzymes and in vivo analyte concentrations indicative of increased metabolism and decreased PZQ exposure. Both PGx studies provided insight into the drug-gene interactions in schistosome-infected patients during a PZQ treatment and suggested that the PGx impact on PZQ exposure and efficacy may be underestimated in the diverse African populations where PZQ is utilised. To determine if variable PZQ efficacy and persistent schistosome infections occurred during MDAs in Zimbabwe, I identified persistent hotspots of S. haematobium infection prevalence (PPHS) and hotspots of decreasing efficacy of PZQ (EPHS). Further, the risk factors of hotspot emergence were evaluated, and EPHS were not identified as a primary cause for PPHS based on these analyses. Initial infection intensity was significantly higher in PPHS than in responder districts, providing valuable information on the possibility of early identification of persistent schistosome infections to improve on current control strategies. However, there was no clear predictor of EPHS occurrence. Overall, this thesis highlighted key factors that influence an individual's response to a PZQ treatment, including multiple PGx determinants which were previously underreported. Together, this thesis produced significant novel data towards the characterisation of the host factors that contribute towards variable PZQ efficacy, and in the identification of hotspots of persistent infections. Together, these findings will inform policymakers on the factors that influence PZQ efficacy to improve schistosomiasis control and eliminate this disease.
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- 2023
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29. Evaluation of some toxicological parameters of Oxantel-, Pyrantel- and Praziquantel-based anthelmintic in tablet formulation for dogs and cats
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G. B. Arisova
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oxantel ,pyrantel ,praziquantel ,tablets ,acute toxicity ,mice ,rats ,ld50 ,subchronic toxicity ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
The purpose of the research is to evaluate some toxicological parameters of a new combined anthelmintic based on oxantel pamoate, pyrantel pamoate and praziquantel in tablet formulation for dogs and cats.Materials and methods. The studies used 70 outbred male rats and 50 outbred male mice. Acute oral toxicity was studied in male mice and male rats weighing 14–16 and 160–180 g, respectively. The subchronic toxicity study with the drug administered repeatedly, orally for 14 days was conducted on male rats weighing 180–200 g. The study monitored the laboratory animals’ overall health status, behavior and possible death, and any intoxication symptoms were recorded. All studies were performed using conventional techniques for experimental (preclinical) studies of new pharmacological substances using the guidelines edited by R. U. Khabriev (2005) and A. I. Mironov et al. (2012). Additionally, the experiments assessed clinical toxicological, biochemical, and morphological parameters of the laboratory animals.Results and discussion. In evaluation of the drug acute toxicity in the male mice and the female rats, the LD50 exceeded the dose of 6000 mg/kg; the animals showed no signs of intoxication during the entire study. Thus, the drug was classified as substance hazard category 4. Doses 600, 300 and 120 mg/kg of the drug had no negative effect on the organism of the laboratory animals in the subchronic experiment on the male rats; the doses were ineffective (safe). The threshold or toxic dose could not be determined.
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- 2024
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30. CYP2C19 and CYP2J2 genotypes predict praziquantel plasma exposure among Ethiopian school-aged children
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Tigist Dires Gebreyesus, Eyasu Makonnen, Nigus Fikrie Telele, Abbie Barry, Rajabu Hussein Mnkugwe, Heran Gerba, Marja-Liisa Dahl, and Eleni Aklillu
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CYP2C19 ,CYP2J2 ,CYP3A5 ,Praziquantel ,Plasma concentration ,Schistosomiasis ,Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Abstract Metabolism of praziquantel (PZQ), a racemic mixture and the only drug approved to treat S. mansoni infection, is mediated by genetically polymorphic enzymes. Periodic school-based mass drug administration (MDA) with PZQ is the core intervention to control schistosomiasis. However data on the impact of pharmacogenetic variation, nutrition, and infection status on plasma PZQ exposure is scarce. We investigated genetic and non-genetic factors influencing PZQ plasma concentration and its metabolic ratios (trans-4-OH-PZQ/PZQ and cis-4-OH-PZQ/PZQ). Four hundred forty-six school children aged 7–15 years from four primary schools in southern Ethiopia who received albendazole and PZQ preventive chemotherapy through MDA campaign were enrolled. Genotyping for common functional variants of CYP3A4 (*1B), CYP3A5 (*3, *6), CYP2C19 (*2, *3, *17), CYP2C9 (*2, *3), and CYP2J2*7 was performed. Plasma concentrations of PZQ, trans-4-OH-PZQ, and cis-4-OH-PZQ were quantified using UPLCMS/MS. Carriers of CYP2C19 defective variant alleles (*2 and *3) had significantly higher mean PZQ plasma concentration than CYP2C19*1/*1 or *17 carriers (p = 0.005). CYP2C19*1/*1 and CYP2C19*17 carriers had higher trans-4-OH-PZQ/PZQ and cis-4-OH-PZQ/PZQ metabolic ratios compared with CYP2C19*2 or *3 carriers (p
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- 2024
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31. Baiting not-owned dogs against Echinococcus granulosus: innovative tools for integrated control
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Elena Ciccone, Antonio Bosco, Paola Pepe, Martina Nocerino, Nicola Lattero, Gerald Umhang, Laatamna AbdElkarim, Samia Lahmar, Yousra Said, Giorgio Saralli, Giuseppe Piegari, Maria Chiara Alterisio, Rania Baka, Smaragda Sotiraki, Franck Boué, and Laura Rinaldi
- Subjects
baits ,control programme ,Echinococcus granulosus ,not-owned dogs ,praziquantel ,Biochemistry ,QD415-436 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 ,Microbiology ,QR1-502 - Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the larval stage of the cestode Echinococcus granulosus, is one of the most widespread zoonoses in Mediterranean countries. Baiting not-owned dogs with praziquantel (PZQ), due to their key role in the maintaining the transmission of CE, currently appears to be the most effective way to limit the transmission of CE, as well as an important aspect to introduce for the control of this parasitic disease. Therefore, this study aims to test 3 types of PZQ-based baits by evaluating different parameters (integrity over time, attractiveness and palatability for dogs, and mechanical resistance after release to different altitudes) and the bait acceptance in field by target animals, i.e. not-owned dogs, by using camera traps. The double PZQ-laced baits (with a double layer of highly palatable chews) showed the greatest resistance in the environment while also preserving the attractiveness and palatability up to 10 days, also withstood heights of 25 m, thus resulting as the most suitable also for drone delivery. The results on the field showed that most of the baits were consumed by not-owned dogs (82.2%), while the remaining were consumed by wild boars (8.9%), foxes (6.7%), badgers (1.1%) and hedgehogs (1.1%), confirming the specific and high attractiveness of the double PZQ-laced baits for the target population and highlights how an anthelmintic baiting programme may be a viable tool for the management of E. granulosus among free-ranging dog populations in endemic rural areas.
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- 2024
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32. Safety and efficacy of praziquantel in pregnant women infected with Schistosoma haematobium in Lambaréné, Gabon – Clinical results from the randomized, single-blinded, controlled freeBILy-Gabon trial
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Jacob Gerstenberg, Yabo J. Honkpehedji, Jean-Claude Dejon-Agobe, Saidou Mahmoudou, Mario Recker, Romuald Beh Mba, Moustapha Nzamba Maloum, Romeo Laclong Lontchi, Paul A. Nguema Moure, Brice Meulah, Jeannot F. Zinsou, Jean-Ronald Edoa, Bayode R. Adegbite, Michael Ramharter, Bertrand Lell, Selidji T. Agnandji, Peter G. Kremsner, Paul L.A.M. Corstjens, Pytsje T. Hoekstra, Govert J. van Dam, Andrea Kreidenweiss, and Ayola A. Adegnika
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Pregnancy ,Schistosomiasis ,S. haematobium ,Praziquantel ,Safety ,Efficacy ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Objectives: Despite evidence of praziquantel's (PZQ) safety for treating schistosomiasis in pregnancy, many countries withhold treatment. Only two randomized controlled trials have investigated PZQ in pregnancy, none involving Schistosoma haematobium. Methods: Pregnant women during the second trimester in Lambaréné (Gabon) were screened for S. haematobium infection using urine microscopy and circulating anodic antigen detection. Participants positive for either test were randomized (3:1) to single-dose PZQ 40 mg/kg during pregnancy versus no treatment during pregnancy. Investigators were blinded for allocation. Primary outcomes were reduction of egg (egg reduction rate [ERR]) and antigen production (infection reduction rate [IRR]) while explorative outcomes included assessment of cure rate, adverse events, maternal hemoglobin levels, maternal anemia prevalence at delivery, pregnancy outcomes, and newborn anthropometric parameters. Results: Of 761 women screened 165 were eligible and randomized (intervention n = 124, control n = 41). Of them, 124 completed the study (n = 90 and n = 34, respectively). Treatment led to a significantly higher ERR (95.0% [91-97%] vs 27.0% [−42-63%]) and IRR (95% [91-97%] vs 56% [14-78%]). Common adverse events were dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. Maternal anemia at delivery was significantly lower in the intervention group (odds ratio: 0.40 [0.16;0.96], P = 0.04). No increased risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes was observed. Conclusions: This first randomized controlled trial investigating PZQ in pregnant women with S. haematobium found PZQ to be safe, effective, and reducing maternal anemia. We recommend treating confirmed infections to prevent morbidity in pregnant women.
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- 2024
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33. Identification of Praziquantel derivatives to target serpin for inhibiting Schistosoma infection in human: using molecular docking and network pharmacology approach
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Esam S. Al-Malki
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Schistosomiasis ,host–parasite interaction ,parasite biology ,Praziquantel ,Science (General) ,Q1-390 - Abstract
The present research highlights the critical importance of understanding S. mansoni infection in global public health. Using a network-based pharmacological approach, this study explores parasite biology, disease mechanisms, and potential treatments. Praziquantel and its derivatives are identified as key drugs for treating schistosomiasis. ADMET and molecular docking predict the preferred binding orientation of drug candidates, like Mol4, with target proteins. Analyzing network pharmacology, disease classification, enrichment studies, and pathways reveals the biological processes influenced by these candidates. The research emphasizes the need for comprehensive healthcare in endemic regions and identifies critical pathways and target proteins, such as zinc-binding proteins and endopeptidases, as promising drug targets. The integration of molecular docking and network pharmacology provides a strong platform for advancing drug development and devising effective treatment strategies against this debilitating parasitic infection, ultimately contributing to the enhancement of global public health.
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- 2024
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34. Unexpected rapid symptom response after praziquantel to intestinal Schistosoma mansoni symptoms: A case report from Rwanda.
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Sibomana, Jean, Getaneh, Ferehiwot, Graham, Brian, and Giraneza, Robert
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Schistosomiasis ,polyp ,praziquantel ,symptom - Abstract
The clinical effect of praziquantel on chronic intestinal schistosomiasis in the literature is lacking. We report a patient who presented with 3 years of non-specific abdominal pain and underwent colonoscopy, which revealed colon polyps that, on biopsy, were confirmed to be due to Schistosoma mansoni. The patient was given a single dose of praziquantel, and his abdominal symptoms disappeared within 24 h. Patients with abdominal pain in the setting of chronic Schistosoma infection should be given praziquantel and assess response clinically.
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- 2023
35. Therapeutic efficacy of candidate antischistosomal drugs in a murine model of schistosomiasis mansoni.
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Mohammad, Omnia Sobhi, Hussein, Hesham Mohammed, Abdel-Sayed, Samia William, Mohamed, Ghada Adel, and Shehata, Mai Abdel Sameaa
- Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease associated with considerable morbidity. Praziquantel (PZQ) is effective against adult schistosomes, yet, it has little effect on juvenile stages, and PZQ resistance is emerging. Adopting the drug repurposing strategy as well as assuming enhancing the efficacy and lessening the doses and side effects, the present study aimed to investigate the in vivo therapeutic efficacy of the widely used antiarrhythmic, amiodarone, and diuretic, spironolactone, and combinations of them compared to PZQ. Mice were infected by Schistosoma mansoni “S. mansoni” cercariae (Egyptian strain), then they were divided into two major groups: Early- [3 weeks post-infection (wpi)] and late- [6 wpi] treated. Each group was subdivided into seven subgroups: positive control, PZQ, amiodarone, spironolactone, PZQ combined with amiodarone, PZQ combined with spironolactone, and amiodarone combined with spironolactone-treated groups. Among the early-treated groups, spironolactone had the best therapeutic impact indicated by a 69.4% reduction of total worm burden (TWB), 38.6% and 48.4% reduction of liver and intestine egg load, and a significant reduction of liver granuloma number by 49%. Whereas, among the late-treated groups, amiodarone combined with PZQ was superior to PZQ alone evidenced by 96.1% reduction of TWB with the total disappearance of female and copula in the liver and intestine, 53.1% and 84.9% reduction of liver and intestine egg load, and a significant reduction of liver granuloma number by 67.6%. Comparatively, spironolactone was superior to PZQ and amiodarone in the early treatment phase targeting immature stages, while amiodarone had a more potent effect when combined with PZQ in the late treatment phase targeting mature schistosomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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36. Dipylidiasis cases in Japan-an update by literature survey.
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Nawa, Yukifumi, Furusawa, Akinori, Tanaka, Mio, and Yoshikawa, Masahide
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DIPYLIDIUM caninum ,HELMINTHIASIS ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,PRAZIQUANTEL ,DRUG efficacy - Abstract
Dipylidium caninum is a cosmopolitan parasite of companion animals such as dogs and cats. Accidental infection in humans occur mostly in children. Although considerable number of cases were reported from Europe and the Americas, case reports of this zoonotic disease are rather scarce from Asian countries. The aim of this study is to report the results of literature survey on dipylidiasis cases in humans in Japan. Conclusively, we have found a total of 17 cases since the first case report in from Aichi Prefecture in 1925. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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37. Thiazolidinediones are Partially Effective Bitter Blockers.
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Nguyen, Ha, Lin, Cailu, Sasimovich, Ivona, Bell, Katherine, Huang, Amy, Leszkowicz, Emilia, Rawson, Nancy E., and Reed, Danielle R.
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- 2024
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38. Considering ivermectin for treatment of schistosomiasis.
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Golenser, Jacob, Birman, Ida, and Gold, Daniel
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Because of recent reports of praziquantel resistance in schistosome infections, there have been suggestions to employ ivermectin as a possible alternative, especially as its chemical composition is different from that of praziquantel, so cross-resistance is not expected. In order to ascertain possible damage and elimination of worms, we used ivermectin by oral gavage in infected mice, at a high dose (30.1 mg/kg, bordering toxicity). We also tested the efficacy of the drug at various times postinfection (PI), to check on possible effect on young and mature stages of the parasites. Thus, we treated mice on days 21 and 22 or on days 41 and 42 and even on days 21, 22, 41, and 42 PI. None of the treatment regimens resulted in cure rates or signs of lessened pathology in the mice. We also compared the effect of ivermectin to that of artemisone, an artemisinin derivative which had served us in the past as an effective anti-schistosome drug, and there was a stark difference in the artemisone’s efficacy compared to that of ivermectin; while ivermectin was not effective, artemisone eliminated most of the worms, prevented egg production and granulomatous inflammatory response. We assume that the reported lack of activity of ivermectin, in comparison with praziquantel and artemisinins, originates from the difference in their mode of action. In wake of our results, we suggest that ivermectin is not a suitable drug for treatment of schistosomiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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39. Long Non-Coding RNA Levels Are Modulated in Schistosoma mansoni following In Vivo Praziquantel Exposure.
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Jardim Poli, Pedro, Fischer-Carvalho, Agatha, Tahira, Ana Carolina, Chan, John D., Verjovski-Almeida, Sergio, and Sena Amaral, Murilo
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LINCRNA , *ION channels , *SCHISTOSOMA mansoni , *GENE expression , *GENETIC regulation , *PRAZIQUANTEL - Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a disease caused by trematodes of the genus Schistosoma that affects over 200 million people worldwide. For decades, praziquantel (PZQ) has been the only available drug to treat the disease. Despite recent discoveries that identified a transient receptor ion channel as the target of PZQ, schistosome response to this drug remains incompletely understood, since effectiveness relies on other factors that may trigger a complex regulation of parasite gene expression. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides with low or no protein-coding potential that play important roles in S. mansoni homeostasis, reproduction, and fertility. Here, we show that in vivo PZQ treatment modulates lncRNA levels in S. mansoni. We re-analyzed public RNA-Seq data from mature and immature S. mansoni worms treated in vivo with PZQ and detected hundreds of lncRNAs differentially expressed following drug exposure, many of which are shared among mature and immature worms. Through RT-qPCR, seven out of ten selected lncRNAs were validated as differentially expressed; interestingly, we show that these lncRNAs are not adult worm stage-specific and are co-expressed with PZQ-modulated protein-coding genes. By demonstrating that parasite lncRNA expression levels alter in response to PZQ, this study unravels an important step toward elucidating the complex mechanisms of S. mansoni response to PZQ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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40. Infected pulmonary hydatid cyst: A challenging diagnosis.
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AlRashed, Fahad M. and AlShahrani, Dayel A.
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ECHINOCOCCOSIS ,DIAGNOSIS ,PARASITIC diseases ,SYMPTOMS ,CYSTS (Pathology) - Abstract
Copyright of Saudi Medical Journal is the property of Saudi Medical Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2024
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41. Mechanochemical Synthesis of Praziquantel Hemihydrate in the Presence of Five Solvents with Different Water Miscibility †.
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D'Abbrunzo, Ilenia, Voinovich, Dario, and Perissutti, Beatrice
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PRAZIQUANTEL ,MISCIBILITY ,ORGANIC solvents ,ACETIC acid ,CRYSTAL lattices ,ETHYL acetate ,SOLVENTS ,POLYMER blends ,HEXANE - Abstract
In this study, we report the mechanochemical synthesis of praziquantel hemihydrate in the presence of five solvents with different water miscibility. The commercially available praziquantel Form A (a racemic anhydrate structure) was ground in the presence of several water–solvent mixtures using two grinding procedures (i.e., direct liquid-assisted grinding and neat grinding plus liquid-assisted grinding). Five organic solvents (i.e., acetic acid, 2-pyrrolidone, ethanol, ethyl acetate and hexane) were chosen considering their different miscibility with water and their capability to form solvates with praziquantel (documented for acetic acid and 2-pyrrolidone). The results suggested that the use of a second solvent has a detrimental effect on the formation of the hemihydrate. The inclusion of water in the solid is even worse in the case of water-miscible solvents, probably due to the favored interactions between the liquids. In fact, hexane is the only solvent permitting the mechanochemical crystallization of praziquantel hemihydrate to a limited extent. Importantly, interconversion studies between the hydrate/monosolvate/anhydrous forms revealed a preferential inclusion of solvents over water in the crystal lattice when using acetic acid or 2-pyrrolidone and complete dehydration of the hemihydrate and conversion in the most thermodynamically stable polymorph A of praziquantel with ethanol, ethyl acetate and hexane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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42. Development of a field diagnostic tool for Schistosoma mansoni Praziquantel resistant markers in selected endemic communities.
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Acquah, Maame Ekua, Aboagye, Frank Twum, Ashong, Yvonne, and Mosi, Lydia
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SCHISTOSOMA mansoni ,PRAZIQUANTEL ,SCHISTOSOMIASIS ,SCHOOL children - Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that affects more than 200 million people and 45% of infections have been shown to occur in school-aged children. A large percentage of the disease burden lies in Africa. In 2012, the WHO outlined a roadmap for the elimination of schistosomiasis by 2020; however, this was not achieved. Treatment for schistosomiasis is by the use of Praziquantel, a drug in use for over 30 years and there is a concern for emerging drug resistance. There are several species of the genus Schistosoma causing infection in humans. For this study, Schistosoma mansoni which causes intestinal schistosomiasis will be investigated. There are reports of lowering cure rates and suboptimal response to praziquantel following several cycles of mass drug administration (MDA). Praziquantel resistance has also been reported in some countries and laboratory-bred schistosome experiments. To address the concerns of resistance, this study aims to employ a two-part approach to assess the prevalence of S. mansoni. praziquantel resistance amongst school-aged children in schistosomiasis endemic communities in Ghana and develop a diagnostic tool to aid in field assessment of infections. To achieve this, the study will attempt to answer the following research questions: 1. Is there developing S. mansoni praziquantel resistance in communities that have undergone several mass drug administrations? 2. Is there an interplay between intermediate host exposure to praziquantel and the development of praziquantel drug resistance in the definitive host? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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43. DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF ALBENDAZOLE AND PRAZIQUANTEL IN COATED TABLETS "AP-HELMIN".
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Semchenko, Kateryna, Vyshnevska, Liliia, Iakovenko, Volodymyr, Kovalova, Tetyana, Marchenko, Mykhailo, Marchenko, Yana, and Zuikina, Yelizaveta
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ALBENDAZOLE ,PRAZIQUANTEL ,DRUG tablets ,DRUG coatings ,LIQUID chromatography - Abstract
Adapting modern methods of quantitative analysis of active substances in their joint content in the dosage form and validating them is an integral process of pharmaceutical development. We have developed a drug in the form of coated tablets for the treatment of helminthiases of the digestive system in adults. A feature of this drug is the composition of the API of albendazole and praziquantel in a ratio of 1:4. The aim of this research is to develop methodology for quantitative analysis of both substances by the method of liquid chromatography, determination of their possible mutual influence on the process, as well as validation of the proposed methods. Materials and methods. To meet the research's set purpose, the following tasks were identified: choosing the most rational method for the quantitative determination of albendazole and praziquantel; confirming the absence of the mutual influence of APIs on the results obtained; and validating the selected methods of albendazole and praziquantel analysis. Object of the research conducted included coated tablets "AP-helmin", series 1-5.2021; pharmacopoeial standard sample (PSS) of albendazole, and PSS praziquantel. Quantitative determination of albendazole and praziquantel was conducted according to SPU, method 2.2.29. Results. The article describes the conditions and stages of the quantitative determination of albendazole and praziquantel and the main indicators of method validation. Conclusions. It was proven that quantification with the liquid chromatography method of both substances is validated, and the substances do not affect each other's analysis in the coated tablets "AP-helmin" following the project of QCM for this drug. All calculated parameters meet the required validation criteria [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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44. Repeated versus single praziquantel dosing regimen in treatment of female genital schistosomiasis: a phase 2 randomised controlled trial showing no difference in efficacy
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Louise Thomsen Schmidt Arenholt, Bodo Sahondra Randrianasolo, Tiana Onintsoa Oliva Rabozakandraina, Charles Emile Ramarokoto, Karoline Jøker, Katrina Kæstel Aarøe, Dorthe Brønnum, Caspar Bundgaard Nielsen, Suzette Sørensen, Mads Lumholdt, Martin Jensen, Søren Lundbye-Christensen, Jørgen Skov Jensen, Paul Corstjens, Pytsje Hoekstra, Govert J van Dam, Noriko Kobayashi, Shinjiro Hamano, and Peter Derek Christian Leutscher
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Schistosoma haematobium ,female genital schistosomiasis ,praziquantel ,urogenital complaints ,gynaecological manifestations ,Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 - Abstract
BackgroundSingle-dose praziquantel (PZQ) for treating urogenital schistosomiasis has been reported as inadequate for achieving significant resolution of female genital schistosomiasis (FGS)-associated cervicovaginal lesions. This randomised controlled trial aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of a repeated PZQ-dosing regimen.MethodsThe trial was conducted among women aged 15 to 34 with FGS-associated cervical lesions living in a Schistosoma haematobium-endemic area of northern Madagascar. A total of 116 women were randomly allocated to either repeated PZQ-dosing (n=58) or a single PZQ dose (n=58). All received an initial PZQ dose of 40mg/kg at baseline. In the repeated-dosing arm, additional doses were given 12 and 24 hours later and again at 5 and 10 weeks. Primary outcome was FGS-related cervical lesions at baseline compared to Week 15 follow-up. Secondary outcomes encompassed pelvic exam abnormalities, urogenital complaints, and biomarkers, including cervicovaginal S. haematobium DNA and circulating anodic antigens (CAA) in serum.ResultsExcluding 21 women who were pregnant or failed to attend follow-up visits, 95 women were eligible for per-protocol treatment effect analysis. A minor and insignificant reduction in cervical lesions was observed in both of the two treatment arms at Week 15 follow-up. A clear tendency towards decline in pelvic exam abnormalities and urogenital complaints in both treatment arm groups was observed. The reduction in number of women testing positive for CAA and mean CAA values was significant in both arms but less so in the single-dose arm. Mild to moderate adverse events of equal proportions were reported in both treatment arm groups.ConclusionFGS-associated cervical lesions appear refractory to PZQ treatment even when this is administered in a repeated-dosing regimen. In contrast, the repeated regimen seems more effective at eliminating the dwelling worm population than the single-dose regimen, as demonstrated by the CAA findings. Irrespective of dosing regimen, pelvic exam abnormalities and urogenital complaints saw equal reductions at follow-up. However, the outcome of our primary study emphasises the need for initiation early in life and a persistently maintained PZQ treatment strategy throughout childhood and adolescence to prevent lesions from establishing in the first place.Clinical trial registrationhttps://clinicaltrials.gov/, dentifier NCT04115072.
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- 2024
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45. Community-Based Intervention and Its Effect on Decreasing the Prevalence of Urinary Schistosomiasis in an Al-Alaqa Male Primary school in Al-Alaqa Village White Nile State, Sudan
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Hamza Hussain Ahmed Balola, Eltayeb Abdelazeem Idress, Mohammed Hassan Moreljwab, Amani Mahmoud Fadul Mokhtar, Murtada Mustafa Gabir Tia, Mohammed F. Alharbi, Abdalla Mohamed Ahmed Osman, D.S. Veerabhadra Swamy, Abubakr Ali Elamin MohamedAhmed, and Mohamed E. Elnageeb
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Community-based intervention ,Decreasing prevalence ,Praziquantel ,Ponds ,White Nile River ,Urinary schistosomiasis ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Aim of study: This study assessed the effectiveness of community-based interventions, health awareness, and treatment in controlling schistosomiasis among schoolchildren to improve policies and strategies. Methods: This pre- and post-intervention study was conducted in an Al-Alaqa male primary school, and systematic simple random sampling was used to investigate 237 participants, which resulted in 132 (55.7%) infected students. The infected and noninfected students (580 students) were treated by delivering the praziquantel doses immediately after the results; after 4 weeks, the infected students received the second dose. After 6 months, the rates were investigated again, and all procedures were performed after the height and weight of the students were recorded according to the protocol. Health education was provided for all participants using posters and leaflets. The data were collected via a questionnaire and urine test. The data were analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), and ANOVA and t-tests were used to determine the significant differences between the variables. Results: A urine investigation was conducted on 237 students; 132 (55.7%) had positive results which showed marked improvement and the prevalence in the school decreased to 3.8% after the intervention. The researcher found strong evidence of a relationship between the prevalence of schistosomiasis before the intervention and availability of water in the home (chi-square = 18.331, df = 1, p value = 000). ANOVA showed strong statistical significance (0.002 and F = 6.564) between the mean score of student age and reasons behind going to the pond. Conclusion: This study concluded that mass chemotherapy and treatment were highly effective when associated with a health program intervention. Mass chemotherapy alone may reduce the prevalence of disease for a short time. Recommendation: Community-based interventions should be applied in schools with an emphasis on health education programs through the training of schoolteachers on investigations for schistosomiasis, treatment with praziquantel, and the provision of materials (microscopes, reagents, and drugs).
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- 2024
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46. A comprehensive exploration of schistosomiasis: Global impact, molecular characterization, drug discovery, artificial intelligence and future prospects
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William Ekloh, Andy Asafu-Adjaye, Christopher Nii Laryea Tawiah-Mensah, Selina Mawunyo Ayivi-Tosuh, Naa Kwarley-Aba Quartey, Albert Fynn Aiduenu, Blessing Kwabena Gayi, Juliet Ama Mawusi Koudonu, Laud Anthony Basing, Jennifer Afua Afrifa Yamoah, Aboagye Kwarteng Dofuor, and Joseph Harold Nyarko Osei
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Schistosomiasis ,Schistosoma ,Anti-schistosomal ,Praziquantel ,Cercariae ,Miracidia ,Science (General) ,Q1-390 ,Social sciences (General) ,H1-99 - Abstract
Schistosomiasis, one of the neglected tropical diseases which affects both humans and animals, is caused by trematode worms of the genus Schistosoma. The disease is caused by several species of Schistosoma which affect several organs such as urethra, liver, bladder, intestines, skin and bile ducts. The life cycle of the disease involves an intermediate host (snail) and a mammalian host. It affects people who are in close proximity to water bodies where the intermediate host is abundant. Common clinical manifestations of the disease at various stages include fever, chills, headache, cough, dysuria, hyperplasia and hydronephrosis. To date, most of the control strategies are dependent on effective diagnosis, chemotherapy and public health education on the biology of the vectors and parasites. Microscopy (Kato-Katz) is considered the golden standard for the detection of the parasite, while praziquantel is the drug of choice for the mass treatment of the disease since no vaccines have yet been developed. Most of the previous reviews on schistosomiasis have concentrated on epidemiology, life cycle, diagnosis, control and treatment. Thus, a comprehensive review that is in tune with modern developments is needed. Here, we extend this domain to cover historical perspectives, global impact, symptoms and detection, biochemical and molecular characterization, gene therapy, current drugs and vaccine status. We also discuss the prospects of using plants as potential and alternative sources of novel anti-schistosomal agents. Furthermore, we highlight advanced molecular techniques, imaging and artificial intelligence that may be useful in the future detection and treatment of the disease. Overall, the proper detection of schistosomiasis using state-of-the-art tools and techniques, as well as development of vaccines or new anti-schistosomal drugs may aid in the elimination of the disease.
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- 2024
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47. Nanotechnological approaches in the treatment of schistosomiasis: an overview
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Lucas Carvalho, Michelle Sarcinelli, and Beatriz Patrício
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delivery system ,nanoformulation ,nanotechnology ,neglected diseases ,praziquantel ,schistosoma ,Technology ,Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Science ,Physics ,QC1-999 - Abstract
Schistosomiasis causes over 200,000 deaths annually. The current treatment option, praziquantel, presents limitations, including low bioavailability and resistance. In this context, nanoparticles have emerged as a promising option for improving schistosomiasis treatment. Several narrative reviews have been published on this topic. Unfortunately, the lack of clear methodologies presented in these reviews leads to the exclusion of many important studies without apparent justification. This integrative review aims to examine works published in this area with a precise and reproducible method. To achieve this, three databases (i.e., Pubmed, Web of Science, and Scopus) were searched from March 31, 2022, to March 31, 2023. The search results included only original research articles that used nanoparticles smaller than 1 µm in the treatment context. Additionally, a search was conducted in the references of the identified articles to retrieve works that could not be found solely using the original search formula. As a result, 65 articles that met the established criteria were identified. Inorganic and polymeric nanoparticles were the most prevalent nanosystems used. Gold was the primary material used to produce inorganic nanoparticles, while poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) and chitosan were commonly used to produce polymeric nanoparticles. None of these identified works presented results in the clinical phase. Finally, based on our findings, the outlook appears favorable, as there is a significant diversity of new substances with schistosomicidal potential. However, financial efforts are required to advance these nanoformulations.
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- 2024
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48. Highlighting male genital schistosomiasis in Malawi.
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Kayuni, Sekeleghe A., Musaya, Janelisa, and Stothard, J. Russell
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MALE reproductive health , *SCHISTOSOMIASIS , *DISEASE management - Abstract
Highlighting recent literature, we review the epidemiological and clinical importance of male genital schistosomiasis (MGS) in Malawi. We then discuss why individual disease management is an unmet public health challenge and outline how future interventions should be better set within routine services of HIV and men's sexual and reproductive health clinics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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49. Taenia saginata infection incidentally detected during workup for lymphoma from an 8-year-old boy in Korea: a case report
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Eun Jeong Won, Min Jae Kim, Jina Lee, Hyery Kim, Heungsup Sung, and Mi-Na Kim
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child ,praziquantel ,taenia saginata ,b-cell lymphoma ,republic of korea ,Microbiology ,QR1-502 - Abstract
Human taeniasis is presumed to have almost disappeared from Korea. Recently, we incidentally detected a Taenia saginata infection in an 8-year-old boy undergoing lymphoma diagnosis. The patient had been suffering for 4 months from intensifying snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. A neck computed tomography scan revealed a nasopharyngeal mass, and malignant B-cell lymphoma was supported by punch biopsy. On day 6 of the lymphoma workup period, the patient experienced anal itching, and two proglottids were detected in his stool. The patient had experienced four or five similar episodes within the past 2 years. He self-reported a history of raw beef and fish consumption and no history of traveling abroad. Laboratory findings revealed mild eosinophilia (eosinophil count: 791/μL). Two proglottids exhibited movement and possessed more than 15 branched uterine structures. Long segments approximately 84 cm in length were expelled after praziquantel treatment. Sequencing of the cytochrome oxidase 1 gene confirmed T. saginata, ruling out related Taenia species. After treatment, no proglottids or ova were detected in his stool, and the patient finally started chemotherapy for lymphoma. This case highlights the importance of timely diagnosis of hidden taeniasis in low-frequency endemic regions.
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- 2023
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50. Efficacy and safety of praziquantel treatment against Schistosoma mansoni infection among pre-school age children in southern Ethiopia
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Tafese Tadele, Ayalew Astatkie, Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse, Eyasu Makonnen, Eleni Aklillu, and Solomon Mequanente Abay
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Efficacy ,Safety ,Praziquantel ,Pre-school age children ,Schistosomiasis, Schistosoma mansoni ,Cure rate ,Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 - Abstract
Abstract Background Preventive chemotherapy with a single dose of praziquantel given to an all-at-risk population through mass drug administration is the cornerstone intervention to control and eliminate schistosomiasis as a public health problem. This intervention mainly targets school age children, and pre-school age children (pre-SAC) are excluded from receiving preventive chemotherapy, partly due to scarcity of data on praziquantel treatment outcomes. Methods We conducted active efficacy and safety surveillance of praziquantel treatment among 240 Schistosoma mansoni-infected pre-SAC who received a single dose of praziquantel (40 mg/kg) in southern Ethiopia. The study outcomes were egg reduction rates (ERR) and cure rates (CRs) four weeks after treatment using the Kato–Katz technique and treatment-associated adverse events (AEs) that occurred within 8 days post-treatment. Results The overall ERR was 93.3% (WHO reference threshold ≥ 90%), while the CR was 85.2% (95% CI = 80.0–89.5%). Baseline S. mansoni infection intensity was significantly associated with CRs, 100% among light infected than moderate (83.4%) or heavy (29.4%) infected children. An increase of 100 in baseline S. mansoni egg count per gram of stool resulted in a 26% (95% CI: 17%, 34%) reduction in the odds of cure. The incidence of experiencing at least one type of AE was 23.1% (95% CI: 18.0%, 29.0%). Stomachache, diarrhea, and nausea were the most common AEs. AEs were mild-to-moderate grade and transient. Pre-treatment moderate (ARR = 3.2, 95% CI: 1.69, 6.14) or heavy infection intensity (ARR = 6.5, 95% CI: 3.62, 11.52) was a significant predictor of AEs (p
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- 2023
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