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Background and Aim: Progesterone (P4) is the main hormone for pregnancy maintenance, occurring approximately 62–64 days after ovulation in bitches. Progesterone acts by binding to specific receptors. Aglepristone is a progesterone receptor (PR) antagonist with a higher affinity for PR binding. There are no published studies on cell proliferation and apoptosis in the canine uterus at the time of parturition. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the local effects of aglepristone on cell proliferation and apoptosis of interplacental uterine tissue during planned cesarean section (C-section) in bitches. Materials and Methods: In this study, 13 client-owned French bulldogs were examined. Bitches were divided into treatment (n = 8) and control (n = 5) groups. Ovulation timing was predicted based on the serum P4 level on 62–64 days post-ovulation for parturition. Serum P4 levels were measured before (on 60-day post-ovulation) and on C-section day (on 61-day post-ovulation). Aglepristone (Alizine®), 15 mg/kg subcutaneously (SC), was administered on 60 days post-ovulation in the treatment group. A C-section was planned 20–24 h later, and interplacental uterine areas were collected from both groups during the C-section. Immunohistochemistry based on Ki-67 and TUNEL assay was used to evaluate cell proliferation and apoptosis in four different interplacental uterine tissue layers (epithelium, stroma, glandular epithelium, and myometrium). Data are reported as mean ± standard deviation. Kruskal–Wallis test was used for comparisons of more than two independent groups. P value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: One bitch in the treatment group was excluded due to emergency C-section 8 h after aglepristone administration. Serum P4 levels (ng/mL) at 20–24 h before and at C-section were 6.09 ± 2.72 and 4.32 ± 2.2 in the treatment group (n = 7) and 5.45 ± 1.28 and 3.67 ± 1.89 in the control group (n = 5), respectively. Proliferation (PI) and apoptotic (AI) indices were 45%, respectively, in both the treatment (n = 5) and control (n = 3) groups. PI and AI were detected at interplacental areas. Conclusion: There were no significant differences in serum P4 levels or PI and AI indices between the groups. The PI

Background: Burkholderia pseudomallei, a Gram-negative pathogen, causes melioidosis. Although various clinical laboratory identification methods exist, culture-based techniques lack comprehensive evaluation. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of culture-based automation and non-automation methods. Methods: Data were collected via PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Scopus using specific search strategies. Selected studies underwent bias assessment using QUADAS-2. Sensitivity and specificity were computed, generating pooled estimates. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistics. Results: The review encompassed 20 studies with 2988 B. pseudomallei samples and 753 non-B. pseudomallei samples. Automation-based methods, particularly with updating databases, exhibited high pooled sensitivity (82.79%; 95% CI 64.44–95.85%) and specificity (99.94%; 95% CI 98.93–100.00%). Subgroup analysis highlighted superior sensitivity for updating-database automation (96.42%, 95% CI 90.01–99.87%) compared to non-updating (3.31%, 95% CI 0.00–10.28%), while specificity remained high at 99.94% (95% CI 98.93–100%). Non-automation methods displayed varying sensitivity and specificity. In-house latex agglutination demonstrated the highest sensitivity (100%; 95% CI 98.49–100%), followed by commercial latex agglutination (99.24%; 95% CI 96.64–100%). However, API 20E had the lowest sensitivity (19.42%; 95% CI 12.94–28.10%). Overall, non-automation tools showed sensitivity of 88.34% (95% CI 77.30–96.25%) and specificity of 90.76% (95% CI 78.45–98.57%). Conclusion: The study underscores automation's crucial role in accurately identifying B. pseudomallei, supporting evidence-based melioidosis management decisions. Automation technologies, especially those with updating databases, provide reliable and efficient identification.

Abstract Obesity is highly associated with Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and increased risk of liver cirrhosis and liver cancer-related death. We determined the diagnostic performance of the complex-based chemical shift technique MRI-PDFF for quantifying liver fat and its correlation with histopathologic findings in an obese population within 24 h before bariatric surgery. This was a prospective, cross-sectional, Institutional Review Board-approved study of PDFF-MRI of the liver and MRI-DIXON image volume before bariatric surgery. Liver tissues were obtained during bariatric surgery. The prevalence of NAFLD in the investigated cohort was as high as 94%. Histologic hepatic steatosis grades 0, 1, 2, and 3 were observed in 3 (6%), 25 (50%), 14 (28%), and 8 (16%) of 50 obese patients, respectively. The mean percentages of MRI-PDFF from the anterior and posterior right hepatic lobe and left lobe vs. isolate left hepatic lobe were 15.6% (standard deviation [SD], 9.28%) vs. 16.29% (SD, 9.25%). There was a strong correlation between the percentage of steatotic hepatocytes and MRI-PDFF in the left hepatic lobe (r = 0.82, p

Abstract Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs), are grouped in Retroviridae family, remain a significant loss in the small ruminant husbandry. As a result of unavailability of vaccine and effective treatment, the diagnosis plays a crucial role for the control of SRLV infection. However, the major challenge of diagnosis of SRLV infection is the genetic and antigenic variability of the viruses that can lead to a failure in serological detection. This study investigated the circulating strains of the viruses in goats in Thailand and an in-house ELISA was developed. The coding sequences for gag protein were optimized, synthesized, and expressed in Escherichia coli for increasing the sensitivity of ELISA test. A total of 365 serum samples were examined against the recombinant protein in an in-house ELISA. The results showed that the recombinant gag achieves 96.67% sensitivity and 93.18% specificity as compared with the commercially available ELISA test kit.

Background and Aim: Burkholderia pseudomallei, a highly pathogenic bacterium responsible for melioidosis, exhibits ecological ubiquity and thrives within soil and water reservoirs, posing significant infection risks to humans and animals through direct contact. The aim of this study was to elucidate the genetic diversity and prevalence patterns of B. pseudomallei sequence types (STs) across a global spectrum and to understand the relationships between strains isolated from different sources. Materials and Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis in this study. Extensive research was carried out across three comprehensive databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect with data collected from 1924 to 2023. Results: A total of 40 carefully selected articles contributed 2737 B. pseudomallei isolates attributed to 729 distinct STs and were incorporated into the systematic review. Among these, ST46 emerged as the most prominent, featuring in 35% of the articles and demonstrating a dominant prevalence, particularly within Southeast Asia. Moreover, ST51 consistently appeared across human, animal, and environmental studies. Subsequently, we performed a meta-analysis, focusing on nine specific STs: ST46, ST51, ST54, ST70, ST84, ST109, ST289, ST325, and ST376. Surprisingly, no statistically significant differences in their pooled prevalence proportions were observed across these compartments for ST46, ST70, ST289, ST325, and ST376 (all p > 0.69). Conversely, the remaining STs, including ST51, ST54, ST84, and ST109, displayed notable variations in their prevalence among the three domains (all p < 0.04). Notably, the pooled prevalence of ST51 in animals and environmental samples surpassed that found in human isolates (p < 0.01). Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the intricate relationships between STs and their sources and contributes significantly to our understanding of B. pseudomallei diversity within the One Health framework.

The Thailand Hornbill Project (THP) launched the first community-based hornbill conservation program in southern Thailand (CBC-THP) in 1994 to combat hornbill poaching. For 30 years, CBC-THP has engaged local communities in hornbill conservation, achieving ecological success evident through increased chick survival rates. To evaluate CBC-THP's success beyond ecological outcomes, we surveyed three stakeholder groups: 124 hornbill adopters (HA), 142 participants in CBC-THP (THPP), and 422 non-participants (NTHPP). We examined their backgrounds, eight social determinants, and their perceptions of CBC-THP's success. Using explanatory factor analysis, we categorized specific social determinants for comparison and assessed their impact on perceived success through ordinal regression. The analysis revealed that perceived outcomes were a primary determinant of success across all groups. For HAs, involvement in CBC-THP was a significant factor, whereas for THPP and NTHPP, knowledge of hornbill ecology and a positive attitude towards conservation efforts were crucial. Additionally, perceived benefits substantially influenced THPP's view of success, while trust, perceived conflict, and barrier to sustainability were key factors for NTHPP. These findings highlight the importance of understanding social factors to foster stakeholder support for community-based wildlife conservation initiatives. We recommend a nationwide assessment of CBC-THP's perceived success to further explore social factors affecting hornbill conservation.

Background and Aim: Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a pathogenic virus that suppresses the immune system of pigs, impacting their health and causing economic losses. Rapid diagnostic tools for early detection of PCV2 are critical to disease prevention and control. Several molecular techniques have been established for detecting PCV2 but costly equipment and time-consuming methods are unsuitable for field inspection. In this study, we developed a recombinase-aided amplification combined with lateral flow dipstick (RAA-LFD) assay to compare with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) in detecting PCV2 in suspected field samples. Materials and Methods: To amplify RAA products, 15 primer pairs were designed from the conserved region of the open reading frame (ORF) 1 gene based on multiple alignments of eight PCV2 genotypes. The most efficient primer pair and conditions for the RAA-LFD assay were tested and selected. Limit of detection, repeatability, and reproducibility were determined using the constructed plasmid. DNA was extracted from positive samples for specificity testing as well as from 100 field samples to compare the detection of the RAA-LFD assay with PCR and qPCR. Results: The F1/R1 primer pair was chosen and labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate at the 5’ end of the forward primer and with biotin at the 5’ end of the reverse primer. The limit of detection of the RAA-LFD assay was 10 copies/μL at 38°C for 30 min. The RAA-LFD assay was repeatable and reproducible, with no cross-reaction with PCV3, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, Classical swine fever virus, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus - North America strain (PRRSV-US) and Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus - European strain (PRRSV-EU). Based on testing with 100 samples, the developed RAA showed 100% specificity and 90.56% and 85.71% sensitivity when compared to PCR and qPCR, respectively Cohen’s kappa coefficients showed a good agreement with the established techniques. Conclusion: The RAA-LFD assay targeting the ORF1 gene was highly sensitive, specific, quick, and simple to perform in the field.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is the most effective treatment for severe obesity. A very low-calorie diet (VLCD) is another effective dietary intervention to treat obesity. This study evaluated the effect of a VLCD versus RYGB on weight reduction, changes in body composition and the resolution of comorbidities during a 12-week period. Individuals with obesity at the obesity clinic, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 37.5 kg/m2 or ≥32.5 kg/m2 with obesity-related complications were recruited. Treatment options, either RYGB or VLCD, were assigned depending on patients’ preferences and physicians’ judgment. The analysis included 16 participants in the RYGB group and 15 participants in the VLCD group. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups; nevertheless, the participants in the VLCD group were significantly younger than those in the RYGB group. The number of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) was slightly higher in the RYGB group (43.8% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.552). Additionally, patients in the RYGB group had a longer duration of T2D and were treated with anti-diabetic agents, while VLCD patients received only lifestyle modifications. At 12 weeks, total and percentage weight loss in the RYGB and VLCD groups, respectively, were as follows: −17.6 ± 6.0 kg vs. −15.6 ± 5.1 kg (p = 0.335) and −16.2% ± 4.3% vs. −14.1% ± 3.6% (p = 0.147). Changes in biochemical data and the resolution of comorbidities were similar between the groups at 12 weeks. A 12-week VLCD resulted in similar weight loss and metabolic improvement compared with RYGB. Large-scale studies with long follow-up periods are needed to elucidate whether VLCD is a viable alternative treatment to bariatric surgery.

In total, 901 dairy cow sera and data were collected from 51 farms in Nakhon Pathom, Ratchaburi and Kanchanaburi provinces (Western Region of Thailand). Serum samples were processed via the multispecies ELISA method to detect IgG antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii infection. The results demonstrated that the calculated true prevalence was 1.48% (95% CI, 0.64–2.75%) for the individual-level and 29.41% (95% CI, 18.71–43%) for the farm-level. The univariate risk factor analysis showed that the number of total owned cats, the presence of stray cats, and the frequency of cleaning per day were significant factors (p

It is challenging to plant lavender outside of suitable conditions. This economically important plant requires optimal conditions to germinate and produce a high yield. To increase the quality of this plant, tissue culture is utilized. The most problematic aspect of lavender micropropagation is that cytokinin (CK) causes hyperhydricity (HH) during the shooting process. Consequently, this study was conducted to resolve HH in micropropagated lavender plantlets. Different concentrations of silver nanoparticles (Ag- NPs) were applied in conjunction with 1.0 mg L-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BA). Then, the performance of HH, growth and develop- ment, as well as total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) content, were evaluated. The application of 20 mg L-1 of AgNPs was found to be the optimal method for halting HH. Although shoot proliferation was lower than in BA-supplemented media-grown plants, adding this concentration of AgNPs improved shoot and root quality. An increase in secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity may have caused the remedy of HH.

In the present day, non-ductile reinforced concrete (RC) members have still appeared in certain parts of the existing old buildings and bridges. These structures always exhibit shear failure when they have been subjected to seismic loading, resulting in a complicated problem for studying or simulating the behaviors of these structures. The soil-structure interaction is a part of these problems that are of interest and motivated in the current study. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel frame model on the Kerr-type foundation with the inclusion of the shear-flexure interaction for the analysis of the non-ductile RC members resting on the foundation. The proposed model is derived from the displacement-based formulation together with the Timoshenko beam theory. The effects of shear-flexure interaction are taken into account in the proposed model through the shear constitutive law. Finally, two numerical simulations are used to assess the capability, accuracy, and efficiency of the proposed model to characterize non-ductile RC members resting on the foundation. Furthermore, these simulations demonstrate the impact of the shear-flexure interaction on the responses of non-ductile RC members on the foundation.

Salmonella is a food-borne pathogen often linked to poultry sources, causing gastrointestinal infections in humans, with the numbers of multidrug resistant (MDR) isolates increasing globally. To gain insight into the genomic diversity of common serovars and their potential contribution to disease, we characterized antimicrobial resistance genes, and virulence factors encoded in 88 UK and 55 Thai isolates from poultry; the presence of virulence genes was detected through an extensive virulence determinants database compiled in this study. Long-read sequencing of three MDR isolates, each from a different serovar, was used to explore the links between virulence and resistance. To augment current control methods, we determined the sensitivity of isolates to 22 previously characterized Salmonella bacteriophages. Of the 17 serovars included, Salmonella Typhimurium and its monophasic variants were the most common, followed by S. Enteritidis, S. Mbandaka, and S. Virchow. Phylogenetic analysis of Typhumurium and monophasic variants showed poultry isolates were generally distinct from pigs. Resistance to sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin was highest in isolates from the UK and Thailand, respectively, with 14–15% of all isolates being MDR. We noted that >90% of MDR isolates were likely to carry virulence genes as diverse as the srjF, lpfD, fhuA, and stc operons. Long-read sequencing revealed the presence of global epidemic MDR clones in our dataset, indicating they are possibly widespread in poultry. The clones included MDR ST198 S. Kentucky, harboring a Salmonella Genomic Island-1 (SGI)-K, European ST34 S. 1,4,[5],12:i:-, harboring SGI-4 and mercury-resistance genes, and a S. 1,4,12:i:- isolate from the Spanish clone harboring an MDR-plasmid. Testing of all isolates against a panel of bacteriophages showed variable sensitivity to phages, with STW-77 found to be the most effective. STW-77 lysed 37.76% of the isolates, including serovars important for human clinical infections: S. Enteritidis (80.95%), S. Typhimurium (66.67%), S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- (83.3%), and S. 1,4,12: i:- (71.43%). Therefore, our study revealed that combining genomics and phage sensitivity assays is promising for accurately identifying and providing biocontrols for Salmonella to prevent its dissemination in poultry flocks and through the food chain to cause infections in humans.

The purposes of this research were to study the factors of effectiveness management model for subdistrict secondary school, to investigate current situations and desirable situations of effectiveness management model for sub-district secondary school, to develop the effectiveness management model for sub-district secondary school and to study the effects of effectiveness management model for subdistrict secondary school. This study was conducted in 4 phases which include first, studying the factors of effectiveness management model for sub-district secondary school, secondly investigating current situations and desirable situations of effectiveness management model for sub-district secondary school, thirdly developing effectiveness management model for sub-district secondary school and the last examining the results of usage of the effectiveness management model for sub-district secondary school. The target group consists of 33 teachers at Dongmafaiwittaya School, Secondary Educational Service Area Office 23, which was the research field. The instruments used in this study were two types: Firstly manual of development effectiveness management model, Secondly instruments used for data collection: questionnaire, non-structure interview and evaluation form. The statistics used for data analysis were percentage, mean and standard deviation. The findings of the research were as follows: The factors of effectiveness management model for sub-district secondary school comprised of input, process and output; the current situations and desirable situations of effectiveness management model for sub-district secondary school were in the 'highest' level in every aspect; the development effectiveness management model for sub-district secondary school found that the factors of effectiveness management model for sub-district secondary school comprised of 3 aspects, 18 main factors and 102 sub-factors; the results of using the effectiveness management model for sub-district secondary revealed that it was suitability and feasibility in overall.

Rapid and sensitive detection of Dengue virus remains a critical challenge in global public health. This study presents the development and evaluation of a Zinc Oxide nanorod (ZnO NR)-surface-integrated microfluidic platform for the early detection of Dengue virus. Utilizing a seed-assisted hydrothermal synthesis method, high-purity ZnO NRs were synthesized, characterized by their hexagonal wurtzite structure and a high surface-to-volume ratio, offering abundant binding sites for bioconjugation. Further, a comparative analysis demonstrated that the ZnO NR substrate outperformed traditional bare glass substrates in functionalization efficiency with 4G2 monoclonal antibody (mAb). Subsequent optimization of the functionalization process identified 4% (3-Glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) as the most effective surface modifier. The integration of this substrate within a herringbone-structured microfluidic platform resulted in a robust device for immunofluorescence detection of DENV-3. The limit of detection (LOD) for DENV-3 was observed to be as low as 3.1 × 10−4 ng/mL, highlighting the remarkable sensitivity of the ZnO NR-integrated microfluidic device. This study emphasizes the potential of ZnO NRs and the developed microfluidic platform for the early detection of DENV-3, with possible expansion to other biological targets, hence paving the way for enhanced public health responses and improved disease management strategies.

Background: The vulnerability of international migrant workers is on the rise, affecting the frequency of occupational accidents at workplaces worldwide. If migrant workers are managed in the same way as native workers, the consequences on safety assurance and risk management will be significant. This study aimed to develop the vulnerability factor model for migrant workers in seafood processing industries because of significant risk-laden labor of Thailand, which could be a solution to control the risk effectively. Methods: A total of 569 migrant workers were surveyed (432 Burmese and 137 Cambodian), beginning with 40 initial vulnerability factors identified in the questionnaire established from experts. The data were analyzed through descriptive analysis; exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to ascertain the model. Results: The result of content validity >0.67 and the Cronbach’s alpha of 0.957 specified the high reliability of 40 factors. The EFA indicated a total variance of 65.49%. The final CFA validated the model and had an empirical fitting; chi-square = 85.34, Adjust Goodness-of-Fit Index = 0.96, and root mean square error of approximation = 0.016. The structure concluded with three dimensions and 18 factors. Dimension 1 of the structure, “multicultural safety operation,” contained 12 factors; Dimension 2, “well-being,” contained four factors; and Dimension 3, “communication technology,” contained two factors. Conclusion: The vulnerability factor structure developed in this study included three dimensions and 18 factors that were significantly empirical. The knowledge enhanced safety management in the context of vulnerability factor structure for migrant workers at the workplace.

Multidrug resistance (MDR) problems become critical concerns in animal production through food chains and the environment. Thus, the cross-sectional study of E. coli in swine feces, drinking water, and wastewater collected on four medium and four large swine farms in Thailand was studied. The orders of antibiotics used were AMX-COL-GM-TIL and AMX-COL-GM-CER on medium-sized and large swine farms, respectively. Hemolytic E. coli (HEC) was more frequently isolated from all samples than Non-hemolytic E. coli (NHEC). The medium-sized farms were resistant to AMP, AMX, TE, and C, while large farms were resistant to AMP, AMX, TE, and PIP. Only two sensitive antibiotics, namely AK and TE, were available on both farms, whereas, banned NT was still detected in the sludge. The MDR of E. coli isolates was 95.7% and 87.7% on medium-sized and large swine farms, while the highest resistance found was 15 drugs used for NHEC on medium-sized swine farms. The PFGE molecular typing revealed the largest cluster containing five isolations, correlated with drinking water, sow, and fattening isolates; however, the phenotypic and genotypic were not in a similar pattern. The most seriously MDR related to HEC was found in the piglets, effluent, and sludge.Thus, the AMR and MDR of E. coli existence in medium-sized and large swine farms in this study. MDR of E. coli was substantially found in the environmental, including effluent and sludge. Therefore, it inevitably operates the long-term monitoring of AMR, especially targeted piglets and its environment as the main focus of critical antibiotics use in swine farms.

The aim of this study was to study the components of the internal control-based administrative system in secondary schools, and make a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to confirm the goodness of fit of empirical data and component model that resulted from the CFA. The study consisted of three steps: 1) studying of principles, ideas, and theories in related documents, 2) synthesizing and specifying them as components of the system, and 3) proposing these components to experts in the field for their confirmation on the appropriateness as components. Sample groups for the CFA comprised three groups with 300 samples i.e. 100 school directors, 100 school deputy directors, and 100 school teachers. A package program was applied to analyze collected data for mean, and standard deviation. Evaluation of the goodness of fit of the CFA Model was done by Chi-square, CFI, TLI, RMSEA and SRMR. Research results revealed that there were four components of the system i.e. Inputs, Process, Outputs, and Feedback. The Inputs comprised four components: 1) administrative resources, 2) learners, 3) administrative tasks in schools, and 4) policies, ideas, and directions on school administration. The Process comprised five components: 1) control environment including seven subcomponents, 2) risk assessment including five sub-components, 3) control activities including seven sub- components, 4) information and communication including six sub-components, and 5) monitoring including three sub-components. The Outputs were considered from two results i.e. 1) school quality basing on the Thailand National Basic Education criterion, and 2) satisfaction of related people in the system. The Feedback data received was from school internal-control evaluation, and CFA results. It was found that the model had a good level of goodness of fit to empirical data when considering the goodness of fit index.

The diurnal raptors (Family: Accipitridae and Falconidae) are important as ecosystem bioindicators. Unfortunately, the global number of these birds has fallen, and they are close to extinction. This study reports the molecular prevalence and genetic diversity of Haemoproteus and Plasmodium in raptors admitted to the Kasetsart University Raptor Rehabilitation Unit over a period of 6 years. A total of 198 raptors, including 22 species from 30 provinces in Thailand, were admitted. The prevalence of parasites in raptors was low: Haemoproteus was 4.04% (95% CI: 1.29–6.78), and Plasmodium 2.53% (95% CI: 0.34–4.71). Eleven lineages of haemosporidian parasites were identified, and four lineages (ACCBAD02, NISALB01, NISALB02, and AEGMO03) are new globally. Interestingly, six lineages were isolated from birds belonging to the Accipitridae and Falconidae families (TYTAL4, TYTAL6, GLACUC08, MILANS06, OTUSCO02, and ORW1), indicating host shift of these parasites. Furthermore, the low prevalence of Haemoproteus and Plasmodium in raptors compared with that in previous reports suggests a relationship between the activity of avian hosts and vectors. This information is valuable for application in raptor rehabilitation and further research.

Background and Aim: Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes severe diarrhea in suckling piglets, leading to severe economic losses in the swine industry. Commercial vaccines have limited effectiveness against different genogroups of PEDV and the shedding of virus. The C-terminal of the S1 domain and the N-terminal of the S2 domain (S1-2) protein of the spike (S) protein have four neutralizing epitopes. However, research on the expression of the S1-2 segment of the S gene has been limited. In this study, we expressed a recombinant S1-2 protein of the S protein of the PEDV Thai isolate and characterized the immunological properties of the recombinant S1-2 protein. Materials and Methods: The S1-2 segment of the S gene of the PEDV Thai isolate (G2b) was amplified, cloned into the pBAD202/D-TOPO® vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), and expressed in Escherichia coli. The optimum concentration of arabinose and the optimum induction time for the expression of the recombinant S1-2 protein were determined using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The immunogenic reactivity of the recombinant S1-2 protein was determined using Western blot analysis with rabbit polyclonal antibodies against the SM98 strain of PEDV (G1a). Results: The recombinant S1-2 segment of the S gene of the PEDV Thai isolate protein was cloned and the recombinant S1-2 protein was successfully expressed. The optimum concentration of arabinose and the optimum induction time for the induction of the recombinant S1-2 protein were 0.2% and 8 h, respectively. The recombinant S1-2 protein reacted specifically with both rabbit anti-histidine polyclonal antibodies and rabbit anti-PEDV polyclonal antibodies. Conclusion: The recombinant S1-2 protein reacted with rabbit anti-PEDV polyclonal antibodies induced by the different PEDV genogroup. Therefore, the recombinant S1-2 protein may be a useful tool for the development of a diagnostic test for PEDV or for a vaccine against PEDV.

Acute non-typhoidal salmonellosis (NTS) caused by a Gram-negative bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Tm) is one of the most common bacterial foodborne diseases worldwide. Bacteriophages (phages) can specifically target and lyse their host bacteria, including the multidrug-resistant strains, without collateral damage to other bacteria in the community. However, the therapeutic use of Salmonella phages in vivo is still poorly investigated. Salmonella phages ST-W77 and SE-W109 have previously been shown by our group to be useful for biocontrol properties. Here, we tested whether phages ST-W77 and SE-W109 can reduce Salmonella invasion into cultured human cells and confer a therapeutic benefit for acute NTS in a mammalian host. Human colonocytes, T84 cells, were treated with phages ST-W77, SE-W109, and its combination for 5 min before S. Tm infection. Gentamicin protection assays demonstrated that ST-W77 and SE-W109 significantly reduced S. Tm invasion and inflammatory response in human colonocytes. Next, streptomycin-pretreated mice were orally infected with S. Tm (108 CFU/mouse) and treated with a single or a combination of ST-W77 and SE-W109 (1010 PFU/mouse for 4 days) by oral feeding. Our data showed that phage-treated mice had lower S. Tm numbers and tissue inflammation compared to the untreated mice. Our study also revealed that ST-W77 and SE-W109 persist in the mouse gut lumen, but not in systemic sites. Together, these data suggested that Salmonella phages ST-W77 and SE-W109 could be further developed as an alternative approach for treating an acute NTS in mammalian hosts.

Background and Aim: Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a pathogen affecting the productivities of dairy cattle worldwide. The present study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and factors associated with BCoV serological status using a commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the western region of Thailand. Blood samples were collected from 30 dairy herds. In total, 617 blood serum samples were tested using a commercial indirect ELISA for BCoV-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies. A questionnaire was used to collect data on the factors which have been identified as risk factors for BCoV antibody detection. The age and history of diarrhea of each animal were recorded. Fisher's exact test was performed to univariately assess the association between BCoV serological status and possible risk factors. Variables with Fisher's exact test p3 years of age were more likely to be seropositive to BCoV compared to cattle

Background: Walking devices are frequently prescribed for many individuals, including those with spinal cord injury (SCI), to promote their independence. However, without proper screening and follow-up care, the individuals may continue using the same device when their conditions have progressed, that may possibly worsen their walking ability. Objective: This study developed an upper limb loading device (ULLD), and assessed the possibility of using the tool to determine the optimal walking ability of ambulatory participants with SCI who used a walking device daily (n=49). Methods: All participants were assessed for their optimal walking ability, i.e., the ability of walking with the least support device or no device as they could do safely and confidently. The participants were also assessed for their amount of weight-bearing on the upper limbs or upper limb loading while walking, amount of weight-bearing on the lower limbs or lower limb loading while stepping of the other leg, and walking performance. Results: The findings indicated that approximately one third of the participants (31%) could progress their walking ability from their current ability, whereby four participants could even walk without a walking device. The amount of upper limb loading while walking, lower limb loading ability, and walking performance were significantly different among the groups of optimal walking ability (p

The compound 4-cholorophenoxy acetonitrile (CPAN) was examined using Nonlinear optical properties in the current study. With the aid of normal coordinate analysis and the SQMFF methodology, vibrational analysis of FT-IR and FT-Raman has been conducted. Natural bond orbital analysis is used to analyze the electronic stability of the compound created by hyper conjugative contacts and charge delocalization, and the Frontier molecular orbital energy gap confirms the molecule's optical activity. ESP recognizes the nucleophilic and electrophilic areas of molecules, and the chemical implication of molecules was explained using ELF, LOL. Third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) investigations are carried out on a CPAN crystal using the Z-scan technique, and optical properties are established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crocodile oil is a highly effective treatment for ailments ranging from skin conditions to cancer. However, the effects of the oil on liver detoxification pathways are not well studied. This study aimed to investigate the effects of crocodile oil on the detoxification enzyme activities and the mRNA expressions of cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2), cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in rats. The rats were divided into four groups (n = 7/group): rats received a standard diet (C), a high-fat diet or HFD (H), and HFD with 1 ml (HCO1) and 3 ml (HCO3) of the oil per kg body weight. Interestingly, the oil yields from this study presented alpha-linolenic acid (0.96%) at similar levels compared with fish oil. The results revealed that HFD significantly increased the activity and relative gene expression of CYP1A2 in the H group (P

The purpose of the present study was to study the outcome of medical treatments and methods used to treat vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in patients with spinal cord lesions. We retrospectively collected data from the outpatient records of 73 spinal cord lesion patients with VUR. The treatments for VUR were anticholinergics (89%) and antibiotics (41%). The methods of bladder management undertaken were indwelling urethral catheterization (67%), intermittent catheterization (30%), and use of a urinary condom (3%). After VUR treatment, 58.9% of the patients showed VUR improvement. Patients with unilateral VUR responded to treatment better than patient with bilateral VUR. However, no significant evidence of certain medications or bladder management was more effective than others at treating VUR in patients with spinal cord injuries.

To date a large number of studies have been carried out on the use of different materials such as concrete, steel, fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites, to enhance the strength and ductility of the reinforced concrete (RC) members. Among these materials, concrete and steel are heavy weight, whereas FRP are expensive along with skin problems during handling and installations. In this paper, the efficiency of natural sisal fiber reinforced polymer composites is evaluated on strength and ductility of RC members. The salient features of natural sisal FRPs are low density, higher toughness, acceptable strength properties, reduced irritation to the skin and respiratory system, biodegradable and sustainable since they are natural products. The objectives of this research were twofold. The first was to evaluate the compressive and flexural behavior of small-sized concrete specimens (cylinders and beams) strengthened with natural sisal FRPs, considering different resin matrices, FRP thickness and concrete strengths. Whereas, the second objective was to investigate the strengthening effect of natural sisal FRP strengthening on the flexural response of RC beams. Test results showed that externally bonded natural sisal FRPs are significantly effective to increase the strength and ductility of the concrete members. In general, the experimental results demonstrated a higher increase in the load carrying capacity when the thickness of the sisal FRPs was increased. However, RC beams strengthened by natural sisal FRP, may fail by de-bonding of FRP from the concrete surface. To avoid this failure, a new anchoring system has been proposed and tested to evaluate their performance in preventing the de-bonding of FRP from concrete surface. Based on experimental results, proposed anchoring system was found to be effective to prevent the delamination of natural sisal FRPs from concrete surface.

Nest boxes are a conservation tool for increasing the availability of nests. The efficacy of nest boxes can be assessed by examining the breeding parameters of birds in nest boxes to see whether data are comparable with tree cavities. The hornbill artificial nest research was conducted in Budo-Su-Ngai Padi National Park, Thailand since 2003. This project aims to increase the breeding propensity of two large species of hornbills; the Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis) and the Rhinoceros Hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros) that coexist in the study area, by utilizing nest boxes. The nest boxes were constructed from fiber-reinforced plastic. There were two designs; small nest box: 50 x 49 cm at base and 95 cm height, and large: 65 x 70 cm at base and 95 cm height. Twenty nest boxes were installed between 2004 and 2006. These nest boxes were monitored from 2004 to 2021. The study results indicated that the proportion of nest occupancy of Great Hornbill breeding in natural nests was higher than nest boxes: 48.9% and 31.4%, respectively (the two binomial proportions test gives: Zc= 4.01, P < 0.0006 < α = 0.05). The results also showed that the Great Hornbill prefers to select a large nest box than a small one: 37.3% and 17.3%, respectively (the two binomial proportions test gives: Zc = 3.4, P < 0.00068 < α = 0.05). Eight nest boxes so far have been utilized by hornbills: six by Great Hornbill with 58 nesting successes and two by Rhinoceros Hornbill with 1 nesting success. The average life cycle of the fiberglass nest box is about 11.38±4.23 SD years. The study results suggest that reproduction parameters of hornbills in nest boxes are different from natural cavities in many aspects. Our two target species do not equally benefit from nest boxes.

Coronavirus disease 2019 affected child health and impacted learning because of the resulting onsite school closures. This prospective cohort study included children aged 10–17 who received two 4 µg doses of BBIBP-CorV administered intramuscularly 21–28 days apart. To assess vaccine safety, 36,808 participants were then followed with paper- and web-based online questionnaire surveys that captured local and systemic reactogenicities following vaccine administration on days 1, 7, and 30. Among participants, 76% (27,880) reported reactogenicity within the first 24 h and 7 days following the first dose. Half (51.41%) of participants experienced pain at the injection site; the majority of cases were mild in severity. Injection site tenderness (37.93%) was another common local reaction. Fatigue (37.89%), myalgia (33.56%), and headache (26.76%) were the most common systemic reactions. On days 2–7 after the first dose, 25.85% of participants experienced adverse reactions. Following the second dose, reactogenicity was 7.6% and 1.09% within 24 h and between days 2–7. The majority of reactions were of mild to moderate severity. We report that two doses of the BBIBP-CorV caused mild to moderate side effects in adolescents in Thailand. The findings confirm the vaccine’s safety profile in this age group.

In attempt to treat injured raptors and promote conservation awareness, the Kasetsart University Raptor Rehabilitation Unit (KURRU) was established in 2007. The complete blood counts (CBCs) are a manual tool used for the screening of raptor health. These tests require knowledge of blood cell morphology. This study aimed to describe the preliminary information of the hematology, ultrastructure, and morphology of blood cells in rufous-winged buzzards (RWB). There were 17 RWBs admitted into the KURRU. CBCs were manually performed by veterinary technicians. The morphology and morphometry of blood cells were observed from Wright-stained blood smears. Ultrastructure was observed from uranyl acetate and lead citrate-stained sections. The hematologic values were analyzed and described from individual RWBs that were clinically healthy, negative for blood parasites, and had PCV > 0.30 L/L. Consequently, CBCs of 12 out of 17 RWBs were included for descriptive hematologic values. Heterophils were the most prevalent white blood cells in RWBs. Of these 17 RWBs, 1 non-parasitized RWB showed hypochromic erythrocytes with PCV 0.18 L/L, which indicated that anemia in RWBs resulted from non-parasitic causes. The morphology of blood cells in RWBs was similar to those in other diurnal raptors, except that the lymphocytes showed pale or colorless cytoplasm. The electron micrographs highlighted that the basophil contained two types of granules: homogeneous electron-dense granules and reticulated electron-dense granules. The photomicrographs in this report are the scientific reference for identification of blood cells in RWBs. The CBCs from non-parasitized RWBs (clinically healthy) can be used as a cage mate reference in the KURRU. Additionally, we found evidence that evaluations of blood smears together with CBC examination were important in raptors.

The playground is perhaps the one area where school children feel like they can roam free, and public playgrounds provide many learning opportunities through different types of play. A cross-sectional descriptive study is presented with the objective of studying playground safety and the play behavior of primary school children at a park in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand. The total number of playground equipment pieces was 22, the sample group of children was 362 children, and the data were collected using a playground safety survey and an observation form on playground play behavior. Data were collected from 2017 to 2018 and were analyzed using descriptive statistics including frequency, average, and standard deviation. The research showed that: (1) the most common defects of playground equipment included the material selection, the distance of the stair steps, and the height of the playground equipment; (2) the lack of awareness of children in terms of using the playground equipment safely; and (3) the three top risks in the play behavior of children were not checking equipment or toys before play, playing on the equipment over-adventurously, and playing on the equipment carelessly with friends. Related government agencies should provide support and management for playground areas and playground equipment by continuously implementing equipment checks, improvements, and repairs.

Owls are nocturnal raptors that are prevalently infected with haemosporidian parasites wordwide. These birds were commonly submitted to the Kasetsart University Raptor Rehabilitation Unit, Kasetsart University, Thailand and were examined using PCR-based methods for the presence of haemosporidian infections of by the genera Plasmodium and Haemoproteus. Blood samples from 167 individual owls belonging to 12 species common in Thailand were collected between September 2012 and February 2018. The overall prevalence of haemosporidians was 34.1%, with Haemoproteus infections (25.1%) being more prevalent than Plasmodium infections (9.0%). The prevalence of both Haemoproteus and Plasmodium parasites was similar in all seasons of the year. Molecular characterization revealed 17 new haemosporidian parasite lineages (11 Haemoproteus and six Plasmodium), with genetic variation among partial cytochrome b sequences ranging from 0.0% to 3.6% in Haemoproteus lineages and 0.2%–8.8% in Plasmodium lineages. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all Haemoproteus lineages detected in owls appeared in one well-supported clade together with other parasites belonging to the Parahaemoproteus subgenus, indicating their close evolutionary relationship and common transmission modality by Culicoides biting midges. This study showes the existence of prominent non-described haemosporidian parasite diversity in Thai owls and provides baseline molecular information for further research on the genetic diversity of owl haemosporidian parasites. New DNA sequence information can be used for the diagnosis of owl infections, which have been often reported during rehabilitation planning. Keywords: Avian malaria, Haemosporidian parasites, Haemoproteus, PCR, Plasmodium, Strigiformes

Scapulocostal syndrome (SCS) is a subset of myofascial pain syndrome affecting the posterior shoulder and upper back area. Some of the affected muscles are attached to the rib cage, which may affect diaphragmatic mobility and chest expansion. The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of diaphragmatic mobility and chest expansion in patients with SCS. Twenty-nine patients with SCS and twenty-nine healthy participants of a similar age, gender, weight, and height were included in the study. All participants were evaluated for diaphragmatic mobility (DM) by real-time ultrasound (RTUS) and for chest expansion (CE) using a cloth tape measure. An independent t-test was used to compare the outcome variables between groups. The DM value in the SCS group was 46.24 ± 7.26 mm, whereas in the healthy group it was 54.18 ± 9.74 mm. The DM value was lower in the SCS group compared to in healthy participants (p < 0.05). Chest expansion at the axilla, the fourth intercostal space (4th ICS), and the xiphoid level in the SCS group was 7.26 ± 1.13, 6.83 ± 0.94, and 6.86 ± 1.25, respectively, while chest expansion at the axilla, 4th ICS, and xiphoid level in the healthy group was 7.92 ± 1.39, 7.54 ± 1.43, and 8.13 ± 1.32, respectively. Chest expansion at the 4th ICS and the xiphoid level in the SCS group was significantly lower than in the healthy group (p < 0.05). Patients with SCS presented a decrease in diaphragmatic mobility and chest expansion. Therefore, SCS treatment programs ought to add breathing exercises to improve lung expansion.

Adolescents can develop a severe form of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), especially with underlying comorbidities. No study has examined the efficacy or effectiveness of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines in adolescents. This single-center, prospective cohort study was performed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of an inactivated COVID-19 vaccine in adolescents using the immunobridging approach at Chulabhorn Hospital. The key eligibility criterion was a healthy clinical condition or stable pre-existing comorbidity. The anti-receptor-binding domain (anti-RBD) antibody concentration at 4 weeks after dose 2 of the vaccine was compared between participants aged 12 to 17 years and those aged 18 to 30 years. Safety profiles included adverse events within 7 days after each dose of the vaccine and any adverse events through 1 month after dose 2 of the vaccine. In the adolescent and adult cohorts, the geometric mean concentration of anti-RBD antibody was 102.9 binding antibody unit (BAU)/mL (95% CI, 91.0–116.4) and 36.9 BAU/mL (95% CI, 30.9–44.0), respectively. The geometric mean ratio of the adolescent cohort was 2.79 (95% CI, 2.25–3.46, p < 0.0001) compared with the adult cohort, meeting the non-inferiority criterion. The reactogenicity was slightly lower in the adolescent than in the adult cohort. No serious adverse events occurred. The inactivated COVID-19 vaccine appears safe and effective in adolescents.

Salmonella spp. is a leading cause of gastrointestinal enteritis in humans where it is largely contracted via contaminated poultry and pork. Phages can be used to control Salmonella infection in the animals, which could break the cycle of infection before the products are accessible for consumption. Here, the potential of 21 myoviruses and a siphovirus to eliminate Salmonella in vitro and in vivo was examined with the aim of developing a biocontrol strategy to curtail the infection in poultry and swine. Together, the phages targeted the twenty-three poultry and ten swine prevalent Salmonella serotype isolates tested. Although individual phages significantly reduced bacterial growth of representative isolates within 6 h post-infection, bacterial regrowth occurred 1 h later, indicating proliferation of resistant strains. To curtail bacteriophage resistance, a novel three-phage cocktail was developed in vitro, and further investigated in an optimized Galleria mellonella larva Salmonella infection model colonized with representative swine, chicken and laboratory strains. For all the strains examined, G. mellonella larvae given phages 2 h prior to bacterial exposure (prophylactic regimen) survived and Salmonella was undetectable 24 h post-phage treatment and throughout the experimental time (72 h). Administering phages with bacteria (co-infection), or 2 h post-bacterial exposure (remedial regimen) also improved survival (73–100% and 15–88%, respectively), but was less effective than prophylaxis application. These pre-livestock data support the future application of this cocktail for further development to effectively treat Salmonella infection in poultry and pigs. Future work will focus on cocktail formulation to ensure stability and incorporation into feeds and used to treat the infection in target animals.

ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus is a major concern in human health care, mostly due to the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance. Intracellular localization of S. aureus plays a key role in recurrent infections by protecting the pathogens from antibiotics and immune responses. Peptidoglycan hydrolases (PGHs) are highly specific bactericidal enzymes active against both drug-sensitive and -resistant bacteria. However, PGHs able to effectively target intracellular S. aureus are not yet available. To overcome this limitation, we first screened 322 recombineered PGHs for staphylolytic activity under conditions found inside eukaryotic intracellular compartments. The most active constructs were modified by fusion to different cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), resulting in increased uptake and enhanced intracellular killing (reduction by up to 4.5 log units) of various S. aureus strains (including methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA]) in different tissue culture infection models. The combined application of synergistic PGH-CPP constructs further enhanced their intracellular efficacy. Finally, synergistically active PGH-CPP cocktails reduced the total S. aureus by more than 2.2 log units in a murine abscess model after peripheral injection. Significantly more intracellular bacteria were killed by the PGH-CPPs than by the PGHs alone. Collectively, our findings show that CPP-fused PGHs are effective novel protein therapeutics against both intracellular and drug-resistant S. aureus. IMPORTANCE The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is one of the most urgent problems of our time. Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen that has acquired several mechanisms to evade antibiotic treatment. In addition, S. aureus is able to invade and persist within human cells, hiding from the immune response and antibiotic therapies. For these reasons, novel antibacterial strategies against these pathogens are needed. Here, we developed lytic enzymes which are able to effectively target drug-resistant and intracellular S. aureus. Fusion of these so-called enzybiotics to cell-penetrating peptides enhanced their uptake and intracellular bactericidal activity in cell culture and in an abscess mouse model. Our results suggest that cell-penetrating enzybiotics are a promising new class of therapeutics against staphylococcal infections.

Background. Blunt force injuries in patients with preexisting kidney disease account for 19% of all kidney injuries, suggesting that diseased kidneys are more vulnerable than normal kidneys. When a horseshoe kidney (a rare anomaly: prevalence of 0.2%) is injured, treatment is challenging, especially when nonoperative management is desired. In high-grade blunt force normal kidney injury, nonoperative management has high succession rate (94.8%) with kidney-related complication (13.6%). Surgical reconstruction and preservation of a damaged horseshoe kidney is difficult because of variations in its vascular anatomy. We report successful nonoperative management of a blunt horseshoe kidney injury with active bleeding and review previous outcomes and complications. Case Presentation. A 57-year-old man had a head-on collision motorcycle road traffic accident. On arrival, blood pressure was 90/60 mmHg, pulse rate 140 bpm, and clear yellow urine output 200 ml. The patient was transiently responsive to fluid and blood component. Whole body computed tomography showed a high-volume retroperitoneal hematoma and multiple-lacerated lower pole of the kidney, compatible with preexisting horseshoe kidney disease with active contrast-enhanced extravasation from the accessory right renal artery. Embolization was performed. Renal function, transiently impaired after embolization, normalized on day 3. An infected hematoma found on day 7 was successfully controlled with antibiotics. His recovery was uneventful. At the 6-month follow-up, his serum creatinine level had returned to normal. The average age of blunt force horseshoe kidney injury is 31.75 years and occurred more common in male (87.5%). Conclusion. Diseased horseshoe kidneys are prone to injury even with low-velocity impact such as a road traffic accident speed