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Building heating accounts for 17% of the United Kingdom’s (UK) direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and is the third largest emitter after surface transport and industry. There is a significant potential for building CO2 emission reductions to contribute towards the UK’s 2050 net zero-carbon target. The UK Government’s approach to decarbonising building heating centres on reducing the energy demand of buildings and displacing the use of fossil fuels with low to zero-carbon and renewable energy technologies. While this approach can minimise energy consumption, it continues to quickly downcycle resources through a linear economy approach of take–make–waste. There is no consideration of how effective the technologies are in their efficient use of the primary energy resources (PER), with some technologies being far more wasteful in terms of energy resource consumption than others. This strategy will lead to an increasing, and avoidable burden on the national electricity infrastructure as heat becomes increasingly electrified towards 2050 and that will translate to higher costs for both consumers and the economy. A similar outcome would result from the use of renewable electricity to produce hydrogen for building heating. Larger cities have more local heat sources available in the form of waste heat and environmental heat (in the ground and water) than there is building heat demand. A circular economy approach requiring new regulation and policy can prioritise the reuse of these freely available heat sources enabled by heat networks to realise a more sustainable approach to building heating. This will ultimately result in the decoupling of resource consumption from its depletion, which is a key circular economy principle. Exergy analysis used in city energy planning can identify and prioritise those more resource-efficient system options that utilise local heat sources and better conserve primary energy resources. The implementation of more resource-efficient heat supply systems can reduce energy resource consumption by over two-thirds and avoid the need to reinforce the national electrical infrastructure thus keeping citizens’ heating costs down.

In general terms, energy efficiency and conservation appraisal aspire to deliver an insatiable energy demand with less energy within the most significant amount of conservation and environmental benefits at the lowest possible price. Sustainable planning and design rely on a series of multi-disciplines: technical, technological, social, political, environmental, ecological, economic, institutional, and global restrictions that abstruse viable decision-making. Recent reports indicate that the residential building sector consumes 40% of the total energy and emits 30% of greenhouse gas (GHGs) worldwide. Thus accordingly, energy consumption in buildings is estimated at one-third of total primary energy resources. Therefore, proper modeling and optimization of a sustainable building in terms of energy efficiency and saving become a matter of focus. This paper explores an emerging picture of influential factors in the context of hands-on roadmap for energy-efficient and smart city planners, practitioners, scholars, and researchers. This study reviews the main points and proposes a framework in detail in the upcoming studies. Meanwhile, another objective of this paper was to introduce the most crucial indicators of energy-efficient building planning, design, and optimization to draw an exhaustive roadmap in compliance with resiliency, sustainability, and efficiency criteria throughout the lifecycle of a sustainable building.

The article is devoted to the analysis of forecasts of the world energy development made recently (from September 2020 to May 2021) by the world’s leading analytical centers, taking into account “the new reality” – the coronavirus pandemic. The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the development of the world economy and energy consumption and the estimates of its consequences on long-term global economic growth made in various forecasts and prognostic studies are considered. It is shown that the priority of most of the prognostic estimates of the world consumption of primary energy resources made by the world’s leading analytical centers in recent years is a sharp reduction in CO2 emissions by energy and stabilization of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in order to prevent negative climate changes on our planet. A conditional classification of scenarios for the prospective development of global energy is given, depending on the ideology that is embedded in them, an analysis of the fulfilled forecasts is given. It is concluded that Russian research structures need to develop their own similar forecasts. © 2021 А.М. Mastepanov.

The development of the Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell, now 65 years old in its pure molten-salt cell embodiment, has spawned a remarkable variety of designs and technologies (gas-fed fuel cells, direct carbon fuel cells, solid oxide FC hybrids, CO2 concentrating/capture and hydrogen generating systems). Sometimes these new subsets are recycling ideas from earlier stages of fuel cell exploration - which extend quite far back. Since Grove's discovery in 1840, diversification of the fuel has been a persistent lure and challenge – which led to exploration of ionic melts. Much later, after the isolation and identification of solid-oxide conductors, the path to a purely carbonate cell became conceptually clear. Its history since then has had several critical points, of diversification and convergence. Like all energy technologies, it is forever at the mercy of the economics, and politics, of primary energy resources – the balance between fossil and renewable. Is MCFC a technology whose time has come … and gone? Such a view would ignore its strong chemical fundamentals, intrinsic to a future including biofuels. But controlling and stabilizing the morphology and wetting properties of MCFC materials is vital for another cycle of re-birth and flowering.

Introduction. Reducing the negative impact of global warming and adapting to its devastating effects is an urgent global problem. Its decision is actively taken care of by politicians, leading world organizations and the expert community. Problems. Political, financial and economic, innovative, scientific and technical approaches and measures to reduce and / or neutralize climate change are widely discussed. World organizations - IPCC, IEA, WMO, IMF, etc. - are involved in solving the problems. Purpose. Assess the state of the problem, present the results of research and measures and tools for their implementation to reduce the greenhouse effect and / or adapt to its negative impact. Materials and methods. Authoritative literature sources with analysis of approaches, measures and tools to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, including the diversification of the fuel and energy balance of world energy resources, were used. Possibilities of adaptation to climate change are considered. Results. The main approaches and mechanisms of man-caused nature to actually reduce greenhouse gas emissions and global temperature in the 20th century are identified and their estimates for the period up to 2050 are given. The crucial role of RES and energy efficiency in the use of energy resources has been confirmed. Conclusions. It is likely that by the middle of the 20th century the world economy can be brought to a state of low-carbon development primarily through the use of renewable energy, energy efficiency, diversification of primary energy resources and their decarbonization, which will significantly reduce annual emissions of 10 carbon .

Research and analysis of the dynamics of actual consumption of primary energy resources, their structure and production volumes from own resources and reserves in the world from 2007 to 2018 are presented. In 2018 84.6% of global PER consumption is hydrocarbons, including 57.4% oil and gas, and approximately the same ratio of hydrocarbon consumption has remained over the past eleven years. Similar studies and analysis have been carried out for Europe and for individual countries: 1) which produce the largest GDP (USA, China and Japan); 2) ensure the volume of PER consumption by extraction from its own resources (the USA, excluding oil); 3) do not provide the volume of PER consumption by extraction from own resources (Japan, Europe, India and China) and 4) have a different economic structure. Studies of the dynamics of CO2 emissions in these countries and the world, in general, over the period 2007-2018. It is shown that the high rate of increase in the use of renewable energy sources does not compensate for the increase in CO2 emissions, and this problem becomes relevant, especially for the energy production sector. Keywords: primary energy resources, fuel and energy balance, oil, natural gas, coal, consumption, extraction from own resources, renewable energy sources, emissions, carbon dioxide References Eger D.O., Leshchenko I.S. Experience in the development of the USA gas industry. Problems of general energy. #3. Р. 23-30. (in Ukrainian)https://doi.org/10.15407/pge2018.03.023 BP Statistical Review of World Energ June 2017. Electronic resource. Access mode: stanford.edu/courses/2018/ph241/kuet2/docs/bp-2017.pdf BP Statistical Review of World Energ June 2018. Electronic resource. Access mode: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2018-full-report.pdf BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019. Electronic resource. Access mode: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf Eurostat > Energy > Data > SHARES (Renewables) 2019. Electronic resource. Access mode https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/energy/data/share Can CO2-EOR really provide carbon-negative oil? Electronic resource. Access mode: https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2019/april/can-co2-eor-really-provide-carbon-negative-oil.html U.S. Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions. 2018. Electronic resource. Access mode: https://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/carbon/ 20 years of carbon capture and storage. 2016. Electronic resource. Access mode: https://webstore.iea.org/20-years-of-carbon-capture-and-storage

The concept of low-carbon development involves several interrelated tasks: improving energy efficiency, using renewable energy, protecting and improving the quality of greenhouse gas sinks, limiting or reducing emissions, developing greenhouse gas absorption technologies, eliminating subsidies, and other methods of promoting environmentally destructive activities. The implementation of the principle of low-carbon development is in line with the gradual transformation of the world energy—the transition from fossil fuels as the main source of primary energy resources to other sources of energy. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that the most important element of development is the possibility of consumption of energy resources and, accordingly, the possibility of their production in the context of economic changes. The methods of statistical analysis, mathematical modeling, the method of criteria estimates were used in the article. Authors defined that there is a global positive dynamics in the period 2008–2017 in the field of alternative energy and stimulating its development through state regulation of the industry and improving the investment and innovation climate of the states as a whole, therefore, we can conclude that in the near future trends will be maintained. The mathematical model of the stability of the territory was presented in the form of a system of three differential equations. The authors clarified the model of sustainability of the territory as a social structure. Based on the developed mathematical model of the behavior of the control object, it is possible to predict the state of stable equilibrium of the energy security territory. The novelty of the article is that the issue of the sustainable development structure of energy security is raised for the first time.

The article highlights the main trends in the development of world energy. The method of forecasting energy consumption is presented, taking into account the level and dynamics of energy consumption in general, as well as the use of individual energy resources with differentiation by countries and regions. In the present study, when forming the energy forecast, the key indicators determining the global energy demand are the dynamics of the energy intensity of GDP and per capita energy consumption. It is shown that in the total volume of world consumption of primary energy resources, oil will continue to occupy a leading position. Among fossil fuels, the demand for natural gas will increase most intensively. The share of coal in the structure of consumption of primary energy carriers will decrease, which is associated with the replacement of coal with natural gas in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The greatest growth rates of demand among non-fossil fuels will be observed in renewable energy sources. The main growth in atomic energy consumption will be in the developing countries of the Asia-Pacific Region. Keywords: Energy consumption, Europe, Forecast, Renewable energy, Trends, World

Ireland has significantly increased its climate mitigation ambition, with a recent government commitment to reduce greenhouse-gases by an average of 7 % per year in the period to 2030 and a “net-zero” target for 2050, underpinned by a series of five-year carbon budgets. Energy systems optimisation modelling (ESOM) is a widely-used tool to inform pathways to address long-term energy challenges. This article describes a new ESOM developed to inform Ireland's energy system decarbonisation challenge. The TIMES-Ireland Model (TIM) is an optimisation model of the Irish energy system, which calculates the cost-optimal fuel and technology mix to meet future energy service demands in the transport, buildings, industry and agriculture sectors, while respecting constraints in greenhouse-gas emissions, primary energy resources and feasible deployment rates. TIM is developed to take into account Ireland's unique energy system context, including a very high potential for offshore wind energy and the challenge of integrating this on a relatively isolated grid, a very ambitious decarbonisation target in the period to 2030, the policy need to inform five-year carbon budgets to meet policy targets, and the challenge of decarbonising heat in the context of low building stock thermal efficiency and high reliance on fossil fuels. To that end, model features of note include “future proofing” with flexible temporal and spatial definitions, with a possible hourly time resolution, unit commitment and capacity expansion features in power sector, residential and passenger transport underpinned by detailed bottom-up sectoral models, cross-model harmonisation and soft-linking with demand and macro models. The paper also outlines a priority list of future model developments to better meet the challenge of deeply decarbonising energy supply and demand, taking into account equity, cost-effectiveness and technical feasibility. To support transparency and openness in decision-making, TIM is available to download under a Creative Commons licence.

The paper places emphasis on primary energy resources, their covariation, and their correlation with socioeconomic factors and aims to provide a systematic analysis of their development over time. The analysis uses evidence from European Union (EU) country-level data and is based on visual analytics techniques. Different results from the same territories show that energy consumption does not always reflect or is due to climatological or meteorological conditions. Extensive use of visualization is adopted as a means of contributing to the understanding of energy use, some involved problems and concepts, and energy consumption trends over time. We present an approach that addresses the informatics challenges based on the integration of visualization software, data integration, and cluster analysis. Our cross-sectional energy review advocates that EU energy leaders are moving towards a low-carbon economy. The correlations of energy variables with economic and pollution effects are stronger in greater levels of energy use, which means that energy use has an obvious impact on economic growth and the environment. Visual and automated methods employed for the analysis, reveal the direction, the strength, and the nature of the dependence structure, in clusters covering the range of energy use in EU 28 countries.

30th International Conference on Flexible Automation and Intelligent Manufacturing (FAIM2020) (2020 : Athens, Greece), In advanced industries such as aerospace, medical and automotive, high precision machining is increasingly required for many parts made by difficult-to-cut alloys. Machine tool manufacturers respond to this demand by developing more advanced machine tools that have advanced sub-systems for attaining high-precision and wide flexibility, with the expense of energy efficiency. Unfortunately, worldwide primary energy resources continue to run out. Furthermore, GHG emissions mostly related to energy, remain to be a global issue with the ever-increasing economic expansion in many developed and developing economies. In the meantime, increasing use of sensors and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in shop-floors set off a data explosion, warranting the use of emerging Deep Learning techniques to cope with “Big Data” reality of manufacturing. Therefore, in this study a Deep Multi-Layer Perceptron (DMLP) based algorithm for predicting surface roughness and specific cutting energy - major measures of precision and energy efficiency-, has been developed for slot milling of AL7075. Design of Experiment is used to collect the required data and train DMLP based model. The finalized prediction algorithm estimated quality and energy efficiency with 91.5% and 90.7% accuracy rates in slot milling, verified by additional machining and data collection.

The article provides a general characteristic and detailed analysis of the main spheres of the fuel and energy complex of Lviv Oblast. The paper proves the importance of development of the fuel and energy complex for the economy of Lviv Oblast and the welfare of its residents, for it fulfills the needs of the entire economic complex in fuel and energy, creates preconditions for development of various types of production, forms the basis for improvement of energy security of the region and country in general. The peculiarities of development of the fuel and energy complex were determined, the main of which are: large amount of coal extracted by mining, small-scale extraction of peat, absence of major electric power stations and high percentage of incoming electric energy from other regions. The paper gives a characterization of the energy balance in the Oblast, and also structure of reserves of coal mines and oil deposits. Areas promising for extraction of bituminous and brown coal, oil, gas, peat and other fuel resources were determined. The structure of consumption of fuel-energy resources by types of organic fuel was determined. Patterns of consumption of the main types of energy carriers in the region were distinguished. The structure of capacities of alternative energy resources in Lviv Oblast was determined. We determined the reasons for the low efficiency of use of natural resources and peculiarities and problems of the development of the energy sphere in the region, the main of which are the unsatisfactory technical condition of the objects of the fuel and energy complex, non-effective system of management in the sphere, absence of new sources of providing primary energy resources. We suggested recommendations on increasing the efficiency of functioning of the fuel and energy complex on the basis of use of non-traditional types of energy sources, i.e.: energy of sun, wind, biomass of solid fuel and others, which would allow natural and financial resources to be saved.

Background Since the industrial revolution, human population and fossil energy consumption have steadily increased. With concerns over fossil energy impact on air quality and global climate, there is increasing interest in collection and conversion of non-fossil energy feedstocks. These finite renewable feedstocks (biomass, solar, wind) provide a challenge based on their land-limited supply and temporal availability. Consequently, society needs methodologies to increase end-user efficiency to maximize the energetic utility and sociological benefit from the finite land base. Methods This paper presents a methodology for evaluating whole system effectiveness from a finite unit of biomass feedstock. By analyzing conversion of raw energy inputs into final energy services (FES) delivered in the form of transport or heat to society, we assess the FES returned on energy investment (ERoEIfes). Comparison of ERoEIfes across 11 different conversion pathways illustrates the relative delivered social benefit of each pathway derived from the same finite feedstock. Results We found previously that New York (NY) could sustainably produce 14.2 Tg/y of biomass feedstocks from agriculture and forestry (equivalent to 7% of NY’s primary energy consumption of 3.9 EJ). We found that high value FES as a percentage of energy in the biomass feedstock ranged from 5 to 15% for transport and 12 to 71% for heat (residential or commercial). However, the FES provided for six pathways was more than 2-fold higher if co-products were used. This method (1) internalizes energetic processing and use losses (2) to compare pathways and systems (3) that maximize services and value derived from land-limited sustainably harvested resources (4) thus providing a holistic approach increasing the value of a unit of land to generate primary energy resources, sustainably. Conclusion This case study provides a framework to assess a range of conversion pathways for any finite energy feedstock for society. Across all biomass types and conversion processes, the replicable ERoEIfes methodology provides a foundation for decision-makers to compare FES delivered and then develop policies that reap the most benefit per unit of finite feedstock, thus assisting in more effective transition away from fossil-based feedstocks.

Recent legislation on the reduction of carbon dioxide emission encourages the improvement of building energy systems’ efficiency as well as minimizing the usage of primary energy resources and damaging impacts on the environment. This fact has attracted the attention of energy system engineers to the importance of developing control strategies to use energy resources more efficiently. Moreover, the development of new energy efficient components and complex energy concepts in last decades has heightened the need to design advanced control strategies to reach the full potential of the recently-developed complex energy systems even more. The objectives of the advanced control strategies that have been developed to be energy efficient are obtained from energy analysis . However, an energy analysis is unable to provide information on the quality of energy streams flowing through a system. In this study, exergy, which is the maximum available work that can be extracted from a system during a process that brings the system into equilibrium with its environment, is considered as the objective of the optimization. The main objective of this research is to develop an exergy-based control strategy for building energy systems and investigate its applicability in real life. The control strategy is supposed to regulate a building energy system in a way that the most exergy efficient operation of the system in question is achieved. To reach this goal, a Model Predictive Control (MPC) for building energy systems using the exergy principles is developed. Model predictive control, which uses a system model to predict the future states of the system, offers a promising solution to the need for more advanced control strategies for complex building energy systems. In order to keep the calculation times as short as possible, the approach of Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) is used in the development of model predictive controller. To demonstrate the functionality of the linear model predictive controller, it is implemented in a building energy system. The use case of this research is the energy supply system of the E.ON Energy Research Center's main building in Aachen, Germany. During an experiment, the exergy-based mixed integer linear MPC made meaningful decisions and demonstrated that it is able to control the forward flow temperature of the energy system with only minor deviations from the specified set point range.

The demand for primary energy resources has increased significantly due to the rapid growth of the global economy and increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, improving energy efficiency levels is essential for global energy, energy security, and environmental sustainability. In the context of the Asia-Pacific region, the study of energy efficiency among different countries can play a role in better energy utilization. These countries also provide a policy for the Asia-Pacific region to improve its energy utilization. This study’s primary focus is to investigate the optimal efficiency score of 15 areas of the Asia-Pacific region, and the analysis is based on super-efficiency (radical) and super slacks-based measure (SBM) data in a nonparametric DEA model. Three areas in the Asia-Pacific are selected for energy efficiency measures: South Asia, East Asia, and Australasia. The results suggest that Bangladesh, Pakistan, China, Singapore, New Zealand, the Philippines, Japan, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam obtain the most efficient score of 1 in both DEA models throughout the study period. Australia and Sri Lanka receive a low score during all study periods, while Hong Kong does not have data for all study years. The results of the study will help improve energy performance, cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability, increasing the competitiveness and scalability of efficient energy sources.

Access to abundant and affordable primary energy resources has been recognised as an essential factor for the prosperity of human societies. To measure their quality, understood as the ease with which the energy system can extract and transform them into a form useful to society, the concept of energy return on investment (EROI) is widely used. Yet, so far, very few estimates of this indicator exist at a society level. This paper first aims at providing an estimate of the societal EROI using a simple macroeconomic model with two sectors, an energy sector and a final sector aggregating the rest of the economy. For the year 2018 and at a worldwide level, we obtain a gross EROI of 9.4, and a net EROI of 8.5. The estimation of the net energy ratio (NER), a second indicator more comprehensive than the EROI, allows assessing the energy embodied in the intermediate and capital consumptions of the entire economy. The NER calculation reveals that only 39% of the final energy produced contributes to total consumption (private and public) and economic growth, the remaining 61% being consumed within the economy. These intermediate energy consumptions (direct and indirect) are unevenly distributed between the two sectors: 11% of the production goes to the energy sector, while no less than 50% is consumed within the final sector. These figures proved to be very insensitive to variations in the value of estimated model parameters.

one of the most vital issue that the world is facing today is the increase in global warming and the construction industry adds about 30 to 48% of global warming. Researchers and the local governments are striving to conserve the existing buildings and building new structures to be self-sustainable to create a balance between the growing population, depletion of existing natural resources and the climate change. It is also of great significance and value with reference to the construction industry to revisit the environmental and energy usage of existing buildings and develop a framework that could guide to retrofit the existing structures into a sustainable and energy efficient structures. Globally, existing structures use more than 58 % of electricity and 38 % of other primary energy resources. The objective of this paper is to study existing energy pattern and build strategical frameworks and guidelines that could be applied for both residential and commercial buildings to retrofit it into energy efficient building using sustainability techniques and materials. UAE, being hub of current construction market had undergone a rapid growth in the past four decades. Though there is lot of current development in UAE that follows framework and guidelines formulated by UAE Government and Emirates Green Building Council (EGBC), there is also an immediate need to retrofit the existing structures with sustainable design principles.

In this paper, a methodology is presented to determine the optimal location and size of charging station in Distribution network by maintaining stability condition. This paper also investigates that how electric vehicle charging station could impact the electric distribution network by analyzing active loss, reactive loss, power flow through transmission line and voltage deviation. The methodology used in this paper evaluates the maximum utilization of primary energy resources, considering all the operating constraints and stability of Distribution network. The optimal location and capacity of charging stations are investigated in different case studies in which we analyze impact of single charging station and three charging station with different capacities in distribution network. In case studies, an IEEE 33 Node Distribution network is used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model.

We calculated the predicted levels of consumption of primary energy resources to 2040 with regard for potentials of energy saving in power- intensive productions in the section «Manufacture of food products, drinks, and tobacco goods». On the example of these productions, we refined the potentials of energy saving and developed a prognosis of manufacture of products and volumes of energy consumption both in productions themselves and for the section as a whole. The results obtained show a necessity to take into account the general structural potential of energy saving and its constituents because just the development of separate power-intensive productions determines the development of a certain section and the economy of country on the whole.

The need for an environmentally sustainable economy is indisputable but our understanding of the energy-economy interactions (dynamics) that will occur during the transition is insufficient. This raises fascinating questions on the future of economic growth, energy technology mix and energy availability. The crucial interactions between energy and economy systems can be usefully described in terms of the Energy Returned on Energy Invested (EROEI) metric (the energy cost of primary energy production). Multiple authors have used this metric to explore the behaviour of the economy over the transition to lower carbon energy sources. The following text is a review of energy-economy models that incorporate the EROEI metric. In particular, the EROEI-dynamics literature is found to describe a common set of dynamics associated with the transition to lower EROEI primary energy resources. These include: the rising resource-cost of primary energy production, the short-term misallocation of resources, the short-term overproduction of energy and the potential decline in economic stability. The literature can be divided into groups of related models. Following the review, a number of key areas for additional work are identified and discussed.

The communal heat power engineering of Ukraine and its main area - the heat supply of the settlements of Ukraine - is the main consumer of primary energy resources (more than 60% of the total energy balance of the country, mainly imported natural gas). At the same time, this sector has the greatest potential for energy saving if measures and mechanisms are used to increase the efficiency of energy use, first of all with energy supply in buildings (thermal losses here reach up to 40%). Low energy efficiency of heat supply is the main reason for high tariffs for the consumer of housing and communal services and the challenge of social tension. Increasing energy efficiency is a basic condition for national economic, environmental and social stability, a requirement for the safety of life and a guarantee of the entire national security of the country. An overview of technological, organizational and socio-economic innovations for increasing energy efficiency of buildings is presented. Innovative equipment and technologies for increasing the energy efficiency of buildings and innovative engineering systems for their energy supply have been carried out at ITTP NAS of Ukraine. The method of determination of energy efficiency indicators of buildings, enclosing structures of buildings and the practice of conducting energy audits with the use of such diagnostic center measures as demonstration building of the "zero energy" constructed on the territory of ITT of NAS of Ukraine with energy supply from renewable energy sources (heat of soil, insolation, wind). Such a demonstration facility serves as a scientific and methodological center for training students of heat energy specialties, as well as the training of specialists involved in the development of energy efficient energy supply technologies for buildings and their energy audit. On the problems of increasing energy efficiency of the building sector in the near future, the main objectives of scientific research, subjects of fundamental, applied research, subjects, methods and tools of such research were determined.

In Iran, coal as one of the primary energy resources mainly has just one customer (Iranian Steel Corporation); therefore, coal and production of its combustion have recently attracted much attentio ...

The research subject in the article is the correlation between evaluation indicators of primary energy resources in the fuel and energy sector in the Northwestern Federal District of the country. The purpose for the study is to evaluate the primary energy resources of the fuel and energy sector in the Northwestern Federal District in terms of economic, technological, energy, social, and environmental parameters with the use of balanced scorecard (BSC) for sustainable development of the sector in the Northwestern Federal District as a whole. Methods. The article proposes the methodology for territorial decomposition of the balanced scorecard for evaluating primary energy resources in the Northwestern Federal District. The region’s balanced scorecard decomposition of evaluation of primary energy resources in the case of the Arkhangelsk Oblast fuel and energy sector, including Nenets Autonomous Okrug, is determined; the authors identify the degree of stability of the fuel land energy sector in the Arkhangelsk Oblast, according to the following parameters of sustainable development of the energy sector in the Northwestern Federal District: economic, technological, energy, social, environmental. Research results. The authors determine the degree of sustainability of the fuel and energy sector in the Arkhangelsk Oblast in general and by individual parameters of sustainable development. The state of sustainable development is observed only on by the energy parameter. Conclusions. It is concluded that instability may be due to the fact that the deposits of primary energy resources belong to the Northern Arctic areas. This factor directly affects the economic efficiency of deposit development in this territory as there is, on the one hand, a decrease in world energy prices and, on the other hand, – an increase in resource development costs. The growing costs are related to the necessary formation of the required infrastructure, social benefits, use of equipment suitable for operations in these conditions. The theoretical significance consists in the fact that the study expands scientific knowledge in the sphere of management decision-making for sustainable development of the sector in the region and its constituent entities through conducting territorial decomposition of BSC of evaluating primary energy resources in the fuel and energy sector. The practical value of the research is to develop the territorial decomposition of BSC of evaluation of primary energy resources which help correctly and objectively assess the sustainability of the fuel and energy sector development in the Northwestern Federal District, which contributes to the transformation of fuel and energy sector in the Northwestern Federal District into a flexible, adaptable system with high resistance to the disturbing environmental influences

The growing integration of distributed electric power generators means the reliability of electricity distribution systems will increasingly depend on the reliability of primary energy resources such as natural gas supply for natural gas-fired distributed power generation. This, therefore, necessitates an integrated approach for planning both the electricity and natural gas distribution systems for the purpose of ensuring reliable natural gas supply for electricity generation. We propose a probabilistic planning approach based on the chance constrained programming method for planning these two systems in the presence of uncertain real and reactive power demand. The proposed model minimizes the investment cost of gas-fired generators, natural gas pipeline and the operation cost of the natural gas-fired distributed generators over a long-term planning horizon. The proposed integrated planning approach is used to develop a 10 years long-term plan for 9 and 33 bus distribution systems. The result shows that the integrated planning approach results in a cheaper and more reliable system in comparison with a traditional sequential planning approach.

This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the potential and feasibility of using solar thermal cooling systems in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The performance of a desiccant cooling system has been determined based on climatic data of 32 cities spread all over the territory of the country. The investigation has been carried out keeping in view the high energy consumption for cooling applications in the country. The analysis has been done using the overall performance of the system, sensible energy ratio, and cooling and regeneration loads. The main objective of this study is to encourage the implementation of solar thermal cooling systems in the country for the development of sustainable buildings. The economic analysis shows that thermal cooling technology can reduce the cost of cooling units, remarkably. Furthermore, the utilization of the proposed system will decrease the dependence on primary energy resources. The saving factor of the proposed system with 1 ton capacity in comparison to the conventional vapor compression unit is found to be 34.6%. The present study also recommends that the government subsidies and incentives can further improve the development and utilization of solar air conditioning technology in developing countries.

In the contemporary district heating systems (DHS) heat energy for the customers is generated by cogeneration method, which leads to the saving of primary energy resources compared to the separate production method. The most widespread technology for combined production is based on steam turbine installations with adjustable steam extraction and backpressure steam turbine. In these technologies district heating water is heated to the required temperature either in district heaters in case of steam turbine with adjustable steam extractions or in boiler-condenser in case of backpressure steam turbine installations. The temperature of the district heat water at the inlet of the CHP installation depends on the mode of operation of the DHS. The heat load, distributed to consumers, is regulated at the heat source (CHP installation) by temperature and flow rate of the district heating water, mainly following the change in climatic factors. Current study presents the development of a simulation model of existing CHP backpressure steam turbine. The object studied is a backpressure steam turbine type SST-300 CE2L/V36S. Presented are results from the validation of the simulated model with data from the design documentation. The model has been used to study the energy efficiency of a steam turbine installation based on multivariate simulation calculations. The results obtained relate the energy efficiency indicators of CHP backpressure steam turbine with the factors that characterize the mode of operation of the district heating system.

Development, rehabilitation and technologization of thermal energy supply systems have as main objective ensuring the quality and continuity of the supply services, maintaining an accessible price for the end user. Therefore, the efficiency of the system has to be increased reducing at the same time the production cost by lowering the use of primary energy resources. In this paper the results of a energy analysis, performed during an ongoing project, are presented. The conclusions of the analysis and a proposed concept are presented, while the optimal solution will result from the feasibility study.

in the eastern part of China, due to lack of primary energy resources, the electricity load is relatively concentrated, resulting in an imbalance in the distribution of energy resources and power load. At the same time, in the northwestern region, solar wind power generation is developing rapidly, and power supply is far greater than demand leads to waste of resources. Therefore, this paper proposes a hydrogen energy system, which aims to convert energy in the northwest into power resources and transport it to the eastern region where electricity is scarce. In this research, we investigated an energy supply system in China based on China’s existing natural gas pipeline, then analyzed whether it can be used to transport hydrogen. After analysis the energy losses of pipeline are proportional to distance and consume approximately 1% of energy per thousand kilometers. Considering the energy loss of the pipeline the system, the energy efficiency of the system was 36% when the total electrical power efficiency was about 19% and the efficiency of the heat supply was 17%.

In USA, approx. 38% of all primary energy resources is used to produce electricity and almost 3/4thof the total electricity is used by the residential and commercial sectors. In order to conserve energy, reduce the green-house gases, create a sustainable future and yet maintain a good quality of life, attention must be given to the energy use in the residential and commercial sectors. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification of commercial (and residential) buildings is one such effort that has gained a lot of momentum in the architectural and energy conservation community. However, how this certification is connected to the big picture of energy and sustainability has not been addressed much in the literature. This paper discusses the LEED certification and its relevance to the big picture of electric energy usage.

This chapter gives an overview of electricity generation and where methods of generation of electricity from various primary energy resources are illustrated. The electromagnetic alternator driven by a turbine is the fundamental mechanism to produce electricity. Traditionally, fossil fuel-based energy resources are used to drive this turbine. As burning of fossil fuel are environmentally polluting and are proven to accelerate global warming and drive climate change, renewable and nuclear resources are increasingly replacing them. While nuclear power plants have been subject to radiation leak with catastrophic consequences, renewables like hydro, solar, and wind resources are being harvested to generate electricity in sustainable and environmentally friendly manner. Electric vehicles are the future of modern transportation and this requires an efficient storage and distribution system for electricity. With advances in information and communications technology, we are moving toward having smart grids which not only improves connectivity of the power produced by multiple energy resources but also optimizes energy production by efficiently managing the dynamic understanding of the usage patterns in a distribution network.

Due to the rising cost of fossil fuels and environmental pollution, renewable energy (RE) resources are currently being used as alternatives. To reduce the high dependence of RE resources on the change of weather conditions, a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) is introduced in this research, especially for an isolated microgrid. In HRES, solar and wind energies are the primary energy resources while the battery and fuel cells (FCs) are considered as the storage systems that supply energy in case of insufficiency. Moreover, a diesel generator is adopted as a back-up system to fulfill the load demand in the event of a power shortage. This study focuses on the development of HRES with the combination of battery and hydrogen FCs. Three major parts were considered including optimal sizing, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control, and the energy management system (EMS). Recent developments and achievements in the fields of machine learning (ML) and reinforcement learning (RL) have led to new challenges and opportunities for HRES development. Firstly, the optimal sizing of the hybrid renewable hydrogen energy system was defined based on the Hybrid Optimization Model for Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER) software for the case study in an island in the Philippines. According to the assessment of EMS and MPPT control of HRES, it can be concluded that RL is one of the most emerging optimal control solutions. Finally, a hybrid perturbation and observation (P&amp, O) and Q-learning (h-POQL) MPPT was proposed for a photovoltaic (PV) system. It was conducted and validated through the simulation in MATLAB/Simulink. The results show that it showed better performance in comparison to the P&amp, O method.

The production of waste is increasing yearly and, without a viable recycle or reutilization solution, waste is sent to landfills, where it can take thousand to years to degrade. Simultaneously, for the production of new materials, some industries continue to ignore the potential of wastes and keep on using natural resources for production. The incorporation of waste materials in mortars is a possible solution to avoid landfilling, through their recycling or reutilization. However, no evaluation of their &ldquo, sustainability&rdquo, in terms of environmental performance is available in the literature. In this sense, in this research a life cycle assessment was performed on mortars, namely renders, with incorporation of industrials wastes replacing sand and/or cement. For that purpose, eight environmental impact categories (abiotic depletion potential, global warming potential, ozone depletion potential, photochemical ozone creation potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, use of non-renewable primary energy resources, and use of renewable primary energy resources) within a &ldquo, cradle to gate&rdquo, boundary were analyzed for 19 mortars with incorporation of several industrial wastes: sanitary ware, glass fiber reinforced polymer, forest biomass ashes, and textile fibers. Sixteen out of the 19 mortars under analysis presented, in all environmental impact categories, an equal or better environment performance than a common mortar (used as a reference). The benefits in some environmental impacts were over 20%.

In the modern era of globalization, an alarming increment in energy consumption is perceived all over the world which results in the scarcity of primary energy resources in the near future. Due to expeditious economic growth and increasing population, many countries are planning to explore existing Renewable Energy (RE) sources to fulfill increasing energy demand. Selection of suitable alternative RE must be addressed in multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) problem because it involves multiple criteria which are conflicting in nature. This paper proposes an integrated method which is a combination of Additive Ratio Assessment (ARAS) method and Z-numbers. The proposed method namely ARAS-Z, Z-number is used to consider the degree of self-confidence along with the fuzzy number to handle the uncertainty involved in the human judgment used in the evaluation of criteria weights. ARAS is applied for the assessment and prioritization of feasible alternative RE sources based on utility degree. A comparative analysis of the proposed method is done with other MCDM methodologies for checking the effectiveness and capability of the proposed methodology.