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Purpose: The implementation of digital supply chain management (DSCM) has brought about a paradigm shift in the construction industry, which is known for its complex and dynamic nature. This study examines the advantages of implementing a digital supply chain into building projects, focusing on efficient procurement, real-time tracking, and its effects on the sustainability of the project. Methodology: A stratified sampling approach is used in the research methodology to collect quantitative data from construction project managers and supply chain specialists using surveys and questionnaires. The study’s main objective is to measure how improved stakeholder coordination, real-time tracking, and streamlined procurement procedures affect sustainability and efficiency. Findings: The results of this study highlight the significant advantages of DSCM in raising the effectiveness of building projects. The results include shortened lead times, improved supply chain visibility, streamlined procurement procedures, and optimal resource allocations. Originality and conclusions: This paper is focused on the potential difficulties and roadblocks to a successful DSCM implementation. The study provides insightful information for decision-makers and practitioners in the construction sector. To successfully apply DSCM, organizations need to make investments in technology and training, improve teamwork, and create risk-reduction plans.

3D printing has emerged as a highly efficient process for fabricating electrodes in hydrogen evolution through water splitting, whereas metals are the most popular choice of materials in hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) due to their catalytic activity. However, current 3D printing solutions face challenges, including high cost, low surface area, and sub-optimal performance. In this work, we introduce metal-deposited 3D printed pyrolytic carbon (PyC) as a facile and cost-effective HER electrode. We adopt an integrated approach of resin 3D printing, pyrolysis, and electrochemical metal deposition. 3D printing of a resin and its subsequent pyrolysis led to 3D complex architectures of the conductive substrate, facilitating the electrochemical metal deposition and leading to layered 3D metal architecture. Both monolayers of metals (such as copper and nickel) and bi-metallic 3D PyC structures are demonstrated. Each metal layer thickness ranges from 6 to10 µm. The metal coatings, particularly the bi-metallic configurations, result in achieving significantly higher mechanical properties under compressive loading and improved electrical properties due to the synergistic contributions from each metal counterpart. The metalized PyC structures are further demonstrated for HER catalysts, contributing to the development of highly efficient and durable catalyst systems for hydrogen production. Among the materials studied here, Ni@Cu bimetallic 3D PyC electrodes are particularly well-suited, demonstrating a low HER overpotential value of 264 mV (100 mA/cm2, KOH (1 M)) with corresponding Tafel slopes of 107 mV/dec, with exceptional stability during a 10 h operation at a high applied current of −50 mA/cm2.

BackgroundEarly coronary angiography (CAG) in post-cardiac arrest patients without ST-segment elevation is a topic of debate. This meta-analysis aimed to assess its impact on outcomes.MethodsA search of Medline and Cochrane up to February 2023 was conducted to identify randomized controlled trials and observational studies comparing patients undergoing early CAG vs. delayed/no CAG after experiencing out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. A random-effects model pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Meta-regression explored factors modifying effect sizes.ResultsWe identified 16 studies (7 RCTs, 9 observational studies) involving 4,737 patients. Early CAG significantly reduced long-term mortality [OR: 0.66 (0.51–0.85)], and increased favorable cerebral performance category (CPC) 1–2 at discharge [OR: 1.49 (1.09–2.03)]. Observational study subgroup showed decreased short-term mortality, long-term mortality, and CPC 1–2 at discharge, unlike RCT subgroup. Meta-regression revealed type 2 diabetes mellitus and follow-up time influencing short-term mortality and CPC 1–2 at discharge, respectively.ConclusionEarly CAG in post-cardiac arrest patients without ST elevation is associated with long-term clinical benefits, particularly evident in observational studies. Interpretation should be cautious.

Short-duration and early-bulking potato varieties are well-suited for commercial cultivation in the subtropical Indo-Gangetic plains of India. To maximize seed tuber yield, prevent late-season exposure to aphid vectors, and facilitate the timely planting of wheat crops during the rabi season, it is essential to cut the haulms (vines) of seed potatoes at the earliest possible time. A study was conducted to standardize the optimal vine-killing date for two popular potato varieties in the north-western plains of India, Kufri Pukhraj and Kufri Jyoti, by examining variations in seed yield across different vine-killing dates and assessing the incidence of aphid vectors transmitting potato viruses. Tubers were planted on 15 October for two consecutive seasons, and haulms were cut at 70, 80, and 90 days after planting (DAP), with continuous monitoring of aphid populations. Results showed that total tuber yield and tuber numbers increased with delayed vine-killing. Similarly, the yield and number of oversized tubers significantly rose as the vine-killing date was extended. However, seed-size and undersized tuber yields were largely unaffected, while the number of undersized tubers decreased between 70 and 90 DAP. Further, the gain in total tuber yield and yield of over-sized tubers occurred mainly during 70–80 DAP for Kufri Pukhraj in contrast to Kufri Jyoti where maximum increase occurred between 80 and 90 DAP. Therefore, it is concluded that the optimum time of vine killing for maximum seed tuber yield is directly linked to the tuber growth cycle of individual variety. The period of maximum incidence of aphid vectors varied between the two years. Based on the incidence of Myzus persicae, the seed crops in north-western plains of India should not be extended beyond last week of December although real time monitoring of the aphid incidence is recommended.

Assessment of carbon footprint of a crop is an important component of sustainable crop production, as it helps in framing effectual and viable crop management strategies to minimize ecosystem tampering. Thus, in present investigation carbon footprint of potato production system in different agro-climatic zones viz. undulating plain zone, central plain zone and western plain zone of North-west India were estimated, and compared with the recommended practices of these zones. The carbon footprint was higher in undulating plain zone followed by central plain zone and western plain zone with values being 343, 296 and 220 kg CO2 eq./t tuber yield (TY), sequentially, whereas same were 198 kg CO2 eq./t tuber yield (TY) in case of recommended practices. The social cost of carbon (SCC), that represents economic damage from the CO2 emissions, was also estimated. The integrated net economic balance (net return from yield – SCC) was also better in case of recommended practices. The major sources of emission from potato production system were fertilizer (NPK) application (42 %), irrigation (20 %), seed (14 %), fertilizer production (13 %) and energy use (excluding Irrigation) (5 %). Top most in the list of carbon footprint contributors was fertilizer application which was due to imbalanced application of these, and for getting the clear picture of this imbalance as well as its impact, a new and exclusive index- Relative Imbalance Fertilization Index (RIFIcf) was developed and tested. Carbon footprints were also related to tuber yield and an empirical model was developed that can be used to predict tuber yield on the basis of carbon footprint of potato production system. An increase in tuber yield with increasing carbon footprint was noticed, which became somewhat static at higher emissions. The findings of this investigation provide a clear picture of quantitative GHG emissions due to imbalanced inputs that can be plummeted to some extent if already existing recommendations are followed.

Manganese dioxide-multiwall carbon nanotube (MnO2-MWCNT) nanocomposites were synthesized via one-pot synthesis method with varying concentrations of 1 mg/ml, 4 mg/ml, and 10 mg/ml MWCNT. The synthesized nanocomposites were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electrochemical measurements. The intent of studying different concentrations is, ultimately, to correlate the effect of the concentration of multiwall carbon nanotube on the electrochemical performance of the MnO2-MWCNT nanocomposites. Two primary phenomena were observed as CNT concentration increased. First, less crystalline MnO2 adsorption onto individual CNTs occurred. Subsequently, CNT agglomeration became the primary feature of the nanostructures of high CNT concentration. The electrochemical studies reveal that the specific capacitance of MnO2 increases from 124 F/g to 145 F/g by the addition of 1 mg/ml MWCNTs and decreases to 102 F/g for MnO2-10 mg/ml MWCNT nanocomposite.

Bulldog scalp syndrome or cutis verticis gyrata (CVG) is a rare cutaneous disorder with an incidence of just 0.026 to 1 per 100,000 population and cosmetic problems should not be ignored as they can affect the quality of life of patients in social and psychological aspects. In CVG the scalp thickens to form folds resembling sulci and gyri just as the skin fold of bulldog. It is a clinical diagnosis with various etiologies. It is classified as primary essential or nonessential and secondary CVG. It can manifest with symptoms ranging from mild to severe intensity. Cosmetic problems are the major concern that can affect patients' social and psychological health. If the folds are heavy, they can cause mass symptoms. Thus, surgery remains the definitive treatment option for improving the cosmetic appearance. Both our cases have different etiologies, however, were managed surgically with removal of skin folds (gyrae) and scoring of aponeuroses of the scalp followed by stretching of the scalp and closure to improve appearance. The surgical team as well as patients were satisfied with the appearance of the scalp after healing. CVG though a rare disease with various etiologies is a benign condition with good prognosis with no reports of malignant transformation so far.

Abstract Background Epilepsy affects over 65 million people worldwide and significantly burdens patients, caregivers, and society. Drug-resistant epilepsy occurs in approximately 30% of patients and growing evidence indicates that oxidative stress contributes to the development of such epilepsies. Activation of the Nrf2 pathway, which is involved in cellular defense, offers a potential strategy for reducing oxidative stress and epilepsy treatment. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), an Nrf2 activator, exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and is used to treat multiple sclerosis. Methods The expression of Nrf2 and its related genes in vehicle or DMF treated rats were determined via RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Neuronal cell death was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. The effects of DMF in preventing the onset of epilepsy and modifying the disease were investigated in the kainic acid-induced status epilepticus model of temporal lobe epilepsy in rats. The open field, elevated plus maze and T-Maze spontaneous alteration tests were used for behavioral assessments. Results We demonstrate that administration of DMF following status epilepticus increased Nrf2 activity, attenuated status epilepticus-induced neuronal cell death, and decreased seizure frequency and the total number of seizures compared to vehicle-treated animals. Moreover, DMF treatment reversed epilepsy-induced behavioral deficits in the treated rats. Moreover, DMF treatment even when initiated well after the diagnosis of epilepsy, reduced symptomatic seizures long after the drug was eliminated from the body. Conclusions Taken together, these findings suggest that DMF, through the activation of Nrf2, has the potential to serve as a therapeutic target for preventing epileptogenesis and modifying epilepsy.

Abstract Increased innovation on finding new ways to generate energy from different sources to meet the growing demand of consumers has led to various challenges in controlling the power network when it faces different disruptions. To address these challenges, a new approach has been proposed in this research paper, which combines a controller with a soft computing technique called Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The study considers a power system with four units, where three different energy sources are utilized and distributed across two areas. Each area has two power sources, with one area having a combination of thermal and gas power plants, and the other area consisting of a nuclear power plant and a gas power plant. Transmitting power from the nuclear power plant is particularly complex due to its high sensitivity to disturbances. Therefore, an intelligent and efficient controller is needed to ensure robust control in this type of power network that includes nuclear power. The paper also conducts a thorough analysis of the harmful emissions associated with electricity generation from the different power plants considered. The goal is to reduce the carbon footprint associated with power generation. The proposed work and analysis in the paper are implemented using the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.

This study aims to investigate regional and periodic asymmetries in the impact of the outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine war on global equity markets. Employing the event study methodology, the current study examines global stock market reactions within a 61-day window centred around the event day, i.e., February 24, 2022. MSCI equity indices of 47 sample countries have been utilized to ensure uniformity in the index development methodology. They provide broader coverage of global equity markets by including large and mid-cap companies, representing approximately 85% of the free float-adjusted market capitalization for each sampled country. The study extends the event window to 61 days to assess the enduring effects of the war over a relatively longer period. The research delineates regional and periodic asymmetries and posits that the impact of the war on a market is contingent upon its geographical proximity and trade relations with Russia and Ukraine. Additionally, the impact is stronger during a shorter window surrounding the event date but diminishes over the extended period.

Background: Surgical intervention has traditionally served as the primary therapeutic modality for mouth cancer. Patients who are not subjected to surgical intervention are often managed with the administration of concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). Several variables contribute to the survival of patients, and tumour volume is perhaps one of these aspects. The objective of this research is to investigate the impact of pre-treatment tumour volume on survival outcomes. Methodology: A retrospective analysis was carried out on the reports of the patients treated for oral cancer. The tumour volume was estimated by performing a CT scan before treatment. The ideal tumour volume was determined for this study. The statistical analysis was carried out to estimate the effect of various factors on the survival outcome. Results: The average total tumors volume among the 40 patients who were treated with radiation was 74 cm3. The average primary volume of the tumour was 59 cm3. The average volume of the tumour in the lymph nodes was 6 cm3. The patients who had a volume of the tumor less than 52 cm3 had higher survival of 34 months and those who had more than 52 cm3 had survival of 9 months. Conclusion: The volume of the tumour influences the prognosis of oral cancer. The volume above 52 cm3 resulted in a poor survival outcome. The TTV can be used as a factor to develop a treatment that delivers a favourable outcome. Recommendation: Total tumour volume (TTV) should be used by the oncologist to develop a treatment plan that is effective and improves overall survival. Also, prospective studies are required in this domain to confirm the association of various factors with survival outcomes.

Background Radiation therapy along with chemotherapy is proven to be effective in treating limited-stage small-cell lung cancer. However, the irradiation has deleterious effects on the other normal vital organs. Aim This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of adaptive radiation therapy in treating LS-SCLC. Methodology 30 patients participated in this observational study. Radiation therapy was given in 30 fractions, each with 60 units. The first CT was used to determine the dose and the progress of the disease after which 15 sessions of radiation out of 30 were conducted. 20-25 days after the first CT and the 15 fractions, a mid-treatment CT was conducted to evaluate the dose of radiation received by the target organs and the other vital organs. A dosimetry evaluation was conducted, and statistical analysis was done. Results The decrease in the tumour volume was significant from 185 cubic centimeters it reduced to 53 cubic centimeters. The difference in the values from the first CT and the mid-treatment CT was found to be statistically significant. The effect on the vital organs was comparatively lesser than the conventional radiotherapy. Conclusion Adaptive radiation therapy is found to be effective in treating limited-stage small cell cancer as indicated by the tumor size volume in the initial and during the treatment CT scan Recommendation Dosimetry evaluation can serve as an effective tool in determining the effect of irradiation on the vital organs and developing a further treatment plan.

Background Cervical cancer is the major urogenital cancer among women in India. This audit is done to analyze the treatment protocol at the tertiary cancer centre and identify the scope for improvement in this protocol. Methods This audit is the retrospective analysis of the reports of 500 cervical cancer patients. The data from the reports, such as the treatment given, diagnosis, prognosis, toxicities, and survival rates, were critically analyzed and subjected to statistical analysis. Results 167 patients received only radiation therapy. The majority of the patients (333) received radiation as well as chemotherapy. 162 patients were given cisplatin every week. 98 patients were given carboplatin every week. Most of the patients, 486 out of 500, received brachytherapy; 14 of them didn’t receive brachytherapy due to metastasis of the cancer. 337 patients underwent treatment for more than 8 weeks, and 163 patients received treatment for less than 8 weeks. The survival rates were better in patients with both radiation therapy and chemotherapy, particularly in patients with cisplatin. Conclusion The factors contributing to the overall survival rate of cervical cancer patients chemoradiotherapy and brachytherapy were determined in this study. Recommendation To improve the overall survival rate, a protocol for regular follow-up and documentation of the detailed clinical profile of cervical cancer patients is required.

In this work, two types of pre-consumer textile waste, namely, viscose-rayon and nylon yarn, were utilized for nanocomposite filmmaking using the green solvent casting method. The nanocellulose was extracted from the viscose-rayon and incorporated as a filler in nylon films. The effects of nanocellulose on thermal, chemical, mechanical, structural, and barrier properties of films containing 0.1, 0.5, and 1 wt% nanocellulose were investigated in detail. The thermal study of films using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) confirmed that adding nanocellulose into the nylon matrix does not act as a nucleating agent as nylon yarn waste already had ~5 wt% nucleating agents (thermogravimetric analysis, TGA). Rather, a decrease in the crystallinity of films was determined with the addition of nanocellulose. No significant changes in the mechanical properties were observed for nylon nanocomposite films. However, an increased hydrogen bonding was observed between the nanocellulose and nylon, along with the reorientation of hydrogen bonds (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR). A dense cross-section and structured surface were observed in the scanning electronmicroscopic (SEM) images for nanocomposite films. The water vapor barrier of films increased as the concentration of nanocellulose increased in the nylon films and resulted in a 55% decrease in water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) compared to neat nylon film.

Abstract Background Drug resistance is a particular problem in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, where seizures originate mainly from the hippocampus. Many of these epilepsies are acquired conditions following an insult to the brain such as a prolonged seizure. Such conditions are characterized by pathophysiological mechanisms including massive oxidative stress that synergistically mediate the secondary brain damage, contributing to the development of epilepsy. The transcription factor nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) has emerged in recent years as an attractive therapeutic approach targeting to upregulate the antioxidative defenses in the cell, to ameliorate the oxidative stress-induced damage. Thus, it is important to understand the characteristics of Nrf2 activation during epileptogenesis and epilepsy. Here, we studied the temporal, regional, and cell-type specific expression of Nrf2 in the brain, in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Results Early after status-epilepticus, Nrf2 is mainly activated in the hippocampus and maintained during the whole period of epileptogenesis. Only transient expression of Nrf2 was observed in the cortex. Nevertheless, the expression of several Nrf2 antioxidant target genes was increased within 24 h after status-epilepticus in both the cortex and the hippocampus. We demonstrated that after status-epilepticus in rats, Nrf2 is predominantly expressed in neurons in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus, and only astrocytes in the CA1 increase their Nrf2 expression. Conclusions In conclusion, our data identify previously unrecognized spatial and cell-type dependent activation of Nrf2 during epilepsy development, highlighting the need for a time-controlled, and cell-type specific activation of the Nrf2 pathway for mediating anti-oxidant response after brain insult, to modify the development of epilepsy.

A simple four-phase switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive for a ceiling fan is presented in this paper. Here, an asymmetric bridge converter is preferred due to its independent phase control and simple design. The proposed four-phase asymmetric bridge converter based SRM drive has no speed and current feedback loops, thereby eliminating the use of current sensors and complex computational logic. Position sensing is carried-out using hall-effect sensors in the proposed drive. Analytical and simulation studies are carried-out on the proposed drive and the results are presented. To verify the efficacy of the drive a prototype of motor and drive are fabricated. Experimental results show that the proposed SRM drive has low current ripple and acoustic noise as required in ceiling fan applications.

Introduction: A near-ideal preparation lays the foundation and is required for adequate retention and resistance for fixed partial dentures. It is advisable to achieve a near-ideal preparation for the longevity of the prosthesis. Materials and Methods: Thirty maxillary left central incisors were mounted on the acrylic block. The samples were divided into groups with ten specimens: Group A-Free hand, Group B-Index, and Group C-Depth gauge. Group A was prepared using the freehand method, Group B was prepared using the putty index, and Group C was prepared using depth gauge bur. An index was prepared before and placed back on the tooth after preparation, and the gap was filled with low-viscosity elastomer. The thickness of the impression was measured at five different points under the microscope. The statistical analysis was done using one-way analysis of variance and Student's t-tests. Results : The preparations (dimensions) achieved by the freehand method were 2.02 mm, 1.70 mm, 1.11 mm, 0.90 mm, and 0.60 mm respectively at five predetermined points. Similarly, for putty index these were 1.76 mm, 1.21 mm, 0.95 mm, 1.32 mm, 0.71 mm respectively at five predetermined points. Likewise, with depth gauge bur it were 1.88 mm, 1.35 mm, 0.77 mm, 1.09 mm, 0.73 mm, respectively, at five predetermined points. There was a significant difference between the Groups (P < 0.001). Intergroup comparisons between Group A, Group B and Group C showed a significant difference. Group A showed near-ideal preparation in the palatal cervical region compared to Group B and Group C. Conclusion: The freehand technique was the least effective of the three techniques. The use of depth gauge bur had yielded the preparation near the ideal and should be considered during tooth preparation.

Background: The precision fit at the implant-abutment interface is a significant criterion for the success of implant restorations clinically. Various factors are involved in it, including fabrication techniques and utilized materials. The misfit at the implant-abutment interface is capable of causing screw loosening and fracture of the abutment screws. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the marginal fit of premachined and castable abutment at implant-abutment connection interface using stereomicroscope. Materials and Methods: Fifteen castable abutments (Group A) and 15 premachined titanium abutments (Group B) were used for the study and connected to titanium implants and evaluated under the stereomicroscope. Images of the sample were recorded at three equidistant points at the implant-abutment interface to measure the vertical microgap at the platform level. The data were subjected to statistical evaluation using the “t”-test. Results: Data were sent for the statistical analysis by the software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version. The mean for Group A (customized abutments) at mesiobuccal point was 13.2199 with a standard error of 0.5281. For premachined abutments, it was 6.4629 and with a standard error of 0.3201. Similarly, the mean for Group A (customized abutments) at the distobuccal point was 12.0861 with a standard error of 0.3428. On comparative assessment, the mean microgap in between the groups showed significant difference (Tukey test). Conclusion: On implant-abutment interface at the platform level, the microgaps of premachined implant abutments were significantly lesser than the casted implant abutments. Furthermore, the microgap of both tested groups was found within the clinically acceptable ranges.

There is colossal research scope in achieving greater functionality and durability in microelectronic devices as conventional air cooling systems cannot handle these devices' cooling requirements which may be due to their low heat transfer performance. In such instances, phase change heat transfer mechanisms are appropriate for heat extraction since they utilise both sensible and latent heat. The ability to remove huge amount of heat at low wall superheats and the lack of moving parts make pool boiling appealing. This experimental study emphasises the analysis of bubble behaviour and critical heat flux (CHF) on electrodeposited tubes developed via in-house built set-up. Copper has been deposited over SS 304 tubes of a length of 100 mm and diameter of 2.5–4.5 mm. Their surface morphologies have been investigated using various characterization techniques such as SEM, EDS, AFM, and XRD. The surface roughness measurement confirms that electrodeposition increases the roughness of the tube. The contact angle analysis confirms that the coated surfaces are hydrophobic in nature. The CHF visualization is carried out under uniform heat flux conditions. It is observed that with an increase in diameter, the magnitude of CHF reduces irrespective of the coated and uncoated surface. The hydrophobic surface exhibits a lesser CHF magnitude than the uncoated surface. The reduction in CHF magnitude is within a range of 4.27%–8.93%. At lower heat flux magnitude, the bubble nucleation is rigorous in coated tubes, making it efficient for phase change heat transfer applications.

This work presents anodically electrodeposited copper (Cu)/chitosan gel as a novel precursor for synthesizing a Cu/carbon nanocomposite through laser-induced carbonization. Metal/carbon nanocomposites offering advantageous properties compared to their individual counterparts stand out in various applications, particularly in those involving electrochemical phenomena. However, their synthesis often suffers from complicated and time-consuming synthesis procedures. Here, we integrate anodic electrodeposition and laser-induced carbonization to yield a rapid, simple, and inexpensive procedure for synthesizing metal/carbon nanocomposite. A precursor composite involving Cu-coordinated chitosan film is achieved through anodic electrodeposition on a copper anode. Irradiation by an infrared laser with optimized parameters results in the thermochemical decomposition of the Cu/chitosan composite, rapidly forming a nanocomposite material featuring highly graphitized and porous carbon materials. Elemental mapping confirms the formation of the nanocomposite, although no crystalline phases of copper are observed during X-ray diffraction. This can be attributed to the rapid nature of the laser-carbonization process. The nanocomposite material is further demonstrated for electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), exhibiting a sensitivity of 2.65 mM−1 for concentrations ranging from 0.01 mM to 0.1 mM H2O2, and 0.01 ± 0.01 mM−1 for concentrations from 0.1 to 10 mM H2O2. These sensitivities are comparable to other non-enzymatic H2O2 biosensors. The finding of this work signifies a rapid and facile method for synthesizing metal/carbon nanocomposites with strong implications for the field of biosensors.

The present field experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) seasons of 2018–19 and 2019–20 at ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Regional Station Jalandhar, Punjab to find out the suitable planting geometry and dehaulming date for enhancing the seed potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) yield and profitability under north-western plains of India. According to the study planting geometry and dehaulming date strongly influenced the seed size tuber yield and quality. Among the different planting geometries, paired row bed planting significantly increased the yield and number of seed size tubers when dehaulming was done after 80–90 days. Maximum gross income, net returns and benefit:cost ratio was also observed under paired row bed planting over the conventional planting geometry. Paired row bed planting increased the tuber yield by 21.7% and benefit:cost ratio by 18.6% over the control. Hence, it is concluded from the experiment that paired row bed planting is found suitable for maximizing the seed size tuber numbers, yield as well as getting the maximum economic returns.

Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) is attacked by numerous diseases of which anthracnose and web blight are predominant in Tarai Zone of Uttarakhand. Anthracnose and web blight of mung bean are caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum and Rhizoctonia solani, respectively. Their occurrence and development are highly influenced by weather conditions during the cropping season. Based on epidemiological data recorded at Pantnagar for two consecutive years (2019 and 2020), disease predictive models were developed using stepwise multiple regression. The result from the recorded data revealed that rainfall, T(min), rainy days, and morning relative humidity were statistically significant. Whereas, the T(max), evening relative humidity, and bright sunshine hours were statistically non-significant. Significant weather parameters were employed to develop suitable web blight and anthracnose prediction models for commonly grown varieties of mung bean. The prediction models were further validated using the web blight and anthracnose incidence data collected in mung bean varieties in 2021. The root mean square error values varied between 0.0002 – 0.0011, which shows that the models are accurate and acceptable.

Climate change is known to cause alterations in weather patterns and disturb the natural equilibrium. Changes in climatic conditions lead to increased environmental stress on embankments, which can result in slope failures. Due to wetting–drying cycles, expansive clayey soil often swells and shrinks, and matric suction is a major factor that controls the behavior. Increased temperature accelerates soil evaporation and drying, which can cause desiccation cracks, while precipitation can rapidly reduce soil shear strength. Desiccated slopes on embankments built with such soils can cause surficial slope failures after intense precipitation. This study used slope stability analysis to quantify how climate-change-induced extreme weather affects embankments. Historic extreme climatic events were used as a baseline to estimate future extremes. CMIP6 provided historical and future climatic data for the study area. An embankment was numerically modeled to evaluate the effect on slope stability due to the precipitation change induced by climate change. Coupled hydro-mechanical finite element analyses used a two-dimensional transient unsaturated seepage model and a limit equilibrium slope stability model. The study found that extreme climatic interactions like precipitation and temperature due to climate change may reduce embankment slope safety. The reduction in the stability of the embankment due to increased precipitation resulting from different greenhouse gas emission scenarios was investigated. The use of unsaturated soil strength and variation of permeability with suction, along with the phase transition of these earthen embankments from near-dry to near-saturated, shows how unsaturated soil mechanics and the hydro-mechanical model can identify climate change issues on critical geotechnical infrastructure.

Abstract In earlier reports, we have shown the antimicrobial activity of a host neuropeptide, alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and its cationic analogues against Staphylococcus aureus. These analogues of α-MSH showed enhanced staphylocidal activity without any significant mammalian cell toxicity. Therefore, here, we explored the antimicrobial activity of α-MSH and its cationic analogues against Escherichia coli. Though the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Gram-negative bacteria enables them to resist most conventional antibiotics, encouragingly α-MSH and its four analogues showed killing of both logarithmic and stationary phase E. coli cells in a time, dose and cationicity-dependent manner. In fact, the most cationic analogue, KKK-MSH with a + 5 charge, demonstrated successful eradication of 105 CFU/mL of E. coli cells within 15 min at a concentration as low as 1 µM. BC displacement experiment revealed that cationicity of the peptides was directly related to the killing efficacy of these α-MSH analogues against E. coli cells via initial LPS-binding, leading to rapid disruption of the LPS-outer membrane complex followed by inner bacterial membrane damage and eventual cell death. Here, we propose α-MSH based cationic peptides as promising future agents with broad-spectrum antibacterial efficacy against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens.

Over the years, several developing countries have been suffering from high infant and child mortality rates, however, according to the recent statistics, Pakistan falls high on the list. Our narrative review of copious research on this topic highlights that several factors, such as complications associated with premature births, high prevalence of birth defects, lack of vaccination, unsafe deliveries, poor breastfeeding practices, complications during delivery, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), poor socioeconomic conditions, and a struggling healthcare system, have influenced these rates. Bearing in mind the urgency of addressing the increased infant and child mortality rate in Pakistan, multiple steps must be taken in order to prevent unnecessary deaths. An effective initiative could be spreading awareness and education among women, as a lack of education among women has been indirectly linked to increased child mortality in Pakistan across many researches conducted on the issue. Furthermore, the government should invest in healthcare by hiring more physicians and providing better supplies and improving infrastructure, especially in underdeveloped areas, to decrease child mortality due to lack of clean water and poor hygiene. Lastly, telemedicine should be made common in order to provide easy access to women who cannot visit the hospital.

Wastewater is often discharged to natural water bodies through an open channel as well as used by marginal farmers to irrigate the agricultural fields, particularly in sub-urban areas of developing countries. In the present study, the samples of irrigation water, soil, vegetables (i.e., palak; Beta vulgaris L. var All green H1, radish; Raphanus sativus L., garlic; Allium sativum L., cabbage; Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata, brinjal; Solanum melongena L.) and crops (i.e., paddy; Oryza sativa L. and wheat; Triticum aestivum L.) were collected from the agricultural areas receiving untreated wastewater from a carpet industrial and residential areas since a decade. The contents of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn in the filtrates of water, soil, and crops were determined using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Perkin-Elmer AAnalyst 800, USA). Daily intake, hazardous quotient and heavy metal pollution index were computed to assess the health risk associated with consumption of heavy metal contaminated crops. The mean concentrations of Cd and Zn in B. vulgaris (5.35 µg g−1 dw and 58.41 µg g−1 dw, respectively) and Cr, Cu, and Ni in grains of T. aestivum (16.02 µg g−1 dw, 27.97 µg g−1 dw and 40.74 µg g−1 dw, respectively) were found highest and had exceeded the Indian safety limit. Daily intake of Cu, Ni, and Cr via consumption of tested cereal crops was found higher than the vegetables. The health quotient revealed that health of local residents is more linked to vegetables than cereal crops. The present findings may be helpful to the policymakers and regulatory authorities to modify the existing policy of wastewater uses in the agriculture and disposal to the natural water bodies. The regular monitoring of heavy metals in the wastewater should also be ensured by the regulatory authorities for their safe disposal to natural water bodies/agriculture in order to reduce the human health risk associated with the degree of heavy metal contaminated suburban food systems.

Dental implants have become a remarkable face of modern dentistry and are considered to be one of the several treatment options that can be used to replace missing teeth, which is considered to be an advanced procedure for oral health. The biologic basis of hard- and soft-tissue interfaces between the implant and the surrounding tissues and their clinical relevance plays a major role in the success of implant. Further, it is very crucial to explore the best suited approach for implant treatment planning. Numerous surgical protocols are required to cover the standard sets of steps for placing implant in complex as well as noncomplex situations for implant-supported dental prosthetics. However, dental implants may fail as a result of mechanical complications, such as screw loosening or due to biological causes such as periimplant diseases. As a result, dental personnel should be able to recognize these complications and the factors that have negative effects on the success of such implant-supported restorations or prostheses. Therefore, it is required to have an appropriate knowledge of dental implants for every dental student, hygienist, and dentist. Maintenance of implant-supported restorations and prostheses requires long-term follow-ups, so it is the responsibility of the patient to maintain good oral hygiene.

Abstract In recent times, fused azaheterocycles emerged as impressive therapeutic agents. Binding studies of such azaheterocycles with biomolecules is an important subject for pharmaceutical and biochemical studies aiming at the design and development of new drugs. Fused heterocyclic scaffolds, such as thiazolopyrmidines have long been used in the pharmaceutical industry for the treatment of various diseases. In this study, we have accomplished a regioselective synthesis of 2-aroyl-3-methyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidines by the reaction of tetrahydropyrimidine-2(H)-thione with α-bromo-1,3-diketones, generated in situ from 1,3-diketones and NBS, using visible light as an inexpensive, green and renewable energy source under mild reaction conditions with wide-ranging substrate scope. The regioisomer was characterized unambiguously by 2D-NMR [1H-13C] HMBC and [1H-13C] HMQC spectroscopy. In silico toxicity data analysis showed the low toxicity risks of the synthesized compounds. Computational molecular docking studies were carried out to examine the interaction of thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidines with calf-thymus DNA (ct-DNA) and Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA). Moreover, different spectroscopic approaches viz. steady-state fluorescence, competitive displacement assay, UV–visible and circular dichroism (CD) along with viscosity measurements were employed to investigate the binding mechanisms of thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidines with DNA and BSA. The results thus obtained revealed that thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidines offer groove bindings with DNA and showed moderate bindings with BSA.

Abstract Shigella has the remarkable capability to acquire antibiotic resistance rapidly thereby posing a significant public health challenge for the effective treatment of dysentery (Shigellosis). The phage therapy has been proven as an effective alternative strategy for controlling Shigella infections. In this study, we illustrate the isolation and detailed characterization of a polyvalent phage 2019SD1, which demonstrates lytic activity against Shigella dysenteriae, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Enterococcus saccharolyticus and Enterococcus faecium. The newly isolated phage 2019SD1 shows adsorption time

The operation of power systems needs uninterrupted and precise wide-area real-time monitoring for secure and automated control of power networks, therefore, there is a requirement of robust state estimation (SE) by the smart control centre. An iterative free static state estimation (IFSSE) scheme is developed using the linear measurement model (LMM) in this paper for microgrids (MGs) integrating distributed generation energy resources (DGERs). The developed scheme of IFSSE utilizes M-estimator (ME) concept, which is combined with the linear static state estimation (SSE) approach in order to provide robust estimation. The developed IFSSE scheme is iteration-free due to the implementation LMM that is achieved from placing the microphasor measurement units (μPMUs) and separate bad data processing (BDP) is not required for this proposed scheme. The proposed scheme's performance has been verified by employing it on modified IEEE-14 bus test systems (BTS) integrating DGERs and modified IEEE 30 BTS integrating DGERs then comparison has been done by taking two cases, i.e., linear SSE without BDP and linear SSE with BDP.

Recent work by us and others has implicated NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes as main producers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) following a brain insult such as status epilepticus, contributing to neuronal damage and development of epilepsy. Although several NOX isoforms have been examined in the context of epilepsy, most attention has focused on NOX2. In this present study, we demonstrate the effect of gp91ds-tat, a specific competitive inhibitor of NOX2, in in vitro epileptiform activity model as well as in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) model in rats. We showed that in in vitro seizure model, gp91ds-tat modulated Ca2+ oscillation, prevented epileptiform activity-induced ROS generation, mitochondrial depolarization, and neuronal death. Administration of gp91ds-tat 1 h after kainic acid-induced status epilepticus significantly decreased the expression of NOX2, as well as the overall NOX activity in the cortex and the hippocampus. Finally, we showed that upon continuous intracerebroventricular administration to epileptic rats, gp91ds-tat significantly reduced the seizure frequency and the total number of seizures post-treatment compared to the scrambled peptide-treated animals.The results of the study suggest that NOX2 may have an important effect on modulation of epileptiform activity and has a critical role in mediating seizure-induced NOX activation, ROS generation and oxidative stress in the brain, and thus significantly contributes to development of epilepsy following a brain insult.

In the present study Li+ co-doped ZnMoO4:Eu3+ phosphor is prepared through Polyol method. The XRD has resulted triclinic structure of the ZnMoO4 sample. TEM and HRTEM illustrate rod-like morphology of the present samples. The PL-spectra has been recorded at 266, 395 and 465 nm excitation wavelength and characteristic emission peaks of the Eu3+ ion are observed. It is observed that the alkali lithium ion fills the vacancy which might be created due to mismatching between the oxidation states of metal and lanthanide ion. In this work highest PL-intensity observed for 10 at% Li+ co-doped sample. Moreover, color purity and quantum efficiency for 10 at% Li+ co-doped sample is found to 97 % and 35 %, respectively. Judd-Ofelt parameters have been calculated for all the samples and are correlated with the observed emission. The deep red emission from Li+ co-doped ZnMoO4:Eu3+ indicates that present phosphor has potential for white light emitting diodes and bio-imaging applications.

Abstract Background Vaccine hesitancy is not a new phenomenon to Pakistan. This is evidenced through the slow progress of previous vaccination campaigns and programs against MMR, BCG, and especially polio. This issue continues to persist and is therefore becoming the cause of low COVID‐19 vaccination rates in Pakistan. Aim To provide insights about COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy among Pakistanis, and its potential harm on public health. Moreover, we aim provide recommendations to counter the factors limiting the COVID‐19 vaccination in Pakistan. Methodology A Boolean search was conducted to find the literature in MEDLINE‐PubMed, Google Scholar, and Clinicaltrials.gov databases up till March 16, 2022. Specific keywords were used which comprised of “SARS‐CoV‐2,” “COVID‐19,” “vaccine hesitancy,” “vaccine acceptance,” “intention to vaccinate,” and “Pakistan,” with use of “OR” and “AND.” Only free full‐text original studies in English language were used to compare and contrast. Results As proven by various studies, COVID‐19 vaccination rates are influenced by multiple factors, including inaccurate beliefs about COVID‐19, hesitancy amongst healthcare workers, uncertainty regarding vaccine's efficacy and fear of side effects. Various conspiracy theories and lower testing rates among others also add up to impose a negative impact on the vaccination rates and public health of Pakistan. This may lead to newer strains of potentially harmful COVID‐19, mental health deterioration, and prolonged lockdowns. Conclusion Vaccine hesitancy is a global public health threat, and its impacts are pronounced in Pakistan. This is reflected in the COVID‐19 pandemic; low vaccination rates in Pakistan may lead to future outbreaks of new, potentially harmful, strains of COVID‐19 which can prolong lockdowns in the country and affect mental health of the population. To improve the current situations, it is imperative for the government, educational institutes, and healthcare systems to develop trust and continually use dialogue, communication, and education to address misconceptions to improve COVID‐19 vaccination in Pakistan.

Energy consumption is increasing day by day, thereby depleting the fossil fuel reserve at an alarming rate. The fossil-based fuels have many adverse effects on the environment and cause global warming due to emission of greenhouse gases. Biodiesel produced via the transesterification process is an alternative, eco-friendly, and renewable fuel. Transesterification is carried out using homogeneous, enzyme, and heterogeneous catalysts. Heterogeneous catalysts can resolve the issues faced by the homogeneous and enzyme catalysts during biodiesel synthesis. At the same time, heterogeneous nanocatalysts have much more potential due to their higher surface area, more selectivity, and stronger catalytic activity. In this review, various nanocatalysts such as metal oxides (CaO, MgO, ZnO, Ti2O, CuO, and ZrO2), magnetic nanocatalyst, nano-zeolite catalyst, and nano-hydrotalcite catalysts were studied. In addition, catalyst preparation methods, physical properties of catalyst along with various reaction parameters such as reaction temperature and time, methanol to oil molar ratio (MTOMR), catalyst loading, and biodiesel yield were highlighted and discussed. In short, biodiesel synthesis using nanocatalyst can provide a cheap and clean energy and thus the nanocatalyst can be further developed as a strong candidate for the global energy industry in the future.

Maternal mortality is a major concern in Afghanistan. Even though the mortality rate is decreasing, Afghanistan still ranks below most countries in terms of maternal mortality. Challenges such as political instability, the COVID-19 pandemic, and unskilled staff are proving to be a burden on the healthcare system of Afghanistan, which has become an obstacle for the aim of further reducing the rate. Along with the struggling healthcare system, illiteracy and ignorance are further exacerbating the maternal health issues. In order to address these challenges, the Taliban must work alongside international organizations on improving the basic healthcare facilities, build more maternity clinics, provide better training for the medical staff, and educate citizens.

The domain of fault detection has seen tremendous growth in recent years. Because of the growing demand for uninterrupted operations in different sectors, prognostics and health management (PHM) is a key enabling technology to achieve this target. Bearings are an essential component of a motor. The PHM of bearing is crucial for uninterrupted operation. Conventional artificial intelligence techniques require feature extraction and selection for fault detection. This process often restricts the performance of such approaches. Deep learning enables autonomous feature extraction and selection. Given the advantages of deep learning, this article presents a transfer learning–based method for bearing fault detection. The pretrained ResNetV2 model is used as a base model to develop an effective fault detection strategy for bearing faults. The different bearing faults, including the outer race fault, inner race fault, and ball defect, are included in developing an effective fault detection model. The necessity for manual feature extraction and selection has been reduced by the proposed method. Additionally, a straightforward 1D to 2D data conversion has been suggested, altogether eliminating the requirement for manual feature extraction and selection. Different performance metrics are estimated to confirm the efficacy of the proposed strategy, and the results show that the proposed technique effectively detected bearing faults.

Abstract Background The mechanistic (or mammalian) target of rapamycin (mTOR), a Ser/Thr kinase, associates with different subunits forming two functionally distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, regulating a diverse set of cellular functions in response to growth factors, cellular energy levels, and nutrients. The mechanisms regulating mTORC1 activity are well characterized; regulation of mTORC2 activity, however, remains obscure. While studies conducted in Dictyostelium suggest a possible role of Ras protein as a potential upstream regulator of mTORC2, definitive studies delineating the underlying molecular mechanisms, particularly in mammalian cells, are still lacking. Methods Protein levels were measured by Western blotting and kinase activity of mTORC2 was analyzed by in vitro kinase assay. In situ Proximity ligation assay (PLA) and co-immunoprecipitation assay was performed to detect protein-protein interaction. Protein localization was investigated by immunofluorescence and subcellular fractionation while cellular function of mTORC2 was assessed by assaying extent of cell migration and invasion. Results Here, we present experimental evidence in support of the role of Ras activation as an upstream regulatory switch governing mTORC2 signaling in mammalian cancer cells. We report that active Ras through its interaction with mSIN1 accounts for mTORC2 activation, while disruption of this interaction by genetic means or via peptide-based competitive hindrance, impedes mTORC2 signaling. Conclusions Our study defines the regulatory role played by Ras during mTORC2 signaling in mammalian cells and highlights the importance of Ras-mSIN1 interaction in the assembly of functionally intact mTORC2.

Potato is regarded as an important food crop, owing to its short duration, broader adaptability, nutritive supremacy and immediate returns. For getting more yields, farmers of Punjab are going for over fertilization of some nutrient and under fertilization of other which has resulted in inappropriate fertilization and consequently lower yields. Therefore, extension of adequate knowledge and awareness about these most important input components is utmost important for achieving optimum yield and better economic returns. So, the present investigation was initiated, during 2018-20 with the objective to reveal the extent of inappropriation of macronutrients followed in potato growing soils of Punjab. Information about average yield and fertilizer application rate was collected from 100 potato growing locations. Soils of all these locations were analyzed for various soil properties. It was observed that potato growers applied inappropriate amount of NPK. Application of more phosphorus (34.8-65.3 kg/ha) and less nitrogen (-68.4 to -85.8 kg/ha) and potassium (-38.3 to -66.8 kg/ha) has been practiced in these areas. The investigation further revealed that an increase in tuber yield (ranged between 2.04 to 4.51 t/ha) and consequently economic returns (₹15760-36020) can be achieved by following appropriate/recommended fertilization of macro nutrients.

Citrobacter species often occur in sewage, food, soil, wastewater, and in the intestinal tract of animals and humans. Citrobacter spp. cause urinary tract infections (UTIs) and infantile meningitis in humans. Due to the presence of plasmid-encoded resistance genes, Citrobacter spp. are often resistant to many antibiotics. In this study, Citrobacter virus HCF1, a novel virulent bacteriophage capable of killing Citrobacter amalonaticus and Citrobacter freundii, was isolated from the sewage water. The isolated bacteriophage was characterized with respect to transmission electron microscopy, one-step growth curve, host range, in vitro efficacy, storage stability, and environmental stress tolerance. The one-step growth curve analysis revealed that the latent period of HCF1 was 30 min and the estimated burst size was 121 plaque-forming units (PFU) per bacterial cell. Host range testing indicated that the HCF1 was specific to the Citrobacter genus. In vitro efficacy assay in the effluent of an anaerobic biodigester showed that the HCF1 completely eliminated the host within 4 and 5 h at MOI:100 and MOI:10, respectively, thereby indicating its potential for combating C. amalonaticus infections. The isolated bacteriophage is considerably stable and tolerant to environmental stress. Furthermore, the complete genome of HCF1 was sequenced using Oxford Nanopore sequencing and the data were subjected to detailed bioinformatic analyses. NCBI-BLASTn analysis revealed that the HCF1 genome had a query coverage of 15–21% and a maximum similarity of 77.27–78.49% with 11 bacteriophages of the Drexlerviridae family. Detailed bioinformatic analysis of the genome profile suggests that HCF1 is a novel T1svirus belonging to the Tempevirinae subfamily of the Drexlerviridae family.

The effect of sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) concentrations (0.01, 0.1 and 1 M) on carbon steel corrosion behavior in 3.75 M ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) solution was investigated. The potentiodynamic polarization results show that the icorr increases from 8.7 × 10−6 A cm−2 to 7.2 × 10−4 A cm−2 when thiosulfate (S2O32−) concentration increases from 0 to 1 M. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements also mimic the same trend. However, it is also observed that the icorr value starts decreasing when S2O32− concentration equals or exceeds the NH4Cl concentration (Cl−:S2O32− ≥ 1:1) in the electrolyte solution. The polarization behavior and field-emission scanning electron microscopy images reveal that the carbon steel undergoes general corrosion at lower concentrations (0.01 M S2O32− and 0.1 M S2O32−) and, both pitting and general corrosion at higher concentration (1 M S2O32−). Based on the experimental results, the mechanistic reaction pathway, which involves two dissolution paths for carbon steel dissolution is suggested. Keywords: Carbon steel, Ammonium chloride, Sodium thiosulfate, Electrochemical techniques, Corrosion mechanism

The driver mutations for the two main molecular subgroups of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) are poorly defined. Here, an integrative genomics analysis identifies 3′ UTR NFKBIZ mutations within the activated B-cell DLBCL subgroup and small FCGR2B amplifications in the germinal centre B-cell DLBCL subgroup.

Recycling has been the fascinating topic among the researchers for all times. The present study shows the recycling of steel plant's solid wastes as blast furnace flue dust and sludge towards agglomeration and their use in the production of sinter. These wastes consist of metal oxides and coke fines as a valuable material with some alkali oxides. Using these wastes as it is in the form of fines exacerbate the further processing. Pellets of these wastes are prepared with three types of binders as molasses, dextrin and bentonite. The result reveals that properties as compressive strength, shatter strength, are better in the case of bentonite binder having the productivity of the disc pelletizer machine as 75. After that, these macro pellets used for sintering with iron ore and other ingredients in pot type, down draft laboratory grade sintering machine, which shows very high productivity and good mechanical properties of the sinter as well. The microstructural analysis reveals the presence of re-oxidized hematite and a little bit of a magnetite phase with some slag phases, which confirmed later by XRD analysis. Results also show the decrease in coke rate, i.e. coke consumption to produce sinter and at the same time, this process is highly eco-friendly.

This study aimed to investigate the influence of loosely bound water (LBW) on the compressibility of compacted fine-grained soils and accurately determine the soil’s compression index. Four fine-grained soils (i.e., heavy clay, heavy silt, lean clay, and lean silt) and a coarse-grained soil were examined. The volumetric flask method was used to measure the LBW contents of the five soils. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was then performed to test the mineral compositions and help explain the reason why the LBW content varied between different soils. A concept of modified void ratio was proposed by assuming that LBW is a part of the solid phase in soil. Subsequently, consolidation tests and permeability tests were conducted on saturated compacted specimens. The results show that the compression indexes or permeability coefficients tend to be the same for the soils with identical initial modified void ratios. Consolidation tests were also carried out on the unsaturated compacted heavy silt of four different dry densities prepared at a water content higher than the optimum. They show that the compression of unsaturated soil occurs if pore air is discharged when the water content is less than the LBW content. This confirms the previous assumption that LBW can be regarded as a part of the soil solid phase. A modified compression index was deduced and implemented to predict the settlement of a road embankment. The result suggests that the modified compression index is capable of calculating the compression of fine-grained soils, whose water contents are higher than their LBW contents.