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Aim: To ascertain whether maternal food insecurity was associated with low birth weight of their babies., Methods: Systematic review conducted following the items of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews-PRISMA, and recorded in PROSPERO. The descriptors food security, low birth weight and infant low birth weight were combined in the electronic databases: Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature and Google Scholar, independently by two researchers, between October 2022 and September 2023. The meta-analysis of the association between food insecurity and low birth weight was conducted. The included studies underwent quality and risk of bias assessment., Results: The initial search resulted in 631 records, 12 of which met the inclusion criteria and were selected for this study. Mothers experiencing food insecurity presented 3.09 more risk of having low birth weight babies when compared to those in food security situations., Conclusion: Evaluating and monitoring the food and nutritional situation of pregnant women is necessary, with emphasis on the importance of prenatal care, to direct public policies that ensure food security and strengthen adequate nutritional conditions for pregnant women and their babies., (© 2024 Foundation Acta Paediatrica. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of eight weeks of combined physical exercise of moderate intensity on inflammatory markers, as well as its relationship with body composition in young women recently admitted to a Public Institution of Higher Education., Methods: Longitudinal, intervention study, in which 59 female participants aged 18-25 years were evaluated before and after a combined physical exercise program for eight weeks. Blood samples were collected before and after the intervention for analysis of C-reactive protein and inflammatory cytokines. Weight and height were measured to calculate body mass index and body composition was evaluated by Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry before and after the intervention. Statistical analyzes performed were t-test, Willcoxon test and Spearman's correlation. This study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee and the Free and Informed Consent Form was signed by all participants., Results: After the intervention, there was a reduction in the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF and IL-12), while the anti-inflammatory (IL-10) and CRP did not change; reduction in the total body gynoid fat mass and in the percentage of body fat; increased trunk and total muscle mass. Body composition was negatively correlated with the pro-inflammatory interleukins IL-1β and IL-6 and positively correlated with CRP., Conclusions: Combined physical exercise for eight weeks acted to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines, fat mass and increase in muscle mass. Inflammatory markers correlated with body fat before the intervention, suggesting the participation of visceral adipose tissue in the release of these markers in female university students., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

A new phenotype of obesity has been studied: normal-weight obesity (NWO), which describes individuals with normal-weight by BMI and excess body fat. Despite normal-weight, individuals with NWO have a higher cardiometabolic risk. There is still a gap in the literature on the subject, especially in adolescents, as studies with this population are scarce. This study aims to investigate the sociodemographic factors, family history of chronic non-communicable diseases, body perception, lifestyle and food consumption associated with NWO in adolescents. This is a cross-sectional study, with 506 normal-weight adolescents aged 10–19 years, of both sexes. Weight and height were obtained, and BMI/age was calculated. Body fat analysis was performed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Sociodemographic data, level of physical activity, food consumption, body self-perception and lifestyle habits were also obtained. Logistic regression with hierarchical approach was used to analyse the associations. The odds of NWO are greater with age (OR = 1·14; 95 % CI = 1·04, 1·26), lower in male adolescents (OR = 0·21; 95 % CI = 0·11, 0·41) and higher in those with a history of familial dyslipidemia (OR = 1·81; 95 % CI = 1·01, 3·28). Adolescents satisfied with their body (OR = 0·30; 95 % CI 0·16, 0·56) and physically active (OR = 0·44; 95 % CI = 0·24, 0·81) have a lower odds of NWO, compared with the others. In addition, it was observed that the odds of NWO is greater among adolescents who use sweeteners (sugar substitutes) (OR = 3·84; 95 % CI = 1·70, 8·65). The factors associated with NWO were female sex, older age, positive family history of dyslipidemia, lower body satisfaction, lower level of physical activity and greater use of sweeteners.

Food insecurity is a public health problem as it affects a wide array of individuals in the population. It can be characterized by food deprivation, lack of essential nutrition, lack of dietary education, lack of adequate storage conditions, poor absorption, and poor overall nutrition. The relationship between food insecurity and micronutrient deficiency requires more effort to deepen and discuss the relationship. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the association between food insecurity and micronutrient deficiency in adults. The research was conducted according to PRISMA using the Medline/Pubmed, Lilacs/BVS, Embase, Web of Science, and Cinahl databases. Studies carried out with male and female adults were included, which investigated the correlation or association between food insecurity and the nutritional status of micronutrients. There were no publication year, country, or language restrictions. A total of 1148 articles were found, and 18 of these were included, carried out mainly on the American continent and with women. The most evaluated micronutrients were iron and vitamin A. Food insecurity was associated with nutrient deficiency in 89% ( n = 16) of the studies. As a result of the meta-analysis, it was observed that there is a greater chance of anemia and low levels of ferritin among food insecure individuals. It is concluded that food insecurity is associated with micronutrient deficiency. Understanding these problems allows the creation of public policies capable of contributing to changes. Protocol registration: This review was registered on the PROSPERO-International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews database-CRD42021257443.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has reduced access to adequate food in terms of quality and quantity, especially for the most vulnerable population groups. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Food Insecurity and its main socioeconomic and health determinants in pregnant women and mothers of children under 2 years of age, during the COVID-19 pandemic., Methods: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) and registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (CRD42021278033). The descriptors "Pregnant Woman", "Postpartum Women", "Breastfeeding Women", "COVID-19", "Food Insecurity", "Food Security" were combined in Scopus (Elsevier), Medline/PubMed ( via National Library of Medicine), Embase (Elsevier), Web of Science and Science Direct independently by two researchers in September 2022. Original articles about Food Insecurity in households with pregnant women and mothers of children under 2 years of age during the COVID-19 pandemic were included. The meta-analysis of the prevalence of Food Insecurity was conducted using the RStudio software (4.0.4)., Results: The initial search resulted in 539 records, and 10 articles met the proposed criteria and were included in this review. The prevalence of Food Insecurity ranged from 11.5 to 80.3% and in the meta-analysis it was 51% (IC: 30-71) ( I 2 = 100.0%). The main socioeconomic and health determinants were ethnicity, domain language, low education, low income, informal employment, unemployment, occurrence of mental disorders, domestic violence, in addition to the unavailability of food in markets and lack of transport. The inclusion of studies with data collection by telephone stands out as a limitation, due to the non-inclusion of vulnerable groups without access to this means of communication., Conclusion: It is necessary to implement and strengthen specific public policies for the maternal and child group with the objective of protecting and strengthening the rights of women to maintain the physical and mental integrity of this group and guarantee Food Security., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Azevedo, Morais, Silva, Candido, Morais, Priore and Franceschini.)

Background: Excess adiposity is one of the main risk factors for the development of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. The purpose of this study is to compare cardiometabolic risk factors in eutrophic adolescents with a high body fat percentage (%BF) with eutrophic adolescents with adequate %BF and those with excess weight and %BF., Methods: Cross-sectional study with 1043 adolescents. This study presented power equal to 99.75%. Body fat and anthropometric, clinical and biochemical indicators were evaluated. Participants were grouped according to body composition classified by body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage. Statistical analyses were performed using R software version 4.0.2, adopting a significance level of 5%. The Mann-Whitney test, principal components analysis and logistic regression were performed., Results: It was observed that the SG was more similar to GC2 than to GC1 for both sexes, demonstrating that there was a greater similarity between these groups in relation to the evaluated factors. Higher values for TC, SBP and TG were associated with the SG when the CG1 was used as reference, controlled for sex and age. Likewise, higher TC values and lower levels of SBP, TG and LDL were related to SG when the CG2 was used as reference., Conclusion: Body fat assessment is more effective in predicting risk factors and cardiometabolic diseases than BMI alone.

Iodine is a micronutrient essential for maintaining normal body functioning, and the consumption depends on the distribution in the environment, and insufficient or excessive intake results in thyroid dysfunction. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the correlation between iodine concentration in drinking water and the iodine status of the population. The systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines and was registered at the International Prospective Register of Ongoing Systematic Reviews (CRD42019128308). A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE/PUBMED (National Library of Medicine), LILACS (Latin-American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences), and Cochrane Library, June 2021. The quality of the studies was assessed by a checklist for cross-sectional studies developed by Joanna Briggs Institute. The initial search identified 121 articles, out of which ten were included in this systematic review, and five were included in the meta-analysis. Among the articles listed, six adopted cutoff points to classify the iodine content in the drinking water. The study identified median iodine concentration in drinking water from 2.2 to 617.8 μg/L and the correlation between iodine concentration in drinking water and urinary iodine concentration was 0.92, according to meta-analysis. Furthermore, the iodine status was correlated to the iodine content in water. The determination of a cutoff point can contribute to the implementation of iodine consumption control measures., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

The present study aimed to evaluate the association of sociodemographic factors and lifestyle with the consumption of in natura or minimally processed (INMP) foods, ultra-processed foods (UPFs), and fruits and vegetables. This was a cross-sectional study conducted with 403 children, aged 4 to 7 years, from a retrospective cohort. Sociodemographic and lifestyle variables were investigated using a sociodemographic questionnaire. Food consumption was assessed by three food records. Bivariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were used to analyze associations. Children with lower income had a higher consumption of INMP foods and a lower consumption of UPFs. A shorter time spent at school was associated with a lower consumption of INMP foods and a higher consumption of UPFs. Children with more screen time and less educated parents consumed less fruits and vegetables. Unfavorable sociodemographic factors were associated with a better profile of food consumption according to the level of processing, except for fruits and vegetables. The longer time spent at school and a shorter screen time contributed to a healthier diet.

Objective: The objective is to analyze the concentration of iodine in Brazilian drinking water and its possible contribution to iodine intake for different groups., Methods: Water samples collected from primary healthcare units in eight locations distributed across all five macroregions of Brazil were analyzed. The quantification of iodine in the water samples was done by spectrophotometry (leuco crystal violet method). To classify the degree of iodine concentration, the recommendation of the Ministry of Health (China) was followed since Brazil lacks a classification standard. To verify the possible contribution of drinking water to iodine intake for different groups, the recommended water intake for each group according to the United States Institute of Medicine (2004) was considered. The percentage of iodine in drinking water and its contribution to iodine intake for different physiological groups were calculated based on the estimated average requirement (EAR) of iodine. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 21.0 and Statistical Analysis Systems (SAS) version 9.2., Results: Significant differences were found between the maximum and minimum concentrations of iodine in water samples from the same location. In Pinhais (south region), the difference was 44.32  μ g· L -1 ; in Viçosa (southeast region), it was 27.86  μ g·L -1 ; in Rondonópolis (midwest region), it was 12.66  μ g·L -1 ; in São Luís (northeast region), it was 11.82  μ g·L -1 ; in Brasilian Federal District (midwest region), it was 10.98  μ g·L -1 ; in Macaé (southeast region), it was 10.14  μ g· L -1 ; in Palmas (north region), it was 4.22  μ g·L -1 ; and in Vitória (southeast region), it was 1.69  μ g·L -1 . The maximum concentrations of iodine found in the drinking water of Pinhais and Viçosa can contribute more than 70.0% and 50.0%, respectively, to daily iodine intake for all groups., Conclusion: Monitoring the concentration of iodine in drinking water from different locations in each city or Federal District is a preventive measure against inadequate iodine intake and possible adverse changes in population health., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Carina Aparecida Pinto et al.)

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the concentration of iodine in drinking water in the same or different seasons of the year in Brazilian macroregions., Method: Water samples were collected from the Basic Health Units of eight municipalities that make up the different Brazilian macroregions and the Federal District. Sample collection took place in the summer, autumn, winter, and spring seasons. The spectrophotometric method with "leuco crystal violet" was used to determine the concentration of iodine in the water. Descriptive statistics on the data were performed. To verify if there was a difference in the concentration of iodine in the water between the climatic seasons of the year in the same place and between the same seasons in different locations, the Mann-Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis test was used and a p < 0.05 value was considered significant., Results: Among the climatic seasons throughout the year in the same location, there was a difference in the concentration of iodine in the water in the municipality of Pinhais, state of Paraná/South macroregion, between autumn and summer ( p =0.041) and winter and summer seasons ( p =0.003). There was a difference in the concentration of iodine in the water in the summer season between the Midwest and South macroregions; Northeast and Midwest, Southeast and South; North and Midwest, Southeast and South ( p < 0.05). In the autumn season, there was a difference in the concentration of iodine in the water between the Midwest and South macroregions; Northeast and Midwest, Southeast and South; North and Midwest, Northeast and South ( p < 0.05). In the winter season, there was a difference in the concentration of iodine in the water between the Southeast and Midwest and Southeast and South macroregions ( p < 0.05). In the spring season, there was a difference in the concentration of iodine in the water between the Southeast and Midwest and Southeast and South macroregions ( p < 0.05)., Conclusion: There were differences in the iodine concentrations in drinking water in different locations in Brazil, when analyzed in the same seasons, and in the municipality of Pinhais between the autumn and summer and winter and summer seasons. Thus, it is suggested to monitor the iodine concentrations in water, considering the differences in climate, characteristics of each region, and soils throughout the Brazilian territory, since the deficiency or excess of iodine can bring risks to the health of the population., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Carina Aparecida Pinto et al.)

Purpose: To systematically review studies on the relationship between physical activity (PA) and quality of life (QOL) in university students without comorbidities for cardiometabolic diseases from around the world., Methods: We included observational studies with university students of both sexes, from public or private institutions, and that investigated the association or correlation between physical activity and quality of life among these students, without delimitation of date, language, or location. Reviews, letters to the editors, studies with qualitative methodologies, case studies, book chapters, articles with college students who had some specific disease or condition, such as obesity, diabetes, and others; studies with children of parents with chronic diseases, and those that were institutions aimed only at very specific populations, were excluded. Meta-analysis was calculated., Results: Thirty studies, consisting of 19,731 students, were included. The most commonly used instruments to assess the quality of life of the university population were the Quality of Life Questionnaire-short version (WHOQOL-BREF), and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was the most commonly used instrument to assess PA. For the meta-analysis, 22 studies were included. Weak but positive correlations were found between PA and the QOL domains: physical health (0.16. 95% CI 0.11 0.22; I 2  = 99.96%); mental health (0.14; 95% CI 0.07-0.20; I 2  = 99.97%); social relations (0.24, 95% CI 0.08-0. 38; I 2  = 99.99%); environment (0.23, 95% CI 0.14-0.32; I 2  = 99.90%); vitality (0.17. 95% CI 0.15-0.20; I 2  = 99.49%) pain (0.02. 95% CI - 0.02 to 0.12; I 2  = 99.96%); QOL and PA (0.21, 95% CI 0.08-0.34; I 2  = 99.99%).An association of R = 0.60 (95% CI 0.25-0.95; I 2  = 85.61%) was found between QOL and PA in total., Conclusion: The results of our study showed a weak but positive relationship between physical activity and overall quality of life in college students, and also between PA and the domains of QL: physical health, social relationships, mental health, environment, and vitality, in this same population. It is important to study this population, since risk behaviors in this phase tend to perpetuate in the other phases of life., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

The majority of studies on anemia are focused on children and women of reproductive age. Although the disease is a widespread public health problem, studies that include the rural population are scarce. This study determined the prevalence of anemia and associated factors in adults and the elderly living in the rural area of a municipality in Minas Gerais. Twelve rural communities were included. During home visits, hemoglobin levels were measured using a hemoglobinometer to check for the presence or absence of anemia. Additionally, anthropometric data and food insecurity data based on the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (EBIA) were collected. A questionnaire about socioeconomic, demographic, and housing conditions was applied. Analyses were performed using the Stata software version 13.0. Spearman correlation and regression analysis logistics were performed (p < 0.05) on 124 families (n = 297 farmers). The prevalence of anemia was 41.1%, being higher among women (55.7%). Additionally, 40.1% of the farmers were food insecure; 52.7% and 80.5% presented excess weight and cardiovascular risk, respectively. Poverty was a reality for 39.7% of individuals. A positive correlation between hemoglobin levels and per capita income was found as well as a negative correlation with EBIA scores and cardiovascular risk. Multivariate analysis showed that individuals experiencing food insecurity, the elderly, and those who do not own a property, were more likely to be anemic. Farmers with per capita income above 1/2 minimum wage were less likely to have anemia. The prevalence of anemia in the group studied was higher than previous studies. The disease is associated with factors that also predispose to food insecurity. The improvement of the determinants of insecurity can contribute to the fight against anemia.

Background: Normal weight obesity (NWO), which is defined by the excess of body fat in normal weight individuals, has been neglected among adolescents, due to their normal weight and young age. Few studies were carried out on the topic with adolescents., Objective: To analyze whether the NWO is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents., Subjects/methods: Cross-sectional study, with 506 normal weight adolescents aged 10-19 years, selected in schools in Brazil. Weight, height, waist circumference (WC) and neck circumference were obtained and the body mass index (BMI) and waist/height ratio (WHR) were calculated. Body composition analysis was performed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The clinical evaluation included lipid and glycid profile, platelets, leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, uric acid and blood pressure, as well as the presence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components. NWO was defined by the presence of normal weight, according to BMI for age, and excess body fat (≥25% and ≥30% in males and females, respectively). Logistic regression models were used to analyze associations between normal weight adolescents with and without the NWO phenotype., Results: NWO associated positively with abdominal obesity, analyzed through WC (OR = 1.36;95%CI = 1.27-1.47), WHR (OR = 25.89;95%CI = 10.43-64.26) and android fat (OR = 1.49;95%CI = 1.36-1.63); insulin resistance (OR = 4.09;95%CI = 1.72-9.70), hyperinsulinemia (OR = 3.83;95%CI = 1.50-9.76) and the highest values of the triglycerides-glycemia index (OR = 4.28;95%CI = 1.21-15.08); uric acid (OR = 1.81;95%CI = 1.29-2.55), as well as the changes in LDL (OR = 3.39;95%CI = 1.47-7.81), total cholesterol (OR = 2.77;95%CI = 1.22-6.29), and in at least one (OR = 1.87;95%CI = 1.04-3.37) or two (OR = 6.61;95%CI = 1.45-30.19) components of MS., Conclusion: NWO is associated with the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

We aimed to investigate the anthropometric and body composition parameters associated with the metabolically obese normal-weight (MONW) phenotype. This cross-sectional study was conducted with 506 adolescents in Brazil (aged 10-19 y). The MONW phenotype was defined as normal-weight, according to BMI/age, and at least one metabolic alteration. Anthropometric measurements were obtained and the DEXA was used for body composition analysis. Crude and adjusted Poisson regression models with robust variance were used to estimate the associations. The phenotype was positively associated with waist circumference (male: prevalence ratio (PR) = 1·05; 95% CI 1·01, 1·09; female: PR = 1·06; 95% CI 1·02, 1·09), waist:height ratio (male: PR = 1·26; 95% CI 1·07, 1·49; female: PR = 1·29; 95% CI 1·07, 1·56) and android:gynoid fat ratio (male: PR = 1·25; 95% CI 1·03, 1·51; female: PR = 1·39; 95% CI 1·20, 1·62), in both sexes. Furthermore, there was a positive association of phenotype with waist:hip ratio (PR = 1·32; 95% CI 1·06, 1·65) and trunk:arm fat ratio (PR = 1·13; 95% CI 1·02, 1·24) only in males and with trunk:leg fat ratio (PR = 2·84; 95% CI 1·46, 5·53), BAIp (PR = 1·06; 95% CI 1·01, 1·12), fat mass index (PR = 1·24; 95% CI 1·10, 1·41) and regional indices of metabolic load and capacity (PR = 1·29; 95% CI 1·09, 1·53), in females. Anthropometric and body composition parameters indicative of central and total fat are associated with the MONW phenotype.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been prevalent among adolescents. The association between the concentration of inflammatory markers and the individual components of the metabolic syndrome indicates that inflammation, when there is no recent or ongoing disease, mediated by an inflammatory process, is an event that may precede the development of metabolic disorders in teenagers. The objective of this study is to verify the association of inflammatory biomarkers with the components of metabolic syndrome in adolescents. From a search of 3 databases, 13 articles met the study inclusion criteria. Two investigators independently extracted data from included studies. The evaluated inflammatory biomarkers are related to the components of MetS (insulin resistance, central and visceral obesity, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia), which may increase the risk of developing the syndrome in adolescents. The results of this review are of clinical relevance, since the evaluation of inflammatory biomarkers in the presence of metabolic alterations can help to identify the risk factors that lead to the progression of MetS in adolescents., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Overweight is increasing in the adolescent population and became a public health problem in the world. This study aimed to identify the body adiposity indices (BAI) with the best capacity to predict excess fat tissue and propose cut-off points for them, according to sex and adolescence period. This is a cross-sectional study. We calculated BMI, conicity index (CI), BAI, body roundness index (BRI), waist:height ratio (WtHR) and waist:hip ratio. Predictive capacity and cut-off points of adiposity indices were established by ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curves. We determined AUC-ROC and CI, stratified by sex and adolescence period. The best index to identify excess body fat in 10-13-year-old female adolescents was the WtHR (AUC = 0·92), like the BAI in girls aged from 14 to 16 years old (AUC = 0·87) and 17 to 19 years old (AUC = 0·80). In male adolescents aged from 10 to 13 years old and 14 to 16 years old, the best index was the WtHR (AUC = 0·93 and AUC = 0·8, respectively), like the BAI in boys aged from 17 to 19 years old (AUC = 0·95). The use of indices with specific cut-off points for each period of adolescence and according to sex is important for the reliable diagnosis of excess body fat. It is advisable to use indices together to obtain a more accurate assessment. Thus, the WtHR and BAI are reproducible and reliable, with high sensitivity and specificity values, and can be used together with the BMI.

Introduction: Iodine deficiency during pregnancy can cause hypothyroidism and goiter; in schoolchildren, it can cause reduced intelligence quotient. In excess, iodine can cause thyroiditis, goiter, and Hashimoto's hypothyroidism. Currently, schoolchildren and pregnant women are classified as risk groups for excessive iodine intake and iodine deficiency, respectively. Thus, determining iodine from all sources of consumption is important for intervention planning. Objective: To construct a theoretical model for the iodine intake of schoolchildren and pregnant women of a city in the Zona da Mata Mineira region, considering a healthy diet, salt consumption and water intake. Methodology: The dietary iodine intake of pregnant women was analyzed based on a dietary iodine table compiled from an international database. A dietary plan was prepared following the Brazilian Food Guide. Iodine concentration of different salt brands sold in local establishments was checked, and drinking water samples from healthcare facilities were analyzed. A descriptive and exploratory statistical analysis was performed and the results were presented in absolute and relative frequencies, and measures of central tendency and dispersion. Results: According to the proposed diet, pregnant women and schoolchildren would have a daily intake of 71.6 μg and 71 μg, respectively. Thirteen salt brands were evaluated, 69.2% complied with the legislation and the mean iodine content was 29.88 mg. The mean concentration of iodine in water was 25 μg iodine/liter and 14 μg iodine/liter, respectively, in summer and autumn. Considering the intake of food, salt, and drinking water according to the proposed dietary plan, the daily intake for pregnant women would be 279.5 and 253.5 μg for schoolchildren. Conclusion: The daily iodine intake of schoolchildren and pregnant women according to this theoretical model was excessive, considering a healthy dietary pattern. This theoretical model can guide actions and public policies aimed at targeting all forms of iodine intake., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Candido, Ribeiro, Macedo, Fontes, Souza, Lopes Duarte, Priore, Peluzio, Milagres and Franceschini.)

The scope of this article is to evaluate the potentialities of indicators of the nutritional status of iodine in individuals or populations. The review was based on PRISMA. The search for articles occurred in January 2019, in the Pubmed, Scopus and LILACS databases, using the key words: indicators AND nutritional status AND iodine. The selection followed the stages of excluding the duplicates, reading the titles, abstracts and analyses in full. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated by the Downs and Black instrument. A total of 178 studies were identified and 20 were included. Urinary Iodine Concentration (UIC) was analyzed in 65% of the studies and was considered the best indicator to evaluate the nutritional status of iodine in the population. Thyroglobulin was determined in 20% of the studies and reflected the pre-existing state of iodine. Thyroid stimulating hormone was verified in 45% of the articles and was important for the surveillance of iodine deficiency among newborns. Only one study evaluated capillary iodine, useful for analyzing long-term dietary intake. In the evaluation of methodological quality, the lowest score was 12 and the highest 16, in 17 possible points. The use of UIC is recommended for the diagnosis of deficiency and excess of iodine in the population.

Introduction: The level of iodine in breast milk may be inadequate and compromise the health of this, both due to excess and lack, some population groups remain deficient because of the low consumption of iodate salt, because there is an increase in consumption of other sources of iodine, such as supplements and fortified foods., Objective: To evaluate the effect of the consumption of fortified foods and nutritional supplements with iodine on maternal milk levels., Methodology: Systematic review based on the Prism method, using the descriptors provided by DeCS. The reading, selection and analysis of the methodological quality of the articles was done by two researchers independently., Results: From 346 abstracts, 6 were eligible. The median iodination range between the studies ranged from 75 to 600 µg in supplements and 150 and 225 µg in fortified foods with effect on increased iodine concentration of breastmilk (BMIC), achieving the adequacy of the median BMIC in 4 of the 6 studies., Conclusion: Iodine ingestion through supplements or fortified foods results in improved iodine levels in breast milk., (© 2021 Machamba AAL et al.)

Objectives: to analyze the factors associated with the use of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs among Brazilian undergraduate students., Methods: observational, cross-sectional study, with convenience sampling, conducted in 2014/2015, involving institutional data and a self-completed online questionnaire, analyzed using measures of frequency, central tendency/dispersion and logistic regression., Results: among 126,326 students, 62.8% reported alcohol use; 11%, tobacco; and 7.5%, illicit drugs. Several academic factors-such as not residing with family (sororities [alcohol: aOR:2.38;95%CI:2.28-2.48; tobacco: AOR:2.20;95%CI:2.09-2.33; illicit drugs: AOR:2.53;95%CI:2.38-2.70]), acting in university movements (student [alcohol: AOR:1.74;95%CI:1.65-1.83; tobacco: AOR:1.97;95%CI:1.86-2.08; illicit drugs: AOR:2.43;95%CI:2.28-2.59] and religious [alcohol: AOR:0.28;95%CI:0.26-0.29; tobacco: AOR:0.23;95%CI:0.21-0.26; illicit drugs: AOR:0.18;95%CI:0.16-0.21]) and lack of discipline/study habit (alcohol: AOR:1.41;95%CI:1.37-1.45; tobacco: AOR:1.53;95%CI:1.46-1.59; illicit drugs: AOR:1.85;95%CI:1.76-1.94) - were associated with the use of the three categories of substances., Conclusions: we identified that a number of academic factors are associated with licit and illicit drug use. These findings may help in designing preventive strategies among college students.

Introduction: Two main strategies are currently recommended for the prevention and control of iodine deficiency in the world: implementation of universal salt iodisation programmes and permanent monitoring of iodine consumption by the population. Although iodine intake and coverage iodised salt have increased in the world population, iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) may still be a public health problem in a few countries or communities., Objective: To assess the impact of salt iodisation programmes on urinary iodine concentrations and goitre rates in the world population. Methodology. A systematic review based on the PRISMA method. We obtained articles from Scopus, Science Direct, MEDLINE databases, and other sources between March and April 2020, without limitation of dates. "Iodisation" AND "urinary iodine concentrations" AND "goitre" in English, Portuguese, and Spanish without filters and clinical trial, case-control, and cross-sectional studies were included in this review., Results: Of 479 abstracts, twenty-three were eligible. Coverage on iodised salt was in the range of 16 to 98%, and 11 studies had been sufficient, whilst eight studies had adequate iodine concentration in salt and three excess. 81.8% of studies that had an adequate median of UIC had a good impact in their respective salt iodisation programmes., Conclusion: After 18 years of salt iodisation programme implementation in the 13 countries, the majority achieved sustaining elimination of IDD whilst all had adequate median UIC; however, more detailed studies are still needed to confirm that all communities are equally protected of IDD., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Almeida Abudo Leite Machamba et al.)

As pregnant women are susceptible to changes in iodine, which can cause miscarriage, goiter, thyroid nodules, hypothyroidism, in addition to fetal neurological impairment or development. The aim of this study was to verify the implications of the iodine alteration in each gestational trimester and its consequences of physiological justification. The review was based on PRISMA. Searching for articles that took place in March 2020 without delimiting data. As bases consulted were the Clinical Trials, Cochrane Library, Lilacs and Medline (PubMed). The descriptors were combined as follows: "pregnancy" AND "iodine deficiency". Articles that addressed iodine deficiency and its implications were included. The selection followed the steps of reading the titles, abstracts and full articles. To assess the methodological quality of the studies, the STROBE Instruction instrument was used. The research resulted in 1,266 studies and 11 were included. In assessing methodological quality, the lowest score was and the maximum 20. According to studies, the fourth most affected by iodine loss are the second and third, it is possible to increase the volume and pneumatic nodules, subclinical hypothyroidism, pre-eclampsia, among others. The damages caused by iodine deficiency in the first or second trimester are still reversible, therefore, they need to be diagnosed early, to guarantee an iodic homeostasis and prevent damage to the health of the mother-child binomial.

This article sets out to identify the socio-demographic and nutritional factors associated with the nutritional status of iodine in the maternal-infant group. The review was based on the Prisma method and the Medline (PubMed), Scopus and Lilacs databases were consulted. The search was conducted in December 2018, using the key words nutritional status, iodine, infant, pregnant and lactating. The selection followed the stages of excluding duplicated articles, reading the titles, abstracts and texts in full. A total of 1,500 studies were identified and 26 met the inclusion criteria. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using the questionnaire proposed by Downs and Black. There was an association between the sociodemographic factors of income, education, maternal and gestational age, uniformity and place of residence in rural or urban areas with the nutritional state of iodine. In relation to dietary factors, the consumption of supplements, iodized salt and dietary sources of iodine, especially dairy products, play a protective role to avoid the deficiency. It is necessary to create more specific and effective strategies that address all the factors that affect the nutritional state of iodine to avoid the disorders resulting from the deficiency.

Objective: To investigate the association between body image disorders and the lifestyle and body composition of female adolescents., Design: Cross-sectional study., Setting: The Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) and Silhouette Scale and Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 were used to evaluate the participants' body image. Body composition was evaluated by a Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry equipment, and lifestyles were identified by latent class analysis (LCA) using the poLCA package for R., Participants: Female adolescents aged 14-19 years old, in the city of Viçosa-MG, Brazil., Results: In total, 405 girls participated in the study. Almost half of the participants were dissatisfied with their current physical appearance (51·4 %), presented body perception distortions (52·9 %). 47·3 % of the adolescents were dissatisfied with their body according to the BSQ, and another 8 % severely so. Subjects with an 'Inactive and Sedentary' latent lifestyle were 1·71 times as likely to feel dissatisfied as those with active and sedentary or inactive and non-sedentary lifestyles (95 % CI 1·08, 2·90, P = 0·047). Body image disorders showed an association with decreased amounts of moderate and vigorous physical activity, high screen time, increased alcohol consumption and excess body fat., Conclusions: Particular patterns of lifestyle and body composition seem to be associated in female adolescents with dissatisfaction with, distortion of and excessive concern about appearance. Specifically, physical inactivity, sedentary behaviour, alcohol consumption and high body fat percentage may be strongly linked to body image disorders.

Background: Food insecurity is a public health concern that affects health and quality of life, but its association with cardiometabolic risk is not well established. Thus, this systematic review evaluated the association between food insecurity and cardiometabolic risk factors in adults and the elderly., Methods: Search was conducted according to the PRISMA protocol using Scielo, LILACS and PubMed databases. We included original articles published in Portuguese, English, and Spanish, which assessed the association between food insecurity and cardiometabolic risk factors in adults and the elderly. The search identified 877 articles but only 11 were included in the review., Results: Food insecurity was directly associated with cardiometabolic risk (excess weight, hypertension, dyslipidemias, diabetes, and stress) after adjusting for interfering factors. A limitation of the cross-sectional study design is that the cause-effect relation between food insecurity and cardiometabolic risk cannot be established., Conclusions: We conclude that food insecurity has a direct relationship with cardiometabolic risk factors, especially excess weight, hypertension, and dyslipidemias. The identification of food insecurity as health problems can contribute to the implementation of efficient public policies for the prevention and control of chronic diseases., Protocol Registration: This review was registered on PROSPERO-International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews - CRD4201911549., Competing Interests: Competing interests: The authors completed the ICMJE Unified Competing Interest form (available upon request from the corresponding author), and declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2020 by the Journal of Global Health. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To evaluate the factors associated with food insecurity in families living in the urban area of Tocantins/Brazil., Methods: This is a population-based cross-sectional study conducted in the urban area of 22 municipalities in the 8 microregions of the state. A semi-structured questionnaire was applied to the head of household to obtain socioeconomic and demographic data, and the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (EBIA) was used to assess food insecurity at home. The anthropometric assessment of the residents was made by measuring weight, height/length and waist circumference. Multinomial logistic regression was performed to assess the association of food insecurity with individual/household variables, and Pearson's chi-square test was used to compare whether there was a difference in the prevalence of food insecurity between microregions and between families with and without individuals under 18 years., Results: A total of 596 households were evaluated, of which 63.4% were in a food insecurity situation. The final model of the multivariate analysis showed that low head-of-household schooling, low per capita income, receiving social assistance benefits and lack of clean drinking water in the household were associated with food insecurity (p < 0.05)., Conclusions: The findings of this study reveal the high prevalence of food insecurity in the families studied and their associated factors, showing the need for local actions and public policies to improve health conditions, education and income of the population, and consequently, improve the scenario of food and nutritional insecurity in the state.

Background: Female adolescents are considered a risk group for cardiometabolic disease due to their lifestyle (LS)., Objective: To evaluate the association between LS classes and body composition groups with cardiometabolic disease risk factors and pro- and anti-inflammatory biomarkers in female adolescents., Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out with female adolescents aged 14 to 19 years, from Viçosa-MG, Brazil. Latent class analysis assessed LS classes. Kinanthropometric measurements were taken together with the body fat percentage (BF%), being analyzed by the Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) equipment. Blood pressure and biochemical parameters were analyzed in the Health Division of the Federal University of Viçosa. The pro- and anti-inflammatory biomarkers were analyzed using Luminex technology. Associations with biomarkers were estimated by multiple linear regression., Results: 405 female adolescents were evaluated. The majority, 82.57%, 72.90%, and 65.31%, were classified as inactive by the number of steps, with high screen and cell phone time, respectively. Furthermore, 41.55% did meet the minimum of 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and 54.69% had high values of BF% (DEXA). The "Sedentary & Inactive LS" class together with the high levels of weight and BF% were associated with increased levels of blood pressure, lipid profile, and uric acid. It was also found that "Inactive & Sedentary LS", high BF%, insulin resistance, and ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein were associated with the concentrations of proinflammatory biomarkers of tumor necrosis factor- α , interleukin-6, and leptin., Conclusion: We concluded that female adolescents with overweight/obese and high BF% presented higher values of anthropometric indicators, levels of blood pressure, concentration of uric acid and hs-CRP, and lower concentration of HDL. Inactive and Sedentary lifestyle of these girls, along with excess body fat, insulin resistance, and higher concentrations of hs-CRP were associated with the higher concentration proinflammatory markers., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article., (Copyright © 2020 Valter Paulo Neves Miranda et al.)

The scope of this paper was to systematically investigate the indicators used in the evaluation of food and nutritional insecurity and associated factors in Brazilian studies. After selection in the databases using search terms and reverse search, 89 articles were included. The majority of the articles evaluated food and nutritional insecurity according to the indicator of perception, using the Brazilian Scale of Food Insecurity (83.1%), the American Scale (5.62%) and isolated questions (2.25%). The other articles evaluated the presence of malnutrition among children (1.12%), expenditure on food (1.12%), adult-equivalent dietary intake (1.12%), protocols (2.25%), and prediction models (2.25%). Food and nutritional insecurity (measured by the different indicators) was associated with socioeconomic and demographic factors, health and lifestyle conditions, food consumption and nutritional status, based on families, specific age groups, beneficiaries of government programs, among others, as sample units. The majority of the studies merely evaluated the food dimension of the insecurity, thereby increasing the difficulty in evaluating this complex situation.

The scope of this research was to characterize the household availability of food based on the classification adopted in the new Brazilian food guide and to analyze its relationship with food (in)security. It involved a population-based, cross-sectional study conducted in 95 households in the State of Tocantins. Food (in)security was evaluated by means of the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale. The household availability of food in the last 30 days was recorded and, subsequently, food was classified as in natura and/or minimally processed, processed and ultra-processed according to the new Brazilian food guide. The prevalence of food insecurity was 55.79%. It was found that the foods of the in natura and ultra-processed groups contributed the most to the household availability of food. There was a positive and significant relationship between the food security and food availability rates: milk, animal fat, canned food and cheese bread. The prevalence of food insecurity was high in this population group. In households with a higher level of food security, the availability of milk, animal fat, canned goods and cheese bread was significantly higher.

This article aims to identify the methods used to assess household food availability in studies on food and nutritional security and to discuss its methodological aspects. Systematic review elaborated according to the PRISMA method. We searched at PubMed; Scielo and Lilacs databases, and studies that used methods of assessing the availability of food at home were included. In the end, 19 papers composed the review. Food availability was predominantly assessed for a seven days period and from a single data measurement. Other variables were also observed in the studies, such as socio-demographic data and expenditure on food. Among the limitations to assess the food availability at home, we can highlight the difficulty in measuring the food distribution among family members and the lack of information on the variability of this availability. Such assessment can be improved by investigating the strengths and weaknesses of the instruments for greater detail and accuracy of the information. We recommend the development and validation of specific instruments capable of effectively measure the food availability at the household level.

Introduction: Objective: to identify cytokines and to associate them with several indexes of total and central adiposity in young female undergraduate students. Methods: 58 young female sophomore students, aged 18 to 25 years, from a Brazilian public university were evaluated. Both anthropometric measures (weight, height, waist circumference and hip circumference) and body composition were assessed through DXA, and the values of android, gynoid and truncal fat mass were obtained. Cytokines (IL-8, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 e TNF-α) were analyzed, and Body Mass Index (BMI), Body Adiposity Index (BAI), Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI), Conicity Index (CCI), Waist-Hip Index (WHR), Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR), Fat Mass Distribution Index 1 (FMI1) and Fat Mass Distribution Index 2 (FMI2) were calculated. Eventually, a linear regression was carried out to determine the regression coefficient and confidence interval (CI), having the predictor variables (cytokines) adjusted according to age and family history of obesity. The statistical significance of α = 5% was applied. Results: a correlation between adiposity indexes and cytokines (CCI, WHR and IL-12; CCI, WHR, FMI1, FMI2 and TNF-α) was identified. When it comes to the regression models, cytokines increase was related to CCI, WHR, FMI1 and FMI2 increase. Conclusion: pro-inflammatory cytokines were associated with an increase in adipose indexes. Therefore, these indexes became a feasible strategy for clinical practice in order to identify propensity to inflammatory disorders.

Food and nutrition security can be supported by an urban garden. The present study comprises a critical reflection on the difficulty of producing food in urban gardens in Brazil and shows the potential of food production and the obstacles to its expansion. In addition, issues related to the agroecological management of gardens are addressed and suggestions are made to improve the proposed public policies. Urban gardens are multifunctional and have social, economic and environmental impacts. They are strategically important for supporting low-income families and urban development. Through urban gardens, diverse foods and quality foods can be produced for self-consumption. This review highlights the importance of generating detailed information on urban gardens in Brazil to support policies aimed at this sector. Long-term and multidisciplinary studies are needed to evaluate the relationship between food production in urban gardens and household food and nutrition security. This approach revealed a lack of information on the amount of food produced by Brazilians in their gardens and consumed by the household. In addition, there is little information on the management of production. There is a gap relating to the impact of food produced in urban gardens and the prevalence of food and nutrition security. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.)

The aim of this paper is to identify eating patterns of children aged 6, 9 and 12 months and their association with socioeconomic, behavioral, birth and nutrition variables. Cross-sectional study with children from a cohort in Viçosa-MG, with 112 children at 6 months, 149 at 9 months and 117 at 12 months. Food intake was assessed by a 24-hour recall and patterns extracted by cluster analysis. Breast milk was identified in at least one dietary pattern every month. There was a low participation of ultra-processed foods in the identified dietary patterns. At month 6, children with lower family income were less likely to belong to the dietary pattern composed of milk formulas. Already overweight/obesity was 3.69 times higher in children who made up the pattern 2 (dairy formulas, vegetables, vegetables, beef and pear). At 12 months height deficit (PR = 3.28) and bottle use (PR = 4.51) were associated with the dietary pattern composed of milk formulas and cow's milk. The dietary patterns identified reflected the important participation of breast milk in children's diets. Dietary patterns with the presence of other types of milk were associated with nutritional deviations and bottle feeding.

Background and Aims: Overweight is ever more prevalent in the pediatric population, and this cardiometabolic factor can be associated with inflammatory markers, gut microbiota composition, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations. The aim of this study is to evaluate to what extent the abundance of gut microbiota phyla, SCFA concentrations, and inflammatory markers are associated with elevated body fat percentage (BF%), overweight, and obesity in female adolescents., Methods: An experimental and comparative study was conducted with 96 girls 14 to 19 years old. They were divided into 3 groups: G1-eutrophic (EUT) and adequate BF%; G2-EUT and high BF%; and G3-overweight (OW) or obese (OB) and high BF%. Waist circumference (WC), waist to height ratio (WtHR), and neck circumference (NC) were analyzed as indicators of central visceral adiposity. The BF% was evaluated by DEXA equipment. A food frequency questionnaire was used to evaluate the main types of food consumed in a week. The abundance of the Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria phyla was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and the SFCA concentrations (acetic, butyric, and propionic) were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The inflammatory markers leptin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were assessed., Results: Female adolescents in groups G2 and G3 had greater central visceral adiposity and leptin concentration than those in group G1. No association was found between gut microbiota phyla abundance and SFCA concentrations in any of the groups. WC and frequency of consumption of oily and fatty foods were associated with Firmicutes abundance and SFCA concentrations. Girls with high WC also had the greatest leptin ( p < 0.001) and hs-CRP ( p = 0.035) concentrations., Conclusions: Inflammatory markers showed association with increased BMI and high BF% in female adolescents. The abundance of Firmicutes was associated with WC and NC, but not with BMI classification or BF%. Specifically, WC and the consumption of oils and fats showed correlation with SCFA concentrations. Different anthropometric indicators, such as NC and WC, should be incorporated into the clinical evaluation of the nutritional status of individuals in the adolescent population., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article., (Copyright © 2019 Valter Paulo Neves Miranda et al.)

Background: There has been little evidence of the influence of breastfeeding on childhood eating habits., Aim: To evaluate the association between duration of exclusive breastfeeding (EB) and consumption of ultra-processed foods, fruits and vegetables by Brazilian children., Methods: This is a cross-sectional study nested in a cohort of 403 children age 4-7 years. Food consumption was evaluated by three food records and the foods were grouped by the amount of processing involved (minimal, including fruit and vegetables to ultra-processed foods). Adjusted linear and multinomial regression models were proposed to evaluate the association of EB with children's food intake. Median duration of EB was 4.0 (2.0-6.0) months and the prevalence of EB of 4 months or more was 60.9%., Results: Mean energy consumption was 1536 kcal/day, 38% of energy was from ultra-processed foods. Mean intake of fruit and vegetables was 130 g/day. For each 1-month increase in duration of EB there was a 0.7% decrease in energy from ultra-processed foods (β: - 0.7; 95% CI: - 1.3 to 0.1; p = 0.038). EB of less than 4 months was associated with the child being in the lowest tercile for consumption of fruit and vegetables (Adjusted OR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.1-3.0; p = 0.030) and the highest for consumption of ultra-processed foods (adjusted OR: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.1-2.9; p = 0.040)., Conclusions: In addition to other benefits of EB, we emphasize its importance for the formation of healthy eating habits, contributing to a higher consumption of fruit and vegetables and lower consumption of ultra-processed foods in childhood.

Objective: To identify the dietary patterns of children aged 4-7 years and verify their association with sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle habits and exclusive breast-feeding (EBF)., Design: A cross-sectional study nested within a cohort, performed with Brazilian children aged 4-7 years. The children were re-evaluated at age 4 to 7 years and food patterns were identified a posteriori through principal component analysis. The predictive variables were related to socio-economic characteristics, lifestyle habits and duration of EBF., Setting: Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.ParticipantsRepresentative sample of 403 children followed up by the Lactation Support Program from the Extension Program of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa during the first 6 months of life., Results: Five dietary patterns were identified: 'Traditional', 'Unhealthy', 'Milk and chocolate', 'Snack' and 'Healthy'. Children who did not receive EBF until they were at least 4 months old had a higher adherence to the 'Unhealthy' and 'Snack' patterns, and older children also consumed more 'Unhealthy' foods. The highest income was associated with the highest consumption of foods of the patterns 'Unhealthy', 'Milk and chocolate' and 'Healthy'., Conclusions: In view of the results, we emphasize the importance of providing support and encouragement towards EBF in the first months of life, as it can positively influence lifelong eating habits.

This review sought to analyze food and nutritional insecurity in the Brazilian rural environment, and the measurement instruments used to assess this situation. A systematic review was conducted in the SciELO, PubMed and CAPES databases, using the search terms: 'food security' and 'rural,' Subsequently, a reverse search was performed in the 12 articles selected. The inclusion criteria were: original articles related to food and nutritional (in)security in the Brazilian rural population. Twelve studies were included. Most of them used the Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar - EBIA (Brazilian Scale for Food Insecurity) and socioeconomic questionnaires to assess food insecurity (FI), an association being found between them. Five studies addressed the nutritional aspect by anthropometry but found no association with FI. Food consumption was assessed by four studies and an association was detected. The results show a high prevalence of FI in rural areas in relation to the population analyzed in the Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio - PNAD (National Household Sample Survey) in the years 2009 and 2013, as well as a high prevalence of severe FI. The conclusion reached is that the rural environment is vulnerable, mainly regarding food and nutritional issues and the associated socioeconomic determinants.

Objective: To investigate the factors associated with insulin resistance in children aged 4-7 years, and to identify the cutoff point of the triglyceride-glucose index for the prediction of insulin resistance in this population., Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 403 children from a retrospective cohort. Insulin resistance was also evaluated in a sub-sample using the HOMA index. Four indicators of body adiposity were assessed: body mass index, waist-to-height ratio, and the percentages of total and central body fat. Food habits were evaluated by the identification of dietary patterns, using principal component analysis. Information was also collected on lifestyle, socioeconomic status, and breastfeeding time., Results: The median index observed in the sample was 7.77, which did not differ between the genders. The shorter the time spent in active activities, the higher the triglyceride-glucose value; and increase in the values of body adiposity indicators was positively associated with triglyceride-glucose. The cutoff point with the best balance between sensitivity and specificity values was 7.88 (AUC=0.63, 95% CI: 0.51-0.74)., Conclusion: The present study identified that total and central body adiposity and shorter time spent in lively activities was positively associated with insulin resistance, evaluated through the triglyceride-glucose index. The cutoff point of 7.88 may be used in this population for insulin resistance risk screening, but caution is required when using it in other populations., (Copyright © 2019 Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.)

Background: Lack of regular physical activity, high sedentary behavior and presence of unbalanced alimentary practices are attitudes associated with an inadequate lifestyle among female adolescents., Objective: to assess the lifestyle of female adolescents based on measurements of behavioral variables., Methods: Cross-sectional study with 405 female adolescents between 14 and 19 years old, resident and attending public schools in Viçosa (state of Minas Gerais). Their lifestyle was analyzed by the Physical Activity Recall, number of steps, screen time (ST), cellphone time (CT), sitting time, food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and alcohol and tobacco consumption. With multiple correspondence analysis it was possible to observe dispersion and approximation of the variables' categories. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used for modeling the "lifestyle" variable, having been conducted in the poLCA (Polychromous Variable Latent Class Analysis) package of the R statistical software., Results: The mean age was 15.92 ± 1.27 years. Most of the adolescents were considered physically inactive (78%) and with low number of steps (82.57%); 41.45% reported not performing Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activities (MVPA) adequately. Sedentary behavior was found high when assessing ST (72.90%) and CT (65.31%). It was found the best fitted latent class model for the lifestyle (p-G 2  = 0.055, p-χ 2  = 0.066) featured three latent classes and one covariate (alcohol): Class 1, 'Inactive and Sedentary' (γ = 77.5%); Class 2, 'Inactive and Non-sedentary lifestyle (γ=16.31%); and Class 3, 'Active and sedentary' (γ=6.19%). Female adolescents that had 'never consumed alcohol' were 2.26 times as likely (log OR = 0.8174; p = 0.033) to belong to class 3 (Active & Sedentary lifestyle) than to class 1 (Inactive & Sedentary lifestyle)., Conclusion: Latent class analysis model with five manifest variable (MVPA, number of steps, ST, sitting time and number of meals) and alcohol consumption like covariate showed itself to be an accurate and objective method in the assessment of female adolescents' lifestyle. Female adolescents that had 'never consumed alcohol' were more as likely to belong to class 'Active & Sedentary lifestyle' than to class Inactive & Sedentary lifestyle. An inactive and sedentary lifestyle is coupled to other unhealthy behaviors during adolescence, possibly carrying over into adult life.

Objectives: Many factors are associated with the increase in total and central body adiposity in children, especially eating habits. This has led to an increasing number of studies analysing food patterns, which consider the synergistic effect of food and nutrient intake on the nutritional status. The objective of this study was to identify the dietary patterns of children aged 4-7 years and associate these with different indicators of total and central body adiposity., Study Design: Cross-sectional study METHODS: The study consisted of 403 children from a retrospective cohort in Minas Geraes, Brazil. Four indicators of body adiposity were evaluated: body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and percentages of total and central body fat (assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry). The dietary habits of the children were evaluated by identifying the dietary patterns using principal component analysis. The adjustment predictor variables were related to the socio-economic characteristics, lifestyle and duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Food patterns were identified by factor analysis. Linear regression was used to estimate the regression coefficient and the confidence interval, considering statistical significance of α = 5%., Results: Five dietary patterns were identified, which explained 42.3% of the data variance: 'Traditional', 'Unhealthy', 'Milk and chocolate', 'Snack' and 'Healthy'. The multiple linear regression model showed that a greater adherence to the 'Traditional' and 'Unhealthy' patterns was related to higher BMI, WHtR, and total and central body adiposity., Conclusion: Children with a higher intake of food from the 'Traditional' and 'Unhealthy' patterns showed an increase in total and central body adiposity., (Copyright © 2018 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To evaluate agreement of the body adiposity index (BAI) and paediatric body adiposity index (BAIp) in estimating body fat compared with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and to propose cut-off points for these indices to classify excess adiposity in Brazilian children and adolescents., Design: Cross-sectional study. Measures of weight, height, hip circumference, BMI and body fat percentage (%BF) assessed by DXA were taken, and BAI and BAIp were calculated. The Bland-Altman plot was used to estimate agreement between the methods, and the receiver-operating characteristic curve to determine the cut-off points for BAI and BAIp per age and sex in comparison with DXA., Setting: Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil., Subjects: Children and adolescents aged 8-19 years (n 1049)., Results: Of the children and adolescents, 52·4 % were girls. BAI and BAIp had satisfactory performance by the receiver-operating characteristic curve, except for the 18-19 years age group, whose BAIp had better predictive capacity than BAI. The agreement analysis showed that BAI overestimated %BF by 2·64 %, on average, using DXA; while BAIp underestimated %BF by 3·37 %., Conclusions: BAI and BAIp showed low agreement with the body fat obtained by DXA, requiring caution when interpreting body composition data in children and adolescents.

Objective: To evaluate the ability of anthropometric measurements to identify excess android fat and to propose cut-off points for excess central adiposity in children, according to age and sex., Design: A cross-sectional study with children from a municipality of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Receiver-operating characteristic curve analyses were performed to evaluate waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and conicity index (C-index) in estimating excess android fat by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)., Setting: Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil., Subjects: Children aged 4-9 years (n 788)., Results: Overweight prevalence was 29·1 % and android fat percentage was higher among girls. All central fat measurements were able to discriminate excess android fat in the age groups evaluated, especially WC and WHtR, with cut-off points showing good sensitivity and specificity overall., Conclusions: Because these methods are easy to obtain and inexpensive, it is possible to use WC, WHtR and C-index in population surveys to evaluate central obesity. The proposed cut-off points showed satisfactory values of sensitivity and specificity and can be used in epidemiological studies.

This article aimed to assess the prevalence of dyslipidemia and associated factors in children aged from 4 to 7 years old. It is a cross-sectional study conducted with 402 children aged from 4 to 7 years old, accompanied by a Lactation Support Program in the first six months of life. We measured total cholesterol, triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). We selected the variables that could be associated with the lipid profile, such as the family history of dyslipidemia, nutritional status and food consumption of children. We performed Poisson regression analysis with robust variance. The level of significance adopted was p<0.05. We observed increased LDL values in 46.8% (188), total cholesterol in 37.6% (151), triglycerides in 10.4% (42) and below-desirable HDL in 33.8% (136) of the children. There was a statistically significant association between the family history of dyslipidemia with total cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides (p<0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively); Early weaning with LDL (p < 0.05); Sedentarism with LDL and triglycerides (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively); as well as HDL with candy consumption (p < 0.05). There was a significant prevalence of changes in the lipid profile of the children. Nutrition education activities and programs aimed at this group are needed.

Objective: To evaluate the association of body image with physical activity level, body composition, and sedentary behavior (SB) of female adolescents., Methods: Exploratory cross-sectional study conducted with 120 female adolescents aged between 14-19 years, from the city of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Southeast Brazil. Body image was evaluated with a Body Silhouette Scale (BSS) and a Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). Weight, height, and waist circumference values were analyzed, as well as the waist-to-height ratio and body fat percentage. The physical activity level (PAL) was assessed by 24-hour Physical Activity Recall and SB by screen time, that is, time spent in front of a TV, playing video game, on the computer and using tablets, and, separately, the cell phone time., Results: Mean age was 16.5±1.5 years, and most adolescents were eutrophic (77.6%), sedentary/low PAL (84.2%), with high screen time (85.2%) and cell phone time (58.7%). Body dissatisfaction was stated in 40.6% of BSQ and 45.8% of BSS evaluations. Body distortion was identified in 52.9% of participants. All body composition measures, along with cell phone time and PAL, were associated with body dissatisfaction, the more active adolescents presenting higher levels of dissatisfaction., Conclusions: This study concluded that female adolescents with higher cell phone time also present higher body dissatisfaction, as well as the most physically active ones. All body composition measurements were associated with body dissatisfaction, mainly body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio.

The scope of this article is to evaluate the body image and its association with body composition, anthropometric indicators and sedentary behavior of female adolescents. It involved a cross-sectional study with female adolescents from Viçosa in the state of Minas Gerais. The body image was assessed by the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) and by the Silhouette Scale. The body fat percentage (BFP) and other anthropometric parameters were measured. The sedentary behavior (SB) was evaluated by the sum of screen time (ST) and cellular time (CT). The sample consisted of 274 adolescents, the majority having an adequate BMI (81.6%), however, 53.9% had elevated BFP. More than half of the adolescents had elevated SB, 68.2% with ST and 54.7% with CT above 2h. Body dissatisfaction was expressed as 45.7% by BSQ and 50.2% wished for a silhouette different than the current silhouette. The waist circumference (WC) (OR = 11.94, CI = 2.744 - 51.728) and waist-to-height ratio (WHR) (OR = 10.535, CI = 3.109 - 35.698) were the measurements most associated with body dissatisfaction. All body composition measurements were significantly associated with body dissatisfaction, and the WC and WHR the most conditioning factors with dissatisfaction. The SB was elevated; however, it was not associated with a negative assessment of body image.