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International audience; Gentle handling seems to elicit positive states in sheep. The study investigated whether spatial distance alters sheep responses to brushing and whether spatial distance is influenced by reactivity. Twenty Romane ewes were assessed in three sessions: in Sessions 1 and 3, one grid separated the test animal from pen mates, with no distance between them, and in Session 2 two grids separated the test animal from pen mates by a distance of about 1.7 m. Ewes had been genetically selected for low (R−) or high (R+) behavioural reactivity to social isolation. Body postures, head orientation, ear postures, closed and half-closed eyes, tail wagging and feeding behaviour, in addition to heart rate (HR) and HR variability, as the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), standard deviation of all normal-to-normal (NN) intervals (SDNN), RMSSD/SDNN ratio and ratio between low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) powers (LF/HF) were assessed. Data were analysed using generalized linear models and linear mixed models. Session, genetic line and phase (pre-, brushing and post-brushing) were considered fixed effects. Increased distance in Session 2 might not have influenced ewes’ responses. Fewer changes in ear postures were noted in Session 3 than 1 (P

Animal behavior studies usually produce large amounts of data and a wide variety of data structures, including nonlinear relationships, interaction effects, nonconstant variance, correlated measures, overdispersion, and zero inflation, among others. We aimed to explore here the potential of generalized additive models for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS) in analyzing data from animal behavior studies. Data from 20 Romane ewes from two genetic lineages submitted to brushing by a familiar observer were analyzed. Behavioral responses through ear posture changes, a count random variable, and the proportion of time to perform the horizontal ear posture, a continuous random variable on the interval (0,1), with non-null probabilities in zero and one, were analyzed. The Poisson, negative binomial, and their zero-inflated and zero-adjusted extensions models were considered for the count data, whereas the beta distribution and its inflated versions were evaluated for the proportions. Random effects were also included to consider the multilevel structure of the experiment. The zero adjusted negative binomial model has better fitted the count data, whereas the inflated beta distribution performed the best for the proportions. Both models allowed us to properly assess the effects of social separation, brushing, and genetic lineages on sheep behavioral. We may conclude that GAMLSS is a flexible framework to analyze animal behavior data.

Research on emotions in farm animals has increasingly contributed to their welfare. We aimed to study behavioral and body temperature responses of dorper and white dorper sheep regularly brushed on their ventral neck, lateral chest, and withers. We performed 3-minute assessments in prebrushing, brushing, and postbrushing phases. Vocalization, ear postures and changes, half-closed eyes, and tail wagging were assessed. We also recorded withers (Tw), anal (Ta), and nasal (Tn) temperatures with an infrared thermometer. Vocalization was infrequent throughout the phases. We identified 3 ear postures frequently performed by the animals: raised up (R), horizontal (H), and backward (B). We noted a longer duration of R rather than H posture before brushing than during brushing. By comparing B and H, we observed that dorper sheep performed the B posture for longer, mainly during than postbrushing. When B and R were compared, sheep expressed the B posture for longer during brushing than both prebrushing and postbrushing phases; dorpers and male sheep also performed the B posture for longer. The results suggest higher performance of B and H postures during the stimulus and that their expression might be associated with a positive, relaxing state of the animals. No significant result was found for ear changes. Sheep showed half-closed eyes mainly in brushing and postbrushing phases, in comparison with the prebrushing phase, indicating that brushing might have elicited a relaxing state in the animals, which might have persisted after the stimulus. Only 4 male sheep wagged their tails, mostly when brushed. We also noted attention-seeking behaviors, including following the observer, leaning against the brush with the head or neck, and stretching the neck when brushed. The results on body temperatures indicated higher variance for Tw in relation to Tn and Ta, which had similar variances. Pairwise comparisons indicated that Tw was higher in postbrushing than in the prebrushing phase; Tn was also higher in the postbrushing phase than in both prebrushing and brushing phases, suggesting an increase in Tw and Tn temperatures after the stimulus. No significant differences were reported for Ta. Brushing might have elicited a positive state in sheep. Ear postures and half-closed eyes may be useful tools for assessing emotions in sheep, as well as withers and nasal temperatures. Furthermore, breed may be a highly significant effect on the expression of ear postures in sheep.

The study compared the perception of ordinary citizens from Curitiba, Brazil (OB) and Clermont-Ferrand, France (OF), as well as OB, Brazilian veterinarians (VB), biologists (BB) and animal scientists (AB), concerning animal welfare and sentience. An online survey containing 18 open-ended, multiple choices and Likert scale questions was conducted from November 2014 to May 2016. The survey covered questions on demographics, perception of animal welfare, sheep welfare, sentience and animals' emotional capacities. In total, 1103 respondents participated in the survey (388 OB, 350 OF, 248 VB, 92 BB and 25 AB); data were compared using non-parametric tests. Brazilian citizens (46.9%) believed more than OF (3.7%) that welfare is not considered for farm animals and OB attributed higher scores of suffering to sheep during management procedures (median 4, severe suffering) than OF (3, moderate suffering). Additionally, OB gave higher scores of emotions to animals (5) than OF (4). In general, OB and BB had similar perceptions; OB and BB differed from VB and AB who were similar to each other. Citizens (46.9%) and BB (29.3%) believed more than VB (18.5%) and AB (12.0%) that welfare is not considered for farm animals; OB and BB also attributed higher scores of suffering to sheep during management procedures than VB and AB. Women and older respondents showed higher perception of animal welfare issues. There was no clear correlation between perception of animal welfare or sentience and education. Overall, ordinary citizens differed on their perceptions of welfare and sentience in livestock and specifically in sheep, and sheep suffering during management procedures. Ordinary citizens from Curitiba showed higher perception of animal welfare issues as compared to respondents from Clermont-Ferrand and to veterinarians and animal scientists. Ensuring a better consideration of welfare at farm level and in educational programs seems warranted according to the results of this study.

Objetivou-se estimar os coeficientes de herdabilidade e correlação genética entre os pesos ao nascer (PN) e à desmama (PD) de cordeiros mestiços Suffolk, pertencentes a rebanho experimental. Assim, foram testados quatro modelos, os quais consideraram o efeito genético aditivo direto (Modelo 1), os efeitos genético direto e de ambiente permanente materno (Modelo 2), os efeitos aditivo direto, de ambiente permanente e genético materno (cov a,m=0) (Modelo 3), e no Modelo 4, além daqueles contemplados no Modelo 3, foi considerada cov a,m≠0. Após comparar os modelos por meio do teste de razão de verossimilhança (LRT), observou-se que o 3 foi o mais adequado, sendo que as estimativas de herdabilidade foram de baixa magnitude para PN e PD, iguais a 0,08±0,009 e 0,24±0,17, respectivamente, indicando pequena possibilidade de resposta à seleção direta. Da mesma maneira, o coeficiente de correlação genética entre estas características foi 0,43±0,39, resultado que implica pequena possibilidade de resposta correlacionada. A inclusão dos efeitos maternos é necessária para a estimação adequada de parâmetros genéticos para as características avaliadas. The aim of this study was to estimate the heritability and genetic correlation coefficients between weights at birth (BW) and weaning (WW) in Suffolk crossbred lambs, which belonged to an experimental herd. Thus, four different animal models were fitted, including the direct additive genetic effect (Model 1), the direct additive genetic and maternal permanent environmental effects (Model 2), the direct additive, permanent environmental and maternal genetic effects (cov a,m=0) (Model 3), and in Model 4, in addition to those in Model 3, cov a,m≠0 was considered. After comparing the models through the likelihood ratio test (LRT), Model 3 was chosen as the most appropriate, being the heritability estimates low in magnitude for BW and WW, equal to 0.08±0.009 and 0.24±0.17, respectively, which indicates low possibility of response to direct selection. Likewise, the correlation coefficient between these traits, 0.43±0.39, implies low possibility of correlated response. The inclusion of maternal effects is necessary for the accurate estimation of genetic parameters for the evaluated traits.

The aim of this study was to estimate the heritability for weight and height at withers of 260-780 days of age No Defined Breed (NDB) horses, at intervals of 40 days, which belong to the Brazilian Army cavalry. Thus, the model considered the direct genetic effects as random ones, as fixed, the effects of sex and year of birth and the linear effects of height at withers and age, as covariates for the analysis of body weight, whereas for the analysis of height, the linear effect of weight was included as a covariate. For the complete data, the estimated heritability coefficients were 0.40±0.034 and 0.70±0.019 for weight and height at withers, respectively, indicating that individual selection for these traits may be effective. On the other hand, for the data subdivided into age classes, the heritability coefficients ranged between 0.04 and 0.77 for weight, with the highest estimation for the class between 440 and 480 days of age, which indicates a higher possibility of weight selection during this period. For height, the heritability values ranged between 0.08 and 0.98, being the highest estimate found between 300 and 340 days of age, corroborating, thus, to the selection of the trait at this age. Objetivou-se estimar a herdabilidade para peso e altura de cernelha de equinos sem raça definida (SRD), pertencentes à cavalaria do Exército brasileiro, com idades entre 260 e 780 dias, em intervalos de 40 dias. Assim, o modelo utilizado considerou os efeitos genéticos aditivos diretos como aleatórios, os efeitos de sexo e ano de nascimento como fixos e os efeitos lineares de altura de cernelha e idade do animal, como covariáveis para análise do peso corporal, sendo que, para análise da altura, o efeito linear do peso foi incluído como covariável. Para o arquivo completo, os coeficientes de herdabilidade estimados foram 0,40±0,034 e 0,70±0,019, para peso e altura de cernelha, respectivamente, indicando que a seleção individual para essas características pode ser eficiente. Entretanto, para os arquivos subdivididos em classes de idade, os coeficientes de herdabilidade variam entre 0,04 e 0,77 para peso, sendo a maior estimativa obtida para a classe entre 440 e 480 dias de idade, o que indica maior possibilidade de seleção para peso nesse período. Para altura, as herdabilidades oscilaram entre 0,08 e 0,98, sendo a maior estimativa encontrada entre 300 e 340 dias de idade, corroborando a seleção da característica nesta idade.

Objetivou-se estimar as correlações fenotípicas (r) entre os escores comportamentais de reatividade aplicados durante e após a pesagem e os ganhos médios diários de peso (GMD) de cordeiros cruzados Suffolk x Île-de-France, aos 30, 60 e 90 dias de idade, bem como estudar o efeito da habituação dos animais ao manejo. As variáveis avaliadas por meio de escores foram: interferência do avaliador para o animal entrar na balança (INT), vocalização (VOC), movimentação (MOV), tensão (TEN), movimentos exploratórios (ME), postura de orelhas (ORE) e o teste de tipos de marcha (TM). Os resultados das correlações de Spearman obtidos entre os escores indicam que VOC, MOV e TEN podem ser consideradas como características importantes na expressão da reatividade de ovinos em ambiente de restrição. Já o GMD parece não estar associado com a reatividade dos cordeiros avaliados. Por fim, aos 90 dias de idade, os cordeiros apresentaram-se menos reativos, em função do aprendizado por habituação The aim of this study was to estimate the phenotypic correlations (r) between behavioral reactivity scores obtained during and after weighing, and the average daily weight gains (ADG) of Suffolk x Île-de-France cross lambs, at 30, 60 and 90 days of age, as well as to study the effect of habituation towards handling. The variables assessed through scores were: interference of the observer for the animal to enter the weighing crate (INT), vocalization (VOC), movement (MOV), tension (TEN), exploratory movements (EM), ears posture (EP) and the gait speed test (qualitative flight time test) (GS). The results of the Spearman correlations indicate that VOC, MOV and TEN may be considered important traits in the expression of reactivity in sheep assessed while restrained. On the contrary, ADG does not seem to be correlated with reactivity. Finally, at 90 days of age, the lambs were less reactive, due to learning by habituation

The study aimed to estimate the components of (co)variance and heritability for weights at birth (BW), weaning (WW) and 180 days of age (W180), as well as the average daily gains from birth to weaning (ADG1), birth to 180 days of age (ADG2) and weaning to 180 days of age (ADG3) in Suffolk sheep. Thus, three different single-trait animal models were fitted, considering the direct additive genetic effect (Model 1), the direct additive genetic and maternal permanent environmental effects (Model 2), and in Model 3, in addition to those in Model 2, the maternal additive genetic effect was included. After comparing models through the likelihood ratio test (LRT), model 3 was chosen as the most appropriate to estimate heritability for BW, WW and ADG1. Model 2 was considered as the best to estimate the coefficient of heritability for W180 and ADG2, and model 1 for ADG3. Direct heritability estimates were inflated when maternal effects were ignored. According to the most suitable models, the heritability estimates for BW, WW, W180, ADG1, ADG2 and ADG3 were 0.06, 0.08, 0.09, 0.07, 0.08 and 0.07, respectively, indicating low possibility of genetic gain through individual selection. The results show the importance of including maternal effects in the models to properly estimate genetic parameters even at post-weaning ages. Objetivou-se estimar os componentes de (co)variância e herdabilidades para pesos ao nascer (PN), à desmama (PD) e aos 180 dias de idade (P180), além dos ganhos médios diários de peso do nascimento à desmama (GMD N-D), do nascimento aos 180 dias de idade (GMD N-180) e da desmama aos 180 dias de idade (GMD D-180), de ovinos da raça Suffolk. Para isso, utilizaram-se três modelos diferentes, considerando o efeito genético aditivo direto (Modelo 1), os efeitos genético direto e de ambiente permanente materno (Modelo 2) e, no Modelo 3, além daqueles contemplados no Modelo 2, foi incluído o efeito genético materno. Após comparar os modelos por meio do teste de razão de verossimilhança (LRT), observou-se que o 3 foi o mais adequado para estimar a herdabilidade para PN, PD e GMD N-D. Já o modelo 2 foi considerado como o melhor para estimar o coeficiente de herdabilidade para P180 e GMD N-180, e o modelo 1, para GMD D-180. As herdabilidades diretas foram inflacionadas quando os efeitos maternos foram ignorados. Os coeficientes de herdabilidade de baixa magnitude estimados para PN, PD, P180, GMD N-D, GMD N-180 e GMD D-180 foram iguais a 0,06, 0,08, 0,09, 0,07, 0,08 e 0,07, respectivamente, de acordo com os modelos mais apropriados, indicando que os ganhos genéticos obtidos por meio da seleção individual serão de pequena magnitude. Os resultados evidenciam a importância da inclusão dos efeitos maternos nos modelos para estimar adequadamente os parâmetros genéticos, mesmo após a desmama.

The way as society treats the animals may interfere in the success of the proposals for new ethical conducts and has the potential to in!uence the legislative and executive branches, as well as economy. Even in a particular place, such as the university environment, di"erent perceptions on the conduct regarding animal use can be found. This can be related to abilities and competences developed during the academic formation or training. Assuming that the ethical perception in animal use in educational and scienti#c activities are related to knowledge fields, this study aimed to interview students and teachers of a private university considering the biological, social, technical, legal and human fields. The survey was conducted at 17 courses with 87 interviews, through a questionnaire with 16 both open and closed questions, related to the ethics in using animals for teaching and research purposes, as well as knowledge about the animals; about alternatives; and about companies that test their products on animals. The respondents gave positive answers about their feelings towards the animals, but they still show the inheritance of Mechanistic view, once they use the rationality as a mean of di"erentiating Human being from the other animals. Our results indicate the obvious acceptance of the animal use for educational purposes, mainly mammals and rats, for the Veterinary Medicine and Biology courses. The majority of the respondents considered the animal use in scientific research and experimentation fundamental, mainly for medicine production and other therapies related to human health. On the other hand, they did not show to have information about experimentation, once they did not show knowledge about alternative methods. These results confirm the traditional view that the benefits for scientific development justify the costs with animal welfare and the acceptance of practices that do not cause unnecessary su"ering. The data of this study pointed out few differences among academic fields. This finding suggests that ethical attitudes toward animal use in academic and scienti#c areas are beyond the carrier a$nity. These results indicate that there is few worry with information and awareness, which are essentials for changes in attitude.