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Meat quality attributes vary with chicken age. Understanding the relationship between poultry age and the quality of the meat would be beneficial for efficient poultry farming to meet market needs. The Korat hybrid chicken (KC) is a new crossbred chicken whose meat quality is distinct from that of commercial broiler (CB) chickens and has not been well characterized. In this study, we characterized the physico-chemical properties of KC meat and correlate the findings with Raman spectral data. The protein content of KC breast and thigh meat increased with age. The pH of thigh meat decreased, while the water-holding capacity of breast meat increased as the age of the chickens increased. The amount of cholesterol in breast meat decreased as the rearing period was extended. Inosine 5′-monophosphate and guanosine 5′-monophosphate of breast meat decreased as KC grew older. The shear force values of meat from older birds increased concomitantly with an increase in total collagen. Principle component analysis revealed that the meat quality of CB was greatly different from that of KC meat. High shear force values of KC meat at 20 wk of age were well correlated with an increase in the β-sheet structure (amide I) and amide III of collagen. Raman spectra at 3,207 cm−1 and relative α-helical content were negatively correlated with shear force values of KC breast meat. These could be used as markers to evaluate KC meat quality.

Meat, except marine sources, is a highly nutritious food but generally lacks some healthy ingredients, such as omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 FA) and dietary fiber. However, ω-3 FA and dietary fiber could be incorporated during the manufacture of surimi-like products. In our previous study, chicken surimi was successfully developed from spent-hen breast. Although there was no (P > 0.05) difference in water-holding capacity between wheat fiber and carrageenan, an increased (P < 0.05) flaxseed oil-holding capacity was observed in wheat fiber samples. Furthermore, an addition of 5% wheat fiber resulted in optimal emulsification capacity and less cooking loss at 4°C for 14 d and at -20°C for 60 d (P < 0.05). Because of the lower (P < 0.05) purge and centrifugation losses, thiol group content, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance value than those formulated with more flaxseed oil, 12% flaxseed oil was an optimal level in chicken surimi with 5% wheat fiber. Scanning electron microscopy results also showed better emulsification of surimi batters with wheat fiber compared with those without wheat fiber, and meanwhile, the formulation with 5% wheat fiber could hold up to 12% flaxseed oil as well. To enhance flaxseed-oil addition, semi-manufactured chicken surimi batter was successfully fortified with a combination of 12% flaxseed oil and 5% wheat fiber. This surimi-like product with dietary fiber and ω-3 FA would fit the need in the current market regarding consumers' demands for high nutritional value and improved processing characteristics.

It is generally held that the content of several free amino acids and dipeptides is closely related to the energy-supplying metabolism of skeletal muscles. Metabolic characteristics of muscles are involved in the variability of meat quality due to their ability to influence the patterns of energy metabolism not only in living animal but also during post-mortem time. Within this context, this study aimed at establishing whether the concentration of histidine dipeptides can affect muscle post-mortem metabolism, examining the glycolytic pathway of three chicken muscles (Pectoralis major, extensor iliotibialis lateralis and gastrocnemius internus as glycolytic, intermediate and oxidative-type, respectively) selected based on their histidine dipeptides content and ultimate pH. Thus, a total of 8 carcasses were obtained from the same flock of broiler chickens (Ross 308 strain, females, 49 days of age, 2.8 kg body weight at slaughter) and selected immediately after evisceration from the line of a commercial processing plant. Meat samples of about 1 cm3 were excised from bone-in muscles at 15, 60, 120 and 1,440 min post-mortem, instantly frozen in liquid nitrogen and used for the determination of pH, glycolytic metabolites, buffering capacity as well as histidine dipeptides content through 1H-NMR. Overall results suggest that glycolysis in leg muscles ceased already after 2 h post-mortem, while in breast muscle continued until 24 h, when it exhibited significantly lower pH values (P

Potential applications of chicken meat with the woody breast (WB) condition in further processed products could provide processors with alternatives to deal with this meat quality problem. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the use of broiler breast fillets at varying degrees of WB severity and proportions on instrumental texture characteristics of chicken patties. A total of 54 breast fillets were collected from broilers processed as per commercial practices, previously classified based on tactile evaluation in 3 WB categories (normal [NOR]; mild [MIL], and severe [SEV]). Instrumental compression analysis was performed to validate subjective scores. Nine treatments with 6 replicates of chicken patties were prepared: 100% NOR (T1), 67% NOR + 33% MIL (T2), 67% NOR + 33% SEV (T3), 33% NOR + 67% MIL (T4), 33% NOR + 67% SEV (T5), 100% MIL (T6), 67% MIL + 33% SEV (T7), 33% MIL + 67% SEV (T8), and 100% SEV (T9). Instrumental texture profile analysis along with cook loss, color, and dimensional changes was evaluated in cooked patties. Compared with normal samples and excluding treatments T2 and T4, hardness, springiness, and chewiness values of chicken patties decreased (P 26%, P 16%, P 2) than normal patties. These data suggest that the potential use of WB meat in chicken patties is associated with the degree of WB severity and the incorporation rate. The inclusion of WB fillets at high levels into this product is not recommended owing to their poor functionality. However, feasible mixtures of normal breast fillets with those affected by WB myopathy at relatively low proportions could be considered by processors as an alternative in commercial chicken patty formulations.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of collagen gel extracted from chicken feet on chicken sausages during 42 d of refrigerated storage. Three chicken sausages were processed: standard (SS); replacing 50% fat with commercial collagen powder (SC); replacing 50% fat with chicken foot collagen gel (SG). Sausages were stored at 4°C and analyzed every 14 d, for proximate composition, fatty acid profile, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) number, antioxidant activity, electrophoresis, instrumental color, water holding capacity (WHC), texture profile analysis, and quantitative descriptive analysis. Sausages SC and SG had similar behavior to the standard in the sensorial parameters of appearance and color over 28 d of refrigerated storage. SG had the highest WHC (81.05%), the lowest TBARS value (0.38 mg MDA/kg), and the highest antioxidant activity in addition to having the best atherogenicity and thrombogenicity index compared with SC treatment, making collagen gel viable to replace fat and control the effects of lipid oxidation.

Dietary supplementation of green tea changes the antioxidative capacity of chickens. However, the effect of green tea supplementation in the diet on egg quality and the consequent change in processing capacity is still not well known. The aim of this study was to determine whether green tea powder (GTP) supplementation could affect egg quality, egg antioxidant capacity, and sensory and egg processing characteristics. Huainan partridge chickens (1,080) at 20 wk old were divided into 2 groups, one group fed a basal diet (control) and one group fed a basal diet plus 10 g kgˆ-1 GTP for 12 wk. After the levels of yolk cholesterol had been determined, chickens from the control group were further divided into low- and high-cholesterol groups and were fed a basal diet or a diet with 10 g kgˆ-1 GTP by orthogonal design. After 4 wk, the egg processing characteristics were investigated. Egg specific gravity, shell strength, shell thickness, albumin height, Haugh unit (HU) and cholesterol content were significantly lower in the GTP group than in the control group (P

Sugar-smoking contributes to improving flavor attributes of meat products. However, there is rather limited information concerning the relationship between sugar-smoking process parameters and volatile compound (VC) fingerprinting as well as related quality attributes of sugar-smoked chicken. In this work, the changes in VC across the whole sugar-smoking process were determined and analyzed and physicochemical properties, free fatty acid, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values, and E-nose were also performed to characterize the quality properties of sugar-smoked chicken breast (CB) and chicken skin (CS). Results suggested that a higher amount (P

Duck blood is rich in protein. It is one of the main by-products in the slaughter industry. The objective of this research was to optimize and establish a method for producing duck plasma antioxidant peptides. The composition of duck plasma powder was analyzed. Protease selection experiment (Alcalase, Protamex, and Flavourzyme) and single-factor experiment were performed, and response surface methodology was used to determine the optimal hydrolysis conditions for duck plasma. Among the proteases, Alcalase hydrolysate exhibited the strongest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging rate. The optimum enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were hydrolysis time of 6 h, temperature of 65.5°C, pH 10.0, and enzyme-to-substrate ratio of 0.3%. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging rate reached 64.84%, and the ratio of essential amino acids was 38.76%. Briefly, the duck plasma hydrolysate exhibited strong antioxidant properties and reasonable composition of amino acids. Thus, it may be used as a nutritional or functional ingredient in foods or medicines. This research provides a theoretical basis for comprehensive processing and high value utilization of duck plasma.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a pectin biofilm on the preservation of refrigerated and unrefrigerated eggs during 5 wk of storage based on egg weight loss, albumen height, Haugh unit (HU), and the yolk index (YI). A total of 1,200 nonfertile eggs from GLK Bankiva laying hens (40 wk of age), which were freshly laid and came from a single collection, were obtained from a model poultry rearing system (Planaltina, Federal District, Brazil) that meets all animal welfare criteria. The experimental outline was entirely randomized, with 20 treatments in a factorial scheme of 2 × 2 × 5, with 2 biofilm treatments (with and without) × 2 storage temperatures (refrigeration: 5°C and ambient: 25°C) × 5 storage periods (7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 d), with 12 repetitions per treatment. Starting from the third storage week, increased weight loss (%) was observed in noncoated eggs (4.46 ± 1.06; 5.61 ± 1.37; 6.93 ± 1.66%) compared with biofilm-coated eggs (3.57 ± 1.26; 4.74 ± 1.8; 6.05 ± 2.21%), respectively. The HU variation in the pectin-coated eggs (86.84–78.02) was smaller than that in the noncoated eggs (83.01–64.36) between the beginning (7 d) and the end (35 d) of the experimental period. Eggs with and without biofilm stored in the refrigerator presented average HU values of 91.26 ± 6.27 and 88.35 ± 6.96, respectively. In contrast, when kept at room temperature, eggs with the coating presented higher HU values (71.27 ± 10.78) than eggs without the coating (59.11 ± 15.97). Coated eggs (0.37 ± 0.16) showed higher YI values than noncoated eggs (0.35 ± 0.16). A pectin-based biofilm effectively maintained egg quality during the 35 d of storage.

Caused by Salmonella pullorum, pullorosis is a bacterial disease threatening the poultry industry and has been listed as the bacterial disease to be eliminated by the government. However, antibiotic treatment of pullorosis has become increasingly difficult, resulting in severe influences on the sustainable development of poultry. Abuse of antibiotics may cause global drug-resistant problems. Hence, early diagnosis of young chickens and accurate treatment of sick chickens are urgently needed. Traditional serotyping for Salmonella detection is costly and labor-intensive, whereas other commonly used plate agglutination test methods often cause physical injury of chickens. Therefore, a rapid and nondamaging detection method is of great significance for early diagnosis, which is the key step in accurate medication and elimination of pullorosis. In this study, we propose a novel lateral flow nucleic acid assay (LFNAA) system combining recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) for the detection of S. pullorum. In this method, the DNA of S. pullorum strains was quickly amplified by RPA under 37°C, and then, the RPA products were added onto the LFNAA sample pad until the final results could be observed by naked eyes within 3 min. The proposed assay is fast and delivers visible results to naked eyes in field test. The limit of detection for genomic DNA was 5 × 10−3 ng/μL, indicating high sensitivity. In addition, the proposed LFNAA system is cost-effective, efficient, and nondamaging to chicks in the field test. This system provides technical support for early diagnosis of S. pullorum in the poultry and paves a way for future precision medicine to avoid the global drug-resistance issues.

The aim of the study was to compare production results and quality of meat, as well as histological features of the jejunum in broiler chickens administered feed with 1% addition of zeolite or halloysite, with the addition of aluminosilicates to litter (4.50 kg/m2) throughout the rearing. In the experiment, 300 male broilers were used for 6 wk. They were divided into 3 groups, each of 10 repetitions (10 birds each). Group 1 was a control, halloysite was added to feed and litter in group 2, while zeolite was applied instead of halloysite in group 3. After rearing, 10 selected birds from each group were slaughtered. Selected production properties and degree of footpad dermatitis were examined, and histomorphometric examination of the jejunum was performed. The lowest yield and the highest proportion of neck with skin in the carcass were demonstrated in group 2 (P < 0.05). The lowest percentage of skin with subcutaneous fat was found in group 3 (P < 0.05). A decrease in lightness (L∗) and yellowness (b∗) was demonstrated in group 2, while redness (a∗) was the lowest in group 3 (P < 0.05). Group 2 was characterized by the lowest water-holding capacity in breast muscles, and in group 3, in leg muscles (P < 0.05). In group 3, the highest fat content and the lowest water content in the breast muscles (P < 0.05) were found. The leg muscles in groups 2 and 3 were characterized by the highest a∗, and in group 2, by b∗. The control group had the lowest protein and the highest fat content in leg muscles. In the intestine from group 2, a higher height (P < 0.05) and surface area (P < 0.01) of intestinal villi were found, in comparison to group 3. The width of intestinal villi was higher in groups 2 and 1 than in group 3 (P < 0.05), similarly the depth of intestinal crypts. The addition of zeolite could be proposed because of the obtained production results, while the halloysite had a positive effect on the histomorphometric features of the jejunum.

A 49-day trial was conducted to determine the impact of dietary amino acid (AA) density and stocking density (SD) on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and white striping (WS) occurrence in broiler chickens. Two hundred eighty-eight Ross 308 male broilers consisting of 6 replicate cages with 8 broilers per replicate were used. Treatments were arranged in a 3 × 2 factorial and consisted of 3 AA densities (normal, 10, or 20% lower than normal) and 2 different SD (high 35 kg/m2 or low 26 kg/m2). Breasts were classified as normal, moderate, and severe for WS. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design using the GLM procedure. Decreasing AA density decreased overall growth performance, carcass, breast yields, and fillet dimensions linearly, while leg and rib cage yields increased linearly (P < 0.01). High SD decreased hot carcass, breast, wings, and rib cage weights in birds fed normal AA diets (P < 0.05). High SD increased the length of breast fillet (P < 0.05). Cooking loss, breast lightness (L∗), and redness (a∗) at 48 h postmortem increased linearly with decreasing AA density, while ultimate breast pH (pHu) and nitrogen content decreased linearly (P < 0.05). The occurrence of normal, moderate, and severe WS fillets was 45.3, 49.1, and 5.6%, respectively. As the dietary AA density decreased, the occurrence of no WS breast fillets increased linearly, whereas the occurrence of moderate WS fillets and mean WS score decreased linearly (P < 0.05). SD did not affect the occurrence of WS. Severe WS fillets were heavier and had higher cranial thickness, pHu, and fat content and lower yellowness (P < 0.05), but water-holding capacity, nitrogen content, L∗, and a∗ value did not differ among different WS scores. Taken together, WS occurrence and severity increased with higher growth rate. Growth depression created by lowering dietary AA density regardless of SD resulted in a decrease in mean WS score, but it also compromised the growth and meat quality. © 2020 Istanbul Üniversitesi: TSA-2018-30357 Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştirma Kurumu This study was funded by Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul University−Cerrahpasa . Project number TSA-2018-30357. The authors gratefully appreciate Istanbul University−Cerrahpasa for providing the aforementioned grant. The authors are also grateful to the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) for awarding the doctoral fellowship to U.A. in BİDEB-2215 scholarship program for international students.

Goose meat is characterized by good quality and a good fatty acid composition. Geese do not need many compounds in their feed to ensure suitable growth. The main source of protein in most feed is soybean meal (SBM). New cultivars of yellow lupin with fewer antinutrients could be a substitute for soybean. The study's aim was to compare the quality of the carcass and meat, as well as the fatty acid composition and the collagen and cholesterol content in the breast muscles from geese fed a diet based on yellow lupin as an replacement for soybean meal. In the study, geese were divided into 2 study groups. The first was a control group (Group 1), fed a feed based on SBM; the second one was an experimental group (Group 2), fed a feed based on yellow lupin "Mister", potato protein, and brewer's yeast. The rearing period was divided into 3 stages, and the last stage was oat fattening. Each group (105 birds in each group) was divided into 5 replications with 21 birds. After 16 wk of rearing, 10 geese from each group were slaughtered. The carcasses were analyzed for physicochemical traits (dissection, color, water-holding capacity, and chemical composition of the breast and leg muscles, as well as pH level, drip loss, and fatty acid profile of the breast muscles). The drip loss from the breast muscles was higher (P < 0.05) and the water-holding capacity of the leg muscles lower (P < 0.05) in Group 1 than in Group 2. Group 1 also displayed a higher content of protein and water in breast and leg muscles (P < 0.05) but lower fat content than that of Group 2 (P < 0.05). The linoleic acid content of the breast muscles was higher in Group 2 (P < 0.05), whereas the other fatty acid levels were comparable between the groups. The total content of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (n-6 and n-3) and the PUFA/ saturated fatty acid ratio was higher in Group 2 (P < 0.05). Moreover, the thrombogenic index was lower (P < 0.05) in the geese fed a lupin-diet. Overall, the yellow lupin-based feed had beneficial effects on the goose meat's traits, and it can be used as a high-protein compound in diets for geese. It is also possible to produce traditional geese fattened by oats.

The objective of this study was to evaluate different methods used for estimating cook loss in broiler breast fillets (pectoralis major). Two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, intact fillets were weighed, cooked to 75°C, and then subjected to 1 of 3 postcook handling treatments: cooling for 5 min at room temperature before reweighing (5-minute), cooling at room temperature until they reached room temperature before reweighing (RT), or cooling in ice water until they reached room temperature before reweighing (IW). In the second experiment, breast fillet portions were used to compare the effects of endpoint temperature (53°C, 57°C, 68°C, 75°C, or 90°C) on cook loss estimation by the 5-minute and RT methods. Breast fillets were collected from local chicken processing plants and trimmed to similar weight prior to cooking. Cook loss, cook loss retention, and total cook loss after 24 h in cooked fillets were measured for comparisons. Data showed that cook loss (

In this study, we evaluated the body fat distribution and fatty acid composition of muscles and adipose tissues of Yangzhou geese, including thirty 60-day-old goslings (15 males and 15 females) and 20 320-day-old geese (10 males and 10 females). Adipose tissues of Yangzhou geese were distributed widely and could be divided into 5 types: subcutaneous fat, abdominal fat, sartorial fat, neck fat, and mesenteric fat. Higher contents of abdominal fat, sartorial fat, neck fat, and mesenteric fat but a lower content of subcutaneous fat were found in adult geese than in goslings (P ≤ 0.05). Adult female geese deposited more fat than adult male geese (P ≤ 0.05). No difference was found in the fat distribution and fat content between male and female goslings (P > 0.05). The breast muscle of adult geese was characterized by a higher content of total monounsaturated fatty acids (ΣMUFAs) and a lower content of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ΣPUFAs n-6) than that of goslings (P ≤ 0.05). Lower concentrations of total saturated fatty acids and ΣPUFA were found in adult female geese than in female goslings (P ≤ 0.05). In comparison with adult female geese, the breast muscle of adult male geese had higher total saturated fatty acids and stearic acid (P ≤ 0.05). For the thigh muscle, adult female geese had a higher ΣMUFAs content than adult male geese (P ≤ 0.05). In adipose tissues, adult geese had a higher Σn-6/Σn-3 ratio but had lower contents of erucic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, docosatetraenoic acid, and ΣPUFA n-3 than goslings, and adult female geese had a higher ΣMUFAs content than adult male geese (P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, adult geese, especially adult female geese, accumulated more fat than goslings. Both age and sex affected the fatty acid composition of muscles and adipose tissues in geese. This research provides essential information not only for the nutritional evaluation of geese but also for the consumption and processing of goose products.

Metabolite profiles of chicken breast extracts and water mobility in breasts were studied using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy and time-domain NMR (TD-NMR) relaxometry, respectively, using normal breast (NB), and wooden breast (WB) and white striping (WS) myopathies in broilers. One thousand eight hundred sixty broilers were raised to commercial standards, receiving the same diets that were formulated as per the different growth stages. At 49 D of age, 200 animals were slaughtered following routine commercial procedures, and at 4 h postmortem, the whole breast (pectoralis major muscle) was removed and visually inspected by an experienced meat inspector who selected NB (without myopathies) and samples with the presence of WS and WB myopathies. Fifteen breasts (5 each of NB, WS, and WB) were analyzed through TD-NMR relaxometry, and samples of approximately 20 g were taken from each breast and frozen at −80°C for metabolite profiling through 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to evaluate the effect on water relaxometry and metabolite profile in accordance with the presence and type of myopathy in the breast. 1H-NMR data showed that the metabolite profiles in WS and WB breasts were different from each other and from NB. This pilot study shows that myopathies appear to be related to hypoxia, connective tissue deposition, lower mitochondrial function, and greater oxidative stress compared with NB. The longitudinal and transverse relaxation time of the breasts determined by TD-NMR relaxometry was shorter for NB than that for WS and WB, indicating greater water mobility in breasts affected by myopathies. 1H-NMR spectroscopy can be used to differentiate the metabolism of WS, WB, and NB, and TD-NMR has the potential to be a fast, simple, and noninvasive method to distinguish NB from WB and WS. As a practical application, the metabolomic profile as per the occurrence of breast myopathies may be used for a better understanding of these issues, which opens a gap to mitigate the incidence and severity of WS and WB. In addition, the present study brings an opportunity for the development of a new and objective tool to classify the incidence of breast myopathies through TD-NMR relaxometry.

The objective of this study was to evaluate consumer habits as well as the sensory perception and characteristics of farm eggs produced in Los Ríos, Chile. Data were collected from an online survey of 197 respondents and a sensory evaluation carried out by 30 untrained panelists of 4 types of eggs (brown-shell and blue-shell eggs acquired from family farms, free-range eggs acquired from large, industrial systems, and white-shell cage eggs from industrial, cage systems.) To evaluate differences and preferences, data were analyzed in a GLM. In addition, sensory evaluation was analyzed using principal component analysis. In accordance with the survey, 99% of the participants eat eggs (P < 0.001), 58% eat 1 to 3 eggs/wk, and 84% declared to consume eggs at home ( 0.05) in the evaluated parameters. There was a consequence in the information given from surveyed consumers and the sensory panel with the yolk color.

The aim of this study was to compare the dynamic changes of egg selenium (Se) deposition and deposition efficiency and to evaluate the efficacy of selenium-enriched yeast (SY) in laying hens over the 84 d feeding period after SY supplementation. A total of one thousand one hundred fifty-two 30-wk-old, Hy-Line Brown hens were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 groups (192 laying hens per group) with 6 replicates of 32 birds each, fed a basal diet (without Se supplementation), basal diet with 0.3 mg/kg of Se from sodium selenite (SS) or basal diets with 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, or 0.4 mg/kg of Se from SY, respectively. The results showed that the Se concentrations in the eggs and breasts from hens fed a SY-supplemented diet were significantly higher than those from hens fed a SS-supplemented diet or a basal diet (P < 0.001). There was a positive linear and quadratic correlation between Se concentrations in the eggs from hens fed a SY-supplemented diet and dietary Se supplementation on days 28, 56, and 84 (r2 = 0.931, 0.932, 0.976, P < 0.001; r2 = 0.946, 0.935, 0.976, P < 0.001), respectively. The Se deposition efficiency in whole eggs from hens fed a basal or SY-supplemented diet weresignificantly higher than those in eggs from hens fed a SS-supplemented diet on days 28, 56, and 84 (P < 0.001), respectively. In addition, there was a positive linear and quadratic correlation between Se concentrations in the eggs from hens fed SY-supplemented diet (r2 = 0.655, 0.779, 0.874, 0.781, P < 0.001; r2 = 0.666, 0.863, 0.944, 0.781, P < 0.001) or SS-supplemented diet (r2 = 0.363, P = 0.002; r2 = 0.440, P = 0.002) and number of feeding days. In conclusion, the organic Se from SY has higher bioavailability and deposition efficiency of Se in whole eggs as compared with inorganic Se from SS. The Se concentrations and Se deposition efficiency in the eggs increased from hens fed a SS- or SY-supplemented diet but decreased from hens fed a basal diet with the extension of the experimental duration. The results indicate that the dietary Se supplementation from SY should be limited to a maximum of 0.1 mg Se/kg complete feed when the eggs and meat produced from hens fed a SY-supplemented diet are used as food for humans directly, whereas up to 0.4 mg/kg organic Se from SY can be used to supplement the diets for laying hens when the products are used as raw materials for producing Se-enriched food.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-11T21:11:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-07-01 Oligo Basics USA, LLC (Cary, NC) North Carolina Agricultural Foundation, Inc. (Raleigh, NC) USDA-NIFA Project Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of functional oils containing cashew nutshell and castor oil on turkey performance and intestinal morphology. In experiment 1, 585 hatchlings were randomly placed in 15 replicate floor pens, (13 poults/pen) with recycled litter and provided feed and water ad libitum. Birds were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments from 1 to 12 wk: nonmedicated control, 0.15% functional oils, and 66-ppm monensin. From wk 13 to 20, each initial treatment group was further divided into 3 treatments-control (no additive), 0.15% of functional oils, or 20 ppm of virginiamycin to produce 9 different treatments, 5 replicate pens per treatment. Data on feed weights were collected weekly, and body weight bi-weekly. At termination (20 wk), birds were euthanized, and their meat was processed to determine mass of carcass sections and meat quality, while intestinal samples were collected for histology. In experiment 1, toms fed monensin or functional oils were 10.5 and 4.5% heavier (P < 0.05), respectively, than the controls at 12 wk. Birds fed monensin had a 4% improvement (P < 0.05) in feed conversion as compared to the other treatments. Neither virginiamycin nor the functional oils affected bird performance when fed from 13 to 20 wk. The jejunum villi surface area at 3 wk was most enhanced (P < 0.05) for the poults fed monensin. Supplementation with functional oils significantly reduced leg yield and thiobarbituric-acid reactive substances of white meat after 7 D of storage (P < 0.05). There were no effects on performance or carcass characteristics in experiment 2. While additional confirmatory studies are needed, functional oils in the diet of turkey toms may be a viable alternative to antibiotic growth promotants. NCSU, Prestage Dept Poultry Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA Sao Paulo State Univ, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil ARS, USDA, Market Qual & Handling Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA Oligo Basics USA LLC, Cary, NC 27519 USA Sao Paulo State Univ, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil USDA-NIFA Project: NC06343

Long photoperiods are used in the broiler industry to maximize animal performance, though the impact on meat quality remains poorly understood. The current study evaluated the impact of photoperiod on functional/physicochemical properties and oxidative stability of meat through broiler processing. Ross 308 broilers (n = 432) were randomly assigned to 4 photoperiod treatments (hours in L = light, D = dark): 20L:4D, 18L:6D, 16L:8D, or 12L:12D with 6 pens per treatment. At 42 D of age, 2 broilers per pen (n = 12 per treatment) were harvested under standard conditions. Broiler tenderloin (M. Pectoralis minor) and leg muscles were removed at 1 D postmortem and frozen/stored at −40°C. After 24 h thawing at 2°C, the samples were deboned, ground, and formed into patties in 3 independent batches. Photoperiod had no impact on pH, water-holding capacity, textural profile, meat emulsion activity index, and thiol content (P > 0.05). The patties from 12L:12D and 16L:8D had lower CIE b∗ (yellowness) values than 18L:6D and 20L:4D (P

Consumption of poultry products is increasing worldwide, leading to an increased demand for safe, fresh, high-quality products. To ensure consumer safety and meet quality standards, poultry products must be routinely checked for fecal matter, food fraud, microbiological contamination, physical defects, and product quality. However, traditional screening methods are insufficient in providing real-time, nondestructive, chemical and spatial information about poultry products. Novel techniques, such as hyperspectral imaging (HSI), are being developed to acquire real-time chemical and spatial information about products without destruction of samples to ensure safety of products and prevent economic losses. This literature review provides a comprehensive overview of HSI applications to poultry products. The studies used for this review were found using the Google Scholar database by searching the following terms and their synonyms: “poultry” and “hyperspectral imaging”. A total of 67 studies were found to meet the criteria. After all relevant literature was compiled, studies were grouped into categories based on the specific material or characteristic of interest to be detected, identified, predicted, or quantified by HSI. Studies were found for each of the following categories: food fraud, fecal matter detection, microbiological contamination, physical defects, and product quality. Key findings and technological advancements were briefly summarized and presented for each category. Since the first application to poultry products 20 yr ago, HSI has been shown to be a successful alternative to traditional screening methods.

White striping (WS) and woody breast (WB) have been previously associated with older and heavier birds. However, there is limited information supporting the association between these 2 muscle conditions and growth parameters. The objectives of this study were 1) to investigate the relationship between WS and WB using different growth production factors and 2) to propose a predictive model that uses growth production factors to investigate the incidence and severity of WS and WB. A combined database of 4,332 broilers pooled from 7 research experiments conducted from 2016 to 2017 at Texas A&M University was used in this study. Parameters such as sex, age (4 wk, 6 wk, and 8 wk), strain (standard A vs. high-breast-yield [B and C]), live weight categories (500 g increments), and breast weight categories (250 g increments) were included in the model. Results showed that WS was 12% more likely to be present in non-WB fillets. The association between WS and WB suggests a moderate relationship between the ranks of both outcome variables (ρ = 0.57, P < 0.0001). Variables such as age, live weight, and sex were not as important as breast weight and strain in the severity prediction of WS and WB. Butterfly fillets above 750 g and with high-breast-yielding strains were more likely associated with higher severity of WS and WB scores. No post hoc variable selection was performed. Both models show good discrimination. The WS model produced an uncorrected area under the curve (AUC) of 0.739, with a bootstrap corrected estimate of 0.736. The WB model produced an uncorrected AUC of 0.753 and a bootstrap corrected estimate of 0.752. Therefore, the growth production factors analyzed in this study indicated that there is a moderate relationship between WS and WB myopathies and were jointly predictive of the severity of WS and WB. Potentially other factors not included in this study may play a major role in the relationship of these 2 myopathies. More research should be done to investigate this possibility.

The aim of this study was to optimize the protein hydrolysates from chicken liver with xylose under Maillard reaction (MR) conditions using response surface methodology. The correlation between the browning degree, grafting degree, and the antioxidant activities of the Maillard reaction products (MRPs) was investigated. The optimal reaction conditions were achieved with a reaction temperature of 138.78°C, an initial pH of 7.99, and a reaction time of 93.14 min. The grafting degree (41.98%) and browning degree (2.582) of chicken liver protein hydrolysate MRPs (CLPHM) were notably higher (P

In this study, fermentation with Lactobacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was applied to improve the flavor of cured duck leg meat. Odor and taste evaluations, lipid oxidation, volatile flavor substances, and protein degradation were determined to investigate the effects of microbial fermentation on flavor improvement. The results showed that the utilization of L. plantarum represented the most significant effect on lipid peroxidation inhibition (the lowest value of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and the highest content of polyunsaturated fatty acids) and also enhanced the generation of volatile flavor substances than nonfermented duck meat. Microbial fermentation accelerated protein degradation in duck meat. S. cerevisiae could produce glutamate to promote the umami taste flavor of cured duck leg meat, and L. plantarum significantly improved the sweet taste by releasing alanine. Meanwhile, mixed fermentation with the two microbial species resulted in the combination of both of their advantages. These findings not only indicate the potential application of microbial fermentation in characteristic duck meat but also indicate that fermentation improves sensory properties of duck products significantly.

Marine microalgae (MA) has received wide attention as a promising source of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) enrichment in animal products to improve the health status and wellbeing of the consumers. This study evaluated dynamic changes in n-3 LC-PUFA, color, and functional properties as well as atherogenic and thrombogenic health lipid indices of egg yolk from hens fed graded levels (0, 0.5, and 1.0%) of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)–rich MA (Aurantiochytrium sp.) during a 56-D feeding period. Egg freshness parameters and yolk lipid oxidative stability were also measured after 0, 14, and 28 D of refrigerated storage. The hen performance and egg quality (except for yolk color) were not affected (P > 0.05) by MA supplementation. Docosahexaenoic acid contents in yolk from hens fed 1.0% MA increased quadratically with feeding time with a plateau at about 30 D (P 0.05). Microalgal carotenoids enrichment also helped attenuate fatty acid oxidation of the DHA-enriched yolk and increase their lipid oxidative stability. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with up to 1.0% of MA significantly increased DHA contents with more health-promoting n-6/n-3 ratio and atherogenic and thrombogenic indices, as well as more intense yolk color within consumers' acceptability, and the feeding strategy had a minimal impact on yolk physical and functional properties or oxidative stability during subsequent refrigerated storage.

This study investigated the combined effects of cooking temperature and time on the meat and eating quality characteristics of the sous-vide chicken breast. For the control group, chicken breast samples were cooked in a convection oven until the internal temperature reached 71°C. Each sample for sous-vide cooking was vacuum packaged and then cooked under continuous thermocontrolled conditions in a water bath at 6 combinations of cooking temperature (60 and 70°C) and time (1, 2, and 3 h). Sous-vide cooked chicken meat at 60°C for 1 h (SV60-1h) showed lower cooking loss (6.58 vs. 26.5%, P

Although whole turkeys served at Thanksgiving are the ubiquitous kickoffs to the US winter holiday season, much remains unknown about shopping behaviors for holiday food items. Given the once-a-year purchase of the whole turkey for most households, collecting data about demand and preferences necessitated the collection of data during the week before Thanksgiving, while turkey shopping was at the forefront of consumers' minds. Despite a self-reported confidence in cooking turkeys, many respondents indicated they thawed frozen meat using improper methods. Ninety-five percent of respondents indicated that they consumed meat; 89% of respondents who consumed meat or had someone in the household who did, indicated they had purchased turkey products. Positive willingness to pay (WTP) was found for all attributes of whole turkeys studied: free range, fed a vegetarian diet, hormone use not permitted, and antibiotic use not permitted. Mean estimated WTP for free range ranged from $0.37/lb for industry verified free range to $0.74/lb for USDA verified free range; although those 2 estimates were not statistically different from each other, they were both statistically different from zero. The statistically significant estimated mean WTP for hormone use not permitted ranged from $0.85/lb for industry verification to $1.35 for USDA verification but were again not statistically different from each other. Mean WTP estimates, which were statistically significant but not different from one another for antibiotic use not permitted, ranged from $0.62/lb for industry certification to $0.72 for retailer certified. Turkeys certified to be fed a vegetarian diet had a mean WTP estimate of $0.39/lb for retailer verification to $0.60/lb for USDA verification; those mean WTP estimates were not statistically different from each other but were each statistically different from zero. Social desirability bias, which can be defined as the relative over-reporting of one's own goodness, was detected with respect to self-reported holiday eating and healthfulness statements. Relationships were found between social desirability bias, gender, and age for holiday eating statements using a seemingly unrelated regression.

The effect of old laying hen (OLH) and commercial broiler (CB) meat on emulsion-type sausages produced with different lipid types (canola, olive, and sunflower oils) to replace pork backfat was studied. To determine the physicochemical, textural, and microstructural properties, the proximate composition, color, pH, emulsion stability, cooking yield, water holding capacity, collagen content, textural properties, and scanning electron microscopy images of sausage samples were analyzed. Although there were significant differences in pH and emulsion stability between breed types (OLH and CB, P

The consumption of meat products from old broiler breeder hen (OBH) and old laying hen (OLH) is limited by their poor organoleptic properties. In this study, the physicochemical properties of breast and thigh meat from OBH and OLH and their application to the development of pressed ham with better quality properties were examined. To manufacture pressed ham, 3 different chicken meat mixtures (mixture A, 50% breast and 50% thigh from OBH; mixture B, 50% breast and 50% thigh meat from OLH; mixture C, 25% breast and 25% thigh from OBH and OLH, respectively) were used. Breast meat from OBH showed a higher water holding capacity (WHC; P

This study was conducted to determine the effect of probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici (PA) strain MA18/5M supplementation of diets with different dietary energy levels on productive performance, egg quality, and body composition in Hy-Line Brown hens during a 16-week period from 32 to 47 wk of age. The experimental treatments with a 2 × 2 factorial design received a 2 wheat–corn–soybean diet: a moderately low energy density diet with 2,650 kcal ME/kg (M-LED) and a low energy density diet based on the M-LED diet with 2,550 kcal ME/kg (LED), each diet without and with probiotic supplementation (M-LED, LED, M-LEDp, and LEDp, respectively). Reduced dietary energy levels had a particularly negative effect on egg weight (61.7 vs. 63.3 g; −2.6%, P

A 2 × 6 factorial experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of Satureja khuzistanica essential oils (SkEO; 0, 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600 mg/bird/day) administered via oral gavage and dietary acetic acid (AA; 0 and 20 g/1 kg) on fatty acids (FA) composition in thigh meat of Ross 308 broiler chickens at days 34, 38, and 42 of age. Dietary AA reduced DWG, DFI, and European economic efficiency index, and increased FCR compared with the nonacidified diet. In day 34 of age, saturated FA (SFA) percentage reduced and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), n-3, and n-6 percentages increased in the birds that received 400 mg SkEO. Mean monounsaturated FA (MUFA) percentage was greater, whereas PUFA, n-3, n-6, and total FA (TFA) percentages were lesser in the birds fed on the acidified diet. In day 38 of age, mean PUFA, TFA, n-3, and n-6 percentages were greater while MUFA and cis FA (CFA) concentrations were lesser in the thigh muscle of the birds that received 400 mg SkEO. Mean MUFA, PUFA, n-3, n-6, CFA, and TFA percentages were lower in the birds maintained on the acidified diet. In day 42 of age, mean SFA percentage reduced in the birds given 300 mg SkEO, while TFA percentage lowered in the birds that received 200 and 600 mg SkEO. The acidified diet decreased MUFA, TFA, and CFA percentage and increased SFA and the n-6 to n-3 fatty acids ratio of thigh meat in chicken. The results led to the conclusion that the daily enteral administration of SkEO through oral gavage may feasibly modify the fatty acids profile of thigh meat in favor of increased PUFA. Dietary AA and its interaction with SkEO inconsistently modified concentration of certain classes of fatty acids in broiler thigh meat, particularly in advanced ages. Almost all alterations induced by AA-involving treatments in fatty acids composition of thigh meat were on the contrary to the SkEO influences as they were in favor of an increased SFA proportion.

Early feeding trials using peanut meal prepared from normal-oleic peanuts helped to identify peanuts as a suitable alternative feed ingredient for poultry. Yet no studies to date have examined the use of high-oleic peanuts (HO-PN) as a feed ingredient for meat type chickens. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of feeding whole unblanched HO-PN on the fatty acid profile of the meat produced from broilers. At hatch male chicks were randomly placed in raised wire cages, in 10 replicate pens per treatment with 10 chicks per pen, and fed with one of the 3 isocaloric, isonitrogenous diets ad libitum for 42 days: (1) conventional control of soybean meal + corn, (2) 10 to 12% HO-PN and corn diet, or (3) control diet spiked with ≈6.0% oleic acid oil. All body weights (BW) were collected, and broiler selection for processing was determined by individual BW within one-half a standard deviation of the experiment 42-D mean BW, with one bird selected per pen (10 replicate pens per treatment, 3 treatments, 10 birds selected per treatment, yielding a total sample size of 30 birds). Performance was determined weekly and breast samples were analyzed for fatty acid and amino acid profile. All data was analyzed using analysis of variance, with t-test mean comparisons at P < 0.05. BW were similar between broilers fed the HO-PN and control diet, while feed conversion ratio of broilers fed the HO-PN diet was significantly higher at weeks 2, 4, and 6 in comparison to the other treatments (P ≤ 0.03). Broilers fed with HO-PN diet had reduced carcass and pectoralis major weights in comparison to the other treatments. Chicken breast from broilers fed the HO-PN diet had significantly reduced saturated and trans fatty acid content in comparison to the controls (P ≤ 0.0002). Although additional studies must be conducted, this study suggests that feeding whole unblanched HO-PN to broiler chickens may serve as a means to enrich the meat produced with unsaturated fatty acids.

Kızılkaya, Pınar; Department of Food Technology, Ardahan Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Ardahan University; Makale. Börekçi, Bilge Sayın; Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ardahan University; Makale., Salted-dried goose is a traditional Turkish product with specific flavor that is produced by dry salting, post-salting, and subsequently air-drying of the goose carcass. In this study, the leg and breast parts of salted-dried goose carcasses were analyzed in terms of microbiological properties and volatile compounds. Lactic acid bacteria and Micrococcus-Staphylococcus bacteria constituted a significant part of microbiota in both leg and breast samples. The Enterobacteriaceae count was below the detectable level (,2 log cfu g-1) in 60% of the leg samples and in 47% of the breast samples. The yeast–mold count was less than 5 log cfu g-1 in 80% of both leg and breast samples. Many volatile compounds belonging to different chemical groups, including alde hydes, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, esters, alcohols, terpenes, ketones, sulfur compounds, and furans, were identified from samples. The breast samples showed a higher mean amount of hexanal than the leg samples. No significant difference was found between the breast and leg samples in terms of ketones and sulfur compounds. It was also determined that a considerable part of volatile compounds is formed by lipid oxidation.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of air chilling (AC), water chilling (WC), combined chilling consisting of WC for 20 min and AC (CO20), and combined chilling consisting of WC for 30 min and AC (CO30) on the microbiological status, surface color, processing yield, and moisture content of yellow-feathered chicken carcasses. After chilling, the carcasses treated by AC exhibited the highest total viable counts (TVC) (4.7 cfu/cm2), followed by those treated by CO20 and CO30, whereas the carcasses treated by WC showed the lowest (P 0.05) was found among the carcasses treated by CO20, CO30, and WC. The skin samples of carcass parts treated by WC (breast, thighs, drumsticks, back, neck, and wings) exhibited higher moisture contents than the skin samples of the carcasses treated by AC (P 0.05). The results of this work can be useful for understanding and improving the chilling process for yellow-feathered chickens.

Three hundred crossbred chickens (at age of 11 wk) were randomly housed in 15 open-sided deep litter pens with 20 chickens in each pen under completely randomized design for a period of 9 wk. Before evaluating their hematobiochemical and carcass characteristics, the birds were provided with grower mash ad libitum throughout the experimental period. Blood samples were taken from each genotypic group (nanaff, Nanaff, and NanaFf), when the birds were 18 and 20 wk old, respectively, for the evaluation of hematobiochemical parameters. At the end of the trial, 15 chickens from each of the 3 genotypic groups were randomly selected and slaughtered to determine the carcass parameters. The findings from the study revealed that except for total cholesterol, spleen, and neck weight, there was no significant genotypic effect (P > 0.05) on hematobiochemical and carcass parameters measured. The nanaff genotype birds had significantly higher (P 0.05). Also, hematobiochemical assays of all the birds were within normal range. From a health point of view, the indigenous naked neck genotype seems superior because its fat and cholesterol contents were low. Thus, it is strongly recommended that there should be a conscious effort to develop and commercialize the naked-neck and frizzled birds especially in developing countries.

The effect of high-pressure processing (200 MPa, 10 min) on the solubility of chicken breast myosin with 25% molar substitution of Na+ by 3 anion types of potassium salts (KCl, K-lactate, and K-citrate) was investigated. The results showed that the lower hydrophobic group and reactive sulfhydryl group of nonpressurized myosin with the replacement of organic K-lactate or K-citrate possibly contributed to the aggregation of myosin molecules compared with the KCl group and thus decreased the solubility of both. In the presence of lactate or citrate, the high-pressure processing caused an increase in the surface hydrophobicity and reactive sulfhydryl group, indicating the unfolding of myosin molecule. Meanwhile, the increased hydration state and the decreased apparent viscosity suggested the disruption of protein–protein interactions and the strengthening of myosin–water interactions in pressurized myosin, ultimately resulting in increased solubility of the pressurized myosin with both organic potassium salts. The compensation of high-pressure processing is interesting for the efficient selection of the anion type in developing sodium-reduced industrial meat products.

This study examined the antioxidant capabilities of peptides derived from chicken feather meal (CFM) protein hydrolysates which were produced using 3 different microbial proteases (Neutrase, Alcalase, and flavourzyme) and tested at varying concentrations, namely 1, 2, and 5% by weight. The highest levels of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activities were presented by CFM hydrolysate derived using 5 wt% Neutrase and digested for 4 h. Fractionation of this particular hydrolysate was then performed by applying 10, 5, 3, and 0.65 kDa molecular weight cutoff membranes. It was then determined that the molecular weight (MW), Graphical abstract

The objective of this study was to compare the relationships between instrumental texture measurements and subjective woody breast (WB) scores in raw broiler breast fillets. A total of 181 broiler breast fillets were scored based on palpable hardness and rigidity ranging from 1.0 to 3.0 in 0.5 increments. Texture properties of raw fillets were measured with 3 different instrumental methods: compression force, blunt Meullenet-Owens Razor Shear (BMORS), and Meullenet-Owens Razor Shear (MORS). Compression force was measured based on % of fillet height (30%) and distance (10 mm). Blunt Meullenet-Owens Razor Shear and MORS measurements included peak force, energy, and peak counts. One-way ANOVA of instrumental texture measurements were performed. Spearman correlations between WB scores and instrumental texture measurements and Pearson correlations between 3 instrumental measurements were analyzed. ANOVA results showed that the best means separations between WB scores were found with the compression method. The weakest means separations were observed with MORS force and BMORS peak counts. Spearman correlation coefficients showed that there were significant relationships between WB scores and instrumental measurements. The strongest correlations were found between subjective WB scores and compression force measurements (r = 0.58–0.73, P

In this study, we aimed to investigate the meat quality characteristics, bioactive compound content, and antioxidant activity during refrigerated storage of breast meat of Arbor Acres broilers (carcass weight: 1.1 kg, raised for 35 D) obtained from a conventional farm (BCF, n = 30) and an animal welfare farm (BAF, n = 30) in Korea. The BCF and BAF did not differ in their proximate composition, color, water-holding capacity, creatine, creatinine, and carnosine contents. However, the shear force value was significantly higher in BAF than in BCF (P < 0.05). The 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels in BCF on days 7 and 9 were significantly higher than those in BAF (P < 0.001). During storage, the total volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) content of BAF was significantly lower, except on day 1. The fatty acid composition of samples was not affected by the storage period, however, saturated fatty acid and unsaturated fatty acid contents did differ among the types of farm systems (P < 0.05). Although the creatine, creatinine, and carnosine contents in BAF and BCF did not differ significantly, the carnosine and creatinine contents decreased with the increase in storage period (P < 0.05). The anserine content of BAF was significantly higher than that of BCF throughout storage. Superoxide dismutase activity was not affected by the type of farm system but was affected by storage period. Overall, BAF showed lower pH, microorganism, TBARS, and VBN values, and higher anserine contents than BCF. These findings can serve as reference data for the evaluation of chicken meat quality of broilers raised in animal welfare farm and conventional farm.

Skin (SK) and abdominal fat (AF) are by-products that are abundantly produced in poultry slaughterhouses. Skin is used in meat products, especially in sausages, but its use is related to microbiological contamination and susceptibility to oxidation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of SK replacement with AF on the quality characteristics of emulsified patties stored under freezing conditions (−18°C) for 90 D. The AF showed higher lipid content than did the SK, but the SK had a higher predominance of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Regarding the partial chemical composition, the treatments showed differences in moisture, lipids, and total collagen. The values for para-anisidine and carbonyl compounds at the end of 90 D of storage were not influenced by the incorporation of SK or AF. The judges also did not observe differences in the color and aroma of the emulsified products during the 90 D. Furthermore, volatile compounds considered oxidation markers were not detected at the end of the storage period. Given these results, emulsified patties made with SK or AF undergo, to a similar degree, low levels of lipid and protein oxidation when stored under freezing conditions (−18°C) for 90 D, which allows the use of some of these lipid sources in meat products.

The aim of the study was to compare P33 (Polish Pekin), P8 (Danish Pekin), and LsA (English Pekin) ducks after 2 reproductive seasons for carcass composition and some meat quality traits. A total of 48 duck carcasses (8 male carcasses and 8 female carcasses of each genotype) were studied. Whole carcasses were dissected, and pH and electrical conductivity of the breast and leg muscles were determined 24 h postmortem. After dissection, breast and leg muscles were sampled to determine proximate composition, some minerals, and physicochemical properties. Breast muscles were also analyzed for textural characteristics, microstructural characteristics, and rheological properties. At 112 wk of age, genotype and sex were found to have no significant effect on carcass weight and percentage of carcass components. The genotype of the birds had a significant effect on the water and fat content in the pectoral and leg muscles, as well as protein and collagen in the leg muscles. The origin of the ducks had a significant impact on the magnesium content in pectoral muscles and Warner–Bratzler shear force pectoralis muscle major, as well as the electrical conductivity of the leg muscles. The differences in duck genotype had a significant effect on the sum of elastic moduli, fiber cross-sectional area, fiber perimeter, and vertical fiber diameter of pectoralis major muscle. Regardless of the genetic origin, breast muscles from 112-week-old males had a lower fat content, and male leg muscles contained more water and protein and less fat and collagen than the female muscles. The genotype by sex interaction was significant for the content of breast muscles, skin with subcutaneous fat, and neck percentage and for the water and fat content in breast and leg muscles.

Chicken is globally one of the most popular food animals. However, it is also one of the major reservoirs for foodborne pathogens, annually resulting in continued morbidity and mortality incidences worldwide. In an effort to reduce the threat of foodborne disease, the poultry industry has implemented a multifaceted antimicrobial program that incorporates not only chemical compounds, but also extensive amounts of water application and pathogen monitoring. Unfortunately, the pathogen detection methods currently used by the poultry industry lack speed, relying on microbiological plate methods and molecular detection systems that take time and lack precision. In many cases, the time to data acquisition can take 12 to 24 h. This is problematic if shorter-term answers are required which is becoming more likely as the public demand for chicken meat is only increasing, leading to new pressures to increase line speed. Therefore, new innovations in detection methods must occur to mitigate the risk of foodborne pathogens that could result from faster slaughter and processing speeds. Future technology will have 2 tracks: rapid methods that are meant to detect pathogens and indicator organisms within a few hours, and long-term methods that use microbiome mapping to evaluate sanitation and antimicrobial efficacy. Together, these methods will provide rapid, comprehensive data capable of being applied in both risk-assessment algorithms and used by management to safeguard the public.

A study was carried out to evaluate meat quality traits in fast-growing chickens stimulated in ovo with trans-galactoolighosaccarides (GOS) and exposed to heat stress. On day 12 of egg incubation, 3,000 fertilized eggs (Ross 308) were divided into prebiotic group (GOS) injected with 3.5 mg GOS/egg, saline group (S) injected with physiological saline, and control group (C) uninjected. After hatching, 900 male chicks (300 chicks/treatment) were reared in floor pens in either thermoneutral (TN; 6 pens/group, 25 birds/pen) or heat stress conditions (HS, 30°C from 32 to 42 D; 6 pens/group, 25 birds/pen). At 42 D of age, 15 randomly chosen birds/treatment/temperature were slaughtered and the pectoral muscle (PM) was removed for analyses. Data were analyzed by GLM in a 3 × 2 factorial design. In ovo treatment had no effect on PM weight, pH, water-holding capacity, and shear force. GOS and S birds had lighter (L*, P < 0.01) PM than C group, whereas the latter showed a higher (P < 0.05) yellowness index (b*) compared to S group. Proximate composition, cholesterol, and intramuscular collagen properties were not affected by treatment. As for fatty acid composition, only total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content and n-6 PUFA were slightly lower in GOS group compared to S. Heat stress had a detrimental effect on PM weight (P < 0.01) and increased meat pH (P < 0.01). PM from HS chickens was darker with a higher b* index (P < 0.05) and had a higher (P < 0.01) lipid content and a lower (P < 0.05) total collagen amount. Total saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and PUFA were similar among groups. Significant interactions between factors were found for fatty acid composition: GOS decreased (P < 0.01) SFA and increased (P < 0.05) MUFA contents in HS birds. In conclusion, in ovo injection of GOS could mitigate the detrimental effect of heat stress on some meat quality traits.

Wooden breast (WB) has emerged as a dramatically increasing myopathy in the poultry industry over the past few years. The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence of WB in a Chinese commercial broiler processing plant, and the consequences on quality attributes, textural properties, and sensory traits. A total of 1,135 breast fillets were collected at the deboning line and assigned to normal, mild, moderate, and severe WB categories by tactile evaluation. The proportion affected by WB was approximately 61.9%. WB fillets appeared heavier and thicker than normal fillets. The degree of WB myopathy was highly correlated with fillet weight and thickness. The meat quality characteristics of cooking loss and purge loss increased along with increasing severity of WB myopathy. Compression tests of raw meat revealed higher cutting strength and shear values for WB. In cooked meat, only severe WB fillets exhibited elevated hardness and chewiness. Finally, moderate and severe WB fillets affected the sensory evaluation by consumers owing to their impaired general appearance, texture, and drip loss. The results suggested that a high proportion of WB broiler fillets would cause detrimental losses to the poultry meat retailing and processing industry.

The disposal of by-products of duck production, including duck skin, is a serious concern as it results in environmental pollution. The objectives of this study were to investigate the optimal pretreatment conditions for swelling duck skin and their extraction methods as a novel source. Gelatin was extracted using water bath, sonication, superheated steam, and microwave extraction methods. The gelatin extraction yield and gelatin powder yield were the highest with the superheated steam extraction method. The melting point and gel strength of gelatin extracted using the superheated steam method were the lowest. The viscosity of gelatin extracted with the superheated steam and microwave extraction methods was higher than that of gelatin extracted with the other methods. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns of gelatin extracted using the superheated steam and microwave extraction methods showed more intense bands than those of gelatin extracted using the other methods. Our results showed that gelatin extracted from duck skin using the superheated steam extraction method had optimal physical properties and therefore can be used in meat products.

An improved fast region-based convolutional neural network (RCNN) algorithm is proposed to improve the accuracy and efficiency of recognizing broilers in a stunned state. The algorithm recognizes 3 stunned state conditions: insufficiently stunned, moderately stunned, and excessively stunned. Image samples of stunned broilers were collected from a slaughter line using an image acquisition platform. According to the format of PASCAL VOC (pattern analysis, statistical modeling, and computational learning visual object classes) dataset, a dataset for each broiler stunned state condition was obtained using an annotation tool to mark the chicken head and wing area in the original image. A rotation and flip data augmentation method was used to enhance the effectiveness of the datasets. Based on the principle of a residual network, a multi-layer residual module (MRM) was constructed to facilitate more detailed feature extraction. A model was then developed (entitled here Faster-RCNN+MRMnet) and used to detect broiler stunned state conditions. When applied to a reinforcing dataset containing 27,828 images of chickens in a stunned state, the identification accuracy of the model was 98.06%. This was significantly higher than both the established back propagation neural network model (90.11%) and another Faster-RCNN model (96.86%). The proposed algorithm can complete the inspection of the stunned state of more than 40,000 broilers per hour. The approach can be used for online inspection applications to increase efficiency, reduce labor and cost, and yield significant benefits for poultry processing plants.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of addition of alfalfa protein concentrate (APC) at the dose of 15 g or 30 g per 1 kg of complete feed ration for the native Polbar breed on selected production traits and the fatty acid profile in the yolk of raw, hard-boiled or freeze-dried eggs. Laying hens were assigned randomly to 3 experimental groups, each comprising 30 birds. The control group received a standard diet without the APC addition and the experimental groups received APC, which partially replaced postextraction soybean meal. Egg laying performance, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were controlled throughout the experiment. At 33 wk of age, 45 eggs were randomly selected for assessment of the quality of the egg content and eggshell, and 30 eggs were taken for each of the cooking and freeze-drying treatments. The fatty acid composition was determined in the yolks of hard-boiled, freeze-dried, and raw eggs. There was no effect of the APC addition on the laying performance, feed intake and feed conversion ratio, and a majority of egg quality traits. Hens fed with the APC laid eggs with a darker colored eggshell and yolk and a slightly lower breaking strength. The yolks in the eggs from hens receiving the APC addition were characterized by distinctly higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The group fed with a higher dose of APC produced eggs with a substantially lower level of saturated fatty acids (SFA). Boiling resulted in an increase in the SFA content and a decline in the level of PUFAs and carotenoids. Freeze-drying led to an increase in the total SFA content and a decrease in the level of n-3 PUFA. The APC addition to feed can replace the genetically modified soybean meal without reducing the values of production traits and egg quality and with a beneficial effect on the yolk color and fatty acid profile.

The aim of the current research was to examine lipid oxidation in chicken meat heated to different temperatures followed by refrigerator storage and the factors contributing to lipid oxidation. It showed that lipid oxidation was significantly promoted when meat was heated up to 70°C and stored for 2 and 4 D as measured by thiobarbituric acid reactive substance. The monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids also decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with the increase of heating temperature. The liberation of nonheme iron and increase of hydroxyl radical were observed in heated chicken meat, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes was decreased considerably at higher temperatures. The changes of these prooxidants and antioxidants might constitute a possible mechanism for the stronger lipid oxidation in heated meat.

This study was conducted to investigate the comparative effects of dietary supplementation with microalgae oil or fish oil on fatty acid composition, sensory quality, and overall acceptability of table eggs. A total of six hundred thirty, 30-week-old, Hy-Line Brown laying hens were allocated to 7 dietary treatments. Layers were fed with a control diet or the control diet supplemented with graded levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 1.25, 2.50, and 5.00 mg/g feed) derived from microalgae oil or fish oil. The feeding trial lasted 10 wk. Enrichment of eggs with DHA by dietary supplementation with microalgae oil or fish oil enhanced yolk DHA and total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) enrichment and reduced n-6-to-n-3 ratio in a dose-response manner, whereas the efficiency decreased (P 0.05). In comparison with fish oil, dietary microalgae oil supplementation resulted in higher scores for egg flavor and overall acceptability, both of which declined linearly in response to DHA supplementation (P

The objective of this study was to determine the impact of pre-rigor salting using KCl on the technological properties of ground chicken breast. Chicken breast muscle (M. pectoralis major and minor) was hot-debonded and salted with 2% NaCl (w/w), 1% NaCl+1% KCl mixture, or 2% KCl, respectively, within 30 min after slaughter. Post-rigor salting treatment was prepared with 2% NaCl at 24 h postmortem. All pre-rigor salting treatments showed higher ultimate pH, protein solubility, and final yield than post-rigor salting treatment (P < 0.05). However, the positive effects of pre-rigor salting on chicken breast differed by salt type. Pre-rigor salting with KCl resulted in higher ultimate pH and R-values of chicken breast than pre-rigor salting with NaCl (P < 0.05). Despite the high ultimate pH, pre-rigor salting with KCl resulted in lower protein solubility, final yield, and hardness of chicken breast than pre-rigor salting with NaCl (P < 0.05). These results indicate that pre-rigor salting with KCl could contribute to the maintenance of relatively excellent technological properties of pre-rigor chicken breasts compared to post-rigor salted chicken breast. However, this current study also suggests that the impact of KCl on technological properties in pre-rigor chicken breast, such as water-holding capacity, protein solubility, and texture, could be less effective than pre-rigor salting with NaCl at an identical percentage concentration.