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Objectives. This study aimed to analyze an indication of physical exercise on the increase of cardiac troponin (cTn) levels as a marker of myocardial infarction from the physiological perspective. Materials and methods. A search of journal databases including MEDLINE-Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct was used in this systematic review study. The inclusion criteria were papers that addressed cardiac troponin (cTn), physical activity, and myocardial infarction, and were published within the last five years. Using the databases Science Direct, Pubmed, and Web of Science, 83 recognized publications were found. For this systematic review, finally ten publications that fulfilled the requirements for inclusion were chosen and examined. This study evaluated standard operating procedures using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Results. This systematic review reports that physical exercise has been found to increase cardiac troponin (cTn) levels as a marker of myocardial infarction, but this increase is triggered by the body’s physiological response during exercise and is not considered as a pathological response. Conclusions. According to the findings of the study, physical exercise has been proven to elevate the risk of heart muscle damage by triggering an increase in cardiac troponin (cTn). However, this feature occurs in a physiological state and represents an exercise adaptation process. An analysis of the relevant articles reveals that this increase in cardiac troponin (cTn) has not been shown to have a negative influence on developing cardiovascular disease.

Background and Study Aim. The elderly represent a growing age group and an integral part of modern society. The aging process introduces significant health challenges, making exercise an essential component in maintaining quality of life and well-being among the elderly. This study reviews the impact of physical exercise interventions on the physical and cognitive functions of the elderly population. Material and Methods. The search for this study was conducted using the ScienceDirect and PubMed databases. The search strategy employed a combination of keywords ("Elderly Physical Exercise" AND "Physical Exercise Intervention" AND "Elderly Fitness and Cognitive" AND "Physical Exercise for Physical and Cognitive Functions" AND "Physical and Cognitive Benefits" AND "Elderly Physical Exercise Prevalence"). This search adhered to the PRISMA guidelines. Initially, 1,854 publications were identified through the database searches (ScienceDirect: 981 articles; PubMed: 873 articles). After applying the exclusion criteria, only 11 articles remained. Results. It has been found that physical exercise interventions for the elderly significantly impact their physical and cognitive functions. In the first group, exercises such as home-based e-Health programs, multicomponent exercises, moderate aerobic exercises, dance training, and balance training have been identified. All these have been shown to provide substantial benefits. These programs enhanced not only physical function but also cognitive performance and the overall quality of life for older adults without physical and cognitive health complaints. This showcases the potential of physical exercise interventions to prevent morbidity and reduce disability. The second group focused on physical exercise interventions for older adults with degenerative disease complaints, such as type 2 diabetes and multiple sclerosis. Dual-task exercise programs and tai chi chuan exercises have demonstrated improvements in cognitive function for this demographic. They also improved physical fitness. The research also points out some limitations related to the implementation and budgeting for these programs. Conclusions. The literature review suggests that physical exercise interventions play a crucial role in maintaining physical and cognitive functions in older adults. Exercise programs tailored to the specific health conditions of individuals can significantly improve the quality of life and reduce the risk of declining physical and cognitive functions in the elderly population.

Objectives. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness, benefits and safety of water aerobic exercise in improving the quality of life of pregnant women from a psychological and physical perspective. Materials and methods. The present study is defined as a type of systematic review research using searches from journal databases such as MEDLINE-PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Science Direct. The inclusion criteria for this study were articles published in the last 5 years and articles discussing pregnancy, aquatic aerobic exercise and quality of life in pregnancy. A total of 53 articles from the Science Direct, PubMed, and Web of Science databases were identified. A total of 8 articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected and analyzed for this systematic review. For standard operations, this study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) assessment. Results. The findings of this systematic review indicate that participating in aquatic aerobic exercises has been found toreduce pain during labour, reduce the use of epidural analgesics during labour, reduce depression during pregnancy, reduce the risk of fetal distress, stabilize blood pressure, reduce back pain, and improve the psychological condition of pregnant women. Conclusions. The regular practice of water aerobic exercise carried out from the 2nd trimester of pregnancy contributes to having a positive impact on improving the quality of life of pregnant women.

Physical activity has been considered as one factor that increases oxidative stress. However, the body's natural reaction to exercise might provide more contribution to increase the levels of endogenous antioxidants, including superoxide dismutase. This study aimed to determine how exercise affects the increase in superoxide dismutase enzyme. To reach the objective, the study traced a number of journal databases, including Embase, Pub med, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Scopus. The study considered a number of factors, especially studies that investigated antioxidants, physical activity, and superoxide dismutase. In addition, the studies must have been published within the last five years. Only articles published in non-reputable journals were excluded from our study. A total of 1,026 papers were located using Embase, Web of Science, Pub med, Science Direct, and Scopus databases. About ten carefully selected and peer-reviewed papers addressed the need for this systemic change. Systematic Preferred Reporting and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) items were used in the creation of the standard operating procedures of the investigation. The findings of the systemic analysis showed that exercise has been shown to increase superoxide dismutase levels. The presence of ROS during exercise is what causes the increase. Superoxide dismutase functions as an endogenous antioxidant to reduce free radical production. It is highly recommended to exercise to increase endogenous antioxidant levels which will improve health status. The limitation in this review is only discussing the effect of exercise on increasing SOD. For the next review, the effect of exercise on other endogenous antioxidants such as glutathione peroxidase and catalase can be studied in depth.

Study purpose. This study aims to analyze and highlight the potential of Sea Cucumber in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation caused by exercise. Materials and methods. The study is a type of systematic review research using searches from various journal databases such as Science Direct, Pubmed and Web of Science. The inclusion criteria in this study were journals published in the last 5 years which discussed sea cucumber, oxidative stress, inflammation and exercise. Furthermore, the exclusion criteria in this research are journals that are not reputable or are not indexed by Scopus and Web of Science. A total of 1038 articles from the Science Direct, Pubmed and Web of Science databases were identified. A total of 8 articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected and analyzed for this systematic review. For standard operations, this study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) assessment. Results. The results of this systematic review research report that the strong phenolic content found in Sea Cucumber has anti-oxidant properties which may reduce oxidative stress. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory properties of sea cucumbers have the potential to reduce uncontrolled inflammation caused by intense exercise. Conclusions. The phenolic content in sea cucumbers has strong anti-oxidant properties in reducing oxidative stress. In addition, the anti-inflammatory properties of sea cucumbers may reduce uncontrolled inflammation caused by exercise. In this case, sea cucumbers have an anti-inflammatory effect by suppressing the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Through this systematic review, we recommend that future studies should perform clinical trials on the potential effects of sea cucumber on oxidative stress biomarkers and inflammatory biomarkers after exercise.

This study aimed to develop a circuit training model using audio-visual video media in futsal. The researcher used the R&D method. The subject possessed the characteristics of being male, aged between 20 and 30 years, with a Body Mass Index between 18 and 34, and was a futsal athlete. Before the study began, the researcher explained the research procedure, and the subjects filled out informed consent forms. This technique was used to analyze the data obtained from distributing questionnaires. Questionnaires were given to futsal experts, media experts, and coaching experts. The reliability test was carried out by 12 subjects from the small group test and 24 subjects from the large group test. The results of this development are in the form of videos; in these videos, there are 4 training models consisting of 4 posts each. The 4 posts are arranged in 1 round, with each post consisting of 3 athletes. In this training model, the athletes exercise at each post for 20 seconds; after completing one exercise model, they move to the next post. Exercises are done for 3 sets, with 1-minute recovery between sets. Based on the expert validity test, the evaluation results of futsal experts averaged 85.5%, media experts averaged 82.0%, and coaching experts averaged 83.3%. Furthermore, the results of the reliability test for the small group obtained a percentage of 88%, and for the large group, it was 87.87%. The development of a circuit training model in futsal games can help athletes become more enthusiastic and can also enable them to do additional exercises outside the schedule by using this video product as a training guide, providing athletes with many variations in their exercises.

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the gymnastic learning model, which makes students more active during learning to improve students rolling skills. This type of research is an experiment with a pre and post-test design. 34 people with an average age of 15 years, consisting of 16 men and 18 women, participated in this study. Subjects were divided into two groups the experimental and control groups. They were taking research subjects using a purposive sampling technique. The control group carried out an independent study according to the instructions from the teacher, while the experimental group was treated with a play learning model according to the treatment program that had been made in each lesson. The forward roll skill test instrument uses a forward roll skill test sheet which contains a forward roll assessment indicator, which consists of 10 assessment indicators, starting from the initial phase, the primary phase, and the final phase for the forward roll movement. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS application with the Paired t-test method. This study's results reported a significant difference in the experimental group (p