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Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A solid-state electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor was fabricated by immobilizing luminol, a classical luminescent reagent, on a Zn-Co-ZIF carbon fiber-modified electrode for the rapid and sensitive detection of procymidone (PCM) in vegetable samples. The sensor was created by sequentially modifying the glassy carbon electrode with Zn-Co-ZIF carbon fiber (Zn-Co-ZIF CNFs), Pt@Au NPs, and luminol. Zn-Co-ZIF CNFs, prepared through electrospinning and high-temperature pyrolysis, possessed a large specific surface area and porosity, making it suitable as carrier and electron transfer accelerator in the system. Pt@Au NPs demonstrated excellent catalytic activity, effectively enhancing the generation of active substances. The ECL signal was significantly amplified by the combination of Zn-Co-ZIF CNFs and Pt@Au NPs, which can subsequently be diminished by procymidone. The ECL intensity decreased proportionally with the addition of procymidone, displaying a linear relationship within the concentration range 1.0 × 10–13 to 1.0 × 10–6 mol L−1 (R2 = 0.993). The sensor exhibited a detection limit of 3.3 × 10–14 mol L−1 (S/N = 3) and demonstrated outstanding reproducibility and stability, making it well-suited for the detection of procymidone in vegetable samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A heavy-chain antibody (VHH) library against procymidone (PRM) was constructed via immunizing Bactrian camels. Through careful biopanning, seven nanobodies (Nbs) with different sequences were obtained. The variability in their performance was primarily attributed to the amino acid differences in complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3), as analyzed by molecular docking. The Nb exhibiting the highest sensitivity, named NbFM5, was biotinylated and conjugated to streptavidin-labeled gold nanoparticles to preserve the epitope's activity and prevent a decrease in sensitivity due to traditional random electrostatic adsorption. Subsequently, a simple and sensitive immunochromatographic assay (ICA) was developed for rapid detection of PRM based on biotinylated Nb (btNb). The developed btNb-ICA showed a cut-off value of 200 ng/mL for visual judgment and a half-inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 6.04 ng/mL for quantitative detection. The limit of detection (LOD) was as low as 0.88 ng/mL. The recoveries in actual samples of crops ranged from 82.2 to 117.3%, aligning well with the results obtained from GC-MS/MS (R2 = 0.995). In summary, the developed btNb-ICA demonstrated high specificity and good accuracy for the rapid detection of PRM residues in vegetables. The total analysis time from preparing the sample to obtaining the result was less than 25 min.

As no study about the combined effect of low levels of Cd2+ with procymidone (PCM) on organs and organisms, we investigated their actions on mouse‐ovary in vivo and in vitro. Four‐week mice were treated with corn oil for the control group, corn oil + 0.0045 mg/L Cd2+ (CdCl2 was dissolved in ultrapure water and freely consumed by mice) for Cd2+ group, 50 mg/kg/d PCM (suspended in corn oil and administered orally to mice) for PCM group, and 50 mg/kg/d PCM + 0.0015 (0.0045 and 0.0135) mg/L Cd2+ for L+ (M+ and H+) PCM group for 21 days. For in vitro experiment, the cultured ovaries were treated with acetone for the control group, 0.1% acetone + 8.4 μg/L Cd2+ for the Cd2+ group, 0.63 mg/L PCM (dissolved in acetone) for the PCM‐group, and 0.63 mg/L PCM + 2.8 (8.4 and 25.2) μg/L Cd2+ for L+ (M+ and H+) PCM group for 7 days. Mouse body weight in each treatment group, the weight and volume of ovaries in all PCM groups were lower than the control. Both in vivo and in vitro, all‐stage follicle numbers were lower in M+PCM and H+PCM groups, whereas the atretic follicles and CASPASE3/8 were higher; meanwhile, lower estradiol and progesterone and higher unfolded protein response (UPR) members in all PCM groups. L+, M+, and H+PCM groups had further ovarian damage and stronger UPR than PCM groups, as did M+PCM groups over Cd2+ groups. It is hypothesized low‐level PCM and Cd2+ may mutually promote each other's triggered UPR and exacerbate ovarian damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Agricultural environment is often contaminated with various chemicals (e.g., pesticides, heavy metals) and microplastics due to the uses of plastic products. The effects of chemical contaminants or microplastics on terrestrial environment have been extensively studied, but the studies on the co-presence of chemical contaminants and microplastics are relatively limited. This study was set to investigate the effect of co-presence of microplastics (i.e., low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastic films) and chemical contaminants (i.e., cadmium (Cd) and procymidone (PCM)) in soil on the lettuce growth and Cd and PCM uptake by lettuce using pot tests. The lettuce leaf lengths were not affected by the presence of only Cd or PCM, but the rates of change in the lettuce leaf number were adversely affected by the presence of PCM. The presence of only LDPE or PVC in soil at the concentrations used in this study did not have significant impacts on the lettuce growth. But the co-presence of Cd and LDPE and the co-presence of PCM and PVC resulted in the negligible increases in the lettuce leaf length and leaf number with time, although the lettuce growths were statistically similar in the Cd- or PCM-contaminated soils regardless of the presence of microplastics. The results suggest that the adverse effects of Cd or PCM can be intensified by the co-presence of microplastics, and the effects can be different depending on the types of microplastics. The promoted adverse effects of chemical contaminants in the co-presence of microplastics can be supported by the tendency of the increased absorption of Cd or PCM by lettuce in the co-presence of microplastics. Overall, this study shows the need for management of both chemical contaminants and microplastics that may reside in the agricultural environment.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to prepare proficiency testing samples that are closer to the actual samples and have good homogeneity and stability， and the ability of national laboratories to detect procymidone， carbofuran， and parathion in vegetables was analyzed through proficiency testing.MethodsThe proficiency testing samples were prepared by adding the target standard solution to the vegetable juice that was sold in the market， and the uniformity and stability were tested. The assigned value and standard deviation of proficiency testing were obtained by robust statistics， and the z value was applied to evaluate the results submitted by the participating laboratories.ResultsThe prepared samples were tested for homogeneity and stability， and met the proficiency testing requirements. The samples were applied to proficiency testing， and 94 laboratories participated nationwide， of which the laboratory satisfaction rate in the procymidone project was 84.5%； the laboratory satisfaction rate in the carbofuran project was 83.3%； the laboratory satisfaction rate in the parathion project was 89.6%.ConclusionThe sample prepared by the preparation method in this study has favorable homogeneity and stability and can meet the requirements of the sample for proficiency testing. The statistical results of proficiency testing showed that the detection ability of procymidone， carbofuran， and parathion in vegetables used in participating laboratories was generally favorable. Through this capability verification activity， we gained an understanding of the testing level of laboratories in this field and achieved the expected results.

Agricultural environment is often contaminated with various chemicals (e.g., pesticides, heavy metals) and microplastics due to the uses of plastic products. The effects of chemical contaminants or microplastics on terrestrial environment have been extensively studied, but the studies on the co-presence of chemical contaminants and microplastics are relatively limited. This study was set to investigate the effect of co-presence of microplastics (i.e., low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastic films) and chemical contaminants (i.e., cadmium (Cd) and procymidone (PCM)) in soil on the lettuce growth and Cd and PCM uptake by lettuce using pot tests. The lettuce leaf lengths were not affected by the presence of only Cd or PCM, but the rates of change in the lettuce leaf number were adversely affected by the presence of PCM. The presence of only LDPE or PVC in soil at the concentrations used in this study did not have significant impacts on the lettuce growth. But the co-presence of Cd and LDPE and the co-presence of PCM and PVC resulted in the negligible increases in the lettuce leaf length and leaf number with time, although the lettuce growths were statistically similar in the Cd- or PCM-contaminated soils regardless of the presence of microplastics. The results suggest that the adverse effects of Cd or PCM can be intensified by the co-presence of microplastics, and the effects can be different depending on the types of microplastics. The promoted adverse effects of chemical contaminants in the co-presence of microplastics can be supported by the tendency of the increased absorption of Cd or PCM by lettuce in the co-presence of microplastics. Overall, this study shows the need for management of both chemical contaminants and microplastics that may reside in the agricultural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel and portable detection platform for procymidone (PRM) was developed by combining simple sample pretreatment, lateral flow test strips based on multi-branched gold nanoparticle (LFTS-MBGNP), and a smartphone. Based on the large surface area of MBGNPs, rapid detection of PRM was realized by simple naked eye observation. By utilizing a smartphone as a portable signal analyzer, ultrasensitive quantitative detection of PRM in red wine was realized with the limits of detection (LOD) of 1.60 ng/mL, which was 3000 times lower than the US limit (5 ppm). Moreover, rapid detection of four kinds of fruits and vegetables was achieved within 10 min, with LODs of 4.34 ng/g, 6.93 ng/g, 8.99 ng/g, and 5.03 ng/g, respectively, which could meet the PRM limit of the European Union (10 ng/g). Integrating the optimized QuEChERS pretreatment method, the developed platform realized a simple and sensitive on-site detection of PRM pesticide in foods and red wine within 45 min. This platform provides a useful tool and new idea for rapid screening and detection of pesticide residues in food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the feasibility of applying nanobodies in colloidal gold immunochromatography assay (GICA) for small-molecule harmful substances, this study systematically investigated the effects of colloidal gold labeling parameters, colloidal gold working buffer and sample pretreatment methods on GICA using the pesticide procymidone as a model. The results showed that the size of colloidal gold particles, labeling pH and the amount of antibody used were the key factors to ensure the stability of the nanobody-gold-labeled probes. Under the optimal conditions, the limit of detection, half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) and visual detection limit of GICA for procymidone were 0.44, 6.29 and 200 μg/L, respectively. The sensitivity was 5.1-fold higher than that of conventional monoclonal antibody-based GICA. The quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) procedure was used for the pretreatment of Chinese leek, cucumber and tomato samples. Based on the excellent organic solvent tolerance of nanobodies, the organic solvent blow-drying procedure was omitted. The average recoveries of the spiked samples ranged from 80.1% to 109.6%, and the results for the actual samples were consistent with those of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This study showed that nanobodies are a potential alternative to conventional antibodies for immunoassays for the rapid detection of small molecules. The proposed nanobody-based GICA can be used for the rapid screening of procymidone in vegetables with the advantages of high sensitivity, high accuracy, rapidity and simplicity.

This study synthesized the NaGdF4@NaGdF4: Yb, Tm@NaGdF4: Yb, Nd upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), combined with another three-layer structure NaYF4@NaYF4: Yb, Er@NaYF4 UCNPs, with a core-shell-shell structure, effectively suppressing fluorescence quenching and significantly improving upconversion luminescence efficiency. Two types of modified UCNPs were coupled with antibodies against fenpropathrin and procymidone to form signal probes, and magnetic nanoparticles were coupled with antigens of fenpropathrin and procymidone to form capture probes. A rapid and sensitive fluorescence immunoassay for the simultaneous detection of fenpropathrin and procymidone was established based on the principle of specific binding of antigen and antibody and magnetic separation technology. Under the optimal competitive reaction conditions, different concentrations of fenpropathrin and procymidone standards were added to collect the capture probe-signal probe complex. The fluorescence values at 542 nm and 802 nm were measured using 980 nm excitation luminescence. The results showed that the detection limits of fenpropathrin and procymidone were 0.114 µg/kg and 0.082 µg/kg, respectively, with sensitivities of 8.15 µg/kg and 7.98 µg/kg, and they were applied to the detection of fenpropathrin and procymidone in tomatoes, cucumbers, and cabbage. The average recovery rates were 86.5~100.2% and 85.61~102.43%, respectively, with coefficients of variation less than 10%. The results showed good consistency with the detection results of high-performance liquid chromatography, proving that this method has good accuracy and is suitable for the rapid detection of fenpropathrin and procymidone in food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to help with the scientific management of leek food safety in Hunan Province. Methods: 24 kinds of pesticides and 5 kinds of heavy metals in 690 leek samples from Hunan Province were detected. Results: ① Pesticide residues were detected in 23.19% of the 690 samples, and the top three pesticides were determined to be carbendazim, procymidone and cypermethrin. The exceeding rate of pesticide residues was 5.80%, and the highest exceeding rate was 2.61% of procymidone. ② The detection rate of heavy metal elements was 77.68%, and the exceeding rate was 3.62%. The highest detection rate and exceeding rate of heavy metal elements was Cd. Conclusion: High pesticide residues in leek were confirmed, and the detection rate of heavy metal elements in leeks is much higher than that of pesticide residues. Among them, pesticide procymidone and heavy metal Cd are the main over-standard items of leeks. It is suggested to strengthen the continuous monitoring of pesticide residues and heavy metal pollution in leeks.

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As an effective fungicide widely used in agricultural production, the excessive procymidone (PRO) residue has been detected in the environment and food. Our previous study demonstrated that PRO could destroy the intestinal barrier in mice and has a joint toxic effect. To explore the cross‐generational impact of maternal exposure, 10‐week‐old C57BL/6 female mice were orally administrated to 10 and 100 mg/kg body weight/day of PRO during pregnancy and lactation. The offspring obtained nutrients from the maternal through the placenta and breast milk, and PRO residues were detected in the liver, intestine, and feces of F1 generation. Fecal examination found that the residual PRO had been completely metabolized when the offspring mice grew to 35 days. The drug residue of F1 generation male mice was higher than that of female mice. We attributed this result to the difference in cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzyme expression between male and female mice. The transcriptional levels of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2D9, and CYP3A4, and CYP450 protein expression levels, were higher in female mice. Furthermore, targeted MS of plasma revealed abnormal amino acid levels. In addition, PRO‐induced hepatic metabolite changes in F0 and F1‐7w mice. KEGG pathway analysis further showed that PRO jointly changed the amino acid biosynthesis pathway of the maternal and offspring. In summary, these results indicated that maternal exposure to PRO during a special period would interfere with self metabolism, and offspring will also have metabolic disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Procymidone (PCM), an agricultural fungicide, is attracting attention because it has been detected in all ecosystems, including aquatic environments. This study explored changes in the behavior and toxicity of PCM in water under the influence of photolysis and microplastics (MPs) coexistence. Hydrolysis of PCM was evaluated and UV-A and UV-C lamps were used as light sources for the photodegradation experiments. The Microtox® assay was used to evaluate changes in toxicity during the photodegradation and after sorption on MPs of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films. The appearance of 3,5-dichloroaniline (DCA), a major metabolite of PCM that is more toxic than its parent compound in water, was confirmed. Both PCM and DCA showed sufficient molar extinction coefficients to be photolyzed under UV-C irradiation (εPCM=10,300 M−1 cm−1 and εDCA=2,400 M−1 cm−1); however, the presence of natural organic matter negatively affected their photodegradation. PVC showed a better sorption potential for PCM and DCA than for LDPE. The higher sorption by PVC significantly reduced the toxic effect of DCA from an average value of 79% to 60% and increased the EC50 value from 30.4% to 47.6%. These results offer insights into controlling toxic micropollutants, including fungicides, in aquatic environments and water treatment processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the feasibility of two heterogeneous catalysis (non-Fenton heterogeneous catalysis and catalytic ozonation) was evaluated for the oxidative transformation of the fungicide procymidone and its major metabolite (3,5-dichloroaniline; 3,5-DCA) under a pilot lab experiment. Among the studied treatments, only H2O2 or O3 significantly oxidized procymidone and 3,5-DCA. However, heterogeneous catalysis used with various types of MnO2 catalysts was found to be an effective rapid strategy for transformation of procymidone and its aniline metabolite. Among the studied catalysts, δ-MnO2 performed well in the enhanced oxidative transformation of procymidone and 3,5-DCA in MnO2-mediator system assay. The optimal reaction parameters, such as reaction pH, and initial catalyst concentration were comparatively evaluated. However, heterogeneous catalysis and catalytic ozonation were revealed as the rapid strategy for oxidative transformation of investigated procymidone and 3,5-DCA as compared to single oxidation by peroxide/ozone. Finally, as a novel insight of this investigation, a postulated reaction mechanism underlying the accelerated transformation of aniline metabolites via heterogeneous catalysis was explored. The findings of this study will open new avenues for evaluating heterogeneous catalysis during oxidative transformation of non-phenolic pollutants in both lab trial and field applications. This study can be expanded for use in actual field settings, using environmental samples from contaminated areas exposed to non-phenolic pesticides and their metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo prepare pesticide residues in fruit matrix samples that meet the requirements of homogeneity and stability for the proficiency test.MethodsThe pollution-free apple was selected as the main raw material to prepare the pesticide residue proficiency test samples of myclobutanil and procymidone， and to evaluate the homogeneity and stability. The results of the proficiency test were assessed using robust analysis and Ζ value.ResultsThe homogeneity and stability of the reference materials met the relevant requirements. Among 109 laboratories participated in the proficiency testing， 107 （98.2%） laboratories had satisfactory results. Suspicious test results were reported only in two laboratories， one laboratory for each of the two assessment items.ConclusionAn apple powder matrix sample with pesticide residues is successfully prepared for proficiency test， and could provide an evaluation tool for pesticide residue testing laboratories.

BackgroundProcymidone (PCM) exposure can cause damage to reproductive organs of male mice, but whether its mechanism is related to the retinoic acid (RA) signaling pathway is unclear.ObjectiveTo explore the possible mechanism of PCM-induced testes damage in adolescent mice.MethodsThree-week-old ICR mice (n=64) were randomly divided into a control group and three dose groups (low, medium, and high), with 16 mice in each group. PCM was administered orally at 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg·kg−1·d−1 for 21 consecutive days. Serum and bilateral testes in each mouse were collected to detect content of testosterone in serum and to observe histological changes in testis section after the mice were sacrificed one week after cessation of drug administration. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western blotting were used to detect the mRNA expression abundances of genes related to the RA signaling pathway and apoptosis genes Casp9 and Casp12, and the protein expression levels of CYP26A1, ALDH2, and CASP9 respectively.ResultsCompared with the control group, there was no significant change in the overall appearance and testicular appearance of mice in each dose group after the PCM exposure. According to pathological section observation, the testicular seminiferous tubules of mice in the low-dose group showed slight atrophy and reduced sperm production; the testes of mice in the medium- and the high-dose groups showed obvious pathological damage (e.g. dilated lumen of seminiferous tubules, damaged spermatogenic epithelium, decreased number of spermatogonia, and partial absence of sertoli cells); as the concentration of PCM increased, the degree of spermatogenic epithelial damage in mice gradually increased and the number of spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules decreased. There were no significant differences in the distance between the anus and the genitals, testicular mass, testicular volume, and testicular organ coefficient among the four groups of mice (P>0.05). The body weights of the mice in the low-, medium-, and high-dose groups were (34.91±1.89), (34.88±1.75), and (32.94±1.37) g respectively, and that in the high-dose group was lower than that in the control group, (35.93±1.99) g, (P

The pathogenic fungi of postharvest grey mold on cherry fruits from Hanyuan, Sichuan Province, and Yantai, Shandong Province were collected and identified by single-spored method. The sensitivity of the tested strains to thiophanate-methyl, diethofencarb, and procymidone was determined by differential dose method. The alignments of the DNA sequences of β-tubulin gene and BcOS1 gene were carried out to analyze the molecular mechanism of resistant strains. The results showed that the 54 isolates collected from postharvest cherry were Botrytis cinerea, and the total resistance frequency to thiophanate-methyl was 79.6%. Among them, the resistance frequency of thiophanate-methyl-resistant and diethofencarb-sensitive strains (BEN R1) was 25.9%. The resistance frequency of strains resistant to both thiophanate-methyl and diethofencarb (BEN R2) was 53.7%. Nine procymidone-resistant strains (DCF R) were detected, and the resistance frequency was 16.7%. There were two types of mutation in β-tubulin gene of benzimidazole-resistant strains. In BEN R1, the codon at position 198 was mutated from GAG to GCG, resulting in the amino acid encoded by Glutamate-Glu (E) being changed to Alanine-Ala (A). In BEN R2, the codon at position 198 was mutated from GAG to GTG, resulting in the change of the encoded amino acid from Glu (E) to valine-Val (V). The codon at position 365 in BcOS1 gene of DCF R was mutated from ATC to AAC or AGC, resulting in the change of the encoded amino acid from isoleucine-Ile (I) to asparagine-Asn (N) or serine-Ser (S). The results indicated that B. cinerea on cherry had different degrees of resistance to thiophanate-methyl and procymidone. It is necessary to alternate with other types of fungicides while strengthening resistance monitoring to delay the development of resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Procymidone (PCM) is a low toxicity fungicide, and an endocrine‐disrupting chemical (EDC) that particularly damages the reproductive system of male vertebrates. In present study, adolescent mice in control, low‐, medium‐, and high‐dose groups were orally administered 0 (equal volume of soybean oil), 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day PCM, respectively, for 21 days. Additionally, a three‐dimensional culture of mouse testes was performed in vitro, and the control, low dose (0.33 × 10−5 M), medium dose (1 × 10−5 M), and high dose (3 × 10−5 M) PCM groups were established. We have found that, under both in vivo and in vitro conditions, all doses of PCM caused damage to mouse testes. Moreover, the levels of circZc3h4 RNA and Zc3h4 decreased while miR‐212 increased in all treatment groups, with a corresponding rise in circRNA Scar and fall in Atp5b, compared to those in the control group, and all the changes showed a dose–response relationship. Besides, we have identified that low doses of PCM could activate the Ire1‐Xbp1 pathway, whereas the medium and high doses activated the Perk‐Elf2α‐Atf4, Ire1‐Xbp1, and Atf6 pathways. And it is, therefore, speculated that the unfolded protein response (UPR), circZc3h4 and circRNA Scar may have taken joint action in testicular injury in adolescent mice induced by PCM at the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL, 100 mg/kg/day) and below NOAEL doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study synthesized the NaGdF4@NaGdF4: Yb, Tm@NaGdF4: Yb, Nd upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), combined with another three-layer structure NaYF4@NaYF4: Yb, Er@NaYF4 UCNPs, with a core-shell-shell structure, effectively suppressing fluorescence quenching and significantly improving upconversion luminescence efficiency. Two types of modified UCNPs were coupled with antibodies against fenpropathrin and procymidone to form signal probes, and magnetic nanoparticles were coupled with antigens of fenpropathrin and procymidone to form capture probes. A rapid and sensitive fluorescence immunoassay for the simultaneous detection of fenpropathrin and procymidone was established based on the principle of specific binding of antigen and antibody and magnetic separation technology. Under the optimal competitive reaction conditions, different concentrations of fenpropathrin and procymidone standards were added to collect the capture probe-signal probe complex. The fluorescence values at 542 nm and 802 nm were measured using 980 nm excitation luminescence. The results showed that the detection limits of fenpropathrin and procymidone were 0.114 µg/kg and 0.082 µg/kg, respectively, with sensitivities of 8.15 µg/kg and 7.98 µg/kg, and they were applied to the detection of fenpropathrin and procymidone in tomatoes, cucumbers, and cabbage. The average recovery rates were 86.5~100.2% and 85.61~102.43%, respectively, with coefficients of variation less than 10%. The results showed good consistency with the detection results of high-performance liquid chromatography, proving that this method has good accuracy and is suitable for the rapid detection of fenpropathrin and procymidone in food.

This study explored the toxicity of the combined application of fungicide procymidone and fludioxonil on cucumber gray mold, and then analyzed their residual dynamics, which will be helpful to enhance the risk prevention and control levels of two fungicides for the cucumber and its habitat environment. The EC50 of procymidone and fludioxonil against Botrytis cinerea were determined by the mycelial growth inhibition method and were 0.069 mg/L and 0.103 mg/L, respectively. The EC50 value of the mixture of procymidone and fludioxonil at a 1﹕1 ratio against B. cinerea was 0.016 mg/L and the synergistic ratio was 5.0, indicating a strong synergistic effect. The results of scanning electron microscope showed that the mycelia of B. cinerea showed mycelia shriveled and intracellular material overflowed, respectively, when treated with procymidone and fludioxonil separately for 3 days; Whereas, the mycelia of B. cinerea showed mycelia shriveled and intracellular material overflowed at the same time when treated with the mixture of procymidone and fludioxonil at 1﹕1 ratio for 3 days. These results confirmed the duplicate effect of the two fungicides. To further analyze the dynamic of pesticide residue after using the mixture of procymidone and fludioxonil, a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method was established, which could detect procymidone and fludioxonil concurrently. The recovery ratios of procymidone and fludioxonil were 100%-102% and 94%-96%, respectively, the RSD of procymidone and fludioxonil were 1.7%- 5.3% and 2.8%-3.4%, and the LOQ was 0.01 mg/L, which met the testing requirements. The field experiment showed that the final residue was reduced by 59% and 86% when using the mixture of procymidone and fludioxonil at 1﹕1 ratio compared with using the two fungicides alone. The half-life was 5.38 d and 6.93 d respectively for procymidone and fludioxonil when used alone, and the half-life was reduced to 4.39 d and 4.33 d when the mixture of the two fungicides was used. These results suggested that the mixture of procymidone and fludioxonil has an increased toxicological effect against B. cinerea. The conclusion provided a theoretical basis for reducing fungicides and was meaningful for reducing the pesticide residue risk on cucumber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Procymidone is used as a preventive and curative fungicide to control fungal growth on edible crops and ornamental plants. It is one of the most frequently used pesticides and has a high detection rate, but its residue behaviors remain unclear in green onion and garlic plants (including garlic, garlic chive, and serpent garlic). In this study, the dissipation and terminal residues of procymidone in four matrices were investigated, along with the validation of the method and risk assessment. The analytical method for the target compound was developed using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), which was preceded by a Florisil cleanup. The linearities of this proposed method for investigating procymidone in green onion, garlic, garlic chive, and serpent garlic were satisfied in the range from 0.010 to 2.5 mg/L with R2 > 0.9985. At the same time, the limits of quantification in the four matrices were 0.020 mg/kg, and the fortified recoveries of procymidone ranged from 86% to 104%, with relative standard deviations of 0.92% to 13%. The dissipation of procymidone in green onion and garlic chive followed first-order kinetics, while the half-lives were less than 8.35 days and 5.73 days, respectively. The terminal residue levels in garlic chive were much higher than those in green onion and serpent garlic because of morphological characteristics. The risk quotients of different Chinese consumer groups to procymidone in green onion, garlic chive, and serpent garlic were in the range from 5.79% to 25.07%, which is comparably acceptable. These data could provide valuable information on safe and reasonable use of procymidone in its increasing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Procymidone (PRM), a widely used amide-type fungicide in vegetables, poses potential health risks due to its high detection rate. This study introduces a pretreatment device and an intelligent quantification method for PRM in Chinese leek, cowpea, and celery using a lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) integrated with a smartphone. The whole pretreatment and detection process can be achieved within 21 min. Recovery rates were 76.7%–100.7% with an RSD of <12.6%, and the limit of quantification was 7.54–13.01 ng/g. Dietary risk assessment on 122 real samples from nine cities revealed that the chronic risk of PRM was all acceptable among different population group. However, the acute dietary in Chinese leek was unacceptable for children, with %ARfD of 125.20% at 97.5th percentiles. This work developed a convenient platform for on-site and rapid PRM detection, and provided scientific basis to protect human health from hazards of PRM. [Display omitted] • A dual mode on-site determination platform of PRM was developed for the first time. • The whole quantitative analyzation process of PRM can be finished in 21 min. • Quantitative LFIA in the platform was 12 times more sensitive than visual checks. • Acute dietary risk of PRM in Chinese leek to child was unacceptable at P97.5 level. • The chronic dietary risk of PRM was all in safe among different population groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its wide application, procymidone has become one of the pesticides with high detection rates in supervision and sampling. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a rapid and efficient method for the detection of procymidone. However, an important bottleneck restricting the development of rapid detection methods of procymidone is that its specific recognition elements are rarely reported. In this work, Capture-SELEX and post-SELEX were used in aptamer screening, and the obtained aptamers were used to construct an aptamer-based lateral flow assay (LFA). Firstly, a specific aptamer Seq15 was obtained for procymidone by Capture-SELEX, and its dissociation constant (Kd) was 24.22 nM. Secondly, post-SELEX was used to analyze and modify Seq15 to improve its performance, and the Kd of the truncated sequence Seq15-2 was 21.28 nM. In addition to this, the broad-specificity aptamer Seq17-1 was obtained via post-SELEX. Seq17-1 could broadly recognize dicarboximide fungicides (procymidone, iprodione, chlozolinate, dimethachlon and vinclozolin) and their metabolic derivative (3,5-dichloroaniline). Finally, the specific aptamer-based LFA of procymidone was constructed, and the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.79 ng/mL. Meanwhile, the LODs of dicarboximide fungicides and their metabolic derivative were 0.62, 0.64, 0.71, 0.69, 0.64 and 0.66 ng/mL, respectively. The above LFAs were highly specific and stable, and had been successfully used for the detection of vegetable samples. Under the combination of Capture-SELEX and Post-SELEX, this study not only provides specific recognition elements for rapid detection of procymidone, but also provides new ideas for the discovery of broad-specificity aptamers. Combining broad-specificity primary detection and single-specificity quantification, a composite aptamer-based LFA detection platform has been developed, which significantly improves detection efficiency. [Display omitted] • Procymidone aptamer was obtained for the first time using Capture-SELEX. • Post-SELEX was used for the first time to obtain a broad-specific aptamer. • Broad-specific qualitative and single-specific quantitative LFAs were constructed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel ultra-sensitive electrochemical aptasensor based on AgPdNPs/PEI-GO. • Pt@Ni-CoHNBs/Apt accurately quantify the signal by quantitatively combining. • The constructed sensor exhibits higher sensitivity towards PCM. • The designed PCM aptasensor has the ability to detect real samples. Herein, an aptasensor based on a signal amplification strategy was developed for the sensitive detection of procymidone (PCM). AgPd nanoparticles/Polenimine Graphite oxide (AgPdNPs/PEI-GO) was weaned as electrode modification material to facilitate electron transport and increase the active sites on the electrode surface. Besides, Pt@Ni-Co nanoboxes (Pt@Ni-CoHNBs) were utilized to be carriers for signaling tags, after hollowing ZIF-67 and growing Pt, the resulting Pt@Ni-CoHNBs has a tremendous amounts of folds occurred on the surface, enables it to carry a larger quantity of thionine, thus amplify the detectable electrochemical signal. In the presence of PCM, the binding of PCM to the signal probe would trigger a change in electrical signal. The aptasensor was demonstrated with excellent sensitivity and a low detection limit of 0.98 pg·mL−1, along with a wide linear range of 1 μg·mL−1 to 1 pg·mL−1. Meanwhile, the specificity, stability and reproducibility of the constructed aptasensor were proved to be satisfactory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND There is now an increasing demand for the immunoassay of procymidone residue in foodstuffs. However, the matrix interference could significantly affect the analysis. Till now there is no detailed information on the source of the interference and the mechanism involved, which greatly limits the real application of these techniques. RESULTS: Significant matrix effect was observed in the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of procymidone in negative vegetable samples (leek, broccoli and cucumber). By the investigation with both vegetable extracts and standard solutions, the chlorophyll was confirmed as an important source of the matrix effect. Therefore, a new strategy was proposed for the pretreatment based on the exploitation of 5‐sulfosalicylic acid. It was demonstrated to effectively eliminate chlorophyll and exhibited little effect on procymidone and the competitive indirect ELISA (ci‐ELISA) performance. The established technique was validated with different vegetables. With the spiking concentration of procymidone investigated, the recovery rate of ci‐ELISA was 71.52–120.37%, and the relative standard deviation was 4.05–17.61%. CONCLUSION: Chlorophyll was for the first time illuminated as an important source of matrix interference to the immunoassay of procymidone in vegetables. A new pretreatment based on 5‐sulfosalicylic acid was established to remove chlorophyll and therefore eliminate the matrix effect. Validated with different vegetable samples, the new technique was demonstrated much better efficiency in comparison to conventional methods, which indicated its promising application for the development of immunoassays of herb‐origin samples. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective and safe smoke generators were urgently needed to control gray mold of Chinese chives. In this study, the feasibility of processing nine commonly used fungicides into smoke generator was evaluated from five aspects: inhibition activity of active compounds, toxicity of smoke, smoke formation rate, safety, and field control. The inhibition activity of active compounds results showed that EC50 values of fluazinam, fludioxonil, and pyrisoxazole against mycelial growth were 0.13, 0.05, and 0.12 mg/L; EC50 values of pyrazolamide, fluopyram, and boscalid against conidial germination were 0.84, 0.68, and 1.16 mg/L. In a 0.108 m³ containment device, the toxicity of the smoke of fungicides at the same dose of 0.01 g was tested, the results showed that with the same dose of 0.01 g, the mycelial growth were completely inhibited by smoked fludioxonil, while the conidial germination was completely inhibited by smoked pyrazolamide, fluopyram, and boscalid, the inhibition rates of registered procymidone smoke generator against mycelial growth and conidial germination were 54.39% and 43.27%. The smoking rate of fludioxonil, boscalid, and fluopyram were 85.93%, 91.35%, and 82.86%, which conform to the criterion of active ingredient for fabricating smoke generators. Seven days after fungicide smokes treatment, there was no significant difference in plant height and stem diameter of Chinese chives compared with the untreated control. The results of the field trials in 2019 and 2020 showed that the curative efficacy of active ingredient of 120 g/hm² fludioxonil smoke generator to gray mold were 72.31% and 79.78%, and the curative efficacy of active ingredient of 375 g/hm² boscalid smoke generator to gray mold were 81.17% and 83.81%. Their curative efficacy was all higher than the procymidone smoke generator at the highest registered dose (the active ingredient of 450 g/hm² ), in the treatment of grey mold of Chinese chives (59.86% and 63.71%). At the above doses, the preventative efficacies of three smoke generators to control gray mold were all above 90%. The dissipation dynamics of curves of the fludioxonil and boscalid were both in line with the first-order kinetic equation. The both half-lives of fludioxonil and boscalid in Chinese chives plant were 3-4 d. It is recommended that fludioxonil and boscalid are processed into smoke generators and registered for the prevention and control of gray mold of Chinese chives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Procymidone (PCM) is a fungicide commonly used to prevent and control plant diseases, and it is also an environmental endocrine disruptor that has a typical anti-androgen effect on the function and/or structure of the vertebrate reproductive system. The activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) will fold the protein correctly to ensure the cell’s survival. PCM regulates GRP78 by affecting the level of hormones, and there is a regulatory relationship between the UPR, the circRNAs and the miRNAs. In vivo experiments, PCM (suspended in soybean oil) was orally administered to adolescent female mice for 21 days in 3 different doses of 50 mg kg–1 day–1 (low dose), 100 mg kg–1 day–1 (medium dose) and 200 mg kg–1 day–1 (high dose) to cause ovaries and uteruses damage, and in vitro experiments, various doses of PCM from 0.33 × 10−5 (low dose) to 1 × 10−5 (medium dose) then 3 × 10−5 M (high dose) were used to induce injury on the ovaries and uteri of the mice. We found out that both in vivo and in vitro, PCM caused dose-dependent damages to the ovaries and uteri, increased their circRNA Scar levels and decreased circZc3h4 abundance. Also, all UPR signaling pathways in the low-dose group and some in the middle-dose group were activated. It is speculated that UPR may antagonize the partial ovarian and uterine damage in adolescent mice induced by PCM at doses less than NOAEL via changes in circZc3h4 and circRNA Scar.

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Similar to the pharmaceutical compounds, pesticides require human safety assessment for their registration and distribution; however, it is absolutely impossible to assess human safety by dosing humans with pesticides. Thus, how to appropriately evaluate the safety of pesticides in humans remains a great subject of debate. In this article, we present some examples of pesticide toxicity studies that identify species differences in toxicity and evaluate human safety by applying combinations of novel in vivo, in vitro, and in silico techniques to separately assess the key toxicodynamic (i.e., sensitivity) and/or toxicokinetic (i.e., exposure) factors. Because it is scientifically sound, the safety assessment strategy illustrated for three compounds in this article is expected to play an important role in the human safety assessment of agricultural compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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An effective method was developed for the determination of procymidone residue in Chinese chives by QuEChERS combined with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The supervised residue field trials of procymidone were designed and conducted in China (Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Henan, Shandong, Anhui, Hunan, Guangxi, and Fujian Province) in 2019. The risk of residue of procymidone applied in Chinese chives was studied, and the chronic dietary exposure risk of procymidone was evaluated. The samples were extracted by acetonitrile, purified with PSA and GCB, detected using HPLC-MS/MS, and quantified by external standard method. The recoveries ranged from 74% to 98% with the relative standard deviations (RSD) of 4.6%-9.9% at the fortified levels of 0.02 to 20 mg/kg. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) of the method was 0.02 mg/kg. The field trial results showed that after the spraying of 50% wettable powders (WP) of procymidone at 450 g a.i./ hm2 once, the final residues in Chinese chives from 8 provinces were 0.04- 1.06 mg/kg at 30 days after the application. Given that the national estimated daily intake (NEDI) of procymidone was 2.556 2 mg, its risk quotient (RQ) was 40.6%. The result of the chronic dietary exposure assessment revealed that it might not pose an unacceptable risk to the general population’s health by applying procymidone on Chinese chives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Brazil, Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) control in soybean depends primarily on application of the fungicides carbendazim, fluazinam, and procymidone. While these fungicides can provide effective control of the disease, their protection period, which is crucial for timing their optimal application, is poorly understood. In the present study, the protection period of carbendazim, fluazinam and procymidone was determined using a detached leaf bioassay (DLB) and chromatography. For the DLB, soybean plants were treated twice with each fungicide with or without mineral oil as adjuvant; leaves were collected at two or three-day intervals from 11 to 23 days, inoculated with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum mycelium, and the necrotic area was assessed 48 h after inoculation. For the chromatography test, each fungicide was applied and the leaves were collected every two days after treatment for 14 days. Fungicide residue concentration in tissue was determined according to a modified version of the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method. At 5, 7, and 9 days after the first application, fluazinam, carbendazim and procymidone, respectively, had no protective effect even when applied with mineral oil. Greater control efficacy was achieved after a second application. Fluazinam showed protective activity up to 4 days while carbendazim and procymidone showed about 10 days. The mineral oil only enhanced protection activity of procymidone in the second application. The analytical chemical separation indicated that the relative concentration of fluazinam decreased at a faster rate than that of carbendazim and procymidone. At day 14, the concentration of carbendazim and procymidone decreased from 34.97 to 9.39 mg kg−1, and 58.98 to 11.22 mg kg−1, respectively, suggesting that 10–14 days represent the approximate timing in spacing two consecutive applications. The knowledge of the protection period of these fungicides sets the basis to improving their timing of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To clarify the resistance of Botrytis cinerea associated with strawberry to procymidone in Zhejiang Province, a total of 200 isolates were collected from strawberry greenhouses in five regions of Zhejiang Province by the single spore isolation method from 2017 to 2018. The resistance of B. cinerea population to procymidone was determined by distinguishing dosage method and the molecular mechanism of resistance was further studied. According to the molecular mechanism of resistance, a loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique was developed. The results showed that the total resistance frequency to procymidone was 71.5%, while most resistance isolates were of low resistance. There were three types of mutations in BcOS1 gene of procymidone-resistant B. cinerea. Type Ⅰ had the mutation at codon 365 from ATC to AGC, which lead to the amino acid change from isoleucine (Ile, I) to serine (Ser, S). The type Ⅱ had the mutation at codon 365 from ATC to AAC, which resulted in the amino acid change from isoleucine (Ile, I) to asparagine (Asn, N). These two types of mutations caused low or moderate resistance to procymidone. Type III isolates were highly resistant which contained mutations at codon 369 and 373, which mutated from CAG and AAC to CCG and AGC, respectively, and resulted in amino acids change from glutamine (Gln, Q) and asparagine (Asn, N) to proline (Pro, P) and serine (Ser, S). A LAMP detection technique was developed to detect the highly resistant phenotype (Q369P) in 50 minutes at 64 ℃. The detection limit of this assay was 10 × 10−3 ng/μL, and the sensitivity was 10 times as high as that of the conventional PCR. This study can provide theoretical basis and technical means for the further resistance management and scientific application of procymidone for the control of B. cinerea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As no study about the combined effect of low levels of Cd 2+ with procymidone (PCM) on organs and organisms, we investigated their actions on mouse-ovary in vivo and in vitro. Four-week mice were treated with corn oil for the control group, corn oil + 0.0045 mg/L Cd 2+ (CdCl 2 was dissolved in ultrapure water and freely consumed by mice) for Cd 2+ group, 50 mg/kg/d PCM (suspended in corn oil and administered orally to mice) for PCM group, and 50 mg/kg/d PCM + 0.0015 (0.0045 and 0.0135) mg/L Cd 2+ for L+ (M+ and H+) PCM group for 21 days. For in vitro experiment, the cultured ovaries were treated with acetone for the control group, 0.1% acetone + 8.4 μg/L Cd 2+ for the Cd 2+ group, 0.63 mg/L PCM (dissolved in acetone) for the PCM-group, and 0.63 mg/L PCM + 2.8 (8.4 and 25.2) μg/L Cd 2+ for L+ (M+ and H+) PCM group for 7 days. Mouse body weight in each treatment group, the weight and volume of ovaries in all PCM groups were lower than the control. Both in vivo and in vitro, all-stage follicle numbers were lower in M+PCM and H+PCM groups, whereas the atretic follicles and CASPASE3/8 were higher; meanwhile, lower estradiol and progesterone and higher unfolded protein response (UPR) members in all PCM groups. L+, M+, and H+PCM groups had further ovarian damage and stronger UPR than PCM groups, as did M+PCM groups over Cd 2+ groups. It is hypothesized low-level PCM and Cd 2+ may mutually promote each other's triggered UPR and exacerbate ovarian damage., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of procymidone application in periurban horticultural greenhouses, especially on workers (applicators and assistants) and soil and plastic mulching, when mechanically pressurized application systems were employed. The mean Potential Dermal Exposure (PDE) was measured using the Whole Body Dosimetry technique. The PDE for the applicators was 188 mL h−1 ± 103 mL h−1, and 14.7 mL h−1 ± 6.3 mL h−1 for the assistants. In the first case, the most exposed body sections were the upper right and left (46.8 mL h−1 ± 23.4 mL h−1; 47.0 mL h−1 ± 23.5 mL h−1) and lower (20.8 mL h−1 ± 10.4 mL h−1; 17.3 mL h−1 ± 8.7 mL h−1) legs, while in the case of assistants, hands and legs were the most impacted limbs. Regarding the Margin of Safety (MOS) during the mix and load stage, two of three pesticide preparations resulted unsafe, while for the applicators, six of six spraying operations were unsafe. For the assistants, five of five operations were safe, but three of them were close to the safety limit.Procymidone distribution between drift (0.03% ± 0.07 %), applicator (0.20% ± 0.15 %), polyethylene mulching (8.5% ± 4.5 %) and soil (3.0% ± 1.1 %) was determined with respect to the total pesticide applied. Procymidone soil impact was also evaluated using Eisenia andrei behavioral tests, finding positive correlations between procymidone application and avoidance and reproduction tests.

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Processing Factors (PFs) reflect the concentration or dilution of pesticide residues resulting from food processing. PFs are key elements to demonstrate the compliance of processed foods with Maximum residue levels (MRLs) as set by Regulation 396/2005. While efforts have been made by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and by national authorities to compile PFs from processing studies, such PFs are not available for all pesticides/processed product combinations. The EU vegetable oil and proteinmeal industry association (FEDIOL) has therefore developed a theoretical approach to approximate MRLs in crude vegetable oils and fats, based on the partition coefficient (log Pow) of the pesticides and on the oil content of the raw materials. To substantiate this approach, a pilot-scale processing study was initiated with rapeseeds spiked with selected pesticides and the experimental PFs for these pesticides determined. The aims of this study were (i) to study the reliability of pilot-scale conditions for PF determination and (ii) to assess the experimental PFs obtained in comparison to the theoretical PFs proposed by FEDIOL. This study demonstrated that production yields obtained for crude oil and meal in this processing study are similar to those in industrial processes even if differences were observed in the individual production steps (mechanical or solvent extraction steps). The experimental PFs obtained confirmed that the chosen fat-soluble pesticides did concentrate in the oil fraction. For metalaxyl-M having a log Pow lower than 3, a partitioning between the oil and the meal was observed, as expected. By comparing the experimental PFs and theoretical PFs, it can be concluded that the FEDIOL approach can be recommended as a suitable tool when PFs derived from specific processing studies are missing. Similar studies on pesticides with wider ranges of log Pow are required in order to complete our conclusions on default PFs for vegetable oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In July 2013, a severe postharvest rot of mango fruits (cv. Lippens), with symptoms identical to stem-end rot caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae or Neofusicoccum parvum, was found in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. From affected fruit, Diaporthe species were consistently isolated. The isolates reproduced the original symptoms in healthy mango fruits after inoculation and were re-isolated from the inoculated fruits. Based on morphology and a phylogenetic analysis of rDNA-ITS, CAL, H3, EF1-α, and TUB, the isolates were classified into two Diaporthe species (Clade I and Clade II). In terms of susceptibility to procymidone, a registered fungicide against mango stem-end rot in Japan, the two Diaporthe species were less sensitive than previously reported mango stem-end rot pathogens and had MIC and EC50 values higher than the standard concentration applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deposition distribution characteristics and the dynamics of residual dissipation of 10% diethofencarb + procymidone micropowder (5% diethofencarb, 5% procymidone) was investigated on facility cucumbers. The PC-3A(S) laser dust meter and dust sample piece were used to study the distribution of deposition when the different types of facilities, different temperature and humidity, and different application angles of 10% diethofencarb + procymidone micropowder were applied on the facilities cucumber. The residue dissipation dynamic tests were conducted on facilities cucumber leaves and fruits from 2017 to 2018 in Beijing. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the deposition distribution characteristics of 10% diethofencarb + procymidone micropowder when different facilities or different temperature conditions were applied. The deposition rate of active ingredients was not influenced by temperature. However, under different humidity conditions, the deposition amount of the micronizer on cucumber leaves was different. Their half-lives in leaves and fruits were 3.2 d and 3.0-3.2 d, respectively. And half-lives in fruits were 4.0-4.3 d and 3.1-3.8 d, respectively. 10% diethofencarb + procymidone micropowder was applied to cucumber at the fruit stage at the dosage of 100 g/hm2 and 150 g/hm2 (1.5 times), and the maximum application time was 3 times. The sampling time was 7, 10 and 14 days from the last application. The maximum residue of diethofencarb in cucumber fruit was 0.88 mg/kg, which was lower than the MRL (5 mg/kg) stipulated by Chinese national standard. The maximum residue of procymidone in cucumber fruit is 0.49 mg/kg, which is lower than the MRL (2 mg/kg) in China. This study will contribute to the safe use of 10% diethofencarb + procymidone micropowder in cucumber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Highlights • Dissipation of procymidone and thiamethoxam was affected by their combined use. • Pre-harvest interval for combined use of procymidone and thiamethoxam was delayed. • The dissipation of procymidone and thiamethoxam affected microbial diversity. • The genus Escherichia-Shigella was responsed to the concentration of procymidone. Abstract The dissipation kinetics of a combined use of procymidone and thiamethoxam, and their impact on the biodiversity and pathogen on surface of tomatoes were studied. The half-lives of procymidone and thiamethoxam, used either on their own or in combination with each other, were 2.94 or 3.26 days and 2.41 or 2.67 days, respectively. The residues dropped below the maximum residue limit (MRL) after 7 or 10 days (MRL 2 mg·kg−1 for procymidone), and 10 or 14 days (MRL 0.2 mg·kg−1 for thiamethoxam), respectively. The phylum Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria , and Proteobacteria, were dominantly present in all studied samples. The genus Escherichia-Shigella was found and exposed to the dissipation of procymidone (r = −0.9209 for procymidone on its own, and r = −0.8611 for procymidone in combination with thiamethoxam). These results will contribute to establish adequate monitoring of pesticides residues and their incorporation in surface ecology and pathogen management strategies in tomatoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the detection power of a gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC–MS) for procymidone and chlorflurenol was significantly enhanced using switchable solvent liquid phase microextraction (SS-LPME) as a preconcentration tool. This was achieved by a comprehensive optimization of significant parameters to the SS-LPME method such as switchable solvent amount, concentration and amount of sodium hydroxide, pH effect and mixing effect. The optimum experimental conditions obtained were used to determine analytical figures of merit for the analytes. The limits of detection obtained were 0.44 and 2.9 ng/mL for procymidone and chlorflurenol, respectively. The optimum method was applied to water sampled from an irrigation canal and two wastewater samples. The samples were spiked at two concentrations and the percent recovery results obtained ranged between 86 and 115% for both analytes. The recovery results together with the low standard deviations recorded validated the method as accurate and precise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]