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Integrative development is an effective way to enhance urban potential and implement resource-optimal relocation, especially in urban agglomeration regions. Conventionally, the evaluation of urban integration is usually studied from one aspect of urban interaction intensity or urban functional similarity, but considering both together can better reflect the integrative condition of urban agglomeration. This paper introduces the symbiosis theory into the exploration of urban integration. The production–living–ecological function is taken to analyze urban function, and the improved radiation model is adopted to measure urban interaction. Under the framework of symbiosis theory, we integrate urban function and urban interaction to indicate the integrative condition of urban agglomeration from a production–living–ecological aspect. Urban agglomeration in the Central Yunnan Urban Agglomeration is taken as the study area. The results show that (1) spatial variations occur in high-value areas with distinct functions. The east emphasizes production and living, while the west leans towards ecology. (2) Urban agglomeration is in its early developmental stages without stable symbiosis. Interactions among counties mostly show sporadic point symbiosis, lacking stability. It mainly radiates outward from the central area, with more stable interactions in high-value areas, often causing inter-city competition. (3) Urban agglomeration integration is generally low, with distinct high-value production and ecological areas. The central, eastern, and southern regions exhibit strong production and living interactions, while the west benefits from ecological interactions. These findings can offer some insights for informing relevant policies and fostering the integrated development of urban agglomerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land is multifunctional and includes production, living, and ecological functions (PLEF). Each aspect of PLEF is critical to the stability of human and natural ecosystems, and the balanced coordination of the three is an important guarantee of sustainable development. The study of the coupling and coordinated relationship of the three functions is of great significance to comprehensively optimizing the allocation of territorial space and promoting the coordinated and sustainable development of the national territory. Taking Jiangsu as a case study, based on the perspective of PLEF, this research constructed a PLEF evaluation index system adapted to rapidly urbanizing areas at the county scale and adopted the modified coupling coordination degree model (CCDM) for in-depth analyses of their coupling and coordinated relationships. The results of this study showed that the spatial distribution of PLEF had obvious heterogeneity, with living function (L) and ecological function (E) presenting as high in the south and low in the north, and production function (P) presenting as high in the middle and low in the north and south of Jiangsu; from 2010 to 2020, the production function steadily increased, the living function showed obvious signs of improvement, while the ecological function remained basically stable. The coupling degree and coupling coordination degree formed a spatial pattern with the intersection belt of North and Central Jiangsu and Central and South Jiangsu as the high-value area; from 2010 to 2020, both the coupling degree and the coupling coordination degree showed an upward trend. In the future, differentiated development strategies should be implemented according to the law of coupling and coordinated evolution and different regional characteristics. This study will provide a more appropriate reference for promoting the coordinated development of PLEF in rapidly urbanizing areas and formulating county policy planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying the interactions of land use functions (LUFs) is of great significance for alleviating the contradiction between human and land, and promoting sustainable use of land resources. However, few studies concerned the interactions of LUFs in urban agglomerations of ecologically fragile areas in China at a fine scale. In this study, we constructed a quantitative and visualized evaluation system of LUFs that conforms to three primary functions, ten sub-functions, and nineteen indicators of Lanzhou-Xining urban agglomeration (LXUA) in the upper reaches of the Yellow River basin based on the production-living- ecological functions. Then, the comprehensive evaluation method, hot spot analysis, and geographic weighted regression (GWR) model were used to identify the interactions among LUFs and influencing factors of LXUA from 2000 to 2020 at the county and grid scales. The results show that the LXUA is dominated by ecological function (EF), and EF and living function (LF) showing a “U” shaped change feature, while production function (PF) show an inverted “U” shaped change feature. Meanwhile, the cold spots and hot spots of PF and EF present the spatial characteristic of “overall dispersion and local aggregation”, while the LF has no cold spots, and the hot spots present the spatial characteristic of “point-axis”. Moreover, the PF and LF are in a synergistic relationship at two scales, with complementarity in space, while the EF and PF and the PF and LF are both in a trade-offs relationship, with overlap in space. Finally, socioeconomic development factors have remarkable impact on LUFs at the county scale, while LUFs at the grid scale is the comprehensive result of natural conditions, socioeconomic factors, accessibility and political factors. The results can provide references for the LXUA to differentiated design the land use policy, and provide empirical case for other ecologically fragile areas to alleviate the trade-offs of LUFs.

Objectively evaluating and defining territorial spatial functions are important prerequisites for optimizing the use of territorial space. However, the results of the evaluation of functions at different levels may differ significantly. How to integrate the evaluation results and guide the spatial utilization at different levels more effectively is worth exploring. This study takes as the research area Yibin City, China, a node city along the Yangtze River in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. In the study, 185 towns in that city were taken as the primary evaluation units for an indicator system of territorial spatial function constructed on the basis of multivariate data. Research methods such as the entropy method and cluster analysis were adopted to do multilevel evaluations and zoning of territorial spatial functions in Yibin City. The results suggest the following: 1) The distribution of agricultural production, rural living, and ecological regulation functions among the second-level production-living-ecological (PLE) functions of townships were relatively balanced in Yibin City. The production function of industry and mining, urban life function, and ecological product supply function showed spatial directivity. 2) The evaluation results of the first-level PLE functions of townships showed that the areas with substantial PLE functions accounted for approximately 20%, whereas the areas with insignificant functions accounted for approximately 80%, which reflected the “80/20 rule” of spatial functions. 3) In accordance with the cluster analysis of the multilevel evaluation results, the township functions in Yibin were divided into 5 functional areas: urban life-industrial production advantage areas (12%), urban life-rural life advantage areas (8%), rural life-agricultural production-ecological function product supply advantage areas (29%), rural life-agricultural production-ecological service function advantage areas (20%), and ecological service function-agricultural production function advantage areas (31%). 4) In the future, Yibin City should focus on 20% of the significant functional areas and attach importance to the relativity of spatial functions to form a high-quality territorial spatial protection and development pattern. Based on the objectives and requirements of the new territorial spatial planning in China, this study reconstructed the municipal territorial spatial functional areas through a multilevel functional evaluation, which has theoretical and practical significance for forming a new pattern of territorial spatial development and use with joint production, living, and ecological functions.

This study proposes a systematic classification of production–living–ecological function indicators based on ecosystem services, thereby clarifying the spatial functions of villages. Based on the land use change survey data of the Jintan District in 2012 and 2018, the ecological impact of town and village layout planning in Jintan District was analysed by using a quantitative measurement model of ecosystem services. The findings revealed that the ecosystem service value (ESV) decreased by 792 million CNY in the Jintan District, with the largest decrease in water ecosystem services valued at 700 million CNY and in hydrological regulation valued at 576 million CNY. A clear regional difference in ESV was observed, with villages on the east and west coasts of Changdang Lake being higher-value areas and most villages or communities in urban areas being lower-value areas. The areas of cultivated land, construction land, and unused land have increased, while land types with higher ecosystem service value coefficients, such as wetland, water area, and grassland, have declined. The spatial pattern of production and living functions was quite similar, while there was a significant spatial aggregation characteristic of ecological functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Ecology & Rural Environment is the property of Journal of Ecology & Rural Environment Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Integrative development is an effective way to enhance urban potential and implement resource-optimal relocation, especially in urban agglomeration regions. Conventionally, the evaluation of urban integration is usually studied from one aspect of urban interaction intensity or urban functional similarity, but considering both together can better reflect the integrative condition of urban agglomeration. This paper introduces the symbiosis theory into the exploration of urban integration. The production–living–ecological function is taken to analyze urban function, and the improved radiation model is adopted to measure urban interaction. Under the framework of symbiosis theory, we integrate urban function and urban interaction to indicate the integrative condition of urban agglomeration from a production–living–ecological aspect. Urban agglomeration in the Central Yunnan Urban Agglomeration is taken as the study area. The results show that (1) spatial variations occur in high-value areas with distinct functions. The east emphasizes production and living, while the west leans towards ecology. (2) Urban agglomeration is in its early developmental stages without stable symbiosis. Interactions among counties mostly show sporadic point symbiosis, lacking stability. It mainly radiates outward from the central area, with more stable interactions in high-value areas, often causing inter-city competition. (3) Urban agglomeration integration is generally low, with distinct high-value production and ecological areas. The central, eastern, and southern regions exhibit strong production and living interactions, while the west benefits from ecological interactions. These findings can offer some insights for informing relevant policies and fostering the integrated development of urban agglomerations.

The current insufficient quantification and evaluation of major functions fundamentally affected regional sustainable management and policy implementation. This study focused on the problem that no effective quantitative accounting relationship has been established between development activities and resource utilization. In order to establish the relationship between major function accounting and natural resource accounting, we analyzed the relevant studies on the evaluation of major functions, natural resource accounting, environmental accounting, ecosystem services, and assets accounting. The efficiency comparison of different functions was completed using the equivalent factor method for ecosystem service value measurement and the input–output method for water footprint measurement. We found that the accounting of major functions and resources can guide regional sustainable management by using function positioning and resource comparative advantages. In addition, administrative units were linked to functional units, providing the possibility of cross-regional comparison of total functional resources, efficiency, and structure of major functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses population density as a quantitative standard to identify the shrinkage of 137 cities at or above the county level in the three major urban agglomerations of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl River Delta in 2012-2017, and construct a multi-dimensional index system to evaluate the shrinking cities The spatial and temporal differences of the production-living-ecological function are analyzed, and the spatial and temporal pattern evolution characteristics of the coordination degree of the shrinking. The research shows that: ① In 2012-2017, there were 40 shrinking cities in the three major urban agglomerations, accounting for 29. 20% of the total number of cities, mainly with slight shrinkage, concentrated in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration, mainly including resource-based cities, small and medium-sized cities around core cities and remote underdeveloped cities. ② During the study period, the spatial and temporal patterns of the production-living-ecological function of the shrinking cities of the three major urban agglomerations were significantly different. The comprehensive function of the 21 shrinking cities declined, and the production-living-ecological function of the shrinking cities of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration declined most obviously. ③ The coordination level of the production-living-ecological functional coupling in the shrinking cities of the three major urban agglomerations is generally low, and they are all in low-level coupling and transitional stages. Among them, the coupling coordination degree of the shrinking cities of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei is significantly higher than that of the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta. Urban agglomerations have obvious regional differences; the coupling coordination degree of shrinking cities in the Yangtze River Delta is relatively stable. The shrinking situation of the three major urban agglomerations is closely related to the change trend of the production-living-ecological function and coupling coordination degree. The research results can formulate differentiated production-living-ecological function promotion strategies for the shrinking cities of the three major urban agglomerations, and promote the production-living-ecological function of urban agglomerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land is multifunctional and includes production, living, and ecological functions (PLEF). Each aspect of PLEF is critical to the stability of human and natural ecosystems, and the balanced coordination of the three is an important guarantee of sustainable development. The study of the coupling and coordinated relationship of the three functions is of great significance to comprehensively optimizing the allocation of territorial space and promoting the coordinated and sustainable development of the national territory. Taking Jiangsu as a case study, based on the perspective of PLEF, this research constructed a PLEF evaluation index system adapted to rapidly urbanizing areas at the county scale and adopted the modified coupling coordination degree model (CCDM) for in-depth analyses of their coupling and coordinated relationships. The results of this study showed that the spatial distribution of PLEF had obvious heterogeneity, with living function (L) and ecological function (E) presenting as high in the south and low in the north, and production function (P) presenting as high in the middle and low in the north and south of Jiangsu; from 2010 to 2020, the production function steadily increased, the living function showed obvious signs of improvement, while the ecological function remained basically stable. The coupling degree and coupling coordination degree formed a spatial pattern with the intersection belt of North and Central Jiangsu and Central and South Jiangsu as the high-value area; from 2010 to 2020, both the coupling degree and the coupling coordination degree showed an upward trend. In the future, differentiated development strategies should be implemented according to the law of coupling and coordinated evolution and different regional characteristics. This study will provide a more appropriate reference for promoting the coordinated development of PLEF in rapidly urbanizing areas and formulating county policy planning.

This study proposes a systematic classification of production–living–ecological function indicators based on ecosystem services, thereby clarifying the spatial functions of villages. Based on the land use change survey data of the Jintan District in 2012 and 2018, the ecological impact of town and village layout planning in Jintan District was analysed by using a quantitative measurement model of ecosystem services. The findings revealed that the ecosystem service value (ESV) decreased by 792 million CNY in the Jintan District, with the largest decrease in water ecosystem services valued at 700 million CNY and in hydrological regulation valued at 576 million CNY. A clear regional difference in ESV was observed, with villages on the east and west coasts of Changdang Lake being higher-value areas and most villages or communities in urban areas being lower-value areas. The areas of cultivated land, construction land, and unused land have increased, while land types with higher ecosystem service value coefficients, such as wetland, water area, and grassland, have declined. The spatial pattern of production and living functions was quite similar, while there was a significant spatial aggregation characteristic of ecological functions.

The current insufficient quantification and evaluation of major functions fundamentally affected regional sustainable management and policy implementation. This study focused on the problem that no effective quantitative accounting relationship has been established between development activities and resource utilization. In order to establish the relationship between major function accounting and natural resource accounting, we analyzed the relevant studies on the evaluation of major functions, natural resource accounting, environmental accounting, ecosystem services, and assets accounting. The efficiency comparison of different functions was completed using the equivalent factor method for ecosystem service value measurement and the input–output method for water footprint measurement. We found that the accounting of major functions and resources can guide regional sustainable management by using function positioning and resource comparative advantages. In addition, administrative units were linked to functional units, providing the possibility of cross-regional comparison of total functional resources, efficiency, and structure of major functions.

Under the influence of human activities, natural climate change and other factors, the function-folding phenomenon of land use has appeared in China. The conflict levels of different land-use functions has intensified. Based on the perspective of production–living–ecological function, we constructed a land-use function evaluation model by using a multi-criteria evaluation analysis (MCE) method. According to the different arrangement and combination of each function intensity of land units, we constructed an intensity diagnosis model of land-use function conflicts (LUFCs) and divided LUFCs into eight types and four stages. The LUFCs potential was calculated and divided into four ranks, represented by four types of LUFC potential zones. We selected western Jilin Province, a typical, ecologically fragile area in Northeast China, as an empirical analysis area. Empirical research showed that the production, living and ecological functions in western Jilin Province were at low, high and medium intensity levels, respectively, in 2020. The proportions of different LUFCs stages were 54.90%, 24.99%, 19.06% and 1.05%, respectively. The entire study area was basically at risk of potential conflicts, with the area's proportions accounting for 17.50%, 40.75%, 24.55% and 17.20% from zones of low potential to extreme potential. The hot spots for LUFC potential were concentrated in the east and south of the central area, which were basically consistent with the hot spots' aggregation areas of LUFCs. The models and indicators established in this research can better reflect the conflict associated with regional land use, which can provide reference for land space planning and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mountain Research (10082786) is the property of Mountain Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper reveals the spatial-temporal correlation characteristics and coordination/ trade-off relationship of the "production-living-ecological" functions in the county of Jiangsu province, which can provide theoretical support for the spatial planning of the county. Based on the theory of "production-living-ecological" spatial superior group and niche situation theory, this paper constructs the function recognition system of land space from three dimensions of production, life and ecology. The spatial autocorrelation and correlation coefficient method were used to quantitatively measure the time effect and coordination/trade-off relationship of the "production-living-ecological" function in Jiangsu province in 1996, 2005 and 2015. The results were obtained as follows: (1) The niche width of "production-living-ecological" functions in Jiangsu was varied, and its spatial distribution had its own characteristics. The specific manifestation was that the niche width of production function had a general increasing trend in the period 1996-2015, but the changing process had the stage characteristic, presenting a pattern of "high in the south high but low in the north", the south bank of the Yangtze River was in strips distribution, and the north bank was multi-aggregated. From 1996 to 2015, the niche breadth of life function was continuously compressed, and the space was attenuated by the concentric circle centered on the municipal area. In the same period, the ecological function niche width increased continuously, the ecological functional niche breadth in space has high value near the mountain and water. (2) From 1996 to 2015, the three functions of production, life and ecology in this province had positive correlation type (HH, LL) clustering obviously, presenting a "group" type distribution with the change of time. On the contrary, negative correlation type (HL, LH) with low agglomeration, showing a "discrete" distribution. (3) Production and life function had spatial synergistic relationship, and production and ecological functions showed a coordination/trade-off fluctuations. The changing trend of life function and ecological function was similar to the production and ecological function with more obvious change, and the coordination/trade-off relationship in different years had obvious differences in different units. Studies have shown that all of the above characteristics were in good agreement with regional economic and social development. In the future, we should gradually change the phenomenon of production function expansion and compression of life and ecological functions, so as to protect the ecological environment and to improve the quality of life oriented coordinated and optimized development path. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Identifying the interactions of land use functions (LUFs) is of great significance for ecologically fragile areas. • Construct a comprehensive quantitative evaluation index system of land use functions (LUFs) in Lanzhou-Xining urban agglomeration (LXUA) from the perspective of "production-living-ecological" function. • Identify the trade-offs and synergy of LUFs in LXUA, and explored the spatio-temporal influencing factors of LUFs in LXUA at different scales. Identifying the interactions of land use functions (LUFs) is of great significance for alleviating the contradiction between human and land, and promoting sustainable use of land resources. However, few studies concerned the interactions of LUFs in urban agglomerations of ecologically fragile areas in China at a fine scale. In this study, we constructed a quantitative and visualized evaluation system of LUFs that conforms to three primary functions, ten sub-functions, and nineteen indicators of Lanzhou-Xining urban agglomeration (LXUA) in the upper reaches of the Yellow River basin based on the production-living- ecological functions. Then, the comprehensive evaluation method, hot spot analysis, and geographic weighted regression (GWR) model were used to identify the interactions among LUFs and influencing factors of LXUA from 2000 to 2020 at the county and grid scales. The results show that the LXUA is dominated by ecological function (EF), and EF and living function (LF) showing a "U" shaped change feature, while production function (PF) show an inverted "U" shaped change feature. Meanwhile, the cold spots and hot spots of PF and EF present the spatial characteristic of "overall dispersion and local aggregation", while the LF has no cold spots, and the hot spots present the spatial characteristic of "point-axis". Moreover, the PF and LF are in a synergistic relationship at two scales, with complementarity in space, while the EF and PF and the PF and LF are both in a trade-offs relationship, with overlap in space. Finally, socioeconomic development factors have remarkable impact on LUFs at the county scale, while LUFs at the grid scale is the comprehensive result of natural conditions, socioeconomic factors, accessibility and political factors. The results can provide references for the LXUA to differentiated design the land use policy, and provide empirical case for other ecologically fragile areas to alleviate the trade-offs of LUFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To clarify the evolution of "production-living-ecological" function coupling in the Yellow River Basin, coordinating the spatial allocation of resources, development management and layout optimization, is an important means for achieving ecological protection and high-quality development in the region. In this paper, we conducted an empirical analysis and ARIMA prediction of the coupled production-living-ecological function coordination level in the Yellow River Basin of China from 2008 to 2018, and found that: (1) In terms of temporal evolution, the production-living-ecological function and coupling coordination level of each province and region in the Yellow River Basin generally shows a sharp and then slow upward trend, with the living functions changing more than the production and ecological functions; (2) in terms of spatial pattern, the production and living functions of each province and region show the trend of functional level increasing from east to west over time; the ecological functions, contrary to production and living functions, show a "high-low" aggregation, midstream shows "low-low" aggregation, and downstream shows "low-high" aggregation; (3) According to the regression results of the spatial Dubin model, the environmental governance level, technological research and development level, and social security level and resource dependence degree have positive promoting and spillover effects on the coupling coordination level of the "production-living-ecological" function in the region. However, population density and carbon emission intensity will hinder the development of regional coupling coordination level; (4) from the ARIMA prediction, the coupling coordination level of "production-living-ecological" in the Yellow River Basin continues the development trend of 2008-2018 in the short term, the overall coordination level is at a high level, and the variability of coupling coordination level among provinces and regions is further reduced. Finally, corresponding development countermeasures and suggestions are given to different provinces and regions based on the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics, influencing factors and development trend of the "production-living-ecological" function in the Yellow River basin.