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To analyze the different impacts of climate change and due to the high uncertainty regarding future climate conditions, it is advisable to work with scenarios, which are coherent and consistent descriptions of how the Earth's climate system can change in the future. The goal of this study is to predict the yields of soybean planted in Ferrallitic Red soil in the Alquízar region under the SSP2-4.5 climate change scenario of the Hadgem3, Mpi-esm1 and Mri-esm2 models with the use of the AquaCrop simulation model. To select the hydrological years, a study of a series of 28 years (2023-2050) was carried out for the period November-April (crop development period) for each model. The possibility of achieving potential yields between 2,72 and 3,27 t ha-1 and an agronomic water productivity that varies between 0,78-0,91 kg m-3 is evident in soybeans, if the crop is not subjected to any type of limitation except plant genetics, solar radiation, temperature, and rainfall is sufficient in this dry period. The highest average yields were simulated by the HadGEM3 model with 3,27 t ha-1. If irrigation is applied only to guarantee soybean germination, reductions with respect to potential yield are estimated between 14-95%. The comparative study of yields in the SSP2-4.5 climate change scenario in the different models demonstrates the influence of these conditions on the crop response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mapping areas aimed at the potential for underground water production, subsidizes public policies that meet Sustainable Development Goal 6 proposed by the UN: availability and sustainable management of water for all. In view of the objective, this study sought to define potential water areas for underground supply, within the scope of the Várzea River Basin, evaluating the productivity of the wells (specific capacity) and their relationship with the geological-structural elements of the Serra Geral Group: type of rock; type of aquifer; soil thickness; lineament direction; intersection between lineaments; and density of lineaments. The results indicate a higher specific capacity in wells in the Fácies Paranapanema, in the Serra Geral I Aquifer System and in soils with intermediate thickness. Lineaments in the SE-SSE and E-ESE directions showed a proportional correlation between the highest specific capacity and the highest density of lineaments. The analysis of lineament intersections did not show significance, with the exception of the highest density class (>0.1/km2). The directions of lineaments with wells less than 1 km away, with higher specific capacity, were: ESE-SE and NE-ENE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se caracteriza la infraestructura hidráulica de esta empresa, identificando problemáticas que afectan su productividad y uso eficiente del agua de riego, a partir de entrevistas a directivos y personal técnico, para establecer criterios de selección de técnicas de riego en áreas potencialmente agrícolas en secano. Del levantamiento realizado en la infraestructura de riego y drenaje, fondo de tierra de unidades productivas y análisis del complejo Agua, Suelo, Planta, el 58.6 % de las máquinas de Pivote Central están en explotación y se aprovecha, menos del 50 % del agua para el riego, por pérdidas por infiltración y otras causas, en los canales que conducen el agua. De la superficie agrícola, el 35 % del área está bajo riego y las instalaciones funcionan sin previa evaluación de los parámetros de manejo.

The hydraulic infrastructure of this company is characterized, identifying problems that affect its productivity and efficient use of irrigation water, based on interviews with managers and technical personnel, to establish criteria for the selection of irrigation techniques in potentially rainfed agricultural areas. From the survey conducted on irrigation and drainage infrastructure, land fund of productive units and analysis of the Water, Soil, Plant complex, 58.6% of the Central Pivot machines are in operation and less than 50 % of the water is used for irrigation, due to losses by infiltration and other causes, in the canals that carry the water. Of the agricultural surface, 35% of the area is under irrigation and the facilities operate without prior evaluation of the management parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic simulation models are indispensable tools in agricultural research and management. Modeling makes possible to investigate the consequences of probable future scenarios and to be ready for the changes before they occur. The objective of this study is to predict corn yields in Red Ferralitic soil in Alquizar region under the SSP1-2.6 climate change scenario and the Hadgem3, Mpi-esm1 and Mri-esm2 models with the use of the AquaCrop simulation model. To select the hydrological years, a study of a series of 28 years (2023-2050) was carried out for the period November-April (crop development period) for each model. The possibility of achieving potential yields of 8.6 t·ha-1 and an agronomic water productivity of 3.08 kg·m-3 in corn is evident, if the crop is not subject to any type of limitation except plant genetics, solar radiation and temperature, and rainfalls are sufficient in this dry period. If irrigation is applied only to guarantee corn germination under the SSP1-2.6 scenario, yields are estimated at 4.4 t·ha-1 and biomass at 14.6 t·ha-1, achieving a productivity of 2.37 kg·m-3, with reductions with respect to potential performance of 44 %. The comparative study of yields in the SSP1-2.6 climate change scenario and the different models demonstrates the influence of these conditions on the crop response. The results show the AquaCrop model as an alternative to evaluate the impact of climate change on crop yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El fréjol caupí es reconocido por ser una de las leguminosas con mayor importancia en la alimentación humana por su alto valor proteico; de la misma forma microorganismos como Bacillus y Trichoderma se destacan por la capacidad de estimular diversos procesos relacionados al crecimiento y productividad vegetal. A su vez, el uso adecuado de estos microorganismos es una alternativa para incrementar el potencial productivo del fréjol caupí. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de los microorganismos Trichoderma spp. y Bacillus sp., en el rendimiento del cultivo de fréjol caupí en condiciones de campo. El estudio se realizó en el Campus Politécnico de la ESPAM MFL, Calceta, Manabí, Ecuador. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completamente al azar con 4 repeticiones. Los microorganismos se aplicaron bajo dos frecuencias (8 y 15 días), en una dosis de 1 L ha-1, con una bomba de mochila de 20 L. Se evaluaron parámetros productivos tales como: longitud de vainas, número de semillas, peso de 100 granos, número y peso de vainas por parcela y rendimiento. Todos los tratamientos en los que se usó Trichoderma spp. y Bacillus sp. de forma individual o combinada, alcanzaron promedios superiores a 119 vainas por parcela, así como rendimientos por sobre los 5 000 kg ha-1, aunque no hubo cambios notables en la longitud de vainas, número de semillas o el peso de 100 granos verdes, a su vez, las frecuencias de aplicación no estimularon las variables productivas de forma separada. La efectividad del uso de microrganismos sugiere su potencial para mejorar el rendimiento y las características del fréjol caupí, así mismo, destacan la viabilidad de utilizar estos microorganismos como biofertilizantes en el cultivo de caupí, especialmente en regiones donde esta leguminosa es esencial.

Climate scenarios are coherent and consistent descriptions of how the earth's climate system may change in the future. These scenarios represent different futures under specific conditions and at a certain time. The objective of this study is to predict bean yields in compacted Red Ferralitic soil under the SSP1-2.6 climate change scenario and the HadGEM3, Mpi-esm1 and Mri-esm2 models with the use of the AquaCrop simulation model. To select the hydrological years, a study of a series of 28 years (2023-2050) was carried out for the period November-April (crop development period) for each model. The annual rainfall estimated under the SSP1-2.6 scenario by the three models studied was compared. The Mpi-esm1 estimates the highest values of precipitation in 26 of the 28 years studied, and in 17 years values above 1500 mm. While the HadGEM3 model estimates 8 years less than 1000 mm. The possibility of achieving yields of 2,6 t·ha-1 and water productivity of 1,1 kg·m-3 for beans, is evident, if the crop is not subjected to any type of limitation except plant genetics, solar radiation and temperature, and rainfall is sufficient in this dry period. The results show the AquaCrop model as a viable alternative for analyzing productivity in response to available water and evaluating the impact of climate change on crop yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El principal objetivo de la citricultura en Uruguay es incrementar el rendimiento, la calidad, mejorar la sostenibilidad y la eficiencia de los recursos naturales. Actualmente no es posible concebir un sistema eficiente de producción de cítricos sin el uso de tecnologías de riego. El objetivo de este trabajo fue incorporar el concepto de productividad del agua al comparar diferentes sistemas de plantación enfocados en acelerar la producción. Para ello se instaló un experimento en mandarina Nadorcott con dos densidades de plantación (909 y 1220 pl. ha-1) y tres diseños de plantación: camellones cubiertos con tela plástica blanca; camellones descubiertos y plantación plana a nivel del suelo. Al final del período de evaluación, el volumen de los árboles plantados sobre los camellones cubiertos duplicó al de los plantados en plano (1 m3). Los árboles en el sistema en plano consistentemente produjeron menos frutos y con menor rendimiento que las plantas sobre los camellones. El diseño de plantación en camellón cubierto mostró el mejor desempeño. El contenido de agua del suelo se mantuvo más alto y la temperatura del suelo más baja en los camellones cubiertos. En general, los árboles plantados en camellones con o sin cubierta plástica permitieron una mejor productividad en el uso del agua y la temperatura más baja del suelo, creando mejores condiciones de crecimiento del árbol.

Copyright of Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios is the property of Universidad Juarez Autonoma de Tabasco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas is the property of Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The analysis of the metropolitan's areas through different economic, performance, and sustainability indicators, such as productivity, and water consumption in the industrial sector, is a topic not quite explored in Mexico using applied research due to the lack of official databases available for this kind of study. The purpose of this research work is to evaluate the volume of water concession for the industrial subsector and other economic variables in the Bajío region in México. The work describes some indicators, such as specialization, productivity, and water consumption, among others. Fourteen metropolitan areas of the Bajío's region are considered to describe the region's characteristics through different variables. To mention some outstanding results, there is a polarization tendency in the Bajío, where metropolitan areas like León, San Luis Potosí, and San Juan del Río use of water for the industrial sector are the most productive as well as efficient. On the other hand, La Piedad, Morelia, and Zamora cities are in the last place ranking in economic performance and sustainability; this situation makes Bajío more vulnerable in the long term and risks losing its competitive advantage for the whole [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve water and food safety, it is necessary to identify crops outstanding in regard to efficient water use. In Mexico, the Valles Altos region has frequent water scarcity, so it is necessary to characterize maize genotypes that show outstanding traits under conditions of low water availability. The objective of this study was to identify water productivity, yield and hectolitre weight of white maize hybrids grown in Valles Altos. Ten white maize hybrids were used in the experiment; five from UNAM and five from INIFAP. These hybrids were established under two levels of nitrogen fertilization (low: 80 kg ha-1 and high 160 kg ha-1) in two environments: FESC-UNAM (Cuautitlán Izcalli) and CEVAMEX (Texcoco) in the State of Mexico. The experiment was established as randomized complete blocks, variables were recorded to calculate grain yield at 14 % commercial moisture and related to the volume of water entering each environment, the total water productivity was identified. Statistical analysis was performed with SAS and means were compared with Tukey's test. With a combined analysis, a significant interaction of environment with hybrids and nitrogen fertilization was found in grain yield. Total water productivity, estimated at an overall mean of 0.78 kg m-3, was significant for environments, hybrids and nitrogen dosage. Grain yield showed an overall average of 4.8 Mg ha-1. In hectolitre weight, a significant difference was found in the environment and hybrid factors, with an overall average of 73.8 kg hL-1. Total water productivity was higher in the FESC-UNAM environment where irrigation was not provided, with no significant difference in grain yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to determine the optimal pattern of 11 crops in the Calera aquifer, using different scenarios of water availability, irrigation technologies and alternative crops. The planting area (SS) of each crop was determined to maximize the net benefit (BN) and increase water productivity (PA). It was observed that alfalfa and oat crops are less profitable and tomato and potato are the most profitable. The minimum SS of 9.7 thousand ha, They was obtained with 150.7 hm3, where a BN of $0.6 million was estimated and the PA of $4.45 m-3, that is, to adjust production to the volume granted with current traditional agriculture, future production is not guaranteed. The maximum SS of 28 thousand ha, was obtained with a volume of 125.8 hm3 using alternative crops (lettuce, squash and nopalitos), where a BN of more than $2 million and PA of $18.18 m-3 were obtained using the recharge volume. In conclusion, it is possible to have a balance in the recharge - extraction of the Calera aquifer, obtain a greater benefit, and increase the productivity of the water by making a controlled productive reconversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface (DI) and subsurface (SDI) drip irrigation constitute one advantageous system that increases both irrigation and water use efficiency. The objective of this research was to assess and compare the response of fodder corn to DI and two different depths of SDI, in Mendoza. We used a factorial experimental design with randomized blocks and repeated measures. Tests were run in two consecutive cycles. Germination percentage (GP), yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and water productivity (WP), were assessed. High yields ranging from 70,214 to 105,771 kg ha-1 of green matter and 10,020 to 22,476 kg ha-1 of dry matter (DM) were obtained in both cycles, respectively. DM after the first sowing was significantly higher in both cycles under SDI than under DI. No significant differences in WP, WUE, GP or soil moisture (SM) could be found among treatments, but significant differences were found in SM (p=<0.0001) between the first soil layer and the other two layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La avena como forraje es un cultivo de riego importante para la industria pecuaria en zonas áridas y semiáridas. Sin embargo, hay poca información sobre la relación del rendimiento de materia seca con la evapotranspiración real del cultivo o demanda hídrica, por lo que el objetivo del estudio fue generar modelos para describir el rendimiento de forraje y la productividad del agua al variar el aporte de agua de riego. Al aplicar 610.13 mm se logró el máximo (P

Este trabajo evaluó diferentes fuentes de fertilizantes nitrogenados en albahaca cultivada en un suelo del Valle del Cauca (Colombia). Se realizó un diseño completo al azar con 14 tratamientos en lisímetros y se compararon dos fertilizantes de rápida liberación (FRL) (nitrato de calcio y sulfato de amonio) y tres fertilizantes de lenta liberación (FLL) (urea recubierta, lombricompost y gallinaza). A los 84 días se midió nitrógeno lixiviado, masa seca foliar, (%MS), nitrógeno foliar (NF), pH, conductividad eléctrica, materia orgánica y nitrógeno total del suelo. También se determinaron la eficiencia aparente de recuperación (ER), la eficiencia interna de utilización (EI) y el uso eficiente de agua (UEA). Como principales resultados se encontró que los abonos orgánicos ocasionaron cambios en la porosidad, produciendo lixiviación de nitrógeno. Los FRL obtuvieron mejor comportamiento en %MS, NF y ER, mientras que los FLL lo hicieron en las propiedades del suelo, la EI y UEA.

The effects of the climatic change in the agricultural sector are more perceptible each day, this is reflected basically through the periods of drought that are increased in frequency and intensity, this reality forces us to carry out an efficient use of the available water; the inadequate water use pumped for the irrigation implies low efficiency in the use of the electric power used for this activity. With the objective of valuing in the practice the effectiveness reached in the employment of the energy used for this activity, is carried out a study pilot in the cooperative Victoria II belonging to the Camagüey Agrarian enterprise. The electric power consumption in the irrigation was controlled in all the irrigation systems of the productive unit during the campaign of the cultivation of the bean in the year 2017, it was determined the productivity of the energy used in the irrigation in all the irrigation systems ofthe technologies of pivot machines and sprinkler irrigation systems, the obtained values were compared taking like reference the most favorable result. The evaluations demonstrated that during the cycle of the cultivation losses take place in the use of the water due to nonfulfillment's of the irrigation programming and low uniformity of distribution of the water, this together to problems in the attention to the cultivation is reflected in a low productivity of the water and the energy used in the irrigation, which indicated an index of efficiency of alone 76% in the pivot machines and of 63% in the sprinkler irrigation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In agricultural research and planning the development of simulation models has become a common practice that allows research or management to be directed towards the most critical points. AquaCrop is a simulation model designed by FAO for productivity analysis in response to available water; performs a balance of water in the soil and assesses, among others, the impact of climate change on crop yields. The objective of this work was to predict optimal sowing dates and corn yields in compacted Red Ferralitic soil, in the face of climate change scenarios with the use of AquaCrop. In the selected years of scenario A2 it was necessary to apply 10 irrigations, exceeding the total standard to be applied by more than 150 mm to achieve yields above 8 t ha-1. If deficit irrigation is applied, the reductions with respect to the potential will be an average of 26%, and the productivity of water at 2,40 kg m-3. If irrigation risks are eliminated, yields may decrease to 2,2 t ha-1. For the average year the optimum planting date is presented in the middle of December. While for the wet year yields of up to 10 t ha-1 are estimated if sown between November 20 and December 5th. The results show the model as a viable alternative to select optimal planting dates, reproduce the phenology and productivity of the crop under different management scenarios and climatic variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation was developed in the UEB of Protected and Semi-Protected Crops, belonging to the Agricultural Enterprise "Paquito Rosales Benítez", located in Veguitas Town, Yara Municipality, Granma Province, with the objective of determining the hydric and energetic efficiency of localized irrigation under greenhouse conditions. For the calculation of the different indicators, two greenhouses were selected, one of them was planted with cucumber and another one was planted with pepper. Localized irrigation evaluation was carried according to American Society of Agricultural Engineers from United States, through their standard ASAE EP-438 methodology. The parameters of quality of irrigation and of hydraulic characterization of the system, confirmed the good functioning of it. Energy cost was 210.00 CUP ha-1 for cucumber crop and of 378.00 CUP ha-1 for pepper crop. The cost of the energy to produce one ton was 4.69 CUP t-1 for the cucumber crop and of 10. 46 CUP t-1 for the pepper crop. Higher water productivity was guaranteed in cucumber crop (40, 7 kg m-3) than the pepper crop (17, 91 kg m-3). Water productivity in monetary terms was of 129.83 CUP m-3 and 81.14 CUP m-3 for the cucumber crop and pepper crop, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La papa es relativamente sensible al déficit de agua, no debe agotarse más de 30 a 35% del total del agua disponible, especialmente durante la formación y crecimiento de los tubérculos. La programación del riego establece láminas y fechas apropiadas a lo largo del ciclo fenológico de un cultivo, es por estas razones que el objetivo de la investigación es evaluar el efecto de riego deficitario controlado mediante sensores en tres variedades de papa. El trabajo se realizó en la Estación Experimental Choquenaira, los factores evaluados fueron las variedades de papa (Luk'i, Phiñu y Waycha) y el riego deficitario (100, 75 y 50% de reposición de lámina de agua) resultando en 9 tratamientos, que fueron distribuidos en un diseño de bloques al azar con parcelas divididas, con tres repeticiones y 29 unidades experimentales, las variables de respuesta fueron la altura de planta, número de tubérculos por planta y el rendimiento, asimismo, se evaluó el potencial hídrico de la hoja con la cámara de Scholander, humedad del suelo con el FDR portátil Diviner, evaluación de la productividad del agua y eficiencia del uso del agua. Los resultados muestran que la mayor altura de planta fue para la variedad Waycha con 39.78 cm, mayor número de tubérculos por planta para la variedad Luk'i y mayor rendimiento para la variedad Waycha con 53.333 t ha-1. El tratamiento 3 presentó un mejor aprovechamiento del agua con la producción de 11.71 kg m-3, el tratamiento 5 produjo 7.34 kg m-3 y el tratamiento 8 que produjo 13.82 kg m-3. El tratamiento 3, 5 y 8 presentaron mejor índice de eficiencia del uso de agua. Estos resultados muestran la cantidad de agua que es necesaria para la producción de papa, que mediante los niveles de reposición de lámina de agua se puede alcanzar la eficiencia en el uso del agua que es un recurso cada vez más limitado y escaso.

Este trabajo estimó la eficiencia del agua en los cultivos de espárrago y vid en el Distrito de Riego 037 mediante el uso de indicadores que permitieron determinar la eficiencia física, económica y social del agua en el cultivo de espárrago versus uva de mesa. Los indicadores de la eficiencia física, económica y social del agua fueron 2.075 y 625 L kg-1, US$ 540.924 y US$ 945.190 de utilidad hm-3 y 48,6 y 10,7 empleos hm-3 respectivamente para espárrago y vid. En conclusión, el espárrago en comparación con la uva mesa es ineficiente en el uso del agua en términos físicos y económicos, más no sociales, el uso del agua en espárrago genera 4,54 veces más empleo por unidad de agua usada. De los 8.281 empleos, US$ 163,63 millones de utilidad y 245,63 hm3 de agua usada por ambos cultivos, el espárrago contribuyó con 91%, 56,3% y 69,2% respectivamente. En Caborca el agua es un recurso escaso, sin embargo, a pesar de que la proporción utilidad m-3/costo m-3 fue de 29,7, ubica al agua regional dentro de lo que la economía llama la tragedia de los bienes de uso común, lo que ha provocado un serio problema de sobreexplotación del acuífero, pues el productor hace un uso ineficiente del agua.

Copyright of Dyna is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellin, Facultad de Minas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This work estimated the efficiency of water in asparagus and vine crops in Irrigation District 037 through the use of indicators that allowed determining the physical, economic and social efficiency of water in the cultivation of asparagus versus table grape. Indicators of physical, economic and social efficiency of water were 2075 kg and 625 L-1 US$ 540,924 and $ 945,190 useful hm-3 and 48.6 and 10.7empleos hm-3 respectively for asparagus and vine. In conclusion, asparagus compared with table grapes is inefficient water use in physical and economic but not social terms, water use in asparagus generates 4.54 times more jobs per unit of water used. Of the 8,281 jobs, US$ 163.63 million of utility and 245.63 hm3 of water used by both crops, asparagus contributed with 91%, 56.3% and 69.2% respectively. In Caborca water is a scarce resource, however, even though the proportion utility m-3/cost m-3 was 29.7, it places the regional water within what the economy called the tragedy of the common goods. Which has caused a serious problem of overexploitation of the aquifer, as the producer makes an inefficient use of water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The employment of the super absorbents polymers known as "solid rain" it could be an alternative to shortage of water for the farmers, according to different reports their application in dissimilar production conditions. The present work has as objective to study the behavior of the "solid rain" under organoponic conditions for its possible introduction in Cuban agriculture. The study was carried out in the organoponic of the Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering where four beds was planted with tomato Vyta variety, at two of them was applied solid rain, in all beds pursuit was given to the behavior of the dynamics of humidity in the substrate, to the number of irrigation, the total doses, the water state of the plants, yields and quality of the productions. As a result one has that in the beds where the solid rain (SR) was applied the irrigation average was inferior in 22% in comparison with the beds witness, the total doses of irrigation varied in the range of 142,21 and 203,15 mm being inferior in the beds with SR, in the rehearsals witness the interval of watering average was of 3 days and where SR the interval was applied it was of 5 days. Lastly it was achieved bigger quality of the product and agronomic water of productivity in the beds where SR was applied, for what the employment of this polymer under organoponic conditions allows to maintain humidity levels in the soil that favored the good phonologic development crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El objetivo de este trabajo fue la determinación de la huella hídrica azul en los cultivos forrajeros del DR-017 Comarca Lagunera, México. Mediante el uso de indicadores de productividad y eficiencia se desarrollaron modelos matemáticos que permitieron estimar la huella hídrica azul de los cultivos. Los resultados muestran que los forrajes ocuparon 45% de la superficie total agrícola, empleando 94,7% del agua subterránea, generando 33% del Valor Bruto de la Producción agrícola. Los índices de productividad física fueron en promedio 252 L kg-1 (sorgo forrajero 181 L kg-1, avena forrajera 413 L kg- 1, alfalfa L kg-1). El ingreso por m3 empleado fue de US$ 0,04 m-3 en promedio (maíz forrajero US$ 0,07 m-3, alfalfa US$ 0,05 m-3). El indicador de eficiencia social mostró que en promedio se generaron 0,048 empleos hm-3 (0,037empleos hm-3 en alfalfa y 0,076 empleos hm-3 en rye grass). Finalmente bajo las mismas condiciones de cultivo, así como de mercado, la cantidad mínima que se requiere producir para tener una operación viable (punto de equilibrio) en promedio fue 39,02 t ha-1. En conclusión, la producción de maíz y sorgo forrajero en la región resultó altamente eficiente y productiva en comparación con los demás cultivos forrajeros lo que se tradujo en una menor huella hídrica azul.

This research was conducted with the objective of evaluating the irrigation performance of bean crops in Eutric Cambisol soil conditions. The main parameters related to irrigation scheduling were determined. The water application for the crop and the behavior of climatic variables during the execution of the work were obtained. The results showed that the needs of crop water are satisfied with 14 irrigations, with a total irrigation of 2 517,72 m3 ha-1,which is very similar to that proposed by several authors for crop beans. However, farmers performed 11 irrigations applying a total net irrigation of 4 843, 3 m3 ha-1 consuming 762,4 m3 more of water to produce a ton of bean than the necessary, applying the planning irrigation proposed in this paper. Total net irrigation applied is far superior from obtained by the crop water needs, which brings about low efficiency in water use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water availability for agriculture is diminishing progressively, due to the competition among different users, what imposes an efficient use of this important resource. To be able to increase water productivity it is indispensable the study of the water-yield functions. The present study was aimed at determining the different forms of expression of the water-yield functions, as well as the productivity of the water (WP) for coffee. As a result a lineal pattern was obtained for a better adjustment of the relationships yield/evapotranspiration and yield/water irrigation applied during the irrigation of the coffee, with higher coefficients of determination to 0.70 and an efficiency of the water évapotranspiration around 0.75 kg of gold coffee for each additional millimeter of water. The results of the analysis of the functions using relative values showed that if there are satisfied to 100% the needs of the coffee during the whole cycle of the culture can wait a maximum yield of 2,78 t·ha-1, and if it is possible to satisfy in more than 80% the yield could be superior to 2,6 t·ha-1. The factor of response of the coffee yield (Ky) under the conditions of this study turned out to be of 0.52. For each cubic meter water consumed and water applied by each irrigation, the coffee produces as average 1.92 and 3.8 kg gold coffee respectively. The maximum productivity was obtained with 5 399 m³ ha-1 of water consumed during all the year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of the climatic change on the agricultural production are manifested in the alternation of periods of drought and intense rains that make more and more difficult the organization of the agricultural production; in this context, the organization of the exploitation of the irrigation systems require an efficient control of the rain and its linking to the characteristics of the soil and the culture. During the last years the availability of pluviometers is more and more limited, making that many irrigation systems don't give the precise and opportune information on the rain and therefore to take decisions on the programming of the watering without a technical, appropriate basis, causing an inefficient use of the water and the energy. With a view to replacing the lack of pluviometers have been tested during 2010 the pluviometers calibrated in the cooperative Victoria 2 of the Agricultural Company Camagüey, of Minag. The readings of the rains have been compared with the ones registered in a standard pluviometer and the obtained results have been subjected to a statistical evaluation whose result has indicated a coefficient of determination of 0.98. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was the determination of the blue water footprint in forage crops from DR-017 “Comarca Lagunera", México. By means of productivity and efficiency mathematical models were used to estimate the blue water footprint of forages crops. The results show that forages occupied 45% of the total agricultural area using 94,7% of groundwater, generating 33% of the Gross Value Production. Physical productivity rates were on average 252 L kg-1 (forage sorghum 181 L kg-1, forage oats 413 L kg-1 alfalfa L kg- 1). Income per m3 was US$ 0.04 m-3 on average (US$ 0.94 m-3 in forage maize, US$ 0.05 m-3 alfalfa forage). The social efficiency indicator showed in average 0.048 jobs per hectometer (0.037 jobs hm-3 in alfalfa and 0.076 jobs hm-3 in rye grass). Finally, under the same crop y market conditions the minimum amount for a viable operation (break-even point) was 39.02 t ha-1. In conclusion, the production of corn and sorghum forage in the region was highly efficient and productive compared to other forage crops which resulted in lower blue water footprint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The study of the crop water production function is an important strategy to increase water productivity. Using a data base of two experiments carried out at the Station located in Alquizar at south of Havana Province (red ferralitic soils), with the help of regression tools, the different expression of the crop water production function and the water productivity (WP) of the sorghum was estimated. The lineal model was better adjustment for the relationship between evapotranspiration and grain yield for sorghum, with a coefficient of determination of 0, 81 and an efficiency of 6 kg of sorghum grain for every additional millimeter of water. While the function yield versus total water is of curvilinear nature, using a polynomial of second order is calculated. If it is achieved the goal of satisfying in more than 80% water requirement of this cultivation, yields could overcome 4 000 kg/ha. When relating, relative value yields and evapotranspiration a slope equal to 0,59 was obtained, which classifies as a crop of weak and average response to water. The yield response factor of the sorghum in this study was 0,62 lower than 0,9 reported in the literature. Every cubic meter of consumed and total water used in sorghum produce as average 1,15 and 0,73 kg, respectively. The maximum productivity was obtained with 3 620 m³/ha of total water in winter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

World is facing a higher challenge, guarantee food security, this goal is only possible if it is developed strategies that permit a more efficient agriculture water use, principally increasing water productivity. Using a data base of more than 30 years of experimental results in crop's water requirements at the Irrigation and Drainage Research Station located in Alquizar at south of Havana Province (red ferralitic soils), it was estimated the crop water productivity (WP) and the crop water yield response factor (Kr) for maize, soybean and chickpea. It was found a linear relationship between the crops yield (grain) and the crop evapotranspiration. WP values for maize 3 3 (0,9-2,5 kg/m³ ) and Soybean (0.4-1,2 kg/m³ ) indicated a best opportunities in these crops to increase the agriculture production with less water. In chickpea WP values varied between 0,25 to 0,71 kg/m³. Every cubic meter of water used in maize yield 1,61 kg while in soybean and chickpea it was obtained 0,89 and 0,38 respectively; soybean and maize showed similar response to water deficit and the relative yield losses was proportional (Kr>1,2), deficit irrigation practices in chickpea (Kr>1,08) would be more productive than in maize and soybean, possible because the high sensibility to water deficit in these crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]