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This technical paper proposes an instrumentation valve (IV) status monitoring system based on optical camera communication (OCC). A transmitter circuit equipped with a temperature sensor is integrated into each IV. Each transmitter also includes two light-emitting diodes (LEDs) forming an LED group, where one of the LEDs is used to transmit the data. During the reception process, each LED group is recognized and classified using a neural network. Then, the LEDs are individually identified using the region-of-interest detection mechanism. A close circuit television camera is employed to receive the data, which are henceforth stored in a cloud server for further monitoring. An angle measurement algorithm capable of determining the angle generated due to unwanted failure related to the proper closing or opening of the IV is proposed. Additionally, a neural blind deconvolution algorithm is proposed to alleviate the blur effect in the received images. In short, the data transmitted by the LED contain information including valve ID, temperature, and the amount of inflection produced by the IV. The entire OCC system is implemented, and its performance is evaluated using Python 3.7. Data with blurry images are successfully received up to a communication distance of 10 m, whereas the lowest BER is achieved at a communication distance of 2 m.

It was Toshiba IK-12 who overcame such a common sense that the shooting of a TV camera was a job of expert engineers. TV cameras using image pickup tubes were already put into practical use in the 1970s. It had many functions to adjust the size, light intensity, color tone, etc., and it could only be operated by an experienced professional engineers. Under such circumstances, the world's first home-use color video camera IK12 released in 1974 was the small and light weight. It included various innovations. The number of adjustment points has been reduced as much as possible so that anyone can use it, and a compact and lightweight design has been devised so that even women can use it. The IK12 opened up a new market for home video cameras and created an era where everyone could shoot. The basic technologies and ideas of digital cameras and mobile phones were built at this time. How was the groundbreaking single-tube color video camera for home born? I would like to verify these from a technical point of view. I think these will often be helpful for young researchers and engineers who will lead the next generation.

The article addresses the task of improving target recognition in onboard information support system for search and rescue operations in the Arctic region. One of the tasks performed by the complex is recognition of objects in twodimensional camera images, which suffer from the loss of the image brightness, being formed by constant brightness principle, with its direct impact on the probability of target recognition. To preserve the brightness of the image, the authors propose to process the primary signals of the camera according to the principle of constant color brightness. The proposed processing can increase the probability of correct target recognition. The paper analyzes the principles of encoding the primary signals of the television camera. For the object recognition problem, the cascades were trained based on the cascade classifier using the principles of constant brightness and constant color brightness. The output of the trained cascades has confirmed that the processing of the primary signals of a television camera based on the principle of constant brightness improves target recognition and therefore will increase the object recognition performance of the complex under development.

The algorithms of digital image processing in the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) visual navigation system are stated and the program realization of the method is presented in the article. Assessment of a range of spatial frequencies of the image is carried out using the stated algorithms. The look and structure of a two-dimensional amplitude spatial spectrum of the image allow allocating existence of vertical and horizontal borders and lines on the image and giving a general idea about their spatial orientation. The spectral submission of the compared images is also used for the acceleration of correlation function calculations. Using the results of digital processing of an amplitude two-dimensional spatial range of the image observed by the onboard TV camera the data allowing to specify the spatial UAV coordinates and to estimate a condition and position of the airfield are formed. The method is based on the numerical analysis of a two-dimensional amplitude spectrum of the image. Results of operation that confirm efficiency of the stated algorithms are presented.

This study uses quasi-experimental analyses to estimate the effectiveness of police-operated CCTV cameras in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Most studies have focused on how cameras can deter crime. But, lik...

In this paper, an interesting video combination framework was established based on Unreal Engine 4. By substituting the green screen image with panoramic videos, our framework could produce lifelike synthetic videos in which the foreground is the portrait captured by real-time TV cameras whereas the background is a pseudo scenario generated by previously captured panoramic videos. The pseudo background updates itself from the panoramic video according to the pose information of the TV camera so that the portrait looks as if immersed into the pseudo scenario rather than the green screen. Our proposed framework could be applied not only in virtual studios but also in cellphone applications, e.g., given a previously captured panoramic video of a schoolyard, users could shoot a video by their front cellphone camera before a green screen. The output is a synthetic video which seems as if the users are in the schoolyard, as the users rotate their camera, the schoolyard background also moves.

In this technical paper, we design and implement an optical camera communication system for real-time remote monitoring of patient's heart rate (HR) and oxygen saturation (SpO2) data. The data is collected and transmitted by a patch circuit which comprises a MAX30102 sensor and an RGB LED array. A close circuit television camera is used not only for surveillance but also for receiving the data simultaneously. The LED is modulated using color intensities, and the data can be retrieved regardless of any orientations of the LED array. We propose a neural network (NN) to detect each LED separately, and we implement another NN-based on feature extraction to precisely recognize the colors. The data are also encoded with a unique key, which increases the security of the communication mechanism. System performance of 4.68 kbps with low bit-error-rate (BER) and 1.172 kbps with moderate BER is achieved at 1 and 3 m, respectively.

Small satellite platforms with television cameras onboard became popular in recent years. Many of these devices are non-commercial and are student-built. The small budget of such a mission suggests mainly educational use. Meanwhile, high-quality pre-flight radiometric calibration of onboard equipment will significantly expand the range of remote sensing tasks performed by the mission. This article describes a method and equipment for measuring the main energy characteristics of television cameras - signal transmission function, zone characteristics, noise signal of matrix detector. The proposed equipment provides a high dynamic range with good accuracy and has a low cost.

Students at the University of Nebraska use television cameras and break-away cardboard models to create architectural simulations, ca. 1965, from Architectural and Engineering News, August 1966, pa...

Noncoplanar radiation therapy techniques such as 4π have potential dosimetric advantages but introduce complexities in treatment delivery that increase the risk for collision. Direct or remote visual confirmation of clearance is a safeguard against collisions of the gantry, couch, and patient. With our institution's Varian TrueBeam system, we identified configurations that cannot be visualized with the included closed-circuit television cameras. At our practice, electronic, portal imaging device (EPID) collision risk also exists because of the routine deployment to capture exit-dose images for treatment quality assurance. We propose a simple, cost-effective solution using network cameras to help eliminate blind spots that permits safe, noncoplanar arrangements with an EPID-acquired exit dose.Two Panasonic cameras were installed overhead while a third Panasonic camera was mounted onto the pedestal to monitor the couch undersurface. Live views from each camera were accessed with a web-based client. The EPID and gantry were visually assessed at 52 couch and gantry rotational angle configurations at 6 couch translational positions. Visibility was compared for the standard and supplemental camera setups at each configuration (χOf the 294 assessable couch-gantry configurations, the standard camera setup had limited visibility of either gantry or EPID for 146 configurations compared with 72 configurations with additional cameras (51% blind-spot reduction; P.01). An 87% blind-spot reduction was observed for our laterally centered, cranial-based, couch translational position (P.01).The supplemental cameras were simple, effective additions for collision detection, especially for noncoplanar radiation therapy with EPID-acquired, exit-dose imaging. Over half of the assessable noncoplanar configurations had blind spots using standard cameras, which was reduced to25% with additional cameras. In practice, there were almost no blind spots for patients with brain tumors who were treated with our templated beam arrangements. Using live-view camera feeds, vault re-entry to visually confirm clearance was reduced approximately 10-fold, which increased the treatment efficiency. In the most recent 12 months, no collision or near-collision events have been reported.

The study developed new television camera systems operation and maintenance contents for training Radio, Television and Electronics Work (RTVEW) students. Four stage of research and development (RD purposive and random sampling techniques. Data for the study were collected using a structured questionnaire that had a reliability coefficient of 0.83. The data were analysed using mean, standard deviation and t-test. The study revealed that: safety practices in cameramanship, studio and outdoor cable management techniques, camera control mode; manual, robotic and computerized, introduction to use of ICT products in filming, and introduction to internet, recording for video streaming, received a strong emphasis as the new cognitive contents for the operation and troubleshooting of television camera systems. The study also revealed that there was no significant difference between the mean responses of electrical/electronics industrial personnel and teachers on the new cognitive and psychomotor skills contents for the operation and maintenance of television camera systems. It was concluded that the skills acquired by RTVEW students would be boosted tremendously and their employability enhanced, if the training they receive incorporates the new contents for the operation and maintenance of television camera systems developed in this study. It was therefore, recommended that the latest facilities needed for the teaching and learning of skills in television cameras operation and maintenance should be provided by government and all stakeholders involved in the provision of Technical and Vocational Education and Training in Nigeria.

Wireless technologies that use radio frequency (RF) waveforms are common in wireless communication systems, such as the mobile communication, satellite system, and Internet of Things (IoT) systems. It is more advantageous than wired communication because of the ease of installation. However, it can negatively impact human health if high frequencies are used to transmit data. Therefore, researchers are exploring the potential of optical wireless communication as an alternative, which uses the visible light bandwidth instead of RF waveforms. Three possibilities are being investigated: visible light communication, light fidelity, and optical camera communication. In this paper, we propose a multiple-input multiple-output modulation scheme using a light-emitting diode (LED) array, which is applicable to the IoT system, based on on–off keying modulation in the time domain. This scheme is compatible with the two popular types of camera in the market, rolling shutter cameras and global shutter cameras, as well as the closed-circuit television camera, which is used in factories, buildings, etc. Despite the small size of the LED array, implementing this scheme with 10 links in different positions at a communication distance of 20 m is possible for efficient performance (low error rate) by controlling the exposure time, shutter speed, focal length, channel coding and applying the matched filter.

Optical camera communication (OCC) is a recently developed technology that uses a light-emitting diode (LED) as transmitter and a camera as receiver. In this paper, an OCC based system is proposed to monitor energy-related data collected from a smart meter. An LED array mounted on the meter is used to transmit data, whereas a closed-circuit television camera is used to receive the data. The system will be cost-effective, energy-efficient, and will increase the reliability of the monitoring objective.

In recent years, technological advances and mass production of smartphones have made them both applicable and accessible for a range of photography and videography. Many electronic media organizations are broadcasting mobile footages as part of their citizen journalism using their smartphones. The video and audio quality of smartphones are weak in terms of brightness, contrast and colour balance compared to traditional television cameras, also known as electronic news gathering (ENG) cameras. Cell phones currently come installed with high-resolution video recording facilities, yet major television news networks despite everything aren’t utilizing it to record news stories. Superior video quality depends on several factors like image sensor, optical Zoom, Physical IRIS and shutter, which is available in all ENG cameras. The audio quality of ENG cameras is also relatively crisper and more precise due to the availability of many manual settings and external microphone attachment options. The latest smartphones can record a video of decent quality subject to good lighting conditions. This paper reviews the art of learning visual communication through lenses, sensors, and other physical attributes of video cameras while drawing a comparison between the ENG and Smartphone cameras (iPhone 11). Experimental design was used to test the Depth of field, brightness, contrast, and colour fidelity. The results of the study’s experiments indicate that ENG camera’s image quality is superior compared to iphone 11 under low lighting conditions.

The paper presents the results of the development and research of gyrostabilized platforms for angular stabili- zation of various complexes of optical devices: television cameras, thermal imagers, rangefinders. The construction prin- ciples of such devices are considered, the required accuracy of stabilization is determined and the main problems arising during their development are designated. Gyrostabilized optoelectronic systems of various composition, designation and accuracy are presented.

To prevent collapse accidents at construction sites, the marker-based displacement measurement method was developed. However, it has difficulty in obtaining accurate measurements at long distances (&gt, 50 m) in an outdoor environment because of camera movements. To overcome this problem, marker-based structural displacement measurement models using image matching and anomaly detection were designed in this study. Then, the performance of each model in terms of camera movement error correction was verified through comparison with that of a conventional model. The results show that the systematic errors due to camera movements (&lt, 1.7&deg, ) were corrected. The detection rate of markers with displacement reached 95%, and the probability that the error size would be less than 10 mm was &ge, 95% with a 95% confidence interval at a distance of more than 100 m. Moreover, the normalized mean square error was less than 0.1. The models developed in this study can measure the pure displacement of an object without the systematic errors caused by camera movements. Furthermore, these models can be used to measure the displacements of distant structures using closed-circuit television cameras and markers in an outdoor environment with high accuracy.

Surveillance cameras and CCTV cameras are crucial in the present day society. The installation of such cameras provides public safety and protection against theft and vandalism. Most surveillance camera doesn’t have the capability to provide a clear footage. Therefore it has become a necessity to improve the quality of the video. The video processing provided in this paper would allow the user to get an enhanced quality video from a low quality video; this could be useful in identifying the perpetrator for the aforeknown activities. Image processing is very important in ameliorating a raw image captured by a CMOS or CCD sensor. In this paper we have taken surveillance footage and extracted the frames from the video, each of these frames undergo automatic colour balance, interpolation on the filter which resides over the sensor, gamma correction. The enhanced images are then used to recreate the video. The video after processing gives an enhanced and a finer quality in the video. The proposed method is implemented in MATLAB.

The analysis of velocities from high-density pedestrian events may provide more information on pedestrian flow dynamics. A framework based on particle image velocimetry (PIV)—a technique commonly used in experimental fluid dynamics—has been developed to evaluate the pedestrian velocities from high-density pedestrian events. The framework takes a sequence of two or more images from a regular closed-circuit television camera and obtains the flow properties (speed, direction) of the pedestrians. A detailed analysis has been done in both the qualitative and quantitative aspects of adapting PIV to pedestrian flow. An investigation through the use of the fundamental diagram and real-time extraction of crowd velocities is also presented and discussed. The proposed PIV-based framework enables on-the-spot analysis of pedestrian flow via velocity extraction in a reliable, automated manner.

Panoramic television images are used in a wide range of applications, including scientific and applied television, video surveillance systems, vision systems used in transport and robotics. The construction of panoramic images can be performed by assembling from several frames obtained using one rotary television camera or several stationary television cameras. However, such methods cannot be used for working with moving images, as well as in systems of mobile robots, where strict requirements are placed on the reliability and dimensions of the equipment. In these cases, the preferred method is the formation of a panoramic image using a TV camera with a high-resolution photosensitive sensor in combination with an ultra-wide angle lens such as fisheye. The article discusses one of the methods of forming a panoramic image in real time with field of view (FOV) corresponding to the hemisphere of 360 x 180 degrees.

Video surveillance systems for the main production processes at nuclear power plants are an important research topic in our time. Reliability, quality, and radiation resistance – are among the main fundamental requirements for the created products. Inspection of many areas that are important for safe operation can be carried out only with the help of TV cameras based on the vidicon tube receiver, which form only a grayscale image. The ability to convert a grayscale image obtained with radiation-tolerant television cameras into a color image will significantly increase the reliability and information content of the control, which will allow an objective assessment of the condition of the equipment, and as a result will reduce the risk of emergency situations. The solution proposed in the work is a technique for converting grayscale image obtained with radiation-tolerant cameras based on vidicon tube receiver into color one. One of the main characteristics of the vidicon is its spectral characteristic, which is determined by the device and the properties of the photographic target.

The video created by a surveillance cameras plays a crucial role in crime prevention and examinations in smart cities. The closed-circuit television camera (CCTV) is essential for a range of public uses in a smart city, combined with Internet of Things (IoT) technologies they can turn into smart sensors that help to ensure safety and security. However, the authenticity of the camera itself raises issues of building up integrity and suitability of data. In this paper, we present a blockchain-based system to guarantee the trustworthiness of the stored recordings, allowing authorities to validate whether or not a video has been altered. It helps to discriminate fake videos from original ones and to make sure that surveillance cameras are authentic. Since the distributed ledger of the blockchain records the metadata of the CCTV video as well, it is obstructing the chance of forgery of the data. This immutable ledger diminishes the risk of copyright encroachment for law enforcement agencies and clients users by securing possession and identity.

The professionals behind television cameras are peripheral contributors to journalism who are often overlooked in journalistic research in contrast with co-workers who occupy clearly demarcated journalistic roles. In this article, we use the term camera reporters rather than the more frequently used terms such as cameramen or camera operators as we argue that these professionals are part of the journalistic field and their job titles in themselves question their belonging to this field. The aim of our article is to focus on the role of camera reporters as peripheral actors in the news production process – in this respect we address their journalistic culture, identity, autonomy and practice – and to understand their role not only in the context of boundary work within journalism but perhaps even more importantly in relation to changes brought about by the move of a television studio from the city centre to a residential suburb. The relocation provides a rare opportunity to study camera reporters in their work places and spaces at a time of disruption and adjustment. Our case study is based in a Czech television studio where we have conducted interviews with camera reporters and news reporters. Our findings are in line with other research on peripheral news workers and illustrate complex issues in the professional standing of camera reporters.

Cryogenic deuterium pellet injection is one of important techniques for edge localized mode (ELM) mitigation for successful operation of ITER in the future. A high frequency, 50 Hz, pellet injection system (PI-50) based on screw extrusion forming ice and pneumatic acceleration has been built and developed for ELM mitigation for EAST. As velocity and reliability of launching frozen pellet are of importance to ELM mitigation, a diagnostic system including video cameras is installed on this pellet injection system to acquire the pellet's velocity and monitor the quality of pellet. With the help of this diagnostic system, the velocity and reliability of PI-50 system have been measured successfully. The reliability of PI-50 is more than 85% when the launching frequency is 50 Hz, which means this system can be used for ELM mitigation on EAST in the future. PI-50 system has been installed on EAST at present and is expected to be involved physics experiment in next campaign on EAST.

To date, we have developed various types of 8K cameras while considering the tradeoff between the cost and performance at each period of development. In preparation for both the 4K/8K broadcasting starting in 2018 and the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo, we have reconsidered which parameters should be seen as the most important ones for 8K broadcast cameras. We have also reviewed the appropriate elemental technologies for these cameras. In light of the technological advancements that have been made, we decided to develop a three-chip 8K camera with 5/4-in. image sensors. The camera supports both high dynamic ranges and high frame rates; we reduced its size to that of a high-definition television camera. Both its signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity achieved the best performances of all 8K cameras. This paper discusses both the parameters and the elemental technologies of all of the 8K broadcast cameras that we have examined. In light of the technological advancements that have been made, we decided to develop a three-chip 8K camera with 5/4-in. image sensors.

The technique for the cluster analysis and the classification of registered acoustic emission (AE) data arrays was used for the determination of the isolated phases upon the transition from the regular to the avalanche process of damage accumulation in a physical simulation model. The damage accumulation phases were modeled in the process of formation of a conical glass granulate pile. Their registration was performed by an AE control system synchronized with a high-speed video camera.

Objectives: Through this paper, design of a reliable real-time (Live) video streaming and surveillance system is proposed, which can be broadcasted over a Local-Area Network (LAN/ WLAN) with remote access. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Proposed system design features Raspberry Pi along with night-vision camera, programmed using Python programming language. Raspberry Pi’s IP address is fetched and VNC server is setup to create virtual desktop on host device for remoteuser. Host device is a Personal Computer/Smartphone connected to same LAN/ WLAN on which Raspberry Pi is connected. VLC media player serves as source for live streaming on host device running a VNC viewer. Findings: Previously, live video surveillance meant massive machinery, restricted to larger spaces and usually involved Closed-circuit television cameras. The technological advancements, ease of access and usability in Latter-day gadgets brought forth easier connectivity, bridging the gap between virtual and the real worlds. This makes dealing with indispensable concepts like security and surveillance much convenient, even for a remote user. Keeping in mind all these concepts, an effective; simple yet powerful design for a live video streaming and surveillance system has been proposed. For effective implementation of the design, Raspberry Pi 3 Model B along with a Raspberry Pi NoIR camera V2 module has been used and VLC media player acts as the streaming medium for the live video broadcast, initiated by the code written in Python. VNC server and viewer are used for remote connections over the Local-Area Network. And since a night-vision camera is being utilized, it allows the user to keep an eye on the area even in dark and low light conditions with ease. Application/Improvements: The system proposed offers numerous amounts of applications due to its versatility. Through this design, a hassle-free live video streaming/surveillance may be effortlessly availed even by an average user. Keywords: Live Streaming, Python, Raspberry Pi, Video Surveillance, Virtual Network Computing, VLC Media Player

The article deals with the method of identifying a region of interest on the image obtained from a TV camera of the measuring system with a laser backlight feature. The method is based on the synchronous modulation of the laser beam and the application of the Hough transformation. The results of this method are presented.

A method of contact-free determination of FA elevations to check FA placement for purposes of better operational safety of VVER-440 and -1000 is proposed. The method includes scanning specially shaped light beams over the flat tops of the assemblies, recording the reflected signal with a TV camera, and processing the information in a computer. The measurement setup developed on the basis of this method can record a difference of 0.1 mm between the elevations of the flat tops to within 1% with admissible dispersion of 1–1.5 mm. The scanning and output of elevation information are accomplished in 10–15 min. The measurement setup to be used in the water medium of the loading zone of a nuclear reactor is implemented using radiation-resistant elements.

There is still a lot of juvenile delinquency in the middle of the community, especially people in urban areas, in the modern era. Juvenile delinquency may be fights, wild racing, gambling, and graffiti on the walls without permission. Vandalized wall is usually done on walls of office buildings and on public or private property. Results from vandalized walls can be seen from the image of the change between the initial image with the image after a motion. This study develops a image change detection system in video to detect the action of graffiti on the wall via a Closed-Circuit Television camera (CCTV) which is done by simulation using the webcam camera. Motion detection process with Accumulative Differences Images (ADI) method and image change detection process with Illumination Invariant Change Detection method coupled with image cropping method which carried out a comparison between the a reference image or image before any movement with the image after there is movement. Detection system testing one by different times variations, ie in the morning, noon, afternoon, and evening. The proposed method for image change detection in video give results with an accuracy rate of 92.86%.

We described about a rehabilitation system for lower limbs using floor projection type serious game in this paper. In this system, the target is displayed on the floor, and when the user steps on the target, the target disappears and the score is added. Shoot the movement of the user’s foot with a TV camera and judge whether or not the target has been stepped by using image processing. The user stands in front of the display area, steps on the target as the target appears. When the target disappears, put the foot back and return to the first posture. By repeating this movement, the user can exercise the lower limbs. The exercise performed in this system is called a Step Exercise and is commonly performed as rehabilitation effective for improving the sense of balance and increasing the muscular strength of the lower limbs. We measured the number that could be erased and the number that could not be erased (the number the system did not respond) when stepping on the target by the foot, and calculated the error rate. The experiment time was 90 s. As a result, the error rate was 4.7%, and the success rate was 95.3%. This was a very high recognition rate. We could judge this system has sufficiently practical accuracy as a floor projection type serious game system for lower limb rehabilitation.

In recent years, there is a strong tendency to reduce the size of orbital spacecrafts while preserving their functional capabilities. The modern element base allows to create inexpensive Earth-sensing satellites having the 1U-2U form factor, which is capable to form images of the Earth’s surface with medium spatial resolution. In order to perform synthesis of such optoelectronic remote sensing equipment, a relatively simple calculation technique is required. In this research, a technique has been developed to analyze an information system "Earth’s surface – atmosphere – television camera". It allows to determine the basic parameters of a lens and a matrix detector of the television camera, based on harmonization of their resolution and providing a given spatial resolution on the surface of the Earth.By using the proposed technique, a lens and a matrix detector have been selected. They provide the geometric resolution of 25 m at the orbit with a height of 600 km.

In recent years, a tendency is established to reduce the size of orbital spacecrafts while preserving their functional capabilities. The modern element base allows to create inexpensive Earth-sensing satellites having 1U-2U form factor, which are capable to form images of the Earth's surface with the medium spatial resolution. To perform synthesis of such optoelectronic remote sensing equipment, a relatively simple calculation technique is required. In this article, a technique has been developed to estimate an information system "Earth’s surface – atmosphere – television camera". It allows to determine the basic parameters of a lens and a matrix detector of the television camera, based on harmonization of their resolution and providing a given spatial resolution on the surface of the Earth. By using the proposed technique, a lens and a matrix detector have been selected. They provide geometric resolution of 25 m at the orbit with a height of 600 km. The resulting technical solution enables to fulfil applied tasks, for example, in agriculture, and can be implemented in a nanosatellite with the 1U-2U form factor.

In this paper, an interesting video combination framework was established based on Unreal Engine 4. By substituting the green screen image with panorama videos, our framework could produce lifelike synthetic videos in which the foreground is the portrait captured by real-time TV cameras whereas the background is a pseudo scenario generated by previously captured panorama videos. The pseudo background updates itself from the panorama video according to the pose information of the TV camera so that the portrait looks as if immersed into the pseudo scenario rather than the green screen.

A study was made of the parameters of the stereo pair affecting the quality of the image and the detection range of objects. Shows the dependence of the parameters of the TV cameras affect the detection range of objects. The dependencies of the TV camera parameters on the speed of the observed objects were established.

In this chapter I discuss the value of video and digital microscopy, how an optical signal is converted to an electrical signal using video and digital cameras, and how the signal can be viewed on an analog or digital monitor. I discuss the characteristics of digital CMOS and CCD sensors as well as video tubes in terms of resolution and dynamic range (contrast). This information lets us know how a point in the specimen is converted to a point (pixel) in a video or digital image.

The report describes the new supervisory control method for a multi-link manipulator mounted on an underwater vehicle, providing visual control of manipulation operations. The proposed method allows to build complex spatial movement trajectories of a multi-link manipulator working tool along a work object surface, using data obtained from onboard multibeam sonars or technical vision systems. Target designations of the operator determine the trajectory type, its position and orientation in a work area. To form target designations and visual observation of manipulator working tool movements along a given trajectory, a TV camera is used that changes its optical axis spatial orientation. The developed method is implemented in the C++ programming language, as well as numerical simulation of a multi-link underwater manipulator supervisory control in the virtual V-REP environment. To visualize the method, the graphical shell is written using "OpenGL Core".

The development of computer technology in particular fields of multimedia, visual and audio broadcasting already very rapidly growing at this time as well as the extent of the need for information on the society, the more recent contributions in presenting the image capture, the camera is the most popular tool in photography. The name is derived from the camera obscura, Latin for "dark room", an early mechanism for projecting a display where an indoor function like the workings of a modern photographic camera, except there is no way at this time to take down the display of the drawing in addition to manually follow in his footsteps. In the world of photography, a camera is a device to establish and record a shadow portraits on sheet film. At the television cameras, the system of lenses to form an image on a light sensitive plate. This plate will emit electrons into the target plate when exposed to light. Furthermore, a steady stream of electrons that are treated electronically. In the world of photography does little photographers especially that still seems to be beginners, on things that are technical, such as regulating the aperture diaphragm setting, pace, and distance settings. It's also possible, as long as it is not unthinkable that in the picture contained certain values that can make photos that are good or otherwise become a mess. One of them is setting the composition. May have never imagined, that by setting the actual composition can be highlighted the main subject. Not even rarely will support the success of the photos that we make. a core tool in photography called camera also has different types with masingmasing kegunaanya. With the development of technology, people can search for information using a cell phone so that it is able to be accessed anytime and anywhere.

This work presents recent progress at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in landing guidance for helicopter approaches to landing sites without prior reconnaissance. During the project ALLFlight, DLRs research rotorcraft Advanced Control Technology/Flying Helicopter Simulator (ACT/FHS) has been equipped with a sensor suite including a LIDAR sensor, a forward looking RADAR, an infrared camera and a TV camera to provide sensor-based situational awareness. Using the information acquired by the LIDAR, a method for planning an initial flight path from previously unknown landing entry points to the landing point is presented. It is based on a previously developed method using a vehicle point representation, geo-referenced flight surfaces and visibility graphs. A second mode to provide re-planning capabilities in-flight is described. First results of flight tests conducted in 2013 are presented and discussed. Using the data recorded during these approaches, an improved re-planning strategy for the final approach based on so called visibility hulls is presented. This work continues recent research at DLR’s Institute of Flight Systems helicopter department for flight under degraded visual environment (DVE) for a full-scale helicopter.

Unique archive data from investigations of the surface of Venus performed with television cameras on the VENERA missions in 1975 and 1982 were reprocessed with up-to-date techniques, which substantially improved their level of detail. Numerous objects exhibiting a complex regular structure and presumably very slow motions (in the case of hypothetical fauna) have been found. The objects are noticeable in size and may testify to the existence of life. This paper reviews the results of searching for and identifying hypothetical objects of Venusian flora. The detected and identified hypothetical objects considerably exhaust the corresponding potential of the television images. It is concluded that, to investigate the surface of Venus, a new special mission, much more sophisticated than the VENERA missions (1975–1982), should be urgently carried out.

Our aim is to estimate the perspective-effected geometric distortion of a scene from a video feed. In contrast to most related previous work, in this task we are constrained to use low-level spatiotemporally local motion features only. This particular challenge arises in many semiautomatic surveillance systems that alert a human operator to potential abnormalities in the scene. Low-level spatiotemporally local motion features are sparse (and thus require comparatively little storage space) and sufficiently powerful in the context of video abnormality detection to reduce the need for human intervention by more than 100-fold. This paper introduces three significant contributions. First, we describe a dense algorithm for perspective estimation, which uses motion features to estimate the perspective distortion at each image locus and then polls all such local estimates to arrive at the globally best estimate. Second, we also present an alternative coarse algorithm that subdivides the image frame into blocks and uses motion features to derive block-specific motion characteristics and constrain the relationships between these characteristics, with the perspective estimate emerging as a result of a global optimization scheme. Third, we report the results of an evaluation using nine large sets acquired using existing closed-circuit television cameras, not installed specifically for the purposes of this paper. Our findings demonstrate that both proposed methods are successful, their accuracy matching that of human labeling using complete visual data (by the constraints of the setup unavailable to our algorithms).

The paper describes the development of an indoor navigation system of an autonomous mobile robot using image processing methods of industrial television. The system analyzes the surrounding space with a simple monocular TV camera. Color beacons placed on objects in the environmental are used as reference points. The developed system is tested under different environmental conditions. The mobile robot navigation accuracy is evaluated for the case of the simultaneous detection of two beacons.

In October 1946, optical engineer Frank G. Back introduced a new zoom lens designed for film and television cameras. The Zoomar lens was adopted by newsreel and television, and soon became ubiquitous in American television production. Zoomar lenses enhanced postwar television, and prepared the ground for the later popularity of zooms in film production. This article explores the wartime innovations and industrial collaborations which aided the development of the lens. It documents a neglected aspect of the history of American television technology, and sheds further light on relations between small inventors and large corporate bodies during the mid-twentieth century.

A detector with a highly sensitive television camera for visualizing the absorbed dose formation region in a water phantom is developed and tested at the electron beam of the “Pakhra” accelerator. The detector consists of a water phantom and a television camera with equipment for picking-up information from it. The geometrical shape and sizes of the luminosity region in the phantom exposed to a pulsed electron beam with an energy of 7 MeV are determined. Model calculations for determining absorbed doses upon electron absorption in water are performed.

The solution to the problem of processing long-range and television information received by the sensors of a mobile rescue robot in a smoke-filled environment is considered. A selection of budget sensors is made among those available in the free sale and having open-source software. The selected sensors are linked into a single information field in the free ROS software package using open-source libraries. The first stage of processing is the calibration of sensors to reduce the effect of distortion, as well as comparing the color image of the television camera with the readings of the rangefinder. The second stage is the analysis of existing solutions for image filtering in smoke conditions and the selection of the best according to the criteria for reducing the number of “smoke-filled” pixels and speed of response. In this paper, an algorithm is selected based on an atmospheric physical model with image analysis in the YCrCb space. The operation of this algorithm is demonstrated and a method for approximating a long-range image using a filtered color image is proposed to restore information from a rangefinder and further construct a model of the environment. Suggestions were made for further analysis and improving the accuracy of the algorithm. Based on this decision, laboratory work was formed in the course “RS designing”.