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The saffron bulb mite, Rhizoglyphus robini Claparede (Acari: Acaridae), is the most important pest of the saffron crop in Iran. This pest attacks and feeds on saffron corms. For this reason, the corms are treated with acaricides before planting. The high activity of detoxification enzymes in arthropods may reduce their pesticide sensitivity. Diethyl maleate (DEM) is an inhibitor of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), piperonyl butoxide (PBO) is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) is an inhibitor of esterase activity. A filter paper method was used to determine the efficiency of these synergists in inhibiting the activity of detoxifying enzymes of R. robini. Adult mites were treated with these three synergists for 6, 12, 24, and 48 h, respectively. The activity of each detoxifying enzyme was measured and compared to the control treatment, and the inhibition percentage was calculated each time. The results showed that DEM reduced GST activity by 59.9% after 48 h, PBO inhibited cytochrome P450 activity by 30%, and TPP suppressed esterase activity by 38.5%. The most statistically significant inhibition occurred 24 h after pretreatment with each synergist. Bioassays with 24 h pretreatment showed that the sensitivity of R. robini to propargite increased by 1.6 times with PBO, 1.7 times with TPP, and 2.5 times with DEM. In conclusion, synergists and efficient inhibition of detoxifying enzymes can play a significant role in increasing the sensitivity of agricultural pests to pesticides and can be considered in managing pesticide resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch is an economically serious pest posing threat to major vegetable crops. Roving survey in and around Coimbatore region revealed that farmers do not target mites with acaricides instead they use higher dose of insecticides at frequent intervals which results in development of resistance. The bioassay results revealed that fenpropathrin (2.07 to 6.86-folds) and fenazaquin (2.74 to 7.13-folds) exhibit higher susceptibility, whereas diafenthiuron (5.35 to 12.25-folds) revealed a low to moderate level of resistance. The propargite (43.80 to 60.63-folds) and chlorfenapyr (61.01 to 75.10-folds) exhibited high resistance, followed by spiromesifen (222.28 to 300.26-folds) and buprofezin (382.60 to 417.87-folds), with extremely high level of resistance. The higher specific activity of GST (4.54-folds), MFO (10.06-folds) and CarE (15.06-folds) in Puthupalayam population suggested the role of biochemical resistance. A significant positive correlation was observed between diafenthiuron and CarE activity (r = 0.981*), fenpropathrin and MFO activity (r = 0.964*). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding how endogenous and exogenous factors such as annual seasonal rhythm and photoperiodism affect pesticide toxicity is important to designing integrated pest management strategies. The two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), a worldwide phytophagous pest species distributed across different zones with contrasting environmental conditions, is a good model for exploring how photoperiodism and seasonality affect their responses against pesticides. In this study, we conducted a laboratory experiment from March 2017 to November 2018 in which T. urticae populations were reared under three photoperiod regimes (10L:14D, 12L:12D, and 18L:6D) in environmentally controlled incubators, and assessed the toxicity of the two pesticides, diafenthiruon and propargite, on T. urticae every month. To determine potential mechanisms underlying the changes in pesticide toxicity, we measured body size and total GSTs activity of T. urticae along with the toxicity measurements in 2018. Our results showed that the photoperiod regime did not significantly affect the toxicity of each of the two pesticides to T. urticae. However, unlike photoperiodism, the toxicity of both pesticides was found to be season-dependent, being higher during spring and summer and lower during the winter. This suggests that seasonality could induce in those T. urticae populations, an endogenous mechanism that influenced their susceptibility to the tested pesticides. Pearson's correlation analyses showed that only the body size had a weak negative correlation with pesticide toxicity, thereby suggesting that pesticides could have higher toxicity on smaller T. urticae. Taken together, our study showed that seasonality can affect pesticide toxicity, thereby providing practical insights into the management strategies against T. urticae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides kill organisms harmful for the human organism, sometimes also harming beneficial ones. After treatment, pesticides remain on the soil surface in agrocenoses and adjacent plots for decades. For the laboratory experiment, we selected Rossiulus kessleri (Lochmander, 1927) – a species which lives 5–6 years on the soil surface and can dig in to soil to a depth of 30–40 cm. During a 20-day experiment we used herbicides (Roundup, Urahan Forte), insecticides (Omite, BI 58, Biotlin, Actellic, Nurelle D) and fungicides (Ridomil Gold, Thiovit Jet, Penncozeb 80 WP, Falcon, Tilt, Horus) which are often used in agrocenosises of Ukraine. Under the impact of Roundup and Urahan, body weight of R. kessleri reliably did not change, but food consumption and production of excrement increased. Pesticide-treated litter did not digest in the intestine of millipedes, but they survived to the end of the experiment (20 days). In the conditions of treating litter with insecticides Omite, BI 58, Biotlin, Actellic and Nurelle D, the amount of consumed food and body weight reliably did not change; most of these insecticides slowed the formation of feces in the millipedes. The highest studied concentrations of Actellic and Nurelle D preparations caused death to R. kessleri. Depending on the concentration in the litter, the studied fungicides Ridomil Gold, Thiovit Jet, Penncozeb, Falcon, Tilt, Horus had a varying effect on food consumption, body weight and the amount of excrement of R. kessleri. Thus, in agrocenoses and forest ecosystems adjacent to them (windbreaks, ravine and flood plain forests), R. kessleri can be significantly affected by the manufacturer-recommended doses of pesticides, as well as more than ten-fold lower doses.

According to the export of saffron (Crocus sativus.L) and superiority of organic products in the market, this study performed in order to assessment natural methods in control of saffron mite which is a major pest of saffron, was conducted in the saffron institute of Torbat university in 2014. In this research has been studied effect of Bromopropylate and Propargite acaricides and Rosemary essential oil and Stinking assa resin on development steps of Rhizoglyphus robbini in four doases and six different times the peresence of acaricide (3, 6, 12,24,48,72 hours) in the factorial on complete randomized design and four replications. The laboratory condition was determined at photoperiod 16:8, humidity 65 ± 5 percentage and temperature 27 ± 2°C. Analysis results of data variance showed that the effects of treatments on mortality of egg ،larvae and mature mites were significant at the 1 percentage probability level. Also that Bromopropylate has maximum mortality percent among larvae and mature saffron mite. Also in this experiment time increasing and concentration increase mortality of larvae’s significantly. As well as the maximum percent of eggs failed to hatch related to Rosemary essential oil .Also larvae mortality percent was more than mature mite that had significant differences at 5% probability level .In this study was found Stinking assa resin has the greatest impact on the egg also Propargite and Bromopropilate have created the highest mortality on the larvae and adults respectively.

In this study, effects of propargite, an organosulphiric pesticide were investigated in carp’s (Cyprinus carpio) white blood cells such as lymphocyte (LYM), neutrophile (NEU), monocyte (MON), basophile (BAS) and eosinophile (EOS). Fish were exposed to control (only distilled tap water), low (0.04125 ppm), medium (0.0825 ppm) and high (0.165 ppm) concentrations of propargite. As a result of study, percentage of BAS, NEU and MON cells were generally showed an increase on the 14th day compared to the control group, in case percentage of LYM and EOS cells were decreased on the 14th day according to the control group. In conclusion, changes observed among the white blood cell types could demonstrate the immunosupresive effect of propargite.

Abstract In accordance with Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the evaluating Member State (EMS) Italy received an application from Arysta LifeScience Great Britain Ltd to set maximum residue levels (MRL) for the active substance propargite in imported citrus fruits and tea. Italy drafted an evaluation report in accordance with Article 8 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, which was submitted to the European Commission and forwarded to EFSA. According to EFSA, the data are sufficient to derive a MRL proposal of 4 mg/kg for oranges only, as the extrapolation to the whole group is not supported by the EU rules. Based on the residue trials, an MRL of 50 mg/kg for tea could be derived. However, a risk manager decision is required whether the setting of a MRL of 50 mg/kg for tea is acceptable since the MRL reported to be into force in India is 10 mg/kg. Adequate analytical enforcement methods are available to control the residues of propargite on the commodities under consideration. Since the enforcement method of analysis is not enantioselective, residues are determined as the sum of any possible isomer ratio of the active substance propargite. EFSA concluded that the use of propargite on oranges and tea as reported in the countries of origin will not result in a consumer exposure exceeding the toxicological reference values and therefore is unlikely to pose a consumer health risk. However, it should be noted that the risk assessment is affected by uncertainties linked to the toxicological profile and the reliability of results for some of the metabolites included in the residue definition and it is applicable to the technical propargite with the isomer ratio 99:1 under assessment.

The carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval), is a serious phytophagous mite damaging important crops and can rapidly develop resistance to acaricides. Mitochondrial ATP synthase (F1F0 ATP synthase) is an important target site of acaricides. The role of ATP synthase in acaricide resistance remains unclear at the molecular level. In this study, twelve full-length cDNAs of ATP synthase genes were cloned and characterized from T. cinnabarinus and their expression levels were determined for both progargite-resistant and susceptible strains. The effect of propargite exposure on gene expression was also evaluated. Analyses of gene expression revealed that TcATPsynU-2 , TcATPsynF0-2 and TcATPsynF0-4 were significantly down-regulated in the progargite-resistant strain. TcATPsynF0-2 and TcATPsynF0-4 had a strong response to progargite exposure. The results suggest that lower levels of TcATPsynU-2 , TcATPsynF0-2 and TcATPsynF0-4 expression might be related to propargite-resistance observed in the resistant T. cinnabarinus . This is the first attempt to identify specific ATPase genes involved in propargite resistance in T. cinnabarinus . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bifenazate is a new type of hydrazine derivative acaricide which has been registered in China since 2008. In order to prolong the service life of bifenazate, the joint toxicity of bifenazate and propargite againstTetranychus urticaewas evaluated in this study. The results showed that, with the mass ratio of 5:1 for bifenazate and propargite, the cotoxicity coefficient was 137.5, which showed synergistic toxicity toT. urticae. Moreover, whenT. urticaewas treated by the mixture of bifenazate and propargite (5:1) at the serial concentrations of 20.00 mg/L, 14.29 mg/L, 11.11 mg/L, 9.09 mg/L, and 7.69 mg/L for 24 h, the activities of glutathione s-transferase (GST) inT. urticaewere 3.37, 3.64, 3.93, 4.04, and 4.08 mmol/min/mgPro, which were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those inT. urticaebeing treated by bifenazate (7.25, 6.82, 6.71, 6.44, and 5.81 mmol/min/mgPro) and propargite (10.13, 9.79, 9.14, 8.93, and 8.44 mmol/min/mgPro) individually at the same concentration, indicating that the mixture showed a joint inhibition effect on the activities of GST inT. urticae. However, the activities of mixed-function oxidase, carboxylesterase, and acetylcholinesterase inT. urticaetreated by bifenazate and propargite (5:1) were not significantly different from those treated by bifenazate and propargite individually. This study provided theoretical basis for reasonably application of bifenazate and propargite mixture inT. urticaecontrol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In accordance with Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the evaluating Member State (EMS) Italy received an application from Arysta LifeScience Great Britain Ltd to set maximum residue levels (MRL) for the active substance propargite in imported citrus fruits and tea. Italy drafted an evaluation report in accordance with Article 8 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, which was submitted to the European Commission and forwarded to EFSA. According to EFSA, the data are sufficient to derive a MRL proposal of 4 mg/kg for oranges only, as the extrapolation to the whole group is not supported by the EU rules. Based on the residue trials, an MRL of 50 mg/kg for tea could be derived. However, a risk manager decision is required whether the setting of a MRL of 50 mg/kg for tea is acceptable since the MRL reported to be into force in India is 10 mg/kg. Adequate analytical enforcement methods are available to control the residues of propargite on the commodities under consideration. Since the enforcement method of analysis is not enantioselective, residues are determined as the sum of any possible isomer ratio of the active substance propargite. EFSA concluded that the use of propargite on oranges and tea as reported in the countries of origin will not result in a consumer exposure exceeding the toxicological reference values and therefore is unlikely to pose a consumer health risk. However, it should be noted that the risk assessment is affected by uncertainties linked to the toxicological profile and the reliability of results for some of the metabolites included in the residue definition and it is applicable to the technical propargite with the isomer ratio 99:1 under assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The side-effects of amitraz, buprofezin and propargite were studied on Encarsia formosa (Gahan)in the laboratory, using a life table response experiment and the IOBC system for their toxicity. Bioassayswere conducted by dipping bean leaves containing third instar nymphs of the whitefly Trialeurodesvaporariorum (Westwood), parasitized by E. formosa, in insecticide solutions or caging adult parasitoidsin treated petri dishes. The insecticide buprofezin caused 19.87% and 11.87% mortality in adults andpupae respectively. Amitraz showed the highest level of toxicity for the adults (100% mortality) and thepupae of parasitoids (83.3% mortality). Both buprofezin and propargite caused no adverse effect on thefecundity and longevity of parasitoids, but amitraz significantly reduced the fecundity and longevity ofadults. Life table assay indicated that buprofezin and propargite have no major impact on the intrinsic rateof natural increase (rm), while amitraz lowered the rm value by 7.03%. According to the IOBCclassification of toxicity, buprofezin was found to be harmless for the pupae and adults and amitrazproved to be harmful for adults. Based on both the life table and IOBC methodology, buprofezin andpropargite are found to be relatively safe for E. formosa and can be used in integrated pest managementprograms where this parasitoid is involved.

Aims: Organophosphates are well-known as an important group of poisons. The aim of the current study is to investigate acetylcholinesterase enzyme (ACHE) level in workers' blood of a poison-producing industry and its relationship with annual poison production and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted during 2012–2015 on 84 workers from different units of a poisons-producing industry and a 20-person control group. The PPE used during the years of study includes Asphalt gloves, rubber gloves, and mask felt. The AChE level was detected based on the modified Ellman method. Results: The maximum AChE level was observed in the control group. In addition, the minimum was found in the workers in 2015. The mean AChE level in the control group was significantly higher than that in the worker (P < 0.05). The mean AChE level in the workers based on the study years was significantly different, but this was not significant between the blood samples taken in the years of 2014 and 2015. Furthermore, it was found that both poisons-producing amount and PPE distribution were enhanced more during the past year of the study, while the poison amount entering to the body decreased. Conclusion: It was deduced that the AChE level in workers' blood was lowered with increasing at the exposure years due to irreversible effects. It is also observed that growth at the PPE application acted as an important parameter to decline exposure to poisons and subsequently various health complications.

Bu çalışmada elmanın yoğun olarak üretildiği Isparta ilindeki elma bahçelerinde zararlı olan iki noktalı kırmızıörümcek populasyonlarının bazı kimyasallara propargite, chlorpyrifos ve abamectin karşı direnç düzeyleri incelenmiştir. Bütün populasyonların bu ilaçlara karşı LC50 ve LC90 düzeyleri petri kabı – ilaçlama kulesi metodu kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. T. urticae Koch populasyonlarının propargite, chlorpyrifos ve abamectin’e karşı LC50 değerleri sırasıyla 137.69 – 295.07 μ l l-1 saf su, 70.99 – 1219.46 μ l l-1 saf su ve 6.41 – 15.13 μ l l-1 saf su olarak bulunmuştur. Elma bahçelerinden toplanan T. urticae populasyonlarının direnç oranı standart hassas populasyon GSS ile oranlanarak bulunmuştur. Populasyonların direnç oranları propargite için

The present study was conducted to determine the direct and residual effects of five pesticides, namely abamectin, bifenthrin, dimethoate, propargite and sulphur againstTetranychusurticaeand residual toxicity of these pesticides toNeoseiulus californicusadults. In the laboratory trials, except dimethoate, all the pesticide treatments caused 100% mortality ofT. urticaeadults within 24–48 hours. When toxicity to eggs was tested, the egg mortality for all pesticide treatments was significantly higher than the control. Except dimethoate, all the pesticides caused >90% egg mortality. In potted bean plants, all the pesticide treatments caused significant mortality ofT. urticaepopulations over control up to 21 days. The residual effects of pesticides were tested onT. urticaeandN. californicususing a leaf disc system in the laboratory. Mites were exposed to freshly sprayed leaf disc and after at 3, 7, 14 and 21. Abamectin showed higher efficacy againstT. urticaebut low toxicity againstN. californicus. Residual toxicity of pesticides toN. californicusadults varied but remained toxic toN. californicuslonger than toT. urticae. Bifenthrin had the longest residual effect on adultsN. californicus, causing mortality of 23% after 21 days; propargite and dimethoate caused <30% mortality after 14 days of exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In order to secure novel sulfinic esters with unique biological activities, new compounds were obtained by introducing isoxazole moiety into propargite. Thus, 12 novel compounds (ZJ1-ZJ12)were synthesized by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of substituted chlorinated oximes (3) and propargite. Structures of these compounds were confirmed by MS and 1H NMR. The preliminary bioassay showed that most compounds exhibit good insecticidal and herbicidal activity. The activity of compound ZJ12 against Tetranychus cinnabarinus was as high as propargite. The mortality can reach 75% at a concentration of 125 mg/L. Compound ZJ10 showed 100% inhibitory rates against all the target plants at a concentration of 200 mg/L and the activity of which was better than pyribambenz isopropyl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has reviewed the Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) currently established at European level for the pesticide active substance propargite. Although this active substance is no longer authorised within the European Union, MRLs were established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CXLs). Based on the assessment of the available data, EFSA assessed the CXLs. CXLs were found not to be adequately supported by data and a consumer risk assessment could not be carried out. Hence, further consideration by risk managers is needed.

The spider mite,Tetranychus urticaeKoch is a serious pest of economically important plants in closed and open area worldwide. The spider mite resistance to acaricide plays a major role in the failure of the chemical control method. Thus, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the efficacy of two acaricides, abamectin and propargite, against two populations (strains) of the spider mite. Results showed that LC50s of the abamectin against susceptible and resistant strains of the spider mite were 0.1 and 2730?ppm, respectively. Whilst LC50s of the propargite against susceptible and resistant strains of the spider mite were 55 and 7199?ppm, respectively. Resistance ratio (RR) calculated as the ratio of resistance LC50/susceptible LC50showed that RR for abamectin and propargite was 20285 and 130, respectively. The enzyme assay results showed that three mechanisms of MFO, GST and EST are involved in the abamectin resistance of the spider mite. In gel assays, when ?-naphthyl acetate was used as substrate, three bands appeared in the gel in which bands E2 and E3 were major bands and E1 was a minor band confirming that ?-naphthyl acetate was a better substrate for general esterase activity in the spider mite whereas ?-acetate when used for esterase activity, only two faint bands (E1 and E2) were observed. The order of their involvement in the abamectin resistance is EST?>?MFO?>?GST. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carmine spider mite (CSM) Tetranychus cinnabarinus has become a serious pest in China and has developed resistance to acaricide propargite as it is used to control mites worldwide including T. cinnabarinus . In this study, a resistant colony of T. cinnabarinus , PRR34 (37.78-fold resistant ratio), was established after 34 generations of propargite selection, and cross-resistance patterns of 7 other acaricides were determined in comparison with a susceptible strain (SS). The contribution of detoxification enzymes to propargite tolerance were investigated using biological, biochemical and molecular approaches. Enzyme inhibitor synergist tests suggested glutathione S -transferases (GST) involvement in propargite-resistance of PRR34, and GST activity against 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) was correlated with the development of resistance. Eight novel GST genes ( TcGSTd1, TcGSTd2, TcGSTm1, TcGSTm2, TcGSTm3, TcGSTm4 and TcGSTm5 ) were cloned, and phylogenetic analysis showed that the eight GST genes were most closely related to GST family delta and mu from Tetranychus urticae . Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that the expression level of GSTs in PPR34 strain increased in larvae, nymphs and adults, while decreased in eggs compared with that of SS. Collectively, these results support a role of GSTs in mediating resistance to propargite in the PRR34 strain. TcGSTd1,TcGSTd2 and TcGSTm2 genes might play significant roles in propargite resistance of CSM, especially at adult stage. This is the first attempt to define specific genes involved in GST mediated propargite resistance of T. cinnabarinus at the transcriptional level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has reviewed the Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) currently established at European level for the pesticide active substance propargite. Although this active substance is no longer authorised within the European Union, MRLs were established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CXLs). Based on the assessment of the available data, EFSA assessed the CXLs. CXLs were found not to be adequately supported by data and a consumer risk assessment could not be carried out. Hence, further consideration by risk managers is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

İki noktalı kırmızıörümcek, Tetranychus urticae Koch’nin bazı akarisitlere, propargite (Omite) 570 g/l, abamectin (Agrimec) 18 g/l ve amitraz (Kortraz) 200 g/l’a karşı duyarlılıkları belirlenmiştir. Propargit selektif akarisittir ve Türkiye’de birçok üründe T. urticae savaşımında kullanılmaktadır. Amitraz ve abamectin ise akarisit ve insektisit özelliktedir ve bu nedenle kırmızı örümcek ve bazı sebze zararlılarına karşı kullanılmaktadır. Antalya’da da farklı sebze üretim seralarından toplanan T. urticae populasyonlarının bu akarisitlere karşı duyarlılıkları ilaçlama kulesi - petri kabı yöntemi ile saptanmıştır ve standart hassas populasyon (GSS) ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Standart hassas populasyon (GSS) ile karşılaştırılarak bulunan direnç oranlarının dağılımı propargite, abamectin ve amitraz için sırasıyla