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The article reconstructs the process of appellativization of the ChatGPT name and characterizes factors contributing to the disintegration of closed compound word. It was based on internet and corpus data. It was concluded that appellativization, which results is the chat GPT and czat GPT forms in Polish and the chat GPT form in English, is favored, among others, by the appearance of transitional variants in texts: closed compound word with internal inflection (ChataGPT/ChatuGPT) and open compound word with inflected head noun (Chata GPT/Chatu GPT) in Polish and open compound word Chat GPT in English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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В статье представлены результаты сопоставительного исследования гендерного аспекта фразеологизмов с компонентом именем собственным в немецком и татарском языках. Целью данного исследования является сравнительная характеристика семантики фразеологических единиц разносистемных языков, имеющих в своём составе гендерный компонент, выраженный именем собственным. Отбор гендерно-маркированных фразеологических единиц производится согласно формально-структурному критерию из фразеологических словарей немецкого и татарского языков. Сравнительный анализ гендерно маркированных фразеологизмов позволяет установить, какие оценки приписываются мужчинам и женщинам в разных культурах, определить различия и параллели в языках, относящихся к разным системам. Отмечается, что и в немецкой, и в татарской языковой картине мира прослеживается гендерная асимметрия и андроцентричность.

Статья посвящена рассмотрению функциональных особенностей имен собственных личных (антропонимов) в выражении авторской модальности и в построении предикативного аспекта художественной диктемы. Исследование направлено на изучение формальных и контекстуально-ситуативных признаков имен собственных, участвующих в организации тематической структуры художественного произведения. Особое внимание уделяется рассмотрению семантико-оценочному содержанию предикативного центра художественной диктемы, ядром которого являются литературные антропонимы. В рамках диктемного подхода к изучению имени собственного установлено, что предикативный центр диктемы состоит из двух значимых категорий коммуникативного единства: авторской модальности и читательской интерпретации. В результате исследования показано, что различные виды антропонимов и их формы способны соотносить происходящие события в тексте с действиями объективной реальности, что помогает читателю распознать и интерпретировать различные авторские интенции в воображаемом мире художественного произведения.

Cet article porte sur l’attribution onomastique des personnages de Ce que le jour doit à la nuit de Yasmina Khadra. Le nom propre, aussi simple et anodin qu’il semble l’être, ne l’est pas. L’acte dénominatif romanesque est bien pensé. Le nom propre véhicule bien plus qu’on pourrait le croire, et ne se limite plus au simple fait de nommer. Il transcende sa fonction première. À présent, le nom propre est vecteur de message et devient un réceptacle d’une culture. À travers notre étude, nous tenterons de démontrer les liens interstitiels existants entre les personnages et les noms qu’on leur a conférés. Que soulignent les noms propres ? Sont-ils à l’image des personnages ou sont-ils à l’opposé de ce que leurs patronymes véhiculent ? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Определены метаязыковые параметры использования типов артикля – определенного, неопределенного, нулевого – с именами собственными. Таковыми представлены категории пограничных дисциплин: философии и математической логики. Привлечены понятия и категории: целое / целостное, единичное, множество, элемент множества, общее и особенное, вариативность, дискретность-непрерывность. Доказано, что использование типа артикля определяется вариативностью особенного, особенных характеристик, представленных актуализированным именем собственным, и коррелирует с типом множественности денотата. Тип артикля соответствует функциональному статусу каждого из трёх возможных – определенному, неопределенному, нулевому.

The author explores the meaning of proper names and other types of singular terms in the context of propositional attitudes, combining the problems of empty names, rigid designators and non-specific reading. An object in the attitudes can be given to the agent as such (de re), in the description (de dicto), as well as in several intermediate ways. From the analysis of the phe­nomenon of rigid designation, I move on to the theory of the object, where I consider two alterna­tives — strict, or Leibnizian, and weak. The first explains the actual non-existence by impossi­bility, the second — by occasionality. Here there are two ways of defining non-existent (fiction­al) objects — kinship and the counterpart relation, which are realized in frames that are different in their features. Nonspecific character is inherent in the kinship and counterpart relation in different ways. A special case is formed by hybrid worlds in which the real and the fictitious meet. The result of my analysis is five variants of a weakened de re reading of proper names and other singular terms in the context of attitudes. I describe their features, touching on the cogni­tive effect of narration, which operates with the appropriate attitudes.

Not every proper name is a proper noun. The acquisition of this status is, in principle, yet not always, devoid of visible traces. We postulate that some morpho-lexical configurations are more compatible than others with lexicalisation. This postulate is correlated with the hypothesis that the formal features of the signifier of proper noun may facilitate the identification of proper names which are the best candidates for lexicalisation. This hypothesis is examined through the analysis of a synchronic corpus of town/city and village names that shows the morphological heterogeneity of the lexical forms of that category. This analysis sheds light on the affinity of these toponymic lexemes with the monolexical configuration pure proper noun. It also reveals the existence of thresholds of maximum complexity in this type of lexemes, which vary according to the morpho-lexical category of their core. The analysis of the data also foregrounds the underestimated impact of opacity on the formal description of proper names and on their lexicalisation.

Translation is not an isolated field of activity. It is closely related to the certain historical, political, ideological, socio-cultural, and sociolinguistic context of a country, i.e., translation depends on polysystems of a particular period of time. The article examines two different translations of Moliere’s play “The Tartuffe” into Lithuanian. “The Tartuffe” was first translated by Čiurlionienė-Kymantaitė in 1928 and later in 1967 by Churginas. This research is based on the polysystem theory of Even-Zohar and Toury’s theory of norms in translation. For the analysis of the translations of the theatre play, proper nouns were chosen as the object of the research. The analysis was done using comparative, linguistic descriptive and quantitative methods. These methods assisted in comparing decisions of translation used to translate proper nouns of “The Tartuffe”. Moreover, the analysis reveals the tradition of translation of proper nouns and the changes during the Interwar and Soviet Lithuania periods. In order to achieve the aim of the research, the objectives are as follows: to discuss the activity of translation as a part of the polysystems, to select and classify proper nouns of the research material according to translation decisions chosen by each translator, to review its validity and to discuss translation changes of Lithuanian translation tradition from the beginning to the end of XX century. After a comparative study of the translation of personal nouns in the research material, the author identifies and discusses five translation decisions: phonetic adaptation, omission, grammaticalization of the authentic form, replacement into another proper noun and actualization. Both translators mainly used phonetic adaptation, i.e., linguistic application of proper nouns. Looking towards both translations from the perspective of the social norms theory of Toury and the theoretical concept of polysystemical and binary oppositions of Even-Zohar, it can be assumed that translating Moliere’s play “The Tartuffe”, which belongs to the world literature canon, both translators (Čiurlionienė-Kymantaitė and Churginas) accepted the translation challenges of classical literature, understood the value of the work and the importance of maintaining the uniqueness of this theater play which belongs to Classicism. A comparative analysis of translation of the proper nouns allows identifying the dynamic formation of the tradition of proper nouns translation and its changes in Lithuania starting from quite diverse decisions of translation during the Interwar period, which was characterized by a free translation market, unrestricted selection of translations and their adaptation to the sociocultural and linguistic expectations of the readers, to the development of centralized and institutionalized norms in translation during the period of Soviet Lithuania, which was marked by unanimously applied rules of translation of the proper nouns and norms of the standard Lithuanian language. The results of the comparative research of the translation of the proper nouns allow us to confirm that the first translation, published in 1928, introduced Molière’s play to the Lithuanian culture of translation but became obsolete. Thus, almost forty years later, in 1967 there was a need for a new version of translation of “The Tartuffe” that would be adapted to a contemporary period in which cultural systematic knowledge and the usage of cultural elements and language differed from the first translation version.

The growth of economic, cultural, and political exchanges among different countries has led to the formation of new scopes in the translation profession. The legal and political significance of organizational titles and commercial brands has caused the translation of these elements to be in need of extreme precision and dependent upon particular linguistic and technical considerations. The present study is a field research with a linguistic perspective on the translation of brand and organization names from Persian to English. While analysing the syntactic structure of such names and presenting different methods for their translation, a new classification of translator errors in rendering such structures is provided. The results indicate that four types of error are more common, namely: 1. mistaking a proper noun for a common noun and the reverse, 2. grammatical mistakes, 3. combined errors (grammatical & lexical) and 4. lexical errors. The findings also reveal that the recognition of the linguistic elements forming organizational and brand names, especially the combination of proper and common names, knowing the international conventions in their translation, as well as attention to cultural considerations are preconditions of an appropriate translation of such titles, and translators should receive special training in this regard.

The article presents the results of a study of functional, semantic and chronological issues concerning Middle English occupational terms with Scandinavian word stems. The semantic group under investigation consists of 184 words, comprising 24.5% of the total number of loan-blends within the semantic group of Middle English occupational terms, and 8% of the total 2,417 Middle English occupational terms. 97 loan-blends with Scandinavian word stems were revealed on the basis of proper names. They constitute 13% of all Middle English occupational terms. a predominance of the function of identification and a very active usage with the aim of identifying people in medieval society prove loan-blends with Scandinavian word stems to be very popular. The data obtained in the study prove the very high level of popularity of Scandinavian borrowings in Middle English, as well as a prevalence of the names of artisans among all the semantic groups of the word stems. We noted an increase in the number of derivatives first attested in the 13th and the 14th centuries, whereas a decrease in the process of word formation on the basis of Scandinavian borrowings is noticed in the 15th century.

The dichotomy “language and speech” will never disappear as a part of research from linguistic studies. These two phenomena nourish and rich each other. Vocative is one of such cross-points between language and speech in Ukrainian. The paradox of the situation happens because there are certain grammar rules, also there is a rule how to use a case itself but unfortunately there are some deviations in speech too. Precisely these deviations are one of the examples of constant language and speech interaction. The relevance of the topic is due to the necessity to explore changes in the Ukrainian language associated with the use of vocative forms as a result of the new time tendency in conditions of modern communicative discourse. The purpose of the article is to consider vocative form (vocative case) formation peculiarities in the Ukrainian language in the newest communicative discourse. To achieve this goal, a descriptive method, a comparative analysis method and a classification analysis method have been used. The vocative case history in the Ukrainian language has changed greately over the last almost 100 years. These changes are being felt even now as despite the fact that vocative case has been fully functioning in the Ukrainian language paradigm since 90s of the twentieth century so far, we can still observe the wrong formation and use of form of appeal – in the nominative case instead of the vocative one. Vocative has been present in Ukrainian since ancient times. Folklore texts, where carols, generosities, spring cherries and other genres are used precisely in the vocative case, can serve its evedence. Vocative was introduced into the case paradigm of the Ukrainian language by the fourth edition of “Ukrainian spelling” and took the 7th place there. More than 25 years have passed since then but the vocative case problem has not disappeared yet, because Ukrainians are bilingual. This leads to a number of errors, since many people forget that the nominative and vocative are two different cases and each of them has its own function in the language. The nominative is the initial form which denotes the name of animated and inanimated nouns. Vocative case performs the function of the addressee`s action. In contrast to the Ukrainian language, nominative case performs two functions – nominative and appellative in the Russian language The vocative case in the Ukrainian language should be considered taking into account the category of gender, number, declination and group. According to the changes occuring in the speech, forming vocative, it is necessary to consider various options for names which exist in the language, exactly: full (official) name, abbreviated (colloquial) name or diminutive form of the name. The vocative case today is gaining momentum in speech and to a certain extent it is becoming unified. This can be seen in the case of two-word references. At the moment, appeals consisting of a common noun and a proper name as well as two common nouns are fully used only in the vocative case although another option has only been possible until recent times: a common noun in the vocative case, a proper name in the nominative; the first name is common in the vocative case, the second one is common only in the nominative case. Perhaps a similar tendency will also soon refer to appeals, which include the nominal name and surname. Time will tell.

Copyright of Białostockie Archiwum Językowe is the property of University of Bialystok and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the paper is to describe, compare and typologize onymic models of names of livestock breeds. In the analysis, we focused on the model structure and abundance of onymic models and types of onymic models of the examined group of names, as well as on the use (types), frequency representation and lexical representation of functional members which characterize the analysed models. We obtained a total of 22 onymic models A1 and 6 types of onymic models by model analysis. Two-membered models with the most frequent variant semantic field PÚ + NP, like baškirský kôň, korzická ovca, are the most frequently represented in the set. In onymic models, a total of four functional members were used, with the functional members PÚ ("belonging to the territory") and VL ("quality") dominating. The obtained material creates a basis for further research, including a comparison with models of different subcategories of chrematonyms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The numerous works carried out over the last twenty years on proper nouns have focused above all on highlighting their formal and semantic diversity and their complex discursive functioning. This has not only relegated to the background the definitional question of proper nouns that used to agitate the philosophical-logical-linguistic world, but also presented it as outdated, the distinction between proper nouns and common nouns being no more than a gradual opposition. In this article, we propose to return to the question of the definition of proper nouns with the main objective of showing that the distinction proper noun/common noun is not a matter of continuity, but represents a difference of denomination which is crucial, because it reflects a basic ontological difference between categories and particulars or individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proper nouns (often abbreviated PN or NNP) are a class of words important in labelling and subsequent text processing, especially in natural language processing (NLP). Name entity recognition (NER) is one study that requires PN. The lack of labeled data for Indonesian text, especially the PN label, may be attributed for the lack of NER research in the Indonesian language. This study aims to detect PN in Indonesian-language translations of the Quran guided by deriving location information from the Quran as its source text. In the Indonesian language, PN are written using initial capital letters, which are used to determine and guide PN location. This article proposes that PN in Indonesian-language translations of the Quran can be determined based on PoS Information of Quranic text by developing a certain production rule. The results of this research showed that the proposed method has promising results for further research.

In Arabic language, one of the main components that constitute sentences is nouns. Although the nouns are put into the dual classification such as “mu’rabmabni” or “marifah-nakirah”, “zâhir-pronoun”, “munsarif-gayr-i munsarif”, the issues regarding which of those types include some nouns or whether they are within the scope of both categories have been debatable for certain nouns among the linguists. Therefore, a third classification which is called vâsıta came to the fore. Despite the fact that some linguists don’t accept such a type of nouns, different viewpoints on the nouns which aren’t included into the dual classification are still popular among the linguists. In the research, the nouns which are called with the contexts such as ِيَ ْْ ْكم ُ َْ َْي ا ْحل ُف ب ِ ق َ ي ُ ْكم ُ احل) sentence between two sentences), يْمنزلت يْب املنزلة) a third position between two positions) and الواسطة) being in the middle) in grammar works as they are not included in dual classification were emphasized, and the viewpoints of linguists on them were included. As those nouns are stated with the term of “vâsıta” in the aforementioned works, that term was preferred on the title of study. It is intended to introduce these nouns;to attract notice to the discussions of linguists on this issue and to provide the right viewpoint after evaluating them. According to some linguists, nominative nouns addressee nouns which are “mufrad-ma’rifah” and nakirah and maksud”, nouns which are attributed to the first-person singular possessive pronoun, the word of ر َ َح س that the dawn of a certain day is meant, the word of سِ ْ مَأ which is adverb and proper, the proper nouns which come after ْ ن َ م with the vowel point itbâ at its end and the interrogative and which take the related irâb are vâsıta and neither mu’rab nor mabni. Some of linguists emphasized that the aforementioned nouns are associated with the mu’rab or mabni, so neither mu’rab nor mabni nouns can be out of the question. Moreover, some linguists mentioned the existence of some nouns which are not associated with the dual classification as “ all of the nouns are either marifah or nakirah in Arabic language. So it was mentioned that the nouns such as olan تَ, م َ ْن, أَي ْ ن َ ا, م َ م and كيف َwhich can not take afformative “al” and tenvin are neither marifah nor nakirah but they are vâsıta. However, the view that nouns such as interrogatives تَ, م َ ْن, أَي ْ ن َ ا, م َ م and كيف َare associated with the nakirah nouns seems to be more right. The phenomenon vâsıta was mentioned in terms that nouns are classified into two categories such as zâhir and pronoun and the pronouns are put into dual classification as discrete and adjoinant. According to the viewpoint, which is preferred, there are not nouns which are vâsıta but neither zâhir nor pronoun in Arabic language in the context of dual classification as “zâhir-pronoun”. However, this phenomenon can be mentioned in the classification “discrete-adjoinant”. The phenomenon vâsıta was discussed about the classification of proper nouns as “alem-i menkul and alem-i murtacal” and the classification of nouns into “munsarif” and “ghayr-i munsarif”. The viewpoint which mentions the phenomenon vâsıta in the aforementioned classifications seems to be more right. So the view that some nouns are not associated with two classifications while the nouns are related to the dual classifications with the different values comes up as not consisting of a suggestion. As a result, it is a forcing approach to mention that nouns are not included in dual classification such as either “mu’rab or mabni”, either “marifah or nakirah” either “pronoun or zahir” but the nouns are vâsıta. However, it is possible to mention about the nouns which are not associated with the dual classification as “Pronouns are either adjoinant or discrete”, “nouns are either menkul or murtacal”, “mu’rab nouns are either munsarif or gayr’i munsarif” but they are vâsıta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkish, being a rich language, is vivid and various in terms of the concept of colors. It can be seen with the main colors that the sub-tones of these colors are depicted in detail. The colors that have an important place in our lives have been used by people from old times in a versatile way. Mainly as a distinctive feature of an object, colors have been symbolized as a result of spiritual meanings that are attributed in every culture. Each discipline has studied the colors in different ways according to their own field of study. As a result of this, many new opinions and suggestions about colors have been made and different functions of colors have been revealed. In this study, the names of colors in Turkmen, which is one of the dialects of Turkish and which is in Oghuz (Southwestern) group in classification, are compiled from various sources. Names created using color names are also included in the study along with the words that express color. Especially the linguistic aspect of the color names is concentrated and the structure of the words such as the transformation of the color names of the main suffixes used in the color name derivation in Turkmen are emphasized. Words derived from reification form nature, which is a method whose importance and contribution can not be rejected, are also denoted. In addition to these, the names of the colors that we have identified from the works of Old Turkish period, Dîvânü Lûgati-t Türk and Kutadgu Bilig, and the Turkmen color names are compared and similarities and changes experienced are shown. The color names are intensively preferred because they are words suitable for word derivation, and the color-coded words are combined with another word to meet a new concept. Names derived from colors that are found in Turkmen sources are shown under titles according to their fields. The proverbs and idioms of the Türkmen folk literature products which the name of color passed in the study are also mentioned.

Copyright of Archivum is the property of Universidad de Oviedo, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Peculiarities of transmission of Spanish toponyms in Russian literature The article deals with peculiarities of transmission of Spanish toponyms in Russian literature. As the title implies the article describes different types of transmission of proper nouns, such as transcription, transliteration and the use of auxiliary language (for example, French or German). Much attention is giving to specific cross-cultural function of toponyms in translation as a specific linguistic unit which has a special component that is clear to representatives of only one or more language communities, usually grouped geographically. Also there is complexity and diversity of the concept of “translation of proper names”, which is not completely accurate with respect to linguistic units of a similar level. The difference between the terms translation and transmission should be stressed because toponym describes some specific place of one linguistic community and can’t be translated in other. Data are given about adaptation of Spanish toponyms in texts of Russian literature of different centuries and recommendation are given for more optimal transmission.

Proper nouns (often abbreviated PN or NNP) are a class of words important in labelling and subsequent text processing, especially in natural language processing (NLP). Name entity recognition (NER) is one study that requires PN. The lack of labeled data for Indonesian text, especially the PN label, may be attributed for the lack of NER research in the Indonesian language. This study aims to detect PN in Indonesian-language translations of the Quran guided by deriving location information from the Quran as its source text. In the Indonesian language, PN are written using initial capital letters, which are used to determine and guide PN location. This article proposes that PN in Indonesian-language translations of the Quran can be determined based on PoS Information of Quranic text by developing a certain production rule. The results of this research showed that the proposed method has promising results for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper addresses the issue of the interrelatedness of Slovakia's minority language policy and the bilingual name semiotic landscape; more specifically, the name semiotic landscape of settlements populated by Slovakia Hungarians and the way Slovakia's laws regulating name use affect visual proper noun use in the country. The name semiotic landscape constitutes an integral part of the linguistic landscape, comprising proper nouns and extralinguistic signs referring to, or accompanying names in name plates, signage in public spaces, and on various other surfaces. The name semiotic landscape is a component, an aspect, and a consequence of language policy and name policy. The way minority proper nouns can be displayed in public spaces is regulated by laws approved by the state. Some areas (such as personal name plates, business cards, and names of private institutions) are unregulated, and the forms of proper nouns can be chosen freely. This paper seeks to answer the following questions: to what extent are minority language rights implemented in visual name use in settlements populated by Slovakia Hungarians, whether Hungarian name usage is spreading, and to what extent do signage and name plates contain proper nouns in a Hungarian form. In bilingual societies, proper nouns and other signs in the minority language increase the prestige of the minority language and have the function of marking ethnic identity. In this paper, the proper noun semiotic, place name semiotic, and institution name semiotic landscapes are investigated for various proper noun types in Slovakia Hungarian settlements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal is to establish inter-dimensional links that involve social representations in the field of mental health: historicity and temporality, social and political contexts, ideas, practices and designations. In Jodelet's words: "Social representations are in history and have a history" (Jodelet, 2015, p. 9). More specifically: "the study of representations makes it possible to capture history in the making" (Jodelet, 2015). At the same time, if naming is representing, and if the name is ontologized, such a name participates in social ontology in terms of symbol and crystallization (Moscovici, 1999). When these assumptions come into play in the psychosocial investigation of the processes for psychiatric reform, they gain weight and sense, as they enable us to discover how history, the act of naming, and social representations are intertwined. Indeed, the dispute on proper nouns within the mental health policy framework is no stranger than the classification of historical dramas or the use of analogies and metaphors such as "mental institution" and "concentration camps" (Goffman, 1981). A review of the validity of these debates seeks to relocate the analysis of its reproduction as a testimony of representations that refer to realities that continually need transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a study of the hyper-semanticity of the names with which the characters disguise themselves in Las Harpías de Madrid by Alonso de Castillo Solórzano. We demonstrate here that the proper noun is not a simple sign devoid of meaning and serving only to identify the characters, but rather it is this place of sedimentation of extradiegetic references and which constitute both a weapon of seduction and imposture, while ensuring the historicity of the work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the names of insurance companies and banks operating in Slovakia. It focuses on examples of insurance companies, as the onymic model is understood as a basic onymic structure consisting of functional parts. The presented model maps the content aspect of the chrematonym. Some of the examined chrematonyms include abbreviations, which constitute a transformation of the analytical multi-word naming unit into a synthetic lexical unit. The analysed chrematonyms display certain distinctive features, including onymic units, multi-word units combined with abbreviations, and units adopted from foreign languages. The paper considers the relation of modelling to interlingual motivation as well as the weakening and loss of abbreviation motivation. A few remarks also deal with the conversion of abbreviations, changes in word class (usually from noun to adjective), gender shifts between the motivating lexical unit or its head noun and the abbreviation, and adaptation of the abbreviation to the Slovak declension system (special forms of abbreviation are formed with a stylistically marked suffix: OTP → OTPčka). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Beytulhikme: An International Journal of Philosophy is the property of Beytulhikme: An International Journal of Philosophy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)