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The work is devoted to the study of the problem of personal data protection in health care. Today, the world is dominated by a global socio-cultural process of informatization, which is based on the priority of collecting, accumulating, creating, processing, storing, exchanging and using information in any form. The growing demand for information technologies allowed modern science to characterize the new stage of society's development as an «information society». At the same time, the number of violations of the functioning of information carriers and information about a person is constantly increasing. It was emphasized that the sphere of healthcare and medicine was not an exception in the process of informatization of all spheres of human activity, which contributed and optimized the functioning and development of such spheres. The modern trend towards a rapid increase in the amount of data circulating in the information space has not escaped the sphere of health care, which has a high degree of vulnerability due to the sensitivity of data on the state of health of a person and a citizen. Nowadays, with the development of the information society, it is quite easy to identify a specific person and obtain confidential personal information about him. Therefore, issues of protection from third parties of personal data contained in centralized databases of medical information systems remain relevant. Reforms in health care, such as the introduction of electronic systems and changes in legislation, indeed generate a lot of scientific research in the field of personal data protection. This important aspect, after maintaining the confidentiality of medical information and the protection of personal data, is key to ensuring trust in the health care system. Research in this area may include evaluating the effectiveness of data protection measures, analyzing the risks of using electronic medical information processing systems, developing and improving data encryption and authentication methods, as well as studying legal aspects of personal data protection in health care. These studies help understand potential threats and identify best practices for ensuring the security and privacy of health information, which contributes to improving the quality of health care and increasing public confidence in the health care system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the main European legal acts that ensure the protection of personal data and confidential information about a person. After all, taking into account the European integration direction of Ukraine's development, the experience of legal regulation of the institution of personal data on the European continent is important for our country. It was emphasized that the rapid technological development and globalization lead to the emergence of new difficulties for the protection of personal data: the scale of collection and sharing of personal data has increased significantly; technologies allow both private companies and public bodies to use personal data on an unprecedented scale in order to implement their activities and individuals are increasingly providing access to personal information to the public and on a global scale. It is emphasized that the protection of personal data as one of the fundamental human rights is currently guaranteed by an effective combination of various EU legal instruments, in particular the founding treaties of the EU and the EU Charter, which are acts of primary EU law, as well as acts of secondary EU law. The Council of Europe Convention «On the Protection of Individuals in Relation to Automated Processing of Personal Data» dated January 28, 1981 No. 108 was analyzed as the first international legally binding document that deals exclusively with issues of personal data protection, which outlines the key principles of personal data processing, the rights of a person in connection with the processing of his personal data, basic norms regarding cross-border data transfer. The author emphasizes the importance of Ukraine's international legal obligations arising from the AA and the EU candidate status, which has once again raised the issue of the need to update and implement the latest EU standards in the field of personal data protection into national legislation. It is noted that rapid technological development and globalization lead to new challenges for personal data protection. The scale of collection and sharing of personal data has increased significantly. Technologies allow both private companies and public authorities to use personal data on an unprecedented scale to carry out their activities. Individuals are increasingly providing access to personal information to the public and on a global scale. The author emphasized the importance of Ukraine's international legal obligations arising from the AA and the acquisition of the EU candidate status, which once again raised the issue of the need to update and implement the latest EU standards in the field of personal data protection into national legislation. The result of the development of a joint pan-European regulatory act in the field of regulating the processing and protection of personal data was the adoption of the General Regulation on the Protection of Personal Data with the aim of adapting the rules of personal data protection to the era of digital technologies, the main substantive novelties of this legal act were determined. The main tasks of the European Council for the Protection of Personal Data have been clarified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analysed the directions for state regulation of technologies of the digital economy in the selected countries and a supranational union (EU). The goal of this work was to reveal the features of state regulation of the management of knowledge and information systems in the digital economy in the selected countries. The presented approaches to the regulation of the considered problem sphere are being formed, which is connected with discussions regarding the need for an increase or decrease in state interference in the companies’ activities in the sphere of information and communication technologies (ICT). The government's understanding of the necessity and productiveness of mass transition to digital technologies in various sectors of the economy and infrastructure, as well as spheres of human life activities, leads to the need to create an environment that is acceptable for the growth of the country's innovative capital through the development of business and R&D sector. The considered characteristics of the formation of the regulatory framework in the EU showed that national legal regimes must have competencies for further creation of an attractive climate for the development of entrepreneurship and the scientific and technical sector in the context of implementing new solutions in the sphere of the management of knowledge and information systems. The scientific novelty of this research consists in the identification of models for regulating the creation, implementation, and use of the technologies of knowledge and information systems management in the conditions of digitalization.

The study of the tools of public administration in modern European integration conditions of the state of Ukraine concerns important issues of personal data protection. Ukraine, as a candidate country for EU membership, is obliged to bring its legislation and practice into line with European standards. The article examines the tools of the public administration of Ukraine to ensure the protection of personal data in the context of European integration. The author claims that the public administration plays a key role in this area, because it is it that owns the personal data of its citizens. The paper analyzes various approaches to defining public administration and its tools of activity. The author concludes that the main tools of the public administration of Ukraine in the field of personal data protection in the context of European integration include: harmonization of legislation, namely bringing national legislation on the protection of personal data into compliance with European standards, in particular, with Regulation (EU) 2016/679" On the protection of natural persons in connection with the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data and on the repeal of Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation)"; institutional support, through the creation and functioning of state authorities responsible for the protection of personal data, such as the Commissioner of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine for human rights; personnel support through the training of qualified personnel to work in the field of personal data protection; information and technological support through the introduction of modern information technologies to protect personal data; international cooperation, namely cooperation with other states and international organizations in the field of personal data protection. The author emphasizes that the public administration in Ukraine, when performing its powers in the field of personal data protection, is obliged to strictly adhere to all norms of current legislation, both national and international. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analysed the directions for state regulation of technologies of the digital economy in the selected countries and a supranational union (EU). The goal of this work was to reveal the features of state regulation of the management of knowledge and information systems in the digital economy in the selected countries. The presented approaches to the regulation of the considered problem sphere are being formed, which is connected with discussions regarding the need for an increase or decrease in state interference in the companies' activities in the sphere of information and communication technologies (ICT). The government's understanding of the necessity and productiveness of mass transition to digital technologies in various sectors of the economy and infrastructure, as well as spheres of human life activities, leads to the need to create an environment that is acceptable for the growth of the country's innovative capital through the development of business and R&D sector. The considered characteristics of the formation of the regulatory framework in the EU showed that national legal regimes must have competencies for further creation of an attractive climate for the development of entrepreneurship and the scientific and technical sector in the context of implementing new solutions in the sphere of the management of knowledge and information systems. The scientific novelty of this research consists in the identification of models for regulating the creation, implementation, and use of the technologies of knowledge and information systems management in the conditions of digitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Purpose] To conduct a comprehensive analysis of the essence, types of targeted advertising, and features of personal data protection in the context of using targeted advertising with the aim of aligning Ukrainian legislation with the requirements of the European Union. In particular, the study aims to analyze the nature of advertising and the role of targeted advertising in the modern world, identify the main advantages and disadvantages of using targeted advertising, characterize different types of targeted advertising (such as contextual advertising, advertising in social networks, actually targeted advertising, and retargeting), analyze problematic issues related to the protection of personal data of users during the use of targeting technologies in Ukraine, describe key regulatory documents in the field of personal data protection in the online space that is active in the European Union, and propose measures that can be adopted from Ukrainian legislation to enhance personal data protection during the use of targeted advertising. [Methodology/Approach/Design] The analysis and synthesis method facilitated the examination of the essence of advertising and targeted advertising. Also, this method was used to characterize the different types of targeted advertising. The formal-legal and comparative-legal methods were utilized to analyze the norms of the European Union related to the protection of personal data. Lastly, the scenario method was employed to propose measures that could be adopted from Ukrainian legislation to enhance personal data protection during the use of targeted advertising. These methodological choices aimed to provide a comprehensive and well-founded analysis of targeted advertising and the protection of personal data within the context of aligning Ukrainian legislation with European Union requirements. [Findings] Ensuring the protection of personal data during targeted advertising involves adhering to specific rules and principles. These include ensuring that the collection of information is done in a transparent and voluntary manner. Only relevant and necessary information should be collected, and it is important to guarantee the protection of the data once it has been obtained.

Copyright of Collected Papers of the Law Faculty of the University of Rijeka / Zbornik Pravnog Fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci is the property of Pravni fakultet Sveucilista u Rijeci and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Industrial Revolution 4.0 and digital transformation have brought significant changes in various aspects of life, including the business and administrative world. This revolution, driven by digital technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), big data, and cloud computing, enables automation in various industrial sectors and increases efficiency and productivity. This study aims to analyze the process of collecting, processing, and using personal data in using electronic signatures in Indonesia and knowing the compliance and legal consequences of personal data protection violations in using electronic signatures in Indonesia. This research approach is juridical normative. The research found that although the use of electronic signatures has increased rapidly during the COVID-19 pandemic, many challenges are still faced. Electronic signatures are often considered prestigious and challenging, although they have been widely used in signings by notaries. The author realizes that although much progress has been made, there is still room for improvement in adopting and understanding electronic signatures in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Purpose] To conduct a comprehensive analysis of the essence, types of targeted advertising, and features of personal data protection in the context of using targeted advertising with the aim of aligning Ukrainian legislation with the requirements of the European Union. In particular, the study aims to analyze the nature of advertising and the role of targeted advertising in the modern world, identify the main advantages and disadvantages of using targeted advertising, characterize different types of targeted advertising (such as contextual advertising, advertising in social networks, actually targeted advertising, and retargeting), analyze problematic issues related to the protection of personal data of users during the use of targeting technologies in Ukraine, describe key regulatory documents in the field of personal data protection in the online space that is active in the European Union, and propose measures that can be adopted from Ukrainian legislation to enhance personal data protection during the use of targeted advertising. [Methodology/Approach/Design] The analysis and synthesis method facilitated the examination of the essence of advertising and targeted advertising. Also, this method was used to characterize the different types of targeted advertising. The formal-legal and comparative-legal methods were utilized to analyze the norms of the European Union related to the protection of personal data. Lastly, the scenario method was employed to propose measures that could be adopted from Ukrainian legislation to enhance personal data protection during the use of targeted advertising. These methodological choices aimed to provide a comprehensive and well-founded analysis of targeted advertising and the protection of personal data within the context of aligning Ukrainian legislation with European Union requirements. [Findings] Ensuring the protection of personal data during targeted advertising involves adhering to specific rules and principles. These include ensuring that the collection of information is done in a transparent and voluntary manner. Only relevant and necessary information should be collected, and it is important to guarantee the protection of the data once it has been obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeszyty Prawnicze Biuro Analiz Sejmowej is the property of Kancelaria Sejmu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the era of globalization, the protection of personal data has become a critical issue in Indonesia, especially within the e-commerce sector. Cases of this nature underscore the significance of safeguarding personal data and enforcing stringent legal measures. This research employs a normative juridical legal study that integrates two primary approaches: the legislative approach and the comparative approach. The research data sources comprise primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials obtained through a comprehensive literature review. The data analysis process is conducted using a descriptive method and applying deductive logic. The growth of e-commerce users in Indonesia has witnessed a significant increase. Law Number 27 of 2022 regulates the principles of personal data protection, encompassing the rights of data owners, transparency, and meticulous data management. While considered positive, a comparison with Malaysian regulations, such as the Personal Data Protection Act 2010, reveals fundamental differences that warrant attention. The implications of the regulation on the transfer of personal data in Law Number 27 of 2022 play a crucial role for e-commerce companies. They must ensure the security of consumers' personal data and adhere to legal principles to maintain consumer trust in an increasingly competitive market.

The article examines in detail the concept of “a person’s right to be forgotten” as an important aspect of a natural person’s right to information about himself, which allows a person to demand the removal or destruction of his personal information. The question is also devoted to the main aspects of the history and development of the “right to be forgotten” concept. The author states that a significant contribution to the regulation of the right to be forgotten within the framework of the legislation on personal data protection was made by the European Union. After all, EU Regulation 2016/679 defines the conditions for obtaining this right, the conditions for fulfilling requests to delete information about yourself, and the circumstances under which this right may be limited. However, this Regulation does not take into account the entire amount of personal information, which complicates the process of realizing the human right to be forgotten. It has been determined that different countries develop their own approaches to the right to be forgotten. It was found that the current legislation of Ukraine provides for two stages of “forgetting”: a court decision and filing a complaint for violation of the terms of consent to the processing and storage of personal data. At the same time, the decision of the European Court, which became key in the world judicial practice regarding the human right to be forgotten, was considered. In addition, the balance between the right to be forgotten and freedom of information is described. The public interest and ethical aspects in the context of the right to be forgotten are studied. The need for transparency and a balanced approach to the researched law is substantiated. The technical aspects of the human right to be forgotten and the challenges they generate are also described. The complexity of technical data deletion and the challenges of data caching and indexing have been studied. The general aspects of ensuring the security and protection of data during deletion are identified, as well as the impact of artificial intelligence and automation on the human right to be forgotten. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of IDP: Revista de Internet, Derecho y Politica is the property of Universitat Oberta de Catalunya and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Critique of Law: Independent Legal Studies / Krytyka Prawa: Niezalezne Studia nad Prawem is the property of Akademia Leona Kozminskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The human right to privacy was first proclaimed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Today, the right to privacy is enshrined in many constitutions of democratic countries. In the conditions of globalization processes of technological progress, digitization, and the Internet, the right to privacy attracts more and more attention of scientists, since the information environment causes threats to a person's private life without his knowledge. The article focuses on the right to privacy in the context of information globalization. Situations of violation of the right to privacy are analyzed. Attention is focused on existing threats to information privacy, which are the most common nowadays. The reasons for a possible interference in the information privacy of a person have been established. The expediency of certain limitations of the right to privacy is determined and the reasons for such necessity are given. Attention is drawn to the fact that the personal information protection mechanism needs constant improvement, as new trends and aspects of its protection appear every year. The norms of international documents that regulate the specified issues have been analyzed. Taking into account the normative legal acts, the practical state of the realization of the right to privacy in the conditions of modern information technologies in Ukraine has been investigated. A number of criteria have been singled out for restrictions on the disclosure of information that falls under the sphere of a person's private life. With the advent of computers, the advent of the Internet and the spread of automated processing of personal information, the right to privacy acquires additional meaning. In view of the modern development of electronic technologies, the prevalence of subjects whose main activity is the collection, storage and use of personal data of users for the purpose of advertising or forming public opinions, the question of the value of private life and the protection of this right by Internet users is relevant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schools are where human rights, children's rights, and culture of democracy are taught. Although schools aim to ensure children attain these crucial objectives, various practices violating children's rights can be occasionally witnessed at schools. While trying to ensure security and discipline in educational institutions, school administrators and teachers may behave in a way that can violate the rights of children. Rights of administrators and teachers over children are not unlimited, and certain sanctions can be imposed in case of violations of children's rights. With the rapid increase in digitalization, the issue of processing the personal data of children, who are more fragile and in need of protection than adults, has gained a more important dimension. Schools are at the forefront of institutions processing children's data most intensely. Illegally misused data may have various negative effects on students. In accordance with human rights, children also have privacy and personal immunity as well as adults. In schools, one of the practices that cause the violation of these fundamental rights is the unlawful search of students, their bags and lockers by school administrators, teachers and other school staff. These unlawful acts include crimes of unfair search, abuse of office and maltreatment pursuant to the Turkish Penal Code. This study aims to reveal the violations of rights regarding the body and belongings searches and other personal data protection at schools. Within this context, all the practices and activities for ensuring security and discipline at schools should be carried out in accordance with human rights and with a child-friendly approach, in a way that also takes the best interests of the children into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Latin American Law Review is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Belügyi Szemle / Academic Journal of Internal Affairs is the property of Ministry of Interior of Hungary and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Revista Enfoques: Ciencia Política y Administración Pública is the property of Universidad Central de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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The rapid development of information and communication technologies has brought many benefits to modern society, but it has also created new challenges for personal privacy and the accuracy of information. This study proposes various measures that can be taken by individuals, social media companies, and governments to protect personal data and combat disinformation. These measures include promoting awareness of privacy and disinformation issues, establishing technical standards and regulations for data protection, and conducting audits to ensure compliance with them. The study also evaluates Türkiye’s activities in this context and recommends further improvements. Overall, this study aims to contribute to understanding the challenges posed by personal privacy and disinformation in the digital era and provides practical recommendations for addressing these challenges. Il rapido sviluppo delle tecnologie dell'informazione e della comunicazione ha portato molti benefici alla società moderna, ma ha anche creato nuove sfide per la privacy e l'accuratezza delle informazioni. Questo studio propone diverse misure che possono essere adottate da individui, aziende di social media e governi per proteggere i dati personali e combattere la disinformazione. Tali misure includono la promozione della consapevolezza dei problemi di privacy e disinformazione, la definizione di standard tecnici e regolamentazioni per la protezione dei dati, nonché la conduzione di audit per garantire la conformità agli stessi. Lo studio valuta anche le attività della Turchia in questo contesto e raccomanda ulteriori miglioramenti. Nel complesso, questo studio mira a contribuire alla comprensione delle sfide poste dalla privacy e dalla disinformazione nell'era digitale e fornisce raccomandazioni pratiche per affrontarle.

These days, crimes against personal data are not uncommon in society, necessitating a legal foundation to provide legal protection for individuals' privacy rights. The enactment of the Personal Data Protection Act brings a breath of fresh air to the community, but its comprehensive implementation is still not possible due to the absence of an authorized institution under this law. This research aims to discuss the importance of a personal data protection institution in ensuring the security of individuals' personal data. The study is of a normative nature and employs a statutory approach and a historical approach. The research findings indicate that the substantive provisions of the personal data protection law have sufficiently addressed the need for personal data protection for the community. However, these regulations have not been fully implemented due to the lack of a clearly defined institution in the law, resulting in delays in the establishment of such an institution. Therefore, it is necessary to have regulations that govern the inclusion of a supporting state institution in a law, in order to establish the desired standardization and avoid a lack of provisions that impede the formation of the institution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights the legal concerns surrounding the protection of minors' personal data. The writers have conducted an original study of the sources regulating civil and labor relations in the field of acquiring and using personal data. The expansion and use of information technology and online communications can potentially lead to the violation of personal rights by the owners of personal data, both in workplace settings and in the daily lives of ordinary residents. The purpose of this article is to highlight issues concerning the collection, storage, use, and dissemination of the personal data of a minor, as well as to develop methods to protect the personal data of a child based on a comprehensive analysis of international acts, Ukrainian legislation, unique literature, and case law materials pertaining to the protection of personal data of a minor. Based on the analysis of national legislation and case law of the European Union, the author concludes that the right to personal data protection is one of the forms of realization of the right to respect for private and family life. The obligation to protect person's rights to processing and storage of his or her private information is a negative obligation on the part of both the State and the owners of personal data. The article addresses current difficulties concerning the security of children' personal data under current civil and medical legislation in Ukraine and other countries. The provisions of the General Data Protection Regulation, the California Consumer Privacy Act, and Ukraine's "On Personal Data Protection" Law are compared. Possible steps to establish further protection of children's personal data during collection and processing, whether utilizing websites, video games, online purchases, and so on, are proposed. The paper concludes that state functions should be executed without necessitating individuals' consent for the collection of personal data. Personal data processing should be carried out within the framework and on the basis of Ukrainian laws and regulations, taking into account international conventions in this area. The analysis of methods for safeguarding children's personal data enabled the identification of supplementary avenues for data protection. These include acquiring copies of personal data by both children and their parents, rectifying inaccuracies, completing incomplete data, exercising the 'right to be forgotten' and the 'right to erasure' of personal data, invalidating transactions, and seeking compensation for material and moral damages arising from the unlawful use of personal data [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Derecho Comunitario Europeo is the property of Centro de Estudios Politicos y Constitucionales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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The article presents arguments for the need to further improve of the Polish constitutional provisions establishing guarantees in the area of personal data protection. To this end, the development and current framework of EU data protection law and the national guarantees of the individual's informational autonomy introduced in the Polish Constitution are presented. Against this background, the author argues that the Polish Constitution, although it provides certain guarantees related to the protection of information concerning an individual, is not in fact a source of a coherent, consistent and independent public subjective right to the protection of personal data. The author considers whether the examined set of constitutional norms can constitute a control model for assessing the permissibility of using many modern (and intrusive) forms of interference with fundamental rights, including those used by public entities - in this regard, he discusses in detail the case of the ClearView AI system. Particular attention is paid to the impact of the recent reform of the sub-constitutional provisions on the protection of personal data on the legibility and effectiveness of constitutional guarantees of the informational autonomy of the individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi is the property of Justice Academy of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The rise of connected objects in the consumer environment requires professionals to process large volumes of information that may be sensitive. Some connected objects endanger the privacy of consumers because of breaches that could result from the dissemination of the information they collect. Although the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) imposes various obligations, such as information and transparency requirements, on data processors as well as the need to obtain clear user consent around personal data, the implementation of these provisions remains unclear. In light of behavioral economics’ researchers findings on individual decision-making processes, we can now better understand why certain provisions may not be as effective as anticipated.

The article analyzes the protection of personal data based on foreign experience. Social networking has been identified as one of the most prominent cultural phenomena to emerge in the Web 2.0 era. They keep users connected and facilitate the exchange of information between them. The European Union has adopted a new personal data protection system called the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Its main goals include providing individuals with tools to control their personal data, implementing modern standards for the protection of personal information, developing the digital space of the European Union to safeguard personal data, ensuring strict compliance by all parties, and providing legal support for the international transfer of personal information. United States legislative documents related to aspects of data protection and privacy were analyzed, namely: California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA); Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA); Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA); State data breach notification laws. It is noted that China has a comprehensive legal framework that regulates the protection of personal data, and includes the following legal acts: Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL) and Data Security Law (DSL). Conclusions were made that the urgency and importance of protecting personal data in social networks is due to rapid technological progress, the growth of cyber security threats and the spread of these platforms. By protecting personal data, people can maintain privacy, prevent abuse, maintain user trust, reduce risk, and comply with legal obligations. The issue of ensuring mobility and interoperability in social networks gives particular importance to the protection of personal data, as it relates to this particular data, and not just to technology, as it may be in the telecommunications sector. This requires additional thought and measures to ensure privacy and data security. Therefore, when developing legal protection mechanisms for online social networks, it is necessary to take into account and solve problems related to the protection of personal data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Res Historica is the property of Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The issue of information disclosure to the public led the Supreme Court to issue a regulation in the form of a Decision concerning Information Disclosure in Courts, which was further supplemented by a Decision outlining Guidelines for Information Services in Courts. This regulation resulted in the creation of the Supreme Court Decision Directory, allowing the public free access to copies of each case's full decision. However, the Criminal Procedure Code restricts the distribution of decision copies, limiting access to court decisions. This research aims to examine how the Directory of Decisions of the Supreme Court ensures the legal protection of parties' data, particularly in criminal cases. The analysis was conducted using legal theory and relevant legislation, employing doctrinal research, concept, and statutory approach methods. The findings indicate that the Supreme Court Decision Directory does not fully protect the personal data of parties, especially defendants. Additionally, the KMA SK, which serves as the technical guideline for information disclosure in court, fails to address the privacy rights of defendants and third parties.

Cases of leakage of personal data are a serious problem for countries that should be guaranteed safety as the identity and rights of individual citizens. In Indonesia, there are still many problems related to the security of cyberspace, one of which is becoming a trend of public issues, namely leakage of personal data. The rapid development of information and communication technology has provided changes to the character of community activities that are currently dominated by the use of the internet as a characteristic of modern society so the presence of the state to provide protection is important for the community. In this article, a case study of data leakage incidents in Indonesia and personal data protection policies carried out in the European Union, Singapore and Malaysia were chosen to be presented. The European Union is a supranational organization that has successfully implemented a policy of protecting personal data through the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Meanwhile, Singapore has implemented a similar policy since 2012 through Personal Data Protection Act. Other learning can also be taken from Malaysia which already has a national regulation on data protection since 2010. Indonesia needs to take lessons by conducting policy comparative analysis and can contribute to the government in making derivative regulations from the newly ratified personal data protection law by the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia to provide concrete protection for personal data in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An application of the new technologies has involved a modern regulation, and the European states have received the electronic form of the patient file and have transposed it into a relatively recent regulation, and the novelty of the problems and the strict dependence on the IT platforms have led to successive changes in the legislation, at the level of several states. Adjustments, correlations, adaptations took place at the law-technology border, in relation to the „physical” reality of the national medical system. The electronic health file does not have the role of replacing the „classic” file, in written form. The latter remains in the circuit of the health system and preserves its usefulness, and the medical act is not conditioned by the existence of an electronic file. From the DES perspective and for the usefulness of the approach undertaken, some guarantees of the protection of private life and personal data were verified. The secrecy of the data concerning health is no longer just a „privacy” between the patient and a limited number of people, but is „displayed” on an IT platform, to which several natural persons/entities have access, the technical access key (matrix, user, password) is entrusted to the users through the administrator, given that the Internet is an environment susceptible to the generation of security breaches. Granting access to the entire electronic file implies that the medical staff is aware of all the information and all the health problems of a person. The secret becomes a „shared” one and the central problem (of the patient) is the control -- over the private life, over their own personal data, over the information that, otherwise, they would not want to be disclosed in a virtual environment. At issue is not only a balance between public interest (public health) and private interest or between personality rights that can end up in a conflicting position. If it will be proven that the interest of the medical care coordination prevails over the patient's acceptance, then the electronic file will remain outside the true control of its owner. But, if, on the contrary, the patient has the prerogative of control (with justified, strict, limiting exceptions), then his right to limit access to the file will be recognized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]