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In the outpatient setting, ambulatory electrocardiography is the most frequently used diagnostic modality for the evaluation of patients in whom cardiac arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities are suspected. Proper selection of the device type and monitoring duration is critical for optimizing diagnostic yield and cost-effective resource utilization. However, despite guidance from major professional societies, the lack of systematic guidance for proper test selection in many institutions results in the need for repeat testing, which leads to not only increased resource utilization and cost of care, but also suboptimal patient care. To address this unmet need at our own institution, we formed a multidisciplinary panel to develop a concise, yet comprehensive algorithm, incorporating the most common indications for ambulatory electrocardiography, to efficiently guide clinicians to the most appropriate test option for a given clinical scenario, with the goal of maximizing diagnostic yield and optimizing resource utilization. The algorithm was designed as a single-page, color-coded flowchart to be utilized both as a rapid reference guide in printed form, and a decision support tool embedded within the electronic medical records system at the point of order entry. We believe that systematic adoption of this algorithm will optimize diagnostic efficiency, resource utilization, and importantly, patient care and satisfaction., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Current guidelines recommend that patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTEACS) receive dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) early in hospitalisations. However, observational studies suggest that this rarely occurs. We evaluated site-specific variation and clinical outcomes associated with early DAPT among patients undergoing angiography for NSTEACS., Methods: In this observational analysis, we identified patients undergoing angiography for NSTEACS in Veterans Affairs hospitals from 2008 to 2016 and assessed characteristics and site variation associated with early DAPT (administration <24 hours of admission). Using propensity matching, we compared time to revascularisation, recurrent myocardial infarction (MI) and mortality between those receiving early DAPT and those not receiving early DAPT (administration ≥24 hours)., Results: Of 45 569 patients undergoing angiography for NSTEACS, 15 084 (33%) received early DAPT. Early DAPT was more frequent in patients with non-ST elevation MI, prior surgical revascularisation and among patients undergoing revascularisation. There was a greater than twofold difference in early DAPT across sites, independent of patient characteristics (median OR 2.43, 95% CI 2.28 to 2.55). There was no difference in time topercutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) between groups, but a significant delay to surgical revascularisation with early DAPT (median 4 vs 3 days, p<0.001) without reduction in hazard of death or MI (HR 1.08, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.16) and similar results demonstrated in the subgroup of patients undergoing revascularisation (HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.13)., Conclusion: Among NSTEACS patients undergoing coronary angiography, early DAPT was not associated with improvement of outcomes but was associated with delays in surgical revascularisation., Competing Interests: Competing interests: SWW received research support to the Denver Research Institute from Abiomed, Cardiovascular Systems Incorporated and Merck Pharmaceuticals. The other authors have no industry relations to disclose., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Lower extremity arterial thromboembolism is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We sought to establish temporal trends in the incidence, management and outcomes of lower extremity arterial thromboembolism within the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System (VAHS). We identified patients admitted to VAHS between 2003 and 2014 with a primary diagnosis of lower extremity arterial thromboembolism. Medical and procedural management were ascertained from pharmaceutical and administrative data. Subsequent rates of major adverse limb events (MALE), major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), and mortality were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models. From 2003 to 2014, there were 10,636 patients hospitalized for lower extremity thromboembolism across 140 facilities, of which 8474 patients had adequate comorbid information for analysis. Age-adjusted incidence decreased from 7.98 per 100,000 patients (95% CI: 7.28-8.75) in 2003 to 3.54 (95% CI: 3.14-3.99) in 2014. On average, the likelihood of receiving anti-platelet or anti-thrombotic therapy increased 2.3% (95% CI: 1.2-3.4%) per year during this time period and the likelihood of undergoing endovascular revascularization increased 4.0% (95% CI: 2.7-5.4%) per year. Clinical outcomes remained constant over time, with similar rates of MALE, MACE and mortality at 1 year after adjustment. In conclusion, the incidence of lower extremity arterial thromboembolism is decreasing, with increasing utilization of anti-thrombotic therapies and endovascular revascularization among those with this condition. Despite this evolution in management, patients with lower extremity thromboembolism continue to experience high rates of amputation and death within a year of the index event.

Purpose: The benefit of drug-eluting stents (DES) versus drug-coated balloons (DCB) in coronary artery in-stent restenosis (ISR) for the prevention of target lesion revascularization (TLR), stent thrombosis, and mortality remains uncertain. Our aim was to synthesize the available evidence from randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and observational studies that directly compare second-generation drug-eluting stents (SG-DES) and DCB for the treatment of coronary ISR., Methods: Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Central were searched for RCTs or observational studies, published up to March 15, 2017. A random effects model meta-analysis investigating clinical and angiographic outcomes was conducted for RCTs and observational studies that compared SG-DES versus DCB for the treatment of ISR., Results: Ten studies and 2,173 patients were included in this meta-analysis. The two treatment strategies were proven equal with regards to TLR, myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, and cardiac mortality in both randomized and observational studies. No difference was found among RCTs for all-cause mortality, while in observational studies, patients who were treated with SG-DES had a lower mortality compared to DCB (OR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.27-0.83). In the pooled analysis also (RCTs and observational studies), SG-DES were associated with lower all-cause mortality compared to DCB. Patients treated with SG-DES were also superior in terms of minimal lumen diameter (standardized mean difference: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.12-0.66)., Conclusions: The two treatment strategies are equal for the treatment of ISR, while the difference in all-cause mortality might be potentially explained by baseline differences in the two groups among real-world studies., (© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is a relatively prevalent and highly morbid condition. Patients with CLI have a poor prognosis, especially in the setting of incomplete revascularization. Traditionally, achieving optimal revascularization has been limited by the high prevalence of small-vessel disease in this population. More recently, advanced endovascular techniques, increased operator experience, and new technologies have enabled complete revascularization of inframalleolar disease with encouraging clinical results. In this article, we present an approach to endovascular therapy for inframalleolar revascularization of patients with CLI., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Acquired type of LV to RA shunt (Gerbode defect) is rare form of intracardiac shunt which is due to complications of invasive cardiac procedures, endocarditis, trauma or myocardial infarction. Increasing invasive and recurrent cardiovascular procedures have led to more acquired cases of what used to be a predominant congenital heart defect. Advanced cardiac imaging techniques and awareness of this rare pathology may account for the increased number of case reports in the last two decades Advanced cardiac imaging tools such as cardiac CT, MRI and Real-time 3D echocardiography provide definitive diagnosis and anatomic characterization of the shunt. Real-time 3D echocardiography is an imaging technique with arguably the most advantages. It is not only a diagnostic tool; it has also become an integral part of percutaneous and surgical treatment. Although surgical repair is the usual treatment for this shunt, percutaneous catheter-based closure has seen significant success as a less invasive treatment in selected patients in the last decade. In summary, a beneficial side effect of the increasing frequency of acquired Gerbode defect has been the corresponding development of newer diagnostic tools and less invasive treatments. This article presents etiologic, diagnostic and treatment changes of acquired LV-RA shunts over the last two decades.