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The Mediterranean Sea is worldwide the area most affected by introduced species. The Suez Canal (Lessepsian species) and shellfish aquaculture are the main routes for introduction, in addition to shipping (fouling, clinging and ballast waters). Two non-indigenous Lophocladia (Montagne) F.Schmitz species have been recorded from the Mediterranean Sea: the Red Sea and Indian Ocean L. lallemandii (Montagne) F.Schmitz and the western tropical Atlantic Ocean L. trichoclados (C.Agardh) F.Schmitz. On the basis of molecular data, Golo et al. (2023, 2024) concluded that the species which invaded the Mediterranean only belongs to the western Atlantic L. trichoclados. Until the mid-2010s, the north of the western basin was the only Mediterranean area not invaded by this species. In the present paper, we report for the first time the presence of L. trichoclados from this region in Provence and Corsica. Interestingly, L. trichoclados does not occur and bear reproductive organs in spring but in autumn and winter, although it is a species of tropical affinity. RÉSUMÉ Signalements de Lophocladia trichoclados (C.Agardh) F.Schmitz (Rhodophyta), une espèce non-indigène, en Provence et en Corse. La Méditerranée est la région la plus affectée, dans le monde, par les invasions biologiques. Le canal de Suez (espèces dites 'lessepsiennes') et la conchyliculture constituent les principaux vecteurs d'introduction, en plus de la navigation (espèces transportées sur la coque des bateaux et eaux de ballast). Deux espèces non-indigènes du genre Lophocladia (Montagne) F.Schmitz ont été signalées en Mediterranée: l'espèce de mer Rouge et de l'océan Indien L. lallemandii (Montagne) F.Schmitz, et l'espèce de l'Atlantique tropical occidental L. trichoclados (C.Agardh) F.Schmitz. Sur la base de données moléculaires, Golo et al. (2023, 2024) ont conclu que l'espèce invasive en Méditerranée correspond à l'espèce de l'Atlantique occidental, L. trichoclados. Jusqu'au milieu des années 2010, le nord du bassin occidental constituait la seule région méditerranéenne non envahie par cette espèce. Nos observations en Provence et en Corse comblent cette lacune. Curieusement, la prolifération et la reproduction de L. trichoclados, une espèce d'affinité tropicale, ne s'observent pas au printemps, mais en automne et en hiver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Synergy (1841-7191) is the property of Editura ASE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Liturgy was the perfect and unparalleled medium for public relations in the Middle Ages, and when it came to relics, it could transform any stone, bone, or a piece of wood into an object worthy of devotion. This article revolves around the activating force of the relics of Mary Magdalene in medieval France. It examines two liturgies—from Vézelay and from Saint-Maximin in Provence—honouring the saint, representing two distinct responses whose character reflects the priorities of the communities that produced them and the agendas that set them in motion. Liturgy was accorded a special role in bolstering the claims of Provence over the corporeal presence of Mary Magdalene in its midst, with liturgists adopting a more audacious and unreserved vocabulary to validate these claims over those of Vézelay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geophilid centipede Endogeophilus alberti sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on a single specimen collected from Provence, southern France. It is very similar to E. ichnusae Bonato, Zapparoli, Drago & Minelli, 2016, which is known only from three specimens from south-western Sardinia, and was the only species in the genus Endogeophilus Bonato, Zapparoli, Drago & Minelli, 2016. Both species share a remarkably narrow body, very short setae, and an unusually high number of legs, which are relatively stout. All these traits are rare among geophilids and suggest an endogeic life style. Despite of the very few specimens available for comparison and the difficulties to distinguish inter-specific differences from intra-specific variation, the two species differ at least in the shape of the pretarsi of the second maxillae and the shape of the forcipules. A revised diagnosis of the genus Endogeophilus is also provided, with an identification key to all genera of Geophilidae s.l. recorded so far in Europe, based on selected characters to evaluate without anatomical dissection and illustrated with original pictures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Écrivain autodidacte et paysan, Delavouët édifia une œuvre riche d’où émerge Pouèmo, une vaste composition poétique qui, mêlant l’évocation de la Provence à de multiples échos mythiques, constitue une puissante fresque de l’existence. Par cette œuvre écrite en provençal, Delavouët offre au lecteur une poésie porteuse d’un patrimoine précieux. Il donne à voir un patrimoine naturel menacé ; il invite à comprendre la valeur du patrimoine culturel que représente la civilisation paysanne ; enfin, il montre la dignité du patrimoine linguistique que constitue la langue provençale. Cet article parcourt la biographie et l’œuvre de Delavouët avant de montrer comment le Centre d’étude qui lui est consacré développe des initiatives visant à la valorisation de ce patrimoine naturel, littéraire, culturel et linguistique.

Notre contribution vise à explorer l’univers narratif de Jean Giono selon une approche cartographique, à la croisée de la géocritique, des disciplines du paysage et des sciences patrimoniales. Notre objectif est d’interroger les rapports de l’écrivain aux cartes et leur rôle, d’une part, dans la création des espaces fictionnels, de l’autre, dans la mise en place de parcours patrimoniaux de découverte de la Haute-Provence. Une première partie se concentre sur l’interrelation narrative qui s’établit entre la pratique cartographique, la mémoire et l’expérience spatiale (le lien entre la carte et la genèse de l’écriture). La deuxième partie se focalise sur les utilisations patrimoniales de cette écriture cartographique, avec la présentation de quelques cas d’étude (cartographies imaginaires et promenades littéraires). Une place importante est accordée aux rapports entre carte et marche, dispositifs de découverte et tout à la fois de compréhension de l’espace provençal et de ces géographies littéraires.

Liturgy was the perfect and unparalleled medium for public relations in the Middle Ages, and when it came to relics, it could transform any stone, bone, or a piece of wood into an object worthy of devotion. This article revolves around the activating force of the relics of Mary Magdalene in medieval France. It examines two liturgies—from Vézelay and from Saint-Maximin in Provence—honouring the saint, representing two distinct responses whose character reflects the priorities of the communities that produced them and the agendas that set them in motion. Liturgy was accorded a special role in bolstering the claims of Provence over the corporeal presence of Mary Magdalene in its midst, with liturgists adopting a more audacious and unreserved vocabulary to validate these claims over those of Vézelay.

The article describes a little-known period in the life of one of the major figures of the French Revolution — Paul Barras (1755-1829). That was the time of his youth, attempts to make a career as a professional military man. At the same time, the formation of his socio-political ideas took place. The study of this figure is undoubtedly important, since Barras played a key role in such turning points of the revolution as: 9 Thermidor — the overthrow of the Jacobin dictatorship and 13 Vendemière (October 5, 1795) — the defeat of a dangerous royalist uprising that almost destroyed the Republic. He will go down in world history as the leader of the Directory regime. The economic troubles of this stage of the French Revolution, the machinations of corrupt officials, political instability — all this will be blamed primarily on him. He was presented as a certain deputy — a businessman closely connected with the so-called new bourgeoisie. A careful study of his youth does not seem to fit well with such ideas and versions. Neither by origin, nor by his way of life, Paul Barras had anything to do with the French bourgeoisie, neither with the old — Rentier, nor with the new — business. It was a typical representative of the noble nobility of the «sword». His attitude to material values was also appropriate. Such people could squander funds, «burn life», but they were not adapted to entrepreneurial activity. Barras was attracted by service in the navy, adventures in the French colonies. Under these conditions, Barras showed himself to be an independent and courageous military officer, able to show ingenuity at a critical moment. And in another way, his behavior resembled the lifestyle of many young nobles of his time. Just like them, he was a member of the Masonic lodge, visited salons, and was attentive to new social trends. Already under the Old Order, this nobleman and naval officer was inclined towards change. The outbreak of the revolution accelerated this process. This study focuses on the previously little-studied moments of Barras’s biography, such as his military career and social life in Paris before the revolution. The work is based on the memoirs of Barras, parliamentary materials, as well as on domestic and foreign scientific literature.

Through a case study of the Carthusian monastery of Durbon in Angevin Provence around the year 1300, this article explores the usage of the legal mechanism of safeguard by exempt monasteries. Though exempt monasteries and royal authorities were often at odds in fourteenth-century Europe, the safeguard allowed monasteries to seek royal protection for their property without relying upon or admitting subservience to lesser lords or bishops. By appealing to the count-king's love of peace, Durbon secured the aid of a regional powerhouse, while maintaining claims to pristine ecclesiastical liberty. By inviting royal administrators to police its rural property, Durbon offered the Angevins a foothold in a strategically important yet previously impervious region. The safeguard functioned both as a representation of the king as peacemaker and as a tool for political centralisation, expanding royal jurisdiction and the temporal power of exempt monasteries at the expense of local elites and their tenants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims dating the topmost 50 m of a 115 m-long core retrieved from a valley located in the Cadarache Area (Upper Provence, South East France). Based on burial dating by in situ produced cosmogenic nuclides (10Be, 26Al and 21Ne), and paleomagnetic analyses, a Tortonian age was determined for the sedimentary succession exhibited in the core. In addition, thin sections, grain size analyses and quartz morphoscopy were used to characterize a shallow marine environment and to correlate the sediment core to the surrounding exposed sections. When comparing the studied sedimentary record to global sea level estimates, we establish that the local Tortonian transgression was not synchronous with the global scale sea level high-stand, but happened more likely later, during a global regressive trend. The timing of the Tortonian flooding in Upper Provence was therefore most probably driven by regional tectonic forcing. Finally, the Tortonian shallow marine sediments are topped by lacustrine tight carbonates. These carbonates protect the marine sediments from the following major erosional events resulting from the Messinian sea level drop and from interglacial-glacial fluctuations that both yielded to the present-day valley topography.

The Tricastin region in the lower Rhône Valley (France) is affected by an atypical seismic activity characterised by the development of long-lasting and recurrent seismic swarms. Indeed, since the 16th century, hundreds of seismic events sometime associated with underground noises of the explosion have been reported by local inhabitants. However, to date, none of the many scenarios of earthquake generation proposed for the area, involving either tectonics and/or hydrological forcings, appears consensual. To overcome that lack of comprehension, we compile and analyse an 880 seismic-events catalogue derived from both historical macroseismicity and instrumental records. The earthquakes appear to occur at shallow depths similar to those determined below a local network in 2002–2003. We confront to this catalogue models involving hydrological mechanisms, including aquifers elastic loading and karst-drains responses, as well as tectonic mechanisms, including transient aseismic processes and their related effects on the fold hinges or on the local fault planes. Most of the earthquakes are located at short distances from karst drains and fractured fold hinges, possibly affected by transient hydrological changes.

La présente contribution s’interroge sur la valeur que l’homme médiéval a pu accorder à la seconde main et aux pratiques de récupération dans le domaine du bâtiment où les remplois occupent une place importante et ont très tôt attiré l’attention des chercheurs. Nous plaçant au plus près de sources médiévales, nous envisagerons le rapport entre matériaux “vieux” et “neuf” à partir d’exemples pris, pour l’essentiel, dans les contrats de construction provençaux entre le XIVe et le début du XVIe siècle. L’enquête porte en premier lieu sur les diverses désignations sous lesquelles des matériaux de seconde main peuvent apparaître. Nous nous intéressons, ensuite, à la diffusion des pratiques de récupération, puis nous cherchons à suivre les différentes étapes qui, de manière parfois discontinue, mènent de la récupération au réemploi. Enfin, c’est l’alternative entre vieux et neuf qui est interrogée, nous conduisant à envisager la récupération et le réemploi comme de simples opérations de conversion des biens, d’un bâtiment dans un autre.

Copyright of Scripta is the property of Scripta and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The terrestrial and marine Port-Cros National (PCNP) was established in 1963; it was then made up only of the Archipelago of Port-Cros. Since 2012, it has been extended to include a vast land and sea area, including not only islands but also part of the mainland, the new PCNP (N-PCNP); the marine core area and the adjacent marine area cover approximately 120,000 ha and extend over 63 km as the crow flies, from east to west. Taxon richness is just one descriptor of biodiversity among others (e.g., functional and ecosystem diversity), and is far from being the most reliable one; however, it deserves to be taken into consideration, provided that certain prerequisites are met, because it constitutes a convenient measure of, e.g., the research effort and the diversity of habitats. The number of reported macrophyte taxa amounts to 502: 73 green algae, 316 red algae, 104 brown algae and 9 magnoliophyta and other taxa. Two new combinations are proposed: Ericaria brachycarpa var. claudiae and Gongolaria montagnei var. compressa. This gamma species diversity is far from being exceptionally high, but rather is within the norm for the Mediterranean, if we take into account the size of the area considered. The number of reported taxa per site is highly heterogeneous throughout the N-PCNP area; it is, as expected, correlated with the number of studies per site. The research effort peaked in the 1970–1980s, and then irregularly declined, which may seem surprising in this era of biodiversity launched at the 1992 Rio Summit. The exceptionally extensive database available, covering more than a century, provides the basis for a critical analysis of the concept of biodiversity, as proclaimed by the general public and the 'greens', which can be naive or biased, and of the concept of 'heritage value species', which the authors of this article consider to be a 'toxic concept', as opposed to 'ordinary biodiversity', which enables ecosystem functioning. However, this database, straddling both areas highly impacted by humans (coastal development, tourist resorts) and areas that are effectively protected, does not highlight obvious changes over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the lack of sources that historical demography typically uses to describe populations' demographic behaviour, little is known about the population structure of France during the Middle Ages. One must therefore rely on--and decipher--other types of information often collected for economic purposes. In this article, the authors examine the inventory of peasant families working for the Abbey of Saint Victor in Provence in the 9th century. The age structure of this population can be used to deduce new information on family sizes and types, where they were settled, and age-specific mortality risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France is the property of Societe Zoologique de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this contribution is not to present the results of new in-depth research on the provençal. It rather aims at raising the awareness of an informed and curious -but non-specialized -audience to the different aspects of the toponymy, using examples from a very particular French region: Provence. Firstly, we mention some general information related to the presence or passage of different populations speaking different languages and belonging to different cultures throughout this region and their influence on the names given to different places. Then, we offer examples of difficulties and errors in retranscribing or explaining the same Provençal names. Our personal contribution is identifying and analyzing several new examples -includingfunnypopular etymologies, in addition to those cited by the classic studies on this topic.

Introducing a glottopolitic intervention requires establishing a diagnostic to a sociolinguistic situation at a given moment within glottopolitic orientations from social actors (the “agent”, in the Guespin-Marcellesi terminology). The goal of this study is to explore the student sociolinguistic pathways with the question of linguistic discrimination (or glottophobia) in Province. More than 100 participants registered at the Université d’Aix-Marseille participated in a quantitative survey. The answers reveal an important linguistic plurality, mostly familial and which the participants self-identify massively attached. The norm of normative French puts a powerful pressure and creates a linguistic insecurity among a good half of participants. During the past three years, more than 50% who were witnesses and about 7% victims. Only 5% who talked with relatives and 1% with a mediating or an appeal body. This confirms that a vigilance device is necessary in order to ensure the respect of fundamental linguistic rights and an equal treatment of persons regardless of the language(s) and variety(ies) of the French used.

Over the last few years, the amount of space occupied by bees in the French public debate together with the well-known benefits of the products of their hive has attracted the interest of social scientists. Indeed, bees have become a symbol of the biodiversity crisis. Social scientists, like us, are sometimes invited to join multidisciplinary projects run by biologists specializing in bees. The aim of such involvement is to help the biologists to convince professional beekeepers to make their practices greener, notably with respect to their handling of the Varroa mite. However, the beekeepers we studied in the south of France are not keen to give up their conventional practices. Based on chemical products, these are efficient, simple, and cheap as opposed to environmentally friendly, chemical-free techniques (scraping or removal of the brood), which are seen to be riskier and more complicated to implement. This article describes and analyzes these obstacles and the relationship to scientific and nonscientific knowledge they reveal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article retraces the history of the Italian mutual benefit society La Fratellanza, founded in Aubagne, near Marseille, which celebrated its centenary in 2007. Its meetings reports are among the few texts written by the immigrants themselves. Their analysis helps to take the immigrants’ points of view and understand their choices at historic turning points. In the first place, the article examines the Italian presence in Aubagne, frequently overshadowed by that in Marseille. Then it looks after the activities of La Fratellanza during and between the two world wars, at the time of fascism and its repercussions on the lives of the members, till the 1980s, when immigrants in France started to reconstruct their Italian memory.

As farmers are increasingly losing their monopoly over land management, this article shows how land mediation is becoming a repertoire of action for mayors in peri-urban areas. However, while land resources remain a powerful factor in acquiring and strengthening notability (“notabilisation”), they are causing the process to become dependent upon shifting alliances in a context of "plural governance" of the land characterized by an extension of its management to local anti-growth mobilization efforts.

Copyright of Ad Limina. Revista de investigacion del Camino de Santiag y las peregrinaciones is the property of AD LIMINA Turismo de Galicia SA de Xestion do Plan Xacobeo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Co‐Guest‐Editor of this edition of AD Owen Hopkins interviews artist and designer Camille Walala, exploring her work, her design process and her admiration for the 1980s Italian design group Memphis. Walala brings wild colourful exuberance to drab urban spaces and also develops invigorating, almost psychedelic interiors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shores of Fos-sur-Mer and the Étang-de-Berre have been confronted with the socio-economic and environmental effects of heavy industry for more than two centuries. The area has been dedicated to mixed farming, salt production, fishing and seaside activities for many years. Also for more than two centuries its residents have been concerned about, and openly and violently opposed the various pollutants linked to the plant activity more or less regularly. This text takes a look at one of the highlights of this across-the-centuries conflictual atmosphere – the Saint-Mitre villagers rioting in the first half of the 19th century –, its resources, challenges, what the power struggles and social inequalities operating in this territory also reveal, when dealing with illness, death and the various elements that make up its distinctiveness, or even its unusual character, in view of what we already know about similar conflicts that have happened in Provence and the rest of the world.

In comparison to the reign of Charles of Anjou, the bishops and provosts of the cathedrals of Provence gained an increasing political importance under Charles II inasmuch as they were able to smoothly integrate themselves into the government apparatus. One aspect of this integration is diplomacy, which through the magisterium of speech, skills in canon law and personal or beneficial networks serves the Mediterranean ambitions of the Monarchy.

In 2017, Jean-Yves Casanova (Marseilles, 1957) published a Cantata per Maria Magdalena/Cantate pour Marie Madeleine, n.p., La Pantiera. This poetic and musical ensemble is part of the long tradition of texts dedicated to the legendary presence of Mary Magdalene in Provence, notably around the site of the Sainte Baume. Rooted in the strictly Occitan side of this vast tradition, from Burles at the end of the 16th century to Mistral, the Casanova cantata is also a very personal text, echoing the author’s poetic and romantic work, not to mention his critical production (most recently La Perte: Stendhal, Proust, Céline, Pau, La Pantiera, 2018).

Copyright of Revue Historique (0035-3264) is the property of Presses Universitaires de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of En la España Medieval is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper explores the secular and ecclesiastical elites of Provence and Forcalquier under the rule of the Angevin dynasty: from the nobility with imperial privileges to village tax-farmers, from the bishops to the heads of the monastic orders, and from the lawyers to the urban merchants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue Historique (0035-3264) is the property of Presses Universitaires de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Eight samples from Oligocene sedimentary rocks of the Marseille-Aubagne basins have been analysed for their detrital zircon age spectra. These age spectra provide information about the regional evolution, from Oligocene to Archaean times. The Carboniferous Variscan and the Late Cretaceous to Eocene Pyreneo-Provençal belts represent the latest main tectonic, magmatic, and volcanic events that formed the major zircon age populations found in studied sediments. The obtained detrital zircon age record of the Marseille-Aubagne basins comprises eleven detrital zircon age clusters. They reflect the long and complex geologic history of the sediments source areas and can be ascribed to the opening of the western Mediterranean, the Variscan, Cadomian and Pan-African belts, to an unknown Mesoproterozoic event, to the Eburnean orogeny of West Africa and to the different tectono-metamorphic events that took place in Archaean times. In general, the Palaeo- and Mesozoic events are ascribed to the dispersal of Western and Eastern Gondwana and the Pangaean supercontinent cycle. Thus, the successive recycling of zircon grains from older and the incorporation of them to younger belts lead to new geodynamical models for the northern Gondwana margin evolution. Significant amounts of Mesoproterozoic detrital zircon are at odds with previous hypotheses and re-open the question of the provenance of these zircon age populations. Therefore, this tiny tertiary basin is a natural archive which records the main geological events in SE France and its vicinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of “geological” amber (or “succin” in old French monographs) has been reported for several centuries in the Mesozoic deposits of Provence, southeastern France. Diverse amber-bearing sites were inventoried by the authors but their location and stratigraphical context remain unclear for most of them. In the past decades, various data concerning chemistry, palaeontological content and comparison with archaeological discoveries improved our knowledge of the ambers of Provence, but only those of Cretaceous age. The present paper aims at providing a comprehensive description of all the presently known amber-bearing deposits of Provence, including the description of new sites. We highlight the great potential of Provence ambers and allow to consider a wider time range, from the Early Cretaceous to the Miocene.

Notre-Dame of Nazareth, Dominican nuns' convent, is settled in 1292 in Aix-en-Provence by the Count of Anjou and Provence, king of Naples and Jerusalem. The results of several archaeological excavations, led on a part of the former domain, in combination with pieces of information brought by the written sources, offer a glimpse of the way of life in this original institution. Royal convent, of an apostolic Mendicant Order, but for nuns living a contemplative cloistered life, this monastic complex, described as huge, closed and prestigious, is at the same time outside and inside the world. Attractive pole of devotion for the women, it is also used as an educational establishment for girls of good families. As a place of consenting (sometimes simply temporary) confinement, it even partakes of the control over women’s life by men. The cloister is associated with a seclusion which here has to adapt nevertheless to the male presence within the monastic enclosure: in addition to the religious brothers who manages the convent, which takes episodic functions as a royal residence, and which is on the other hand dedicated to almsgiving and hosting people in need, an important profane attendance is generated, which provides employment to numerous servants of both sexes. The convent can be considered as an original and dynamic place, a refuge from the world, by its status, its prestige and its high walls, but where the world enters, and where it was possible to leave from, to follow a laic way of life. It also plays a political role, as an exercise, in the religious part, of the royal power of the Angevin dynasty, which strengthens this way its bearings and its authority, in the city of Aix, on the lands of Provence.