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A numerical and an empirical method for calculating nonlinear load-settlement curves for shallow foundations on sand are examined and used in a new methodology. Both methods have merits and drawbacks. The drawbacks are overcome by the methodology proposed and verified in the paper. This methodology combines the merits of each method. For this purpose, a modification of the empirical method is proposed that accounts for the finite initial soil stiffness at very small strains. Computer programs with sophisticated nonlinear stress-strain relationships, such as Hardening Soil Small in Plaxis 2D, which are versatile in solving complex foundation problems, can cover strains from very small to large. When the foundation soil is layered, it is proposed to fit such a numerical load-settlement curve against the modified empirical relationship for each sand layer separately. This requires cone penetration tests, measurements of the shear wave velocity, and basic laboratory tests. The methodology is described and applied at two locations where load tests on footings were carried out. At one location there was a top layer of clay, which was also taken into account. The results of the application of the proposed methodology are very good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A numerical and an empirical method for calculating nonlinear load-settlement curves for shallow foundations on sand are examined and used in a new methodology. Both methods have merits and drawbacks. The drawbacks are overcome by the methodology proposed and verified in the paper. This methodology combines the merits of each method. For this purpose, a modification of the empirical method is proposed that accounts for the finite initial soil stiffness at very small strains. Computer programs with sophisticated nonlinear stress-strain relationships, such as Hardening Soil Small in Plaxis 2D, which are versatile in solving complex foundation problems, can cover strains from very small to large. When the foundation soil is layered, it is proposed to fit such a numerical load-settlement curve against the modified empirical relationship for each sand layer separately. This requires cone penetration tests, measurements of the shear wave velocity, and basic laboratory tests. The methodology is described and applied at two locations where load tests on footings were carried out. At one location there was a top layer of clay, which was also taken into account. The results of the application of the proposed methodology are very good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to show the influence of the subgrade reaction coefficient modelling on the simple 3D frame subjected to horizontal symmetrical static load. Since the work represents a continuation of the research on this topic, it was decided that the construction, in this case too, was built on the square foundations on granular soil. Different values of subgrade reaction coefficient obtained for the square foundation are the consequence of using different expressions defined by individual authors. Thus, one diagram shows each author's relation between the width of the foundations and the value of the subgrade reaction coefficient. The response of the characteristic structural framework additionally loaded with horizontal static force is then described further in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to show the influence of the subgrade reaction coefficient modelling on the simple 3D frame subjected to horizontal symmetrical static load. Since the work represents a continuation of the research on this topic, it was decided that the construction, in this case too, was built on the square foundations on granular soil. Different values of subgrade reaction coefficient obtained for the square foundation are the consequence of using different expressions defined by individual authors. Thus, one diagram shows each author's relation between the width of the foundations and the value of the subgrade reaction coefficient. The response of the characteristic structural framework additionally loaded with horizontal static force is then described further in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonlinear methods for calculation of shallow foundation settlements in sand are addressed in the paper. One of them relies on the Hardening Soil Small constitutive relationship incorporated in the computer program Plaxis 2D. It has a significant drawback in the need to model the unknown strain history of the foundation soil prior to simulating the load test on a shallow foundation. This can be overcome by preloading the soil with a pressure which gives good matching between calculated and measured settlements. However, predictions of soil settlements cannot be made in such a way, because the soil strain history is not a priori known. It is shown in the paper how predictions of soil settlements can be made by Plaxis 2D by calibrating calculations against a simple direct method. A new direct method is developed along the lines of this simple method, on the basis of results of 16 load tests performed at 4 locations. The important advantage of the new method is that it properly takes into account the soil behavior at very small strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonlinear methods for calculation of shallow foundation settlements in sand are addressed in the paper. One of them relies on the Hardening Soil Small constitutive relationship incorporated in the computer program Plaxis 2D. It has a significant drawback in the need to model the unknown strain history of the foundation soil prior to simulating the load test on a shallow foundation. This can be overcome by preloading the soil with a pressure which gives good matching between calculated and measured settlements. However, predictions of soil settlements cannot be made in such a way, because the soil strain history is not a priori known. It is shown in the paper how predictions of soil settlements can be made by Plaxis 2D by calibrating calculations against a simple direct method. A new direct method is developed along the lines of this simple method, on the basis of results of 16 load tests performed at 4 locations. The important advantage of the new method is that it properly takes into account the soil behavior at very small strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper, calculation of stability and protection of slopes on a section of the WF Mesihovina access road was performed. The calculation was carried out in the software Geostudio (Geo-Slope International Ltd. Calgary, Canada) with adoption of the Spencer method. After the calculation, the type of protection that is used for protection of slopes from local effects was adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper, calculation of stability and protection of slopes on a section of the WF Mesihovina access road was performed. The calculation was carried out in the software Geostudio (Geo-Slope International Ltd. Calgary, Canada) with adoption of the Spencer method. After the calculation, the type of protection that is used for protection of slopes from local effects was adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant research aimed at determining engineering geological and geotechnical properties of the terrain for construction of different structures has been carried out in the Herzegovina region in the past period. Considering the geotechnical character, the conducted investigations were focused on exploratory boring and laboratory tests of physical and mechanical properties for the purpose of classifying the rock mass, usually according to the RMR or GSI classification, taking into account the following parameters: uniaxial compressive strength, core rock quality designation (RQD), spacing of discontinuities, condition of discontinuities, orientation of discontinuities and groundwater conditions. The paper presents the results of geotechnical investigations of limestones of Cretaceous and Eocene age, from several locations, which can be used to direct further investigations of limestone, primarily for the purpose of using it as dimension stone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on laboratory measurements of grain size distribution of soil from the location, coefficients of permeability were calculated for two methods, the method of wet and dry sieving, as well as the method of quartering. A comparison of results of the coefficients of permeability obtained by these two methods was carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an analysis of settlement of foundation plates using finite difference method, and is designed in the aim to prove how this method, implemented in our Matlab program code, will give results similar to those obtained with the finite element method, and to show that plate’ settlements are less dependent on the change of modulus of soil reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through its history, the Parish Church of the Holy Trinity in Blagaj survived three wars. It was more seriously damaged in the Homeland War, when its internal and external facades, roof, altar, attic, bell tower, windows, doors, sacristy, floor, electrical installations etc. were destroyed. Along with the church, the parish house, dating back to 1911, was also completely destroyed. The reconstruction lasted from 2010 to 2013. The paper deals with characteristics of the church and its geological environment, since this religious structure, like most of them from that time, was built of the highest quality natural construction material that could be found in the vicinity of the site, and in this case it is the quarry of Mukosa. It describes the characteristics of geological structure of the church and quarry sites, as well as the most important characteristics of the tenelija and miljevina stones. The final section explains in detail the structure of this one-nave church that extends in the direction northwest - southeast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents protection of an underground excavation, in the case of tunnel, while the analysis of stresses and deformations of the underground excavation with and without the adopted protection is carried out in the software suite Geo 5 FEM. The adopted protection is in the form of grouted bar anchors. The appropriate support system is determined by the RMR geomechanical classification. Analysis of slope stability at the entrance portal is performed in the software GeoStudio 2004/2007, Slope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traces of Pleistocene glaciation have been established in the area of the Čvrsnica massif. Reticular structure of relief (elevations, depressions and plateaus) is dominant in the peak mountain area. Such preglacial relief base with favorable climatic conditions facilitates accumulation of snow and ice and formation of glaciation. Carbonate sediments of the Mesozoic age, in which intense karstification of rocks is pronounced, are present in the lithological composition. The aim of this paper is to analyze the influence of Pleistocene glaciation on the morphology of karst relief and intensity of disintegration in the peak zone of Čvrsnica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of formation of calcareous sinter is often related to karst areas, or areas covered by limestone and dolomite deposits. Such an area is the Dinaric Alps, which cover a large part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The widely known waterfalls and cascades on the Trebizat - Mlade River, formed by geological and tectonic processes, provided the precondition for formation of waterfalls. Through parallel and subsequent processes of formation of calcareous sinter, they have been shaping the waterfalls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Runoff from the basins of Neretva and Trebišnjica rivers takes place in very complex conditions of developed karst, where flows are mainly subsurface through an extensive cracked and channeled system of karstified rock. Water regime determines all essential characteristics of life in the basin. The spatial position and distribution of precipitation in the basins gives them a high energy potential, which was recognized back in the last century and mostly used by technical solutions to the present day. Construction in the basin, especially of hydroelectric systems, has significantly changed the water regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]