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Apricot fruit are characterised by limited post-harvest storability, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and the interplay between psyllium treatment as a coating application method and 1-(3-phenyl-propyl) cyclopropene (1-PCP) as an ethylene inhibitor in enhancing the storability of apricot fruit during storage at 3°C and 90% relative humidity for 32 d. All treatments impacted fruit quality and storability in 'Canino' apricots. The combined application of both compounds led to a substantial reduction in fruit decay rate, weight loss, malondialdehyde content, and H2O2 levels. Furthermore, it contributed to improved fruit colouration and TSS content. Both psyllium and 1-PCP treatments, whether applied individually or in combination, notably reduced respiration rates, ethylene production, and the activity of key enzymes involved in ethylene biosynthesis (ACC-synthase and ACC-oxidase) when compared to the control group. Moreover, these treatments reduced oxidative stress, by affecting phenolic content, flavonoids, and antioxidant levels (both hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant capacity). Additionally, these treatments regulated related enzymes activities such as catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and phenylalanine-ammonia lyase. Hence, it is recommended to utilise psyllium and 1-PCP to enhance the storability of apricot fruit while maintaining their overall quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resistance to PPV and ESFY phytoplasma has been evaluated for Japanese plum ('Aphrodite', 'Black Amber', 'Crimson Glo', 'Santa Rosa') and pluot ('Dapple Supreme', 'Flav Queen', 'Flav Supreme') cultivars. Each cultivar was grafted by chip-budding on GF 305 peach rootstocks and infected with the virulent PPV-Rec or ESFY phytoplasma strain also by chip-budding. After bud break, cultivar evaluation consisted in observing presence or absence of symptoms on leaves, noting the symptom intensity on leaves and on the whole plant. Plants were studied in controlled conditions in a sealed screen-house for three consecutive growth periods. DAS-ELISA and RFLP-PCR analyses were also employed to verify the presence or absence of PPV, respectively ESFY phytoplasma. Results obtained in the context of this very severe biological test against PPV and ESFY phytoplasma confirm the high level of susceptibility of Japanese plum and pluot cultivars.

Central Asia contains rich genetic resources for apricots. With its mountainous geography, Kyrgyzstan is the country where wild and cultivated apricot forms are preserved. The present study revealed genetic diversity and population structures in 91 apricot accessions from different regions of Kyrgyzstan. Fifteen simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers were used, capillary electrophoresis was performed, and the number of alleles per primer ranged from 4 to 11. A significant level of variation was determined among apricots originating from Kyrgyzstan. In the resulting dendrogram, all apricot accessions were divided into five groups, and the materials belonging to the northern and southern regions were grouped separately. At the same time, the population structure of apricots was analyzed. Accordingly, individuals have 0.80 or more membership coefficients; therefore, they are likely pure and non-admixed. There were 34 apricot accessions that have been determined as pure. The remaining 53 individuals had varying membership coefficients and were likely to be admixed by at least two subpopulations. This study is the most comprehensive research on Kyrgyzstan-origin apricots, providing vital information on their identification, preservation, and use in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant transcription factors are evolutionarily conserved proteins that play an important role in the transcriptional regulation of gene expression by binding to their specific DNA sequences. BSD (mammalian BTF2-like transcription factors, synapse-associated proteins, and DOS2-like proteins) transcription factors are conserved in various species, from protozoa to humans, and are characterized by a typical BSD domain. However, little information is available about their possible roles in plant growth and development, and to date, members of this transcription factor family have not been systematically identified and analyzed in apricot. In this study, two BSD domain-encoding genes were identified in the apricot genome. Expression profile analysis by RT-qPCR revealed that both genes participate in different developmental stages of three different organs in apricot. PaBSD1 was expressed higher than PaBSD2 only in the stamen. Moreover, PaBSD2 was higher expressed than PaBSD1 in four different fruit stages, young leaf, leaf bud, sepal and petal. This study reveals the critical roles of BSD transcription factors in apricot development, with PaBSD1 showing higher expression in stamen and PaBSD2 in various fruit stages and leaf tissues. These findings provide a foundation for future functional studies and apricot breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addressing agricultural water scarcity poses a current challenge of growing concern, exacerbated by climate change. This is particularly relevant for stone fruit trees, such as apricot, cultivated in semi-arid zones, where regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) strategies are gaining attention to tackle the challenge. The RDI method involves optimizing various factors based on how the plant responds physiologically to indicators of its water needs. Among these indicators, water potential is considered the most reliable and influential measure. For numerous apricot varieties and diverse geographic locations, research consistently shows that implementing water reduction strategies during non-critical developmental stages of floral bud development or fruit growth does not significantly impact crop yield. However, it does lead to reduced vegetative growth, which could offer additional benefits in crop management. Furthermore, the implementation of RDI strategies leads to advantageous improvements in fruit quality, particularly storage capacity and morphometric and chemical fruit characteristics, such as total soluble solids content. This scoping review study suggests that RDI is a feasible strategy to address water scarcity in apricot cultivation; however, further studies focused on continuous water monitoring alternatives are necessary to optimize RDI techniques. Future research should prioritize optimizing RDI for different growth stages, exploring advanced technologies for precise implementation, and assessing environmental impacts, while addressing research gaps including the influence of climate variability and the interaction with other agronomic practices, to refine RDI strategies and enhance apricot orchard sustainability and productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effectiveness of apricot cultivation is greatly threatened by frost damage to flower buds during the dormancy period. One of the most important aspects of the evaluation of cultivars is therefore the determination of their frost tolerance. In this paper, the frost hardiness of flower buds of 16 apricot cultivars was investigated in three dormancy periods, applying a standardised artificial freezing test protocol and determining LT50 values. The results showed that both the genotypes and the yearly climatic conditions had a significant effect on frost tolerance. A genotype generally determines the potential maximum of its frost tolerance ('Sweet Red' and 'Primaya' were very sensitive to frost every year, while 'Harlayne' and 'Rózskajszi C.1406' could be considered as frost hardy). Flower buds can reach different levels of frost resistance each year depending on the temperature conditions during the hardening and dehardening periods. From the point of view of yield security, it is essential when planning an orchard, to take into account and harmonise the frost hardiness of the cultivars selected and the growing site conditions. Therefore, it is very important to have adequate information about the frost hardiness of different apricot cultivars, which should be included in cultivar descriptions. This paper is intended to contribute to this goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rootstock 'Rootpac R' is not used for apricots. The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of 'Rootpac R' in comparison to the widely used 'Myrobalan 29C' rootstock. The evaluation of the rootstocks was conducted in combination with 16 scion cultivars to assess their effects on vegetative traits and mortality. The total height of the trees on 'Rootpac R' initially surpassed the 'Myrobalan 29C' trees. By the end of the fourth year, both rootstocks showed comparable heights with 'Rootpac R' standing at 317 cm and 'Myrobalan 29C' standing at 307 cm. Both rootstocks exhibited comparable TCSA values of 5 cm2 initially; 'Rootpac R' surpassed 35% compared to 'Myrobalan 29C'. Canopy space occupancy assessments revealed that 'Rootpac R' initially demonstrated superior space utilization, occupying 8% of the designated volume compared to 4% for 'Myrobalan 29C'. By the fourth year, 'Rootpac R' exhibited a higher occupancy rate of 65% compared to 50% for 'Myrobalan 29C'. For apricot cultivars, such as 'Bergeron', 'C. óriás', 'Gönci magyarkajszi', 'Lady Cot', 'Tardif de Valance', and 'Tom Cot', 'Rootpac R' exhibited survival rates beyond the fourth season, highlighting its effectiveness for these varieties. Based on these results, 'Rootpac R' rootstock could be useful in apricot growing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis of five Prunus armeniaca L. genotypes (Cataloglu, Hacihaliloglu, Hasanbey, Hudayi, and Kabaasi) grown in Malatya/Türkiye were conducted using chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) matK and rbcL regions. The cpDNA matK region was amplified using matK472F and matK1248R primers, while the rbcL region was amplified with rbcLaF and rbcLaR primers. The matK and rbcL sequences were utilized to assess nucleotide ratios, genetic distance, and nucleotide diversity (π). The neighbor- joining (NJ) tree including other Prunus species from NCBI was created. In addition, physiochemical and 3-D analysis of matK and rbcL proteins were performed. As a result, π = 0.000549 for matK sequence and π = 0.002657 for rbcL sequence were determined. NJ (neighbor joining) phylogenetic trees formed with both matK and rbcL sequences were found to be compatible with each other. The matK and rbcL gene regions were found to be suitable for phylogenetic analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycorrhizae provide a permanent, reliable and natural way to reap the benefits of symbiosis. Since the susceptibility of different apricot rootstocks to mycorrhization varies considerably, tree conditions can be improved to varying degrees. To determine the degree of naturally occurring colonization (low, high and total), we tested two Hungarian scion cultivars ('Gönci magyar kajszi' and 'Ceglédi szilárd') with six rootstock cultivars from different origins. The results were obtained by microscopic analysis of dyed root samples. The rootstocks 'Apricot seedling' and 'Myrobalan 29C' are the most susceptible in our orchards. The insufficient colonization of the plum rootstocks 'Wavit' and 'Fehér besztercei' could be due to the water requirements of plum as a rootstock, which puts them at a disadvantage in non-irrigated conditions. However, no statistical differences were found between the rootstocks in the proportion of uncolonized roots, except that the roots of 'Gönci magyar kajszi' were more colonized than those of 'Ceglédi szilárd'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stone fruits, such as the apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.), are frequently consumed. As such, a substantial volume of apricot waste is generated at each stage of the food supply chain, including harvesting, processing, packaging, warehousing, transportation, retailing, and eventual consumption. This generates tons of waste annually on a global scale. The significant amounts of phenolics present in these wastes are primarily responsible for their antioxidant capacity and the subsequent health advantages they provide. As such, apricot pulp by-products could be a valuable reservoir of bioactive compounds, such as tocopherols, polyphenolic compounds, proteins, dietary fibers, etc. Moreover, apricot kernels are also recognized for their abundance of bioactive compounds, including polyphenols and tocopherols, which find utility in diverse sectors including cosmetology and the food industry. Both conventional and green methods are employed, and generally, green methods lead to higher extraction efficiency. The antimicrobial properties of apricot kernel essential oil have been widely recognized, leading to its extensive historical usage in the treatment of diverse ailments. In addition, apricot kernel oil possesses the capacity to serve as a viable resource for renewable fuels and chemicals. This review examines the potential of apricot waste as a source of bioactive compounds, as well as its utilization in diverse applications, with an emphasis on its contribution to health improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stone fruits, such as the apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.), are frequently consumed. As such, a substantial volume of apricot waste is generated at each stage of the food supply chain, including harvesting, processing, packaging, warehousing, transportation, retailing, and eventual consumption. This generates tons of waste annually on a global scale. The significant amounts of phenolics present in these wastes are primarily responsible for their antioxidant capacity and the subsequent health advantages they provide. As such, apricot pulp by-products could be a valuable reservoir of bioactive compounds, such as tocopherols, polyphenolic compounds, proteins, dietary fibers, etc. Moreover, apricot kernels are also recognized for their abundance of bioactive compounds, including polyphenols and tocopherols, which find utility in diverse sectors including cosmetology and the food industry. Both conventional and green methods are employed, and generally, green methods lead to higher extraction efficiency. The antimicrobial properties of apricot kernel essential oil have been widely recognized, leading to its extensive historical usage in the treatment of diverse ailments. In addition, apricot kernel oil possesses the capacity to serve as a viable resource for renewable fuels and chemicals. This review examines the potential of apricot waste as a source of bioactive compounds, as well as its utilization in diverse applications, with an emphasis on its contribution to health improvement.

The research reveals the main reasons that prevent the extension of commercial apricot plantations in Ukraine and worldwide. This brief description includes eight cultivars from Ukrainian and foreign breeding programmes. The trials conducted in the Right-Bank subzone of the Western Forest Steppe of Ukraine. The plants from Ukrainian breeding programme 'Melitopolskyi Ranni?', 'Botsadivskyi', 'Siaivo', 'Kumir', 'Osoblyvyi Denysiuka', as well as the foreign one - 'Robada', 'Harogem', 'HJA-19', were distinguished by high adaptability to the complex of adverse overwintering factors in the above-mentioned region. These samples did not lose the acquired level of frost resistance under the influence of provoking thaws. A comprehensive assessment of drought resistance, based on water-holding capacity, turgor recovery degree, water deficiency, and leaves' hydration of the presented varieties, established that all variants of the experiment were not inferior to the best popular cultivars. According to the the biological feature of buds' formation at an early age, the cultivars 'Robada' and 'HJA-19' were characterized as early-fruiting. The yield and quality indicators for the 2021-2022 years of research were evaluated. Average fruit weight was noted in all samples, with the cultivar 'Siaivo' exceeding the average. To improve the assortment and enrich the apricot gene pool collections with the best samples suitable for cultivation in the Forest-Steppe Zone of Ukraine, according to the results of the study, the following researched cultivars were included in the collection of valuable samples of the common apricot gene pool of the Institute of Horticulture of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine: 'Melitopolskyi Ranni?,' 'Botsadivskyi,' 'Siaivo,' and 'Osoblyvyi Denysiuka'. These cultivars are sources of productivity and adaptability to abiotic factors of cultivation (winter and frost resistance, drought resistance). They are certified by the National Center of Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is designed to determine the feasibility of using osmotic solutions formed after dehydration of apricot fruits for sugar fortification. The purpose of the study is to analyze the quality indicators of osmotic solutions obtained as a result of osmotic dehydration of apricot fruits and to develop a rational direction for their further use. The subject of the study was apricot fruits (Prunus armeniaca) of the Aurora variety and enriched sugar. It is proposed to enrich sugar with a derivative product formed during the production of candied fruits using the method of osmotic dehydration and drying from apricot fruits. The results of the study showed that, according to organoleptic indicators, the osmotic solution formed after the production of candied apricot fruits corresponded to the raw material. The mass fraction of dry substances in the osmotic solution is reduced by 25.24 %, and sucrose by 20.3 % due to dilution with cell juice of apricot fruits. The osmotic solution had a fairly high color, probably due to saturation with carotenoids, the concentration of which is 15.87 mg/100 ml. Due to the addition of osmotic solutions, the color of sugar increases by 87.3 units. ICUMSA, however, the sugar solution is transparent, without insoluble sediment, mechanical and other impurities. In addition, sugar is enriched with carotenoids, the mass concentration of which is 1.13 mg/100 g. The analysis showed that the addition of osmotic solutions to sugar does not entail a deterioration in their microbiological composition. A model has been developed for the rational processing of apricot fruits and the use of waste osmotic solutions, which can become the basis for sugar enrichment technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The southeastern part of Romania is the area that offers the most favorable ecoclimatic conditions for apricot cultivation. The territory of the RSFG Constanta is influenced, from a climatic point of view, both by the Black Sea as well as the Danube, which means that spring arrives later summers are droughty and autumns are long and warm. The dynamics of the population of harmful microlepidoptera was realized with the help of AtraLIN, AtraMOL, AtraNUB pheromone traps. Trapping by specific sex pheromones initiated in 2020-2022 in an apricot plantation at the Research Station for Fruit Growing (RSFG), to monitor three pests, peach twig borer (Anarsia lineatella), oriental fruit moth (Cydia molesta) and (Hedyia nubiferana). The results of the three-year study showed that in 'Elmar' cultivar The amount of catches was higher for Anarsia lineatella (AtraLIN)in the Olimp cultivar, 341 butterflies in the year 2022 and the lowest amount of catches was for Hedyia nubiferana (AtraNUB), 267 butterflies in the year 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prunus armeniaca L. known as apricot, is one of the important export products of Turkey and its kernel oil has become widely popular in different fields such as food pharmacy, aromatherapy and cosmetics industry. Apricot oil obtained from the kernels of apricots is characterized by high contents of oil, fiber, various minerals, proteins, vitamins and phenolics with health-improving effects. The aim of this study was to compare the fatty acid composition and some quality properties of 10 different kinds of apricot kernel oils produced by the different brands. The lowest value of free fatty acid with 0.30 % was determined in the A5 sample. The antioxidant activity results of A1 brand apricot oil sample were found similar to A4 brand apricot oil (P>0.05). In the results of the total phenolic content was lowest in A5 sample with 101.17 mg GAE/100g. The results of the highest antioxidant activity and total phenolic content were determined in the sample A3. The common major fatty acids in the analyzed oil samples were determined as oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid. Oleic acid was determined as the main unsaturated fatty acid component for all oil types except the A1 sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycorrhizae provide a permanent, reliable and natural way to reap the benefits of symbiosis. Since the susceptibility of different apricot rootstocks to mycorrhization varies considerably, tree conditions can be improved to varying degrees. To determine the degree of naturally occurring colonization (low, high and total), we tested two Hungarian scion cultivars (‘Gönci magyar kajszi’ and ‘Ceglédi szilárd’) with six rootstock cultivars from different origins. The results were obtained by microscopic analysis of dyed root samples. The rootstocks ‘Apricot seedling’ and ‘Myrobalan 29C’ are the most susceptible in our orchards. The insufficient colonization of the plum rootstocks ‘Wavit’ and ‘Fehér besztercei’ could be due to the water requirements of plum as a rootstock, which puts them at a disadvantage in non-irrigated conditions. However, no statistical differences were found between the rootstocks in the proportion of uncolonized roots, except that the roots of 'Gönci magyar kajszi' were more colonized than those of ‘Ceglédi szilárd’.

Smoke water (SW) is produced naturally or artificially from burning plant material. It provides the germination of the seeds of many plants and accelerates the growth and development of the plant and is also used in many fields of plant science. SW preparation is a relatively easy and inexpensive method, but a standard method for its preparation has not been developed yet. Therefore, the aim of this research is to develop a low-cost efficient method to produce SW, to standardize it and to measure the amount of the main active biomolecule karrikin (KAR1) by HPLC. We also aimed to test and compare the best working concentration of SW and commercially available KAR1 on apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) seeds. The SWs were diluted to 1:100, 1:500, 1:1000, 1:5000 and 1:10000 ratios, and KAR1 to 0.01 μM, 0.1 μM, 1 μM, 5 μM and 10 μM concentrations. In terms of germination, it was determined that the use of 1:1000 (60%) concentration in the SW group and 1 μM (72%) concentration in the KAR1 group was appropriate. This is the first research in which a standard method was developed for obtaining SW. We think this study will be a guide to researchers who plan to study with smoke water, since we obtained the most concentrated KAR1 according to the literature.

Addressing agricultural water scarcity poses a current challenge of growing concern, exacerbated by climate change. This is particularly relevant for stone fruit trees, such as apricot, cultivated in semi-arid zones, where regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) strategies are gaining attention to tackle the challenge. The RDI method involves optimizing various factors based on how the plant responds physiologically to indicators of its water needs. Among these indicators, water potential is considered the most reliable and influential measure. For numerous apricot varieties and diverse geographic locations, research consistently shows that implementing water reduction strategies during non-critical developmental stages of floral bud development or fruit growth does not significantly impact crop yield. However, it does lead to reduced vegetative growth, which could offer additional benefits in crop management. Furthermore, the implementation of RDI strategies leads to advantageous improvements in fruit quality, particularly storage capacity and morphometric and chemical fruit characteristics, such as total soluble solids content. This scoping review study suggests that RDI is a feasible strategy to address water scarcity in apricot cultivation; however, further studies focused on continuous water monitoring alternatives are necessary to optimize RDI techniques. Future research should prioritize optimizing RDI for different growth stages, exploring advanced technologies for precise implementation, and assessing environmental impacts, while addressing research gaps including the influence of climate variability and the interaction with other agronomic practices, to refine RDI strategies and enhance apricot orchard sustainability and productivity.

Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) fruit qualities are affected by harvest date and rapid off-tree ripening progression that limits their shelf life and marketability. Nowadays, consumers are generally dissatisfied with the sensory quality of apricot fruit sold on large-scale retail channels. Pomological analysis (color, firmness, total soluble solids, and total acidity), volatile organic compounds fingerprint and sensory evaluation were performed during the postharvest in two different apricot genotypes with the objective to: (1) characterize and compare two different apricot cultivars at harvest and at different postharvest times; (2) understand how the sensory quality changes during the postharvest process; (3) elucidate which sensory quality parameters drive the consumer's choice. For this purpose, 'Portici' (traditional cultivar) and 'Lady Cot' (modern one) grown in the same environment, were evaluated at commercial maturity harvest and for the following 15 days. Results indicate that the sensory quality of the selected cultivars was different, with 'Portici' showing better performances in terms of aroma, sweetness and juiciness, while 'Lady Cot' stood out in terms of firmness. Results also indicate a different trend of the traits analyzed and of the shelf-life, that was reduced for the traditional cultivar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regeneration characteristics of Prunus armeniaca population under grazing disturbance were analyzed, and the relationship between natural regeneration in young plants and its influencing factors was discussed to provide a theoretical basis for optimizing grazing and protecting P. armeniaca resources in wild fruit forests. The wild fruit forests in Xinghuagou of Xinyuan County, Mohuergou of Gongliu County, and Daxigou of Huocheng County were selected as study sites where P. armeniaca are concentratedly distributed in Xinjiang. The grazing degree in the forest land was investigated by combining sample plots with sample lines of cattle tracks. The grazing intensity of each region was divided according to the disturbed degree of the herbaceous vegetation community(height, coverage, and aboveground biomass) in the forest land. The density, growth characteristics, and degree of damage of the naturally regenerated young P. armeniaca plants in each disturbance area were analyzed, and the relationship between the degree of damage in young plants and individual growth size(growing amount) as well as the habitat factors were discussed. The results showed that:(1) the density of natural regeneration in young P. armeniaca plants under light disturbance was the highest(364 tree·hm-2), followed by those of moderate disturbance(247 tree·hm-2) and heavy disturbance(225 tree·hm-2). The average regeneration density was 279 tree·hm-2.(2) The average ground diameter, crown width, tree height, inclination, and trunk height of the natural regeneration saplings of P. armeniaca under were 1.69 cm, 38.72 cm, 77.59 cm, 36.20°, and 35.75 cm, respectively. Significant differences were present in the growth indices under different grazing intensities, but no significant differences were present in the V age class.(3) The damage ratio of naturally regenerated young P. armeniaca plants reached a maximum of 84.48%. There were significant differences in the damage indices of naturally regenerated young P. armeniaca plants under light, medium, and heavy grazing disturbances, with damage indices of 38.52, 58.13, and 43.44, respectively.(4) Ordinal logistic regression analysis showed that the degree of damage to young plants after regeneration was significantly and negatively correlated with shrub coverage and grazing distance. The current grazing intensity of wild fruit forests severely hinders the natural regeneration of the P. armeniaca population. To maintain the sustainable management of wild fruit forests, it is necessary to optimize grazing systems and strengthen human intervention protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The apricot aphid (Myzus mumecola Matsumura) is native to Asia and is currently spreading throughout Europe. As this aphid species causes substantial damage to apricot trees, it is important to assess the effectiveness of available insecticides. In this study, we examined 12 different insecticides according to the maximum field dose. To determine the efficacy of each insecticide, aphids were exposed to treated leaf discs of apricot and mortality rates were evaluated at various doses. Additionally, the impact on the colony development was assessed for selected insecticides. Furthermore, we conducted a field trial for insecticides commonly applied in apricot production. In laboratory trials, acetamiprid, deltamethrin, etofenprox, flupyradifurone, pirimicarb, sulfoxaflor, and tau-fluvalinate insecticides resulted in mortality rates ranging from 95% to 100% at the field dose. In the colony development trials, flonicamid, pyrethrins, and spirotetramat exhibited a strong effect. Furthermore, spinosad and azadirachtin demonstrated the least efficacy in reducing the colony development of surviving nymphs per aphid. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that most of the tested insecticides can be used to effectively control M. mumecola. The invasive apricot aphid (Myzus mumecola Matsumura) is an important pest of apricot trees (Prunus armeniaca L.). In the presented study, laboratory bioassays using treated leaf disks of apricot were conducted to test the efficacy of twelve insecticides according to the maximum field dose. Additionally, dose-response curves were established for selected insecticides, and the effects on colony development were evaluated. Furthermore, a field trial was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of commonly used insecticides in apricot cultivation. The dose-response curves showed LC50 values ranging from 0.08 mg/L for flupyradifurone, 0.15 mg/L for acetamiprid, 0.70 mg/L for etofenprox, 1.89 mg/L for sulfoxaflor, 2.64 mg/L for pirimicarb, 3.97 mg/L for deltamethrin, up to 6.79 mg/L for tau-fluvalinate. These aforementioned insecticides resulted in mortality rates ranging from 95 to 100% at the field dose. Azadirachtin, flonicamid, and pyrethrins showed mortality rates of 27 to 45%. Spirotetramat reduced the colony development and decreased the number of infested shoots by 86%. Spinosad, which is not recommended against aphids, showed minimal impact; reducing the number of exuviae in nymphs in the colony development bioassay. It can be concluded that the majority of the tested insecticides are effective against M. mumecola. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Main conclusion: Integrated transcriptome and physiological analysis of apricot leaves after Fusarium solani treatment. In addition, we identified core transcription factors and flavonoid-related synthase genes which may function in apricot disease resistance. Apricot (Prunus armeniaca) is an important economic fruit species, whose yield and quality of fruit are limited owing to its susceptibility to diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the response of P. armeniaca to diseases is still unknown. In this study, we used physiology and transcriptome analysis to characterize responses of P. armeniaca subjected to Fusarium solani. The results showed increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) content, enhanced peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activity during F. solani infestation. A large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which included 4281 upregulated DEGs and 3305 downregulated DEGs, were detected in P. armeniaca leaves exposed to F. solani infestation. Changes in expression of transcription factors (TFs), including bHLH, AP2/ERF, and WRKY indicated their role in triggering pathogen-responsive genes in P. armeniaca. During the P. armeniaca response to F. solani infestation, the content of total flavonoid was changed, and we identified enzyme genes associated with flavonoid biosynthesis. Ectopic overexpression of PabHLH15 and PabHLH102 in Nicotiana benthamiana conferred elevated resistance to Fspa_1. Moreover, PabHLH15 and PabHLH102 positively interact with the promoter of flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes. A regulatory network of TFs regulating enzyme genes related to flavonoid synthesis affecting apricot disease resistance was constructed. These results reveal the potential underlying mechanisms of the F. solani response of P. armeniaca, which would help improve the disease resistance of P. armeniaca and may cultivate high-quality disease-resistant varieties in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the composition of apricot bones, its medicinal properties, the relationship between the chemical composition and physiological activity, the use of apricot-based drugs in folk and traditional medicine, the analysis of the results of the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rootstock ‘Rootpac R’ is not used for apricots. The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of ‘Rootpac R’ in comparison to the widely used ‘Myrobalan 29C’ rootstock. The evaluation of the rootstocks was conducted in combination with 16 scion cultivars to assess their effects on vegetative traits and mortality. The total height of the trees on ‘Rootpac R’ initially surpassed the ‘Myrobalan 29C’ trees. By the end of the fourth year, both rootstocks showed comparable heights with ‘Rootpac R’ standing at 317 cm and ‘Myrobalan 29C’ standing at 307 cm. Both rootstocks exhibited comparable TCSA values of 5 cm2 initially; ‘Rootpac R’ surpassed 35% compared to ‘Myrobalan 29C’. Canopy space occupancy assessments revealed that ‘Rootpac R’ initially demonstrated superior space utilization, occupying 8% of the designated volume compared to 4% for ‘Myrobalan 29C’. By the fourth year, ‘Rootpac R’ exhibited a higher occupancy rate of 65% compared to 50% for ‘Myrobalan 29C’. For apricot cultivars, such as ‘Bergeron’, ‘C. óriás’, ‘Gönci magyarkajszi’, ‘Lady Cot’, ‘Tardif de Valance’, and ‘Tom Cot’, ‘Rootpac R’ exhibited survival rates beyond the fourth season, highlighting its effectiveness for these varieties. Based on these results, ‘Rootpac R’ rootstock could be useful in apricot growing.

Synthetic pesticides have made an impact on aphid control but limitations due to the development of resistance and negative impact on humans and the environment, focus has shifted to alternative strategies. We explored the effectiveness of indigenous plant extracts of Artemisia absinthium and Prunus armeniaca against B. brassicae and H. pruni while preserving its natural enemies. Four replicates of the extracts were studied under laboratory conditions. Ethanolic extract of Artemisia absinthium (EEAA) shows 75.64% and 60.25% mortality while ethanolic extract of Prunus apricot kernel (EEPAK) shows 66.66% and 48.71% mortality of H. pruni and B. brassicae respectively (p < 0.01). Similarly, aqueous extracts of Artemisia absinthium (AEAA) and Prunus apricot kernel (AEPAK) also seem to be useful with 62.5% and 58.78% mortality in H. pruni, respectively. Of the different ethanolic extracts, 5% of AA was found most effective against aphids with a population reduction of 75.64% while 1% of aqueous extract of the PAK showed the least (7.69%) aphid mortality. Due to their availability, affordability, and eco-friendly, small-scale farmers can use them as a replacement for chemical pesticides. Thus, we suggest the use of Prunus apricot kernel (PAK) and Artemisia absinthium (AA) for the management of aphids in and around Ladakh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smoke water (SW) is produced naturally or artificially from burning plant material. It provides the germination of the seeds of many plants and accelerates the growth and development of the plant and is also used in many fields of plant science. SW preparation is a relatively easy and inexpensive method, but a standard method for its preparation has yet to be developed. For this reason, our research aims to develop a low-cost efficient method to produce SW, to standardize it and to measure the amount of the main active biomolecule karrikin (KAR1) by HPLC. We also aimed to test and compare the best working concentration of SW and commercially available KAR1 on apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) seeds. The SWs were diluted to 1:100, 1:500, 1:1000, 1:5000 and 1:10000 ratios and KAR1 to 0.01 μM, 0.1 μM, 1 μM, 5 μM and 10 μM concentrations. In terms of germination, it was determined that the use of 1:1000 (60%) concentration in the SW group and 1 μM (72%) concentration in the KAR1 group was appropriate. This is the first research in which a standard method was developed for obtaining SW. We believe this study will be a guide to researchers who study with SW, since we obtained the most concentrated KAR1 according to the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the results of the development of numerical models for predicting the timing of apricot flowering, including using experimental data on the emergence of plants from a state of deep dormancy. The best results of approximation of the process of accumulation of the necessary cooling in the autumn–winter period were obtained using the sigmoidal function. Models that take into account the combined effect of temperature and photoperiod on the processes of spring development showed a high accuracy of the process of accumulation of thermal units. Based on the results of testing, two models were selected with an accuracy of 3.0 days for the start of flowering and the absence of a systematic bias, which can be considered a good quality assessment These models describe well the interannual variability of apricot flowering dates and can be used to predict these dates. The discrepancy is no more than 2–4 days in 87–89% of cases. Estimates of the timing of flowering and the end of deep dormancy are very important for increasing the profitability of fruit production in the South of Russia without incurring additional costs, by minimizing the risks associated with irrational crop placement and the selection of varieties without taking into account the specifics of climate change. When constructing a system of protective measures and dates of treatments, it is also necessary to take into account the calendar dates of the shift in the development of plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last five decades, the use of rootstocks and scions has changed, along with their systems of cultivation. Associated with climate change, fruit trees face new ecological and phytopathological challenges. Rootstocks affect the generative and vegetative performance of a scion, such as productivity, span of nonbearing period, growth vigor, shelf-life and quality of fruits. According to a recent study, they also affect the frost tolerance of floral buds. Several traits of rootstocks facilitate the growth of a grafted tree under different climatic and soil conditions. Due to the high risks of cultivation, it is extremely important to determine which rootstocks are suitable for successful apricot production. Origin, effects on vegetative and generative traits, tolerance, resistance and adaptability of rootstocks are summarized in this review to select suitable rootstock for apricot cultivars under Hungarian conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After harvest, higher respiration rate in apricots limit their postharvest with extensive losses in fruit quality. Therefore, effect of different pre-storage treatment of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) were studied on the shelf life and quality of apricot cv. ‘Shahroudi’ fruit. Experimental treatments were control (air), and active MAP includes: MAP1 (10% O2/20% CO2), MAP2 (20% O2/10% CO2), MAP3 (5% O2/80% CO2), MAP4 (80% O2/5% CO2) and MAP5 (40% O2/20% CO2), all treatments were balanced by N2. After 6 days of pre-storage treatments, fruits were unpacked, repacked and then were stored at 2°C and 85% relative humidity for 28 days. Results indicated that MAP5 and MAP3 treatments significantly reduced weight loss and total soluble solids, and maintained fruit hardness in comparison with other treatments. High CO2 treatment improved postharvest traits of apricot. Interestingly, high CO2 in combination with high O2 (active MAP5) improved the sensory evaluation as scored the best treatment by panelists, and also maintained better chemical properties such as total phenolic compounds, total carotenoids, and vitamin C. In addition, shelf life of fruit in active MAP5 (29.6 days) significantly extended followed by active MAP3 (27.6 days), compared to control (14.6 days) without signs of decay until the end of the storage period. Overall, it can be concluded that the pre-storage treatment of fresh apricot fruit in an atmosphere with high O2 (40%) and CO2 (20%) concentrations had a positive effect on the post-harvest quality attributes and shelf life of apricot cultivar ‘Shahroudi,’ and can be suggested as an effective and practical method to prolong its postharvest life.

Despite the developing technology, extraction of Sulfured Dried Apricot (Prunus armeniaca) (SDA) stones is still done manually and thus requires a significant amount of labor and time and also causes serious problems in terms of hygiene. According to International Food Standards (CXS 130-1981) and Turkish Standard 485, the SDA stones must be extracted from the peduncle side of the apricot. Therefore, the correct position of the apricot peduncle and style side must be determined. In this study, a deep learning architecture was improved for the first time to determine the position of SDA stones as a component of the agricultural machine developed to extract SDA stones. In this study, a new Capsule Network architecture was used. With the original capsule network, SDA images were classified with 86.23% accuracy, while it increased to 94.47%with the improved capsule network. Also, the processing time of the developed network architecture was about twice as fast as the original. The result clearly demonstrates that the SDA stone positions are easily determined. Therefore, the designed agricultural machine can extract the SDA stones hygienically and rapidly, without any need for human power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malatya is an important production centre of apricots in Turkey, and the world. However, a major problem causing product loss, is late spring frosts. Cold damages the flowers and thus, fruit set and yield decrease. As a result, the farmer's income fluctuates from year to year. This study, stated apricot farmers demographics, and technical features of 52 interviewed apricot farms, in Malatya. Also, conjoint analysis (CA) is used to identify the farmers' preferences for agricultural insurance attributes. This method investigated the joint effect of a set of independent variables, on an ordinal scale of a measurement-dependent variable. Of the farmers, 76.9% have done agricultural insurance last year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excessive use of chemical fertilizers in fruit orchards has led to numerous problems for the environment, produce quality, and food safety. It also negatively affects soil health, beneficial microorganisms, and ground water quality, hence the resurgence of the application of biostimulants as ecofriendly ways to improve the growth, yield, and fruit quality of tree fruits. The current study was performed during 2021 and 2022 to investigate the influence of foliar spraying of 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/L humic acid (HA); 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/L brassinosteroids (Brs); and 1000, 2000, and 3000 mg/L seaweed extract (SWE) compared with a control (untreated trees) in terms of the performance of an apricot (Prunus armeniaca) cv. Canino. The obtained results show that the spraying of HA, Brs, and SWE positively increased the shoot length, leaf area, leaf chlorophyll content, fruit set, fruit yields, and fruit physical and chemical characteristics, as well as leaf macro- or micronutrients contents compared with those untreated trees during both study years. Moreover, the increase in parameter values was parallel to the increase in the used concentrations of HA, Brs, or SWE, where 2000 mg/L HA, 2 mg/L Brs, and 3000 mg/L SWE were superior to 1000 mg/L HA, 1 mg/L Brs, and 2000 mg/L SWE, which were better than 500 mg/L HA, 0.5 mg/L Brs, and 1000 mg/L SWE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oil compounds have been identified as alternative antimicrobials; however, their use is limited due to their toxicity on human lymphocytes, skin, and reproduction. Carrier oils can reduce the toxicity of essential oils, which raises the question as to whether such activity would extend to the essential oil compounds. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial and toxicity activity of essential oil compounds in combination with carrier oils. The antimicrobial properties of the essential oil compounds, alone and in combination with carrier oils, were determined using the broth microdilution assay. The toxicity was determined using the brine shrimp lethality assay. Antimicrobial synergy (ΣFIC ≤ 0.50) occurred in 3% of the samples when tested against the ESKAPE pathogens. The compound thymoquinone in combination with the carrier oil Prunus armeniaca demonstrated broad-spectrum synergistic activity and a selectivity index above four, highlighting this combination as the most favorable. The carrier oils reduced the toxicity of several compounds, with Calendula officinalis and P. armeniaca carrier oils being responsible for the majority of the reduced toxicity observed. This study provides insight into the interactions that may occur when adding a carrier oil to essential oil compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) is a cosmopolitan, major stone fruit species cultivated for its delicious drupes. Strong concerns about loss of diversity in apricot have been recently put forward mainly because of the enduring transition from local to globalized varieties more suitable for intensive agriculture. Italy, one of the top producing countries in the world, has arguably one of the richest apricot germplasms, with the Campania region being a traditional and leading area of cultivation since Roman times. This work aimed to study the molecular diversity of an ex-situ collection of local apricot varieties. They once flourished in conventional cropping systems, but are nowadays neglected, surviving in family farms, and sold only in local markets. We investigated the level of genetic and genotypic diversity, assessed clonality in the population, and verified the presence of genetic structure and differentiation in 73 apricot varieties by using fluorescent SSR markers resolved in capillary electrophoresis (SSR-CE). The analysis indicated a high level of genetic diversity (with little locus-specific differences) and of genotypic assortment, with few possible synonyms. Moreover, the investigation of relatedness among apricot landraces and the negligible within-landraces differentiation are consistent with a common origin of the germplasm, a likely result of an adaptive diversification that is mainly due to similar environmental and agricultural factors. This work highlights the value of the traditional germplasm where crops thrived. Moreover, it provides support for studying the possible mechanisms of evolution and adaptation and for implementing measures for the exploitation, regeneration, and on-farm promotion of the apricot landraces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dobrogea region is a favorable area for apricot culture, this species ensuring relatively uniform production over the years. However, the temperature variations in the long and cold springs influence the production of certain apricot varieties in operation. The Neptun apricot variety studied in recent years showed and proved a uniformity in the given productions even though the late frosts were more and more frequent. Low temperatures affect apricot plantations, causing irregularities in the regularity of fruit production and their quality, gummy leaks and awareness of trees to the attack of apricot-specific pathogens. The research was conducted in a orchard of apricot aged 9 years, located at 18 km away from Constanta. Trees planted at a distance of 4x4m were studied during the vegetation season paying particular attention to resistance to low temperature. In the winter of 2019, temperatures in winter decreased to -14 degree C and produced losses of flower buds. In the spring of 2020, the ‘Neptun’ variety bloomed well, 80% of flower buds being resistant to negative temperatures from winter. In 2021 was a warm winter but the temperature decreased in January to -14 degree C and the trees suffered a thermal shock. Following, resistance to frost decreased and the percentage of flower buds affected was 84,8%. In 2022 ‘Neptun’ variety was not affected. In February of 2023 were, recorded temperatures of -10 degrees C associated with very cold wind, the flower buds were affected in 80,6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought and heat stress are significant factors limiting fruit crop yield in arid conditions. Foliar fertilization is a common practice of supplying fruit crop production with mineral nutrients, especially under limited soil nutrient availability conditions. Nutrient management is a determining element of the technology in fruit quality. In this study we aimed to evaluate the impact of a the radicular (NPK+S) and foliar (Cropmax) fertilizer on fruit quality parameters in an apricot orchard during 2019 -2021 period. According to our results, the weight of the fruits increased by 30% in the b1 treatment (radicular fertilizer with NPK+S) and 34% in the b2 treatment (radicular and foliar fertilizer with Cropmax) at Olimp cultivar and by 40% in the b1 treatment and 53% in the b2 treatment at Goldrich cultivar in the three years of study compared to the control treatment. In conclusion, the fruit quality can be improved in apricot orchard using of the radicular and foliar fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) fruit is a rich source of antioxidants that help fight free radicals in human body. However, over ripening and susceptibility to mechanical injury and postharvest disorders limit their shelf life. Therefore, the effect of different calcium salts solution dipping was evaluated on the qualitative and biochemical characteristics of fresh apricot fruit cv. 'Shahroudi'. Treatments included control (distilled water) and solutions of calcium chloride (CaCl2), calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2), and calcium sulfate (CaSO4) at a concentration of 1 and 2%. Fruits were dipped in water or calcium salts solution for two min, air-dried, and then stored at 2±1°C for three weeks. The results showed that CaCl2 and (Ca(NO3)2) treatments maintained the value of total soluble solids (TSS) and titratable acidity (TA) in apricot fruit. Also, total antioxidant activity increased about 30 percent compared to the control. Interestingly, CaCl2 1% and 2%, (Ca(NO3)2) 2%, and CaSO4 2% application preserved the fruit quality until the end of the storage period as no signs of decay were observed, while in control samples, fruit decay was about 60%. Besides, organoleptic assessment showed that calcium nitrate and calcium chloride maintained the taste, texture and appearance of apricot fruit and preserved the nutritional value of fruit during cold storage. Overall, the best result was obtained from CaCl2 and Ca(NO3)2 treatments. In conclusion, 2% CaCl2 and 2% Ca(NO3)2 dipping may be applied as a postharvest treatment to improve the storage life of apricot fruit cv. 'Shahroudi'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fast, accurate and affordable identification of food products is important to ensure authenticity and safety. There are various apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars are being produced in Turkey. Each cultivar differs in quality and purpose of use. In this paper, we aimed to develop an easy and reliable method, Barcode High-Resolution Melting (Bar-HRM), to distinguish apricot cultivars. We designed and tested novel Bar-HRM primer sets HRM-ITS1 and HRM-ITS2, targeting the most popular barcoding region ITS1 and ITS2, specific to apricot cultivars. According to the results, HRM analysis distinguished 31 cultivars of 35 for ITS1, and 35 for ITS2. We recommend using ITS2 barcode region, amplified with using HRM-ITS2 primer set, for Bar-HRM analysis of different apricot cultivars.

This study focused on quantification of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum' in apricot trees exhibiting uneven symptoms of European stone fruit yellows. For the research, 17 trees showing early leaf bud break in one part of the crown were selected in winter season, and 13 trees showing leafroll in older part of the shoots and no symptoms in younger part of the same shoots were selected in summer season. Absolute quantification of phytoplasmas was performed by real-time PCR in samples collected from asymptomatic and symptomatic parts. The results showed, that phytoplasma could not be always detected in asymptomatic parts, where 2 out of 17 samples from asymptomatic parts from winter season were negative while in summer season 6 out of 13 samples from asymptomatic parts were negative. Comparison of phytoplasma quantities between symptomatic and asymptomatic plant parts then showed significantly higher quantities in symptomatic parts from samples collected in summer season and no quantity difference in samples collected in winter season.

The invasive apricot aphid (Myzus mumecola Matsumura) is an important pest of apricot trees (Prunus armeniaca L.). In the presented study, laboratory bioassays using treated leaf disks of apricot were conducted to test the efficacy of twelve insecticides according to the maximum field dose. Additionally, dose-response curves were established for selected insecticides, and the effects on colony development were evaluated. Furthermore, a field trial was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of commonly used insecticides in apricot cultivation. The dose-response curves showed LC50 values ranging from 0.08 mg/L for flupyradifurone, 0.15 mg/L for acetamiprid, 0.70 mg/L for etofenprox, 1.89 mg/L for sulfoxaflor, 2.64 mg/L for pirimicarb, 3.97 mg/L for deltamethrin, up to 6.79 mg/L for tau-fluvalinate. These aforementioned insecticides resulted in mortality rates ranging from 95 to 100% at the field dose. Azadirachtin, flonicamid, and pyrethrins showed mortality rates of 27 to 45%. Spirotetramat reduced the colony development and decreased the number of infested shoots by 86%. Spinosad, which is not recommended against aphids, showed minimal impact; reducing the number of exuviae in nymphs in the colony development bioassay. It can be concluded that the majority of the tested insecticides are effective against M. mumecola.

The study was carried out to investigate the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) [0.5 and 1.0 mmol L-1] and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) treatments on weight loss, respiration rate, firmness, colour, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity, vitamin C, total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity (DPPH and FRAP assay) of apricot fruit (Prunus armeniaca) during cold storage. Fruit were stored at 0±0.5˚C and 90±5% relative humidity (RH) for 20 days, and analysis and measurements were performed at 5-day intervals. At the end of cold storage, the lowest weight loss was determined in fruit stored with the MAP following MeJA1 application. The lowest respiration rates were determined in fruits stored with the MAP following MeJA1 or MeJA2 treatment. The softening of fruit stored without the MAP or MAP was significantly delayed with the MeJA. The fruit stored without the MAP or MAP following MeJA2 treatment had the highest vitamin C at the end of storage period. MAP treatments had greater total phenolic and total flavonoids and antioxidant capacity than the treatment without MAP regardless of MeJA applications. At the end of storage, the highest total phenolic and antioxidant capacity were determined in fruits stored in the MAP following MeJA2 application. It was concluded that MAP and MeJA2 treatments could be used as an efficient postharvest tool to minimize quality losses throughout the cold storage period.

New techniques for Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) control are being studied and developed to replace traditional organophosphate pesticide applications. A mass trapping strategy offers promising medfly control within integrated pest management (IPM) programmes. Field assays were performed to study the efficacy of two mass trapping techniques based on PheroNorm® and Ceratrap® lures that were compared to a conventional approach to control the medfly in Tunisian apricot orchards. The results showed that both mass trapping techniques had a similar efficiency in reducing the C. capitata population. The degrees Brix in the fruits was a determinant issue since the initial apricot fruit damage was detected at 6.4%. At harvesting, the lowest fruit damage rate was recorded in the PheroNorm® (4.25%) and Ceratrap® (6.50%) treated orchards, compared with the conventional approach (10.75%). Therefore, the use of 50 PheroNorm® and Ceratrap® traps per ha density within an IPM approach may be very useful to control the C. capitata populations in apricot orchards.

Apricots are one of the most important fruits that can be produced worldwide. Most of the importer countries are sensitive about sulfur which is used in the protection of dried apricots. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of feeding with high and low sulfur content apricots on oxidative stress parameters of the liver. In total, 42 Wistar albino rats were fed for 12 weeks with the use of dried apricots containing different amounts of sulfur and sun-dried apricots. There was no significant difference in IL-1β, 8-OHdG and TOS levels between the control group and the group fed with sun dried apricots. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups fed with low and high sulfur-containing apricots.Non-necrotic changes were observed in 3000 ppm and 4000ppm groups in microscopic examination. No significant effect of feeding with sulfur treated apricots was found in the liver tissues of rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]