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Presentiamo la traduzione di un testo di Anzieu del 1984, pubblicato nel libro di Kaës Le travail de l'inconscient. In questo testo Anzieu tocca molti aspetti della psicoanalisi di gruppo del suo tempo e ciò permette di cogliere le evoluzioni teoriche e tecniche di questa disciplina. Il saggio si apre con una breve introduzione di Kaës, che evidenzia come il metodo definisce in negativo ciò che non può conoscere, riconoscere e quindi trasformare: proprio questa è la chiave di lettura per approcciarsi e comprendere l'intero scritto. Anzieu apre il testo prendendo in esame l'interazione tra i partecipanti del gruppo, il conduttore e l'osservatore: in base al livello evolutivo il gruppo può reagire con vissuti persecutori o depressivi. I terapeuti devono far attenzione a non idealizzare il gruppo come oggetto totale onnipotente o parziale feticistico, e a non cadere quindi nell'illusione che il gruppo può tutto. L'autore prosegue parlando di diverse tecniche di conduzione di gruppo e delineando possibili scenari interattivi, spesso persecutori e conflittuali, che i gruppi stessi e i loro conduttori mettono inconsciamente in atto con e/o verso le istituzioni in cui sono inseriti. Le istituzioni, a loro volta, posso determinare e condizionare l'esistenza stessa dei gruppi e dei loro destini. Per l'autore diventa fondamentale la creazione temporanea di uno spazio transizionale in cui costruire un apparato psichico gruppale, intermedio tra quello individuale e quello istituzionale, che renda possibile la simbolizzazione, la catarsi e la perlaborazione dei conflitti vissuti tra terapeuta-gruppo-istituzione.

In adolescent psychiatry, when patients present high-risk sexual behaviours, analysing the symptoms usually leads back to a traumatic sexual event in childhood. These clinical situations include a first stage in which the trauma is constituted and a second adolescent stage in which the mnemic trace can lead to the traumatic experience being reproduced within a destructured psychic apparatus that is seeking restructuration through actions. These two psychopathological stages are examined in the light of the connection between Freud's two paradigms of the neurotica and the theory of fantasy, focusing therapeutically either on the primacy of sexual abuse or on the psychic representation of a traumatic sexuality, respectively. Here, the elaboration of these behaviours relates either to the individual traumatic history or the transgenerational history, or to both histories, intermingled or even undifferentiated. The repetition processes and the temporary loss of reality-testing in these clinical situations are analysed there, including by the yardstick of the psychopathology of complex trauma, as well as by that of containment in the familial and therapeutic environment, from which the subject will benefit in the context of the revelation processes.

There is usually more than one theoretical view of a hypercomplex situation, which may be cognitively complementary, but they bring about different results when used to orient our practice, on account of their underlying assumptions, values, and intentions. The authors compare two approaches to work with groups: Foulkes’s group analysis and Kaës’s psychoanalytic approach to groups, exploring their coincidences and differences, through their respective concepts of the matrix and the group psychic apparatus. Psychoanalysis starts from the assumption of an isolated individual subject, and then constructs the additional dimension of relations and collective life. Group analysis takes as its starting point the assumption of the primary and essential relational and social nature of the human being, and the subject is a secondary construction that emerges from the initial participatory existence. The concept of the internal group in Kaës is strictly intrapsychic and abstract, while in Pichon-Rivière it is experiential and introjective. Psychoanalysis and group analysis are based on two different conceptions of human existence, and this is clearly shown by the authors’ clinical vignette. Studies like this contribute to a better understanding among the various traditions and schools of analytic work with groups.

Although psychosis and psychoanalysis have been closely linked since the earliest Freudian theories, the psychoanalytic treatment of psychotic states still presents major difficulties. The establishment of a therapeutic situation allowing the deployment of psychic work is still uncertain. The resumption of the work of S. Freud and DW. Winnicott associated with the development of the theorization of a metapsychology of the process of symbolization by the French school (Green, Roussillon) allows a revival of the reflection on the stakes of the establishment of the therapeutic situation. This theorization of representative processes makes it possible to consider the psychotherapeutic approach to psychoses from the angle of a "psychopathology of the psychic apparatus" and thus to model the psychic dynamics involved in psychotic problems which initially appear in a chaotic form. The apparent failure of the psychic processes, in their linking and transforming activity with which the psychotic states are confronted, can then be thought of as the seat of a particular psychic work that can provide essential support to the therapeutic work. Two cases studies illustrate these processes.

The author suggests that dreams are an expressive means through which the psychic apparatus delineates, construes and communicates an issue it is faced with. It is shown that there are substantial differences between this approach and more classical understandings of the nature and function of dreaming. Instead of laying emphasis on dream work as a defence system or as outlets of unconscious drives, the author highlights two further aspects of dreaming: (1) that in and through dreaming the psychic apparatus has developed a specific capacity to identify and express questions, problems and emotional experiences with which it is confronted, in a complex spiral and vertiginous way, as described in the paper; (2) that dreams encapsulate kernels of experience into "engrams" by constantly searching for ways of addressing and readdressing emotional experience.

La producción por parte de Freud del concepto de pulsión de muerte, y la caída del reinado del Principio de Placer como aquel que sostiene el aparato psíquico, fue algo ante lo cual vaciló profundamente, a pesar de las evidencias de la clínica y de la cultura. El paso de Más allá del Principio de Placer puso en juego el atravesamiento de una posición fantasmática y la caída del Ideal. Fil: Delgado, Osvaldo. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Psicología. Rosario; Argentina

With this article we intend to examine two distinct positions related to the metapsychological concept of the drive and the epistemological identity of the psychoanalysis. By investigating the ontological basis of metapsychology, the philosopher Martin Heidegger puts the Freudian psychoanalysis into the list of natural sciences. For Heidegger, by using the concept of the drive for describing our urges and impetus, Freud is using a theoretical construct loaded with a non-human objectivity. Ricoeur, on the other hand, advocates that the concept of the drive would have the power of synthesizing the elements of force and sense in the Freudian theory. Apart from functioning as a force, which makes the psychic apparatus work, this driving force would never be "naked", free from a psychic representation conferring it a sense. Therefore, the concept of drive would harmonize the psychoanalysis with hermeneutic. Our objective consists of analyzing the fundaments, which guide such positions.

O conceito de regressão está presente nas formulações teóricas de Freud desde os textos considerados pré-psicanalíticos até seus últimos escritos. Ele é definido na obra freudiana de maneiras diversas e em diferentes contextos, sem que haja uma sistematização das suas diferentes definições. O objetivo deste trabalho é fornecer fundamentos conceituais para uma visão mais coesa e crítica do conceito de regressão tal como esse é pensado na teoria das neuroses, através da análise do seu desenvolvimento em textos publicado entre 1900 e 1917, período principal do desenvolvimento desse conceito na teoria freudiana. Para alcançar esse objetivo, foi realizado um trabalho de análise interna, textual e conceitual da obra freudiana. Procuramos mostrar que, apesar da complexidade e da diversidade de usos do termo, os diferentes tipos de regressão descritos por Freud podem ser compreendidos como diferentes aspectos do mesmo processo. The concept of regression is present in Freud's theoretical formulations from texts considered pre-psychoanalytic to his writings. It is defined in Freud's work in different ways and in different contexts, without a systematization of its different definitions. The objective of this work is to provide conceptual foundations for a more cohesive and critical view of the concept of regression as it is thought in the theory of neurosis, through the analysis of its development in texts published between 1900 and 1917, the main period in the development of this concept in Freudian theory. To achieve this goal, an internal, textual and conceptual analysis of the Freudian work was carried out. We seek to show that, despite the complexity and diversity of uses of the term, the different types of regression improved by Freud can be understood as different aspects of the same process.

Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, is predominantly known for his conception of the id, ego and super-ego, representing a part of his meta-psychology of the psychic apparatus. Nowadays, with the advancements in technology and science, his meta-psychological structural model of the psyche might be either confirmed or denied by comparing the account of the psychic apparatus of the classical psychoanalysis to the newest findings in neuropsychology and cognitive neuroscience. Indeed, the founded interdisciplinary project of neuro-psychoanalysis strives to answer such questions. In this article, the current thinking on the discussions around Freudian ego and its possible brain correlates is presented. In 2010, Robin Carhart-Harris and Karl Friston introduced a neuro-psychoanalytic account of the psychic apparatus, where the ego correlated with a large-scale brain network called the default-mode network. In the end of this paper, an original theoretical hypothesis is offered, supplemented with review of the literature, namely that the central-executive network and the salience network are viewed as the true representatives of Freudian ego. The offered hypothesis criticizes Carhart-Harris and Friston’s postulating of the default-mode network as being the brain representative of Freudian ego.

espanolEl llamado "caso Schreber" es uno de los textos ms visitados, tanto por la tradicin psicoanaltica como por los distintos debates interdisciplinares que se entretejen alrededor de l. En el interior de la abundante riqueza de lecturas filosficas, literarias, clnicas y otras, hay un aspecto al que, sorprendentemente, se le ha prestado poca atencin, a saber, la relacin entre el delirio de Daniel Paul Schreber y el forjamien—to, del lado de Sigmund Freud, de una teora no solo de la psicosis como estructura clnica, sino tambin de las fuerzas y dinamismos que rigen el funcionamiento del aparato anmico, la llamada teora pulsional [Trieblehre]. En este artculo se discute esta relacin de la mano del anlisis comparativo de la nocin de "mito endopsquico", que atravesar los campos del delirio schreberiano y de la metapsicologa freudiana, para evidenciar en ambos dominios, mediante una serie de relaciones de analoga e isomorfismo, los elementos cruciales de una representacin de la vida como de—vivir, es decir, como desgaste o degradacin de las poderes de lo viviente. EnglishThe so—called "Schreber case" is one of the most visited texts, both by the psychoanalytic tradition and by the interdisciplinary debates intertwined around it. Within the abundant richness of philosophical, literary, clinical, and other readings, one aspect has surprisingly been given little attention, namely, the relationship between the Daniel Paul Schreber delirium and the forging, by Sigmund Freud, of a theory of psychosis as a clinical structure and also of the forces and dynamisms that rule the functioning of the psychic apparatus, the so—called drive theory {Trieblehre}. In this article, this relationship is discussed through a comparative analysis of the notion of "endopsychic myth" in the fields of Schreberian delirium and of Freudian metapsychology, in order to show in both domains, using a series of relations of analogy and isomorphism, the crucial elements of a representation of life as a "dis—living", that is, as a wear or degradation of the powers of all living matter.

Este trabajo pretende hacer una contribucion a la comprension de los efectos producidos por una realidad externa amenazante, como es la COVID 19, en el aparato psiquico partiendo de la obra de Hugo Bleichmar Este autor ha incluido la hetero-autoconservacion entre los sistemas motivacionales de su enfoque modular transformacional A partir de dicho modelo se presenta el desarrollo normal del sistema de hetero-autoconservacion que permitira entender como el psiquismo se prepara ante las adversidades El aparato psiquico tiene resortes que se activan ante peligros extremos personales o sociales;una condicion extrema como la derivada de la pandemia actual puede irse en un factor de riesgo emocional, aunque tambien es preciso contar con las capacidades de las personas para enfrentarla Es de gran importancia que los profesionales transmitan en sus intervenciones mensajes que no vulnerabilicen sino que promuevan desarrollos resilientes frente a la pandemia Alternate abstract: This paper is intended as a contribution to the understanding of the effects produced by a threatening external reality such as COVID-19 on the psychic apparatus, based on the work of Hugo Bleichmar This author has d hetero/self-preservation among the motivational systems in his transformational modular approach From this model, the normal development of the hetero/self-preservation system is presented, which will allow us to understand how the psyche prepares itself in the face of adversity The psychic apparatus has springs that are activated in the face of extreme personal or social dangers;an extreme condition, such as that derived from the current pandemic, can become an emotional risk factor, although it is also necessary to have the capacities of people to face it It is of great importance that professionals transmit messages in their interventions that do not enhance vulnerability, but rather promote resilient development in the face of the pandemic

The chapter deals with the psychological knowledge that developed within the philosophy practiced by the Jesuits in Coimbra through the analysis of the manuals they produced at the end of the sixteenth century and the beginning of the seventeenth century. Such manuals were also circulated in Brazil and were essential for the formation of the Jesuit missionaries who came to the country. For this reason, they are possibly one of the most important themes for the reconstruction of the history of psychological knowledge in colonial Brazil.

This article consists of a theoretical essay on psychoanalysis with the aim of characterizing helplessness as a fundamental affective category of malaise in the current time. The results show that helplessness needs to be characterized as an affective category of human subjectivity, in three dimensions: objective, of as a biological constitutional nature; psychic, of as a singular and subjective psychic nature; structural, as an ontological and ethical nature. Two axes of discussion stand out: (1) the importance of helplessness in the genesis of subjectivity and its relation with violence; (2) the changes in the contemporary social bond that bring the helplessness to the center of the defensive dynamics of the psychic apparatus, with an affective tone that moves from the realm of castration and guilt to pain and mourning. It is concluded that beyond helplessness characterization as a condition and as a state, it is necessary to move towards technical and interventional management and, therefore, to construct a clinic of helplessness more effectively.

Freudian psychoanalysis is a therapeutic method that is contextualized within a biological anthropology in which the psyche is considered the result of unresolved needs in the strictly biological field. Despite the evolution of Freud’s thinking regarding the analysis of the psychic apparatus, a mechanical-energy model that explains its organization and dynamics is still maintained. Psychic activity, therefore, is understood as a dynamic of forces in conflict with each other, which Freud conceptualizes through his own terminology. Desire, and emotion in general, is also understood as an energy that exerts a certain force within the psychic apparatus. Thus, drive, libido, and Eros are terms which one must become familiar with in order to understand Freudian psychology. Psychic functioning, individual and social human development, and culture are interpreted from a thermodynamic perspective whose aim is the discharge of excess pressure.

Este trabajo comunica los aspectos mas relevantes de la tesis doctoral en Psicologia que elaboro desde julio de 2004 en la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educacion de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires,Argentina. Las teorizaciones de Jean Laplanche y Silvia Bleichmar constituyen las referencias principales desde las cuales adhiero a una lectura de la obra de Freud que desarrolla una perspectiva innovadora respecto de los origenes del aparato psiquico y la simbolizacion. Alli la representacion es el efecto de una huella mnemica, una marca que se inscribe a partir de algo proveniente del exterior que ingresa a traves de la experiencia relacional con los adultos a cargo de los cuidados precoces que el cachorro humano necesita para subsistir. Este modelo teorico concibe al psiquismo como un sistema abierto, en constante transformacion a partir de nuevos procesos historico-vivenciales y demuestra la heterogeneidad de la materialidad psiquica. Esta investigacion intenta ampliar el alcance explicativo y terapeutico del psicoanalisis sobre un tipo particular de elementos que aparecen en la experiencia clinica como fragmentos representacionales que escapan a la simbolizacion e interrumpen la cadena asociativa de los pacientes. Bleichmar denomina “signos de percepcion” a estos elementos. Palabras Clave representacion simbolizacion traumatismo metapsicologia Abstract METAPSYCHOLOGICAL JUSTIFICATION OF THE CONCEPT OF PERCEPTION SIGNS This work imparts the more relevant sides of my PhD´s thesis in Psychology development since july of 2004 at the FAHCE-UNLP, Buenos Aires, Argentina. The theorizations of Jean Laplanche and Silvia Bleichmar are the main accounts which I agree about a reading of Freud´s work. That interpretation develops to an innovating perspective respect to the origins of the psychic apparatus and symbolization. Then, representation becomes an originating mark of the outside that makes its entrance through relational experience with the adults in charge of the precocious cares that the human puppy needs to subsist. This theoretical model conceives to the psychic character like an open system, in constant transformation from new historical-existential processes and demonstrates the heterogeneity of the psychic materiality. This investigation tries to extend the explanatory and therapeutic reach of the psychoanalysis about a particular pattern of elements. This elements turn up in the clinical experience like fragments that run away from symbolization and interrupt the associative chain. Bleichmar denominates “signs of perception” to these elements. Key words representation symbolization traumatism metapsychology

La investigación tuvo como propósito comprender, a partir de narrativas de profesores, las razones que han llevado a situar la enseñanza de las matemáticas como un saber para el progreso en Colombia. Se establecieron dos objetivos: uno relacionado con la comprensión de los saberes matemáticos que se mantienen, irrumpen y se transforman en procesos de enseñanza; otro orientado a describir, en procesos de larga duración, el tipo de sujeto que se busca formar como respuesta a la idea de progreso establecida en la sociedad. Para analizar la relación entre los cambios sociales y la personalidad de los individuos, se tomaron en cuenta los planteamientos del sociólogo Norbert Elias. Para este autor, los cambios y transformaciones de los sujetos se pueden explicar en el proceso civilizatorio como un equilibrio entre las coacciones exteriores provenientes de la sociedad y las auto coacciones del individuo para el control de la conducta y la estructuración de la personalidad, en una dirección determinada. The purpose of the research was to understand, from teacher narratives, the reasons that have led to place the teaching of mathematics as knowledge for progress in Colombia. Two objectives were established: one related to the understanding of the mathematical knowledge that is maintained, broken and transformed into teaching processes; another oriented to describe, in long-term processes, the type of subject that is sought to be formed in response to the idea of ​​progress established in society. To analyze the relationship between social changes and the personality of individuals, the approaches of sociologist Norbert Elias were taken into account. For this author, the changes and transformations of the subjects can be explained in the civilization process as a balance between the external constraints coming from the society and the self-constraints of the individual for the control of the behavior and the structuring of the personality, in one direction determined. Facultad de Ciencias y Educación -Universidad Distrital

Este artigo analisa a problemática narcísica-identitária de adolescentes que cometeram abuso sexual. Parte-se da hipótese de que é diante dos remanejamentos psíquicos ocorridos na adolescência e das dificuldades do aparelho psíquico em exercer a função de paraexcitação que pode ocorrer a passagem ao ato violento. Foi utilizado o Método de Rorschach na perspectiva da abordagem francesa da Escola de Paris, com grupo único de 4 adolescentes, de idades entre 15 e 18 anos, que praticaram violência sexual. A interpretação dos protocolos considerou os investimentos nos limites, as defesas narcísicas e seus efeitos, o investimento na representação de si, a identidade e a identificação. Conclui-se que a dificuldade de definição dos limites, a problemática identificatória, a inibição e o restrito manejo pulsional, bem como o estabelecimento de relações especulares com o uso de defesas narcísicas, indicam falhas no processo de subjetivação. This article analyzes the narcissistic-identitary problematic of adolescents who commit sexual abuse. It starts with the hypothesis that in adolescence, a psychic rearrangement occurs and difficulties begin within the psychic apparatus that exercises the stop-excitation function, which may lead to a violent act. We used the Rorschach Method in the French Approach of Parisian School, with a group of four adolescents aged 15 to 18 who had committed acts of sexual violence. The interpretation of the protocols considered the investment in the limits; the narcissistic defense and its effects, investment in the representation of the self, the identity and the identification. The study concluded that the difficulty of defining the limits, identification problematic, inhibition and limited drive management, in addition to the establishment of specular relations using narcissistic defenses indicated flaws in the process of subject choice. Este artigo analiza la problemática de la identidad-narcisista de los adolescentes que han cometido abuso sexual. Se basa en la hipótesis de la reubicación psíquica que ocurre en la adolescencia y de las dificultades del aparato psíquico al ejercer la función de para-excitación, pueden llegar a un acto violento. Fue utilizado el Método de Rorschach en la perspectiva del abordaje francés de la Escuela de Paris, con un grupo único de cuatro adolescentes con las edades entre 15 y 18 años, que habían cometido violencia sexual. La interpretación de los protocolos consideró los investimentos en los limites; las defensas narcisistas y sus efectos, el investimento en la auto-representación, la identidad y la identificación. Tras el estudio, se concluye que la dificultad en la delimitación de los limites, la problemática identificación, la inhibición y la restricción del manejo de los impulsos, además del establecimiento de relaciones especulares usando las defensas narcisistas indican fallas en el proceso de subjetivación.

A creche é um espaço privilegiado para o desenvolvimento infantil e envolve questões sobre a separação mãe-bebê. O educador que atua na creche vivencia alguns conflitos sobre a maternagem dos bebês. Diante disso, realizou-se uma revisão integrativa da literatura, entre os anos de 2002 e 2016, com o objetivo de apresentar a contribuição dos conceitos psicanalíticos para definir a função do cuidador/educador na creche. Quatorze publicações, que se enquadram nas questões da presente pesquisa, foram utilizadas como referência. A maioria dos estudos analisados destacaram a importância da primeira infância na constituição do aparelho psíquico a partir dos conceitos psicanalíticos fundantes. Sendo assim, infere-se que o cuidador/educador na creche é um mediador na constituição psíquica do bebê, inserindo a criança no campo da linguagem e operando na função materna e paterna.

Resumo Investigar a especificidade dos padecimentos psíquicos na atualidade a partir da discussão sobre a matéria-prima da psicanálise, visando pensar formas de intervenção terapêutica para além do modelo que tem no universo representativo sua referência maior. Para tanto, vamos trabalhar a distinção entre realidade material e realidade psíquica e analisar os termos Vorstellung e Darstellung como indicadores das diferentes formas de elaboração psíquica. Résumé Investiguer la spécificité des souffrances psychiques dans la contemporaneité à partir du débat sur la matière première de la psychanalyse, afin de penser aux formes d’intervention thérapeutique au delà du modèle qui tient dans l’univers représentatif sa référence majeure. Pour ce but on va travailler la distinction entre realité matérielle et realité psychique et analyser les termes Vorstellung et Darstellung comme repères des différentes formes d’elaboration psychique. Resumen Investigar la especificidad de los padecimientos psíquicos en la actualidad a partir de la discusión sobre la materia prima del psicoanálisis, con el objetivo de pensar formas de intervención terapéutica más allá del modelo que tiene en el universo representativo su mayor referencia. Para esto, vamos a trabajar la distinción entre la realidad material y la realidad psíquica y analizar los términos Vorstellung y Darstellung como indicadores de las diferentes formas de elaboración psíquica. Abstract To investigate the specificity of the psychological distress nowadays, beginning this discussion in the psychoanalysis’ raw material. Thus, we are aiming at different kinds of therapeutic intervention which escapes from a model that has, in the representative universe, its biggest reference. Moreover, we will work out the distinction between material reality and psychic reality and analyze the terms Vorstellung and Darstellung as indicators of different forms of psychic elaboration.

This paper accounts for the importance that graphology has in the personnel processes from the study of the criminal profile. From the theoretical construct, the theory of descriptive and emotional graphology of Mauricio Xandró, Max Pulver and Augusto Vels are approached, which affirm that graphology is a technique that allows to identify emotional states, personality types, personality inclinations and this is used to determine if the person’s profile are adjusted to the needs of the organization, thus favoring the optimization of resources. Methodologically, it is an explanatory descriptive study of a documentary nature, since the main studies that exist in terms of graphology exist in the academy, mainly based on the acceptance of the documentary records as an instrument for the collection and analysis of information. As a conclusion, it was obtained that the forensic graphology allows to identify the concordance that exists between the profile, the behavior of the interviewee, the needs of the organization and the personality traits shown by the graphs inscribed by the interviewee. Besides that, it allows to design a supposed profile of the interviewee where the inclination of the psychic apparatus for the perpetration of an economic crime can be traced. El presente artículo de investigación da cuenta de la importancia que tiene la grafología en los procesos de selección de personal a partir del estudio del perfil criminal. Desde el constructo teórico, se abordan las teorías de la grafología descriptiva y emocional de Max Pulver, Mauricio Xandró y Augusto Vels, los cuales afirman que la grafología es una técnica que permite identificar estados emocionales, tipos de personalidad e inclinaciones de personalidad y esta es utilizada para determinar si los perfiles de las personas se ajustan a las necesidades de la organización, propendiendo de esta forma por la optimización de los recursos. Metodológicamente, es un estudio descriptivo explicativo, de corte documental, puesto que se abordan los principales estudios que en términos de grafología existen en la academia, basados principalmente en la acepción de las fichas documentales como instrumento para la recopilación y análisis de la información. Como conclusión, se obtuvo que la grafología forense permite identificar la concordancia que existe entre el perfil, el comportamiento del entrevistado, las necesidades de la organización y los rasgos de personalidad mostrados por los grafos inscritos por el entrevistado. Además de eso, permite diseñar un perfil supuesto del entrevistado en donde se puede rastrear la inclinación del aparato psíquico a la comisión de un delito económico.

Não recebi financiamento In order to understand the speculative method used by Freud to elaborate the metapsychological concepts, this study uses as a strategy following the construction of the metapsychological hypothesis developed by the author in the article Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920). The study intends to show how the explanations based mainly on the biological model of the psyche lead to the sequence of speculative hypothesis that lead to the central (and quite controversial) concept of the 1920’s article, which caused a considerable turnaround in psychoanalytical theory – the death drive. For this purpose, we compared the schemes of psychic apparatus developed by Freud in 1895 and 1900 to the one exposed in Beyond..., emphasizing the difference between the psyche conceived through the mechanical and the biological models. In the abovementioned works, it is possible to verify that the author uses the mechanical model of explanation, referring to the flow of quantities, or the difference between rest and movement, conveyed from one to the other element in the psychic apparatus. The use of the biological model of explanation concerns to the evolution and the development of the elements that make up the system, responsible for the refinement of its performance, aiming at adaptation. In Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920), the biological model of explanation has a major role, occasion in which the psyche is conceived from an evolutive perspective, since its origin and the assertions that are openly described as speculative constitute a crucial axis upon which the text is formulated. It is in this scenario that the drive’s finality ‒ the absolute discharge of energy or the return to the inorganic ‒ is expressly articulated. Na tentativa de entender o lugar do método especulativo utilizado por Freud na elaboração dos conceitos metapsicólogicos, o presente trabalho adota como estratégia acompanhar a construção das hipóteses metapsicológicas desenvolvidas pelo autor no texto Além do princípio de prazer (1920). Pretende-se mostrar como as explicações baseadas principalmente no modelo biológico do psíquico conduziram o encadeamento de hipóteses especulativas que o levaram a postular o conceito central (e bastante controverso) do artigo de 1920, que causou uma espécie de reviravolta na teoria psicanalítica – a pulsão de morte. Para tanto, comparamos os esquemas de aparelho psíquico desenvolvidos por Freud em 1895 e 1900 com aquele que é exposto em Além..., trazendo para o primeiro plano da explicação as diferenças que existem entre o psiquismo pensado através dos modelos biológico e mecânico. Nos trabalhos supracitados, é possível verificar que o autor recorre ao modelo mecânico de explicação, referindo-se ao fluxo de quantidades, ou diferença entre repouso e movimento, transmitidas de um para outro elemento no interior deste aparelho. O recurso ao modelo biológico de explicação também é utilizado pelo psicanalista nestes trabalhos para referir-se à evolução e ao desenvolvimento dos elementos que compõem o aparato, responsáveis pelo refinamento de seu modo de funcionamento, visando à adaptação. Em Além do princípio de prazer (1920), o modelo biológico de explicação ocupa o primeiro plano, ocasião em que o psiquismo é pensado a partir de uma perspectiva evolutiva, desde a sua origem e que as formulações de caráter declaradamente especulativo constituem um eixo importante para a construção do texto. É neste cenário que a finalidade da pulsão ‒ a descarga absoluta ou o retorno ao inorgânico ‒ é explicitamente colocada.

In spite of appearances to the contrary, psychoanalysis has been, since its inception, concerned as much with the non-representational as with the representational aspects of the human mind. By “representational” we refer to what Anna Freud calls “Vorstellungen” and which, as we show later in this chapter, can be subsumed under the three Peircean kinds of signs that can be actively used by the mind—icons, indices, and symbols—with symbols being the purest form of representation. As Freud progressively abandons the neurological language for a metapsychological one, “neurones” will be replaced by “representations” or “ideas”. The act of representing is now called “remembering”, presented as the main goal of psychoanalytic work, but one gets the clear sense that such remembering is not the mere recalling or evoking. Representations are therefore structurally necessary for the working of the psychic apparatus. A symbol is therefore the purest kind of Peircean sign and, as we have seen, the closest to pure representation.

The skin-ego is a metaphor created by the French psychoanalyst Didier Anzieu to describe the process by which the infant's emerging ego develops a container for psychic contents and achieves a secure feeling of well-being. The ego encloses the psychic apparatus as the skin encloses the body. The ego becomes able to fix barriers protecting the internal world and to screen exchanges with the id, the superego, and the outside world. The skin-ego is an envelope that contains thoughts and gives to thinking activity some limits, continuity, and a protection against the instincts. The functions of the skin-ego are to maintain thoughts, to contain ideas and affects, to provide a protective shield, to register traces of primary communication with the outside world, to manage inter-sensorial correspondences, to individuate, to support sexual excitation, and to recharge the libido. The skin-ego is the foundation of the container-contained relationship. An important part of psychoanalytic work with borderline patients is the reconstruction of the earliest phases of the skin-ego and their consequences for mental organization.

*Doutor em filosofia pela Universidade de São Paulo (USP) e pela Radboud UniversiteitNijmegen (co-tutela). Membro da International Society of Psychoanalysis and Philosophy.A metafísica da presença dissimulada na feno­menologia husserliana e a máquina de escrever freudiana - revisitando DerridaResumo: O objetivo deste texto é mostrar como a noção de escritura, apresentada por Derrida, só pode ser compreendida num entrecruzamento contra intuitivo: entre a fenome­nologia husserliana e a psicanálise freudiana. Derrida encontra na fenomenologia de Husserl uma dissimulação do que ele denomina uma metafísica da presença; e, em Freud, uma possibilidade de nos livrarmos da concepção do Presente Vivo enquanto fundamento do pensar. A paisagem que Derrida nos apresenta é de uma grafia do aparelho psíquico: uma máquina de escrever que não se submete aos imperativos da voz do fenômeno.Palavras-chave: Metafísica da presença. Voz. Fenômeno. Presente vivo. Escritura. Ação diferida.A metafísica da presença dissimulada na feno­menologia husserliana e a máquina de escrever freudiana - revisitando DerridaAbstract: The aim of this paper is to show how the notion of writing, presented by Derrida, can only be understood in a counterintuitive intersection: between Husserlian phenomenology and Freudian psychoanalysis. Derrida finds in Husserl's phenomenology a dissimulation of what he calls a metaphysic of presence; and, in Freud, a possibility to get rid of this conception of the Present Live as the fundament of thinking. The landscape that Derrida presents us is of a spelling of the psychic apparatus: a typewriter that is not subjected to the imperative of the voice of the phenomenon.Keywords: Metaphysic of presence. Voice. Phenomenon. Present live. Writing. Differed action.Data de registro: 05/11/2013Data de aceite: 19/02/2014Referências:DELEUZE, Gilles. A quoi reconnaît-on le structuralisme? In: ______. L'île Déserte et autres textes. Paris: Les Éditions de Minuit, 2002.DERRIDA, Jacques. A escritura e a diferença. Tradução de Maria Beatriz Marques Nizza da Silva. São Paulo: Perspectiva, 2002.______. Introduction. In: HUSSERL, Edmund. L'origine de la géométrie. Paris: PUF, 1962.______. La voix et le phénomène - Introduction au problème du signe dans la phénoménologie de Husserl.Paris: PUF, 1972.DESCOMBES, Vincent. Le même et l'autre : quarante-cinq ans de philosophie française. Paris: Minuit, 1979.DEWS, Peter. Jacques Derrida the transcendental and difference. In: _____. Logics of disintegration - post-structuralism thought and the claims of critical theory. Londres: Verso, 1989.FINK, Eugen. Appendice du a Fink, sur le problème de l' 'inconscient'. In: HUSSERL, Edmund. La crise des sciences européennes et la phénoméno-logie transcendantale. Traduit de l'allemand et préfacé par Gérard Granel. Paris: Gallimard, 2004.FREUD, Sigmund. The complete letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess (1887-1904). Translated by Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson. London: Harvard University Press, 1985.______. A interpretação dos sonhos. In: ______; Obras psicológicas com-pletas de Sigmund Freud vol. IV e V. Traduzido pela direção geral de Jayme Salomão. Rio de Janeiro: Imago, 1996.______. Nota sobre o "bloco mágico". In: ______. Obras completas volume 16 (1923-1925).Tradução de Paulo César de Souza. Rio de Janeiro: Imago, 2011.______. Projeto para uma psicologia científica. In: ______; Obras psicoló-gicas completas de Sigmund Freud vol. I. Traduzido pela direção geral de Jayme Salomão. Rio de Janeiro: Imago, 1996.HABERMAS, Beyond a temporalized philosophy of origins: Jacques Der-rida's Critique of phonocentrism. In: ______. The philosophical discourse of modernity - twelve lectures. Tranlated by Frederick Lawrence. Massachusetts: The MIT Press Cambridge, 1987.HANNS, Luiz. Dicionário comentado do alemão de Freud. Rio de Janeiro: Imago, 1996.HEIDEGGER, Martin. A caminho da linguagem. Tradução de Marcia Sá Cavalcante Schuback. Petrópolis: Vozes, 2012.HUSSERL, Edmund. La crise des sciences européennes et la phénoménologie transcendantale. Traduit de l'allemand et préfacé par Gérard Granel. Paris: Gallimard, 2004.______. Idées directrices pour une phénoménologie et une philosophie phé-noménologique pures - tome premier: introduction générale à la phénomé-nologie pure. Traduit de l'allemand par Paul Ricoeur. Paris: Gallimard, 1950.______. Lições para uma fenomenologia da consciência interna do tempo. Tradução de Pedro Alves. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional da Moeda, 1994.______. Logique formelle et logique transcendantale - Essai d'une critique de la raison logique. Paris: PUF, 1996.______. Méditations cartésiennes - introduction à la phénoménologie. Traduit de l'allemand par Gabrielle Peiffer et Emmanuel Levinas. Paris: Vrin, 1969.______. Recherches logiques - tome I - prolégomènes à la logique pure. Paris: PUF, 1969.______. Recherches logiques - tome I -recherches pour la phénoménologie et la théorie de la connaissance. Paris: PUF, 1969.______. Recherches logiques - tome II - recherches pour la phénoménologie et la théorie de la connaissance. Traduit de l'allemand par Élie. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1962.LÉVI-STRAUSS, Claude. O cru e o cozido. Tradução de Beatriz Perrone-Moisés. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2004.SAFATLE, Vladimir. Être juste avec Freud: la psychanalyse dans l'anti-chambre de Da la grammatologie. In: MANIGLIER, Patrice. Le moment philosophique des années 1960 en France. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2011.

In 'Modes of Existence', Bruno Latour criticizes psychology for having drawn an untenable line between the inside and the outside, between the soul and the world. However, psychoanalysis is not concerned with describing the psyche as a purely internal phenomenon, but rather with adopting a fundamentally relational point of view that makes not only relations between people, but also their relationship to the technical world describable and therefore discussable. By taking into account Freud's idea of a psychic apparatus, this article depicts, from a theoretical perspective, the "technological unconscious" as a source of truth-telling in order to unveil current developments in digital cultures. It is precisely here that psychoanalysis, or a psychoanalytically inspired media theory, has a lot to offer: beyond Latour's "ontological pluralism," it takes up the question posed by Michel Foucault about the indissoluble linkage of the human subject to language and thus positions itself as a "counter science" to any anthropology.

espanolEl Proyecto de Psicologia para Neurologos constituye el mas energico intento de Freud de formular un modelo de funcionamiento psiquico en el marco de las Ciencias Naturales. Asi, estudia la composicion del sistema mental llegando a diferenciar la existencia de tres subsistemas neuronales y analiza los avatares de la cantidad Q, esencia de la dinamica psiquica y fundamento de la organizacion Yoica. El proposito de este trabajo es explicitar el uso de los conceptos provenientes de la Fisica de su epoca y la forma que tomaron en el Proyecto. Se presentan cuatro ejes: (1) La nocion de sistema, estado y cambio de estado, para analizar las proposiciones metateoricas. (2) La sustentacion de la dinamica psiquica en el primer y segundo principio de la Termodinamica. (3) El simil de las nociones electrodinamicas en el funcionamiento del aparato psiquico. (4) El estudio de las caracteristicas ondulatorias como sustento del tercer subsistema neuronal del modelo. EnglishThe Project for a Scientific Psychology is Freud's most forceful attempt to formulate a model of psychic functioning within the framework of the natural sciences. In order to do this he defines the psychism as a system constituted by specifiable material particles, the neurons, particles subject to changes ofstate according to an operator of change of state conceived as an amount (Q) and on which the laws of Newton validly operate. In this way, he studies the composition of the mental system, differentiating the existence of three neuronal subsystems (Fi, Psi and Omega) and analyzing the avatars of the quantity Q as a state change operator, which is essentially the motor of the Psychic dynamics and foundation of the Ego organization organization, taking this organization as a particular state of the distribution of Q in the system. The purpose of this work is to make explicit the use of the concepts coming from the physics of that time and the form they took in the Project. This paper presents four axes: 1) The notion of system, state and change of state. Freud advocates for a Psychology defined as natural science as capable of representing phenomena as quantitatively determined states of specifiable material particles. The system issubject to state changes according to a physical and measurable change ofstate operator, which corresponds to the notion of quantity (Q). 2) The support of psychic dynamicsin the first and second principles of thermodynamics. The tendency described in the Project as an impulse to the discharge of the neuronal tension to zero, is heiress of a model constructed according to the first two principles of the thermodynamics. The notion of the general irreversibility of the psychic process, despite the mechanisms that retard, and even partially reverse the direction of the process, is an implicit idea on which all repetitive phenomena are based. The concept of facilitation itself involvesthe irreversibility of the process since it does not contemplate the possibility that mechanisms exist that may allow the reverse operation, except in the exceptional situation in which, for different reasons, the expected spontaneous sense is reversed, generating the process of regression. 3) The analogy of electrodynamics notions in the functioning of the psychic apparatus. Neurons, as conductors charged by a current flowing in a given direction, are also capable of storing a quantity of excitation, cathexis, neologism derived from the word cathode, used in physics. The idea of gradual local differences in potential is the only possible justification within the model for explaining psychic work as a product of the interrelationship between energy and work. Thus, it is difficult to say that when Freud developed his project he was not thinking of an electrodynamics model, it is difficult to imagine that he did not think of current (electron flow) when he spoke of current, or that he did not think of physical resistances when he spoke of resistances, or that he did not think about tension when he described the storage of potential excitation, or else that he did not seek, finally, to formulate an Ohm law of neural function, when he spoke of their relations. 4) The study of the wave characteristics as the basis of the third neuronal subsystem of the model. The Project solves the problem of the quality by assigning to the currents in flow another property, the periodicity, independent of the quantity. This periodicity refers to frequency and frequency changes, which only in the Omega system become significant, because in the Psisystem they do not exist, neither in Fi. These are, in Freud's words, monotonous, that isto say of uniform and constant frequency so as to give a unique tone.