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This study investigates the spin-orbital states of FePS3 and FePSe3 monolayers and the origin of their Ising zigzag AFM, using DFT, crystal field level diagrams, superexchange analyses, and parallel tempering MC simulations. Our calculations show that under the trigonal elongation of the FeS6 (FeSe6) octahedra, the $e_g^\pi$ doublet of the Fe 3d crystal field levels lies lower than the $a_{1g}$ singlet by about 108 meV (123 meV), which is much larger than the strength of Fe 3d SOC. Then, the half-filled minority-spin $e_g^\pi$ doublet of the high-spin Fe$^{2+}$ ions ($d^{5\uparrow,1\downarrow}$) splits by the SOC into the lower $L_{z+}$ and higher $L_{z-}$ states. The spin-orbital ground state $d^{5\uparrow}$$L_{z+}^{1\downarrow}$ formally with $S_z$ = 2 and $L_z$ = 1 gives the large z-axis spin/orbital moments of 3.51/0.76 $\mu_{B}$ (3.41/0.67 $\mu_{B}$) for FePS$_3$ (FePSe$_3$) monolayer, and both the moments are reduced by the strong (stronger) Fe 3d hybridizations with S 3p (Se 4p) states. As a result, FePS3 (FePSe3) monolayer has a huge perpendicular single-ion anisotropy energy of 19.4 meV (14.9 meV), giving an Ising-type magnetism. Moreover, via the maximally localized Wannier functions, we find that the first nearest neighboring (1NN) Fe-Fe pair has large hopping parameters in between some specific orbitals, and so does the 3NN Fe-Fe pair. In contrast, the 2NN Fe-Fe pair has much smaller hopping parameters and the 4NN Fe-Fe pair has negligibly small ones. Then, a combination of those hopping parameters and the superexchange picture can readily explain the computed strong 1NN ferromagnetic coupling and the strong 3NN antiferromagnetic one but the relatively much smaller 2NN antiferromagnetic coupling. Furthermore, our PTMC simulations give TN of 119 K for FePS3 monolayer and also predict for FePSe3 monolayer the same magnetic structure with a close or even higher TN., Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures, 3 tables

We experimentally demonstrate a passively Q-switched erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) operation by using a saturable absorber based on Fe3O4 nanoparticles (FONP) in magnetic fluid (MF). As a kind of transition metal oxide, the FONP has a large nonlinear optical response with a fast response time for saturable absorber. By depositing MF at the end of optical fiber ferrule, we fabricated a FONP-based saturable absorber, which enables a strong light-matter interaction owing to the confined transmitted optical field within the single mode fiber. Because of large third-order optical nonlinearities of FONP-based saturable absorber, large modulation depth of 8.2% and non saturable absorption of 56.6% are demonstrated. As a result, stable passively Q-switched EDFL pulses with maximum output pulse energy of 23.76 nJ, repetition rate of 33.3 kHz, and pulse width of 3.2 {\mu}s are achieved when the input pump power is 110 mW at the wavelength of 980 nm. The laser features a low threshold pump power of ~15 mW., Comment: 4 pages,6 figures