215 results on '"Public Health Practice history"'
Search Results
2. Audio Interview: What Earlier Epidemics Teach Us about Covid-19.
- Author
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Rubin EJ, Baden LR, Brandt AM, and Morrissey S
- Subjects
- COVID-19 epidemiology, Communicable Disease Control history, Epidemics prevention & control, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Immunization, Secondary, Influenza Pandemic, 1918-1919 history, Politics, Public Opinion, Treatment Outcome, COVID-19 prevention & control, COVID-19 Vaccines, Communicable Disease Control organization & administration, Epidemics history, International Cooperation, Leadership, Public Health Practice history
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Water and the death of ambition in global health, c.1970-1990.
- Author
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McMillen C
- Subjects
- Africa, History, 20th Century, Humans, United Nations history, World Health Organization history, Global Health history, Public Health Practice history, Sanitation history, Water Supply history
- Abstract
Economic development and good health depended on access to clean water and sanitation. Therefore, because economic development and good health depended on access to clean water and sanitation, beginning in the early 1970s the World Bank, the World Health Organization (WHO), and others began a period of sustained interest in developing both for the billions without either. During the 1980s, two massive and wildly ambitious projects showed what was possible. The International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade and the Blue Nile Health Project aimed for nothing less than the total overhaul of the way water was developed. This was, according to the WHO, "development in the spirit of social justice."
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- 2020
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- View/download PDF
4. The Anti-Cancer League and public outreach for cancer control in Peru.
- Author
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López RN
- Subjects
- Community-Institutional Relations, Developing Countries, Health Promotion history, History, 20th Century, Hospitalization, Humans, Neoplasms mortality, Neoplasms prevention & control, Neoplasms therapy, Peru epidemiology, Neoplasms history, Public Health Practice history, Voluntary Health Agencies history
- Abstract
Peru's first cancer control public outreach scheme started in the 1910s, but ground to a standstill as it attained official governmental recognition in 1926 as the Liga Anti-Cancerosa (LAC). This paper explains the developments leading to that earliest effort to enlist a coalition of State health agencies, physicians, and lay people in a campaign to publicize early signs of this disease, as well as the medical and political reasons for and implications of its decline. Besides highlighting the importance of professional initiatives shaping cancer activism, contextualizing the rise and fall of the LAC calls attention to the effects that hospitalization of cancer treatment had on aspects of cancer care that were not directly treatment-related, such as public outreach.
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- 2020
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5. Historical epidemiology and global health history.
- Author
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Webb J Jr
- Subjects
- Africa, Communicable Disease Control history, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola prevention & control, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola transmission, History, 20th Century, Hookworm Infections prevention & control, Humans, Malaria prevention & control, Public Health Practice history, World Health Organization history, Epidemiology history, Global Health history, Health Promotion history, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola history, Hookworm Infections history, Malaria history
- Abstract
The subdiscipline of historical epidemiology holds the promise of creating a more robust and more nuanced foundation for global public health decision-making by deepening the empirical record from which we draw lessons about past interventions. This essay draws upon historical epidemiological research on three global public health campaigns to illustrate this promise: the Rockefeller Foundation's efforts to control hookworm disease (1909-c.1930), the World Health Organization's pilot projects for malaria eradication in tropical Africa (1950s-1960s), and the international efforts to shut down the transmission of Ebola virus disease during outbreaks in tropical Africa (1974-2019).
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Global health in the making: health demonstration areas in Europe, 1950s and 1960s.
- Author
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Rodríguez-Ocaña E
- Subjects
- Education history, Europe, Health Services history, History, 20th Century, Humans, World Health Organization history, Global Health history, Public Health Practice history
- Abstract
Global health is a multifaceted concept that entails the standardization of procedures in healthcare domains in accordance with a doctrine agreed upon by experts. This essay focus on the creation of health demonstration areas by the World Health Organisation (WHO) to establish core nodes for integrated state-of-the-art health services. It explores the origins, theoretical basis and aims of this technique and reviews several European experiences during the first 20 years of the WHO. Particular attention is paid to the historical importance of technical cooperative activities carried out by the WHO in regard to the implementation of health services, a long-term strategic move that contributed to the thematic upsurge of primary health care in the late 1970s.
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- 2020
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7. The role of the World Health Organization country programs in the development of virology in Spain, 1951-1975.
- Author
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Porras MI and Báguena MJ
- Subjects
- History, 20th Century, Humans, Spain, Biomedical Research history, Public Health Practice history, Virology history, World Health Organization history
- Abstract
Within the framework of recent historiography about the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) in modernizing public health and the multifaceted concept of global health, this study addresses the impact of the WHO's "country programs" in Spain from the time it was admitted to this organization in 1951 to 1975. This research adopts a transnational historical perspective and emphasizes attention to the circulation of health knowledge, practices, and people, and focuses on the Spain-0001 and Spain-0025programs, their role in the development of virology in Spain, and the transformation of public health. Sources include historical archives (WHO, the Spanish National Health School), various WHO publications, the contemporary medical press, and a selection of the Spanish general press.
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- 2020
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8. "Debordering" public health: the changing patterns of health border in modern Europe.
- Author
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Zylberman P
- Subjects
- Asia, Communicable Disease Control methods, Europe, Global Health history, History, 18th Century, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Hospitals, Isolation history, Malaria history, Malaria prevention & control, Politics, Quarantine history, World Health Organization history, Communicable Disease Control history, Public Health Practice history
- Abstract
According to David Fidler, the governance of infectious diseases evolved from the mid-nineteenth to the twenty-first century as a series of institutional arrangements: the International Sanitary Regulations (non-interference and disease control at borders), the World Health Organization vertical programs (malaria and smallpox eradication campaigns), and a post-Westphalian regime standing beyond state-centrism and national interest. But can international public health be reduced to such a Westphalian image? We scrutinize three strategies that brought health borders into prominence: pre-empting weak states (eastern Mediterranean in the nineteenth century); preventing the spread of disease through nation-building (Macedonian public health system in the 1920s); and debordering the fight against epidemics (1920-1921 Russian-Polish war and the Warsaw 1922 Sanitary Conference).
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- 2020
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9. Sabina Faiz Rashid: research on community resilience.
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- Bangladesh, COVID-19 prevention & control, Family Planning Services history, Female, History, 21st Century, Human Rights, Humans, Male, Research, Resilience, Psychological, Public Health Practice history, Reproductive Health
- Abstract
Sabina Faiz Rashid talks to Andréia Azevedo Soares about anthropology, poverty, inequality and sex education in Bangladesh., ((c) 2020 The authors; licensee World Health Organization.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Weighing on us all? Quantification and cultural responses to obesity in NHS Britain.
- Author
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Bivins R
- Subjects
- Cultural Characteristics, History, 20th Century, Humans, United Kingdom, Body Mass Index, Obesity history, Public Health Practice history, State Medicine history
- Abstract
How do cultures of self-quantification intersect with the modern state, particularly in relation to medical provision and health promotion? Here I explore the ways in which British practices and representations of body weight and weight management ignored or interacted with the National Health Service between 1948 and 2004. Through the lens of overweight, I examine health citizenship in the context of universal health provision funded from general taxation, and track attitudes toward "overweight" once its health implications and medical costs affected a public service as well as individual bodies and households. Looking at professional and popular discourses of overweight and obesity, I map the persistence of a highly individual culture of dietary and weight self-management in postwar Britain, and assess the degree to which it was challenged by a new measure of "obesity" - the body mass index - and by visions of an NHS burdened and even threatened by the increasing overweight of the citizens it was created to serve.
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- 2020
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11. An Analysis of the United States and United Kingdom Smallpox Epidemics (1901-5) - The Special Relationship that Tested Public Health Strategies for Disease Control.
- Author
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Brabin B
- Subjects
- Commerce history, Communicable Disease Control legislation & jurisprudence, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, Humans, Mass Screening history, Public Health Practice history, Ships history, Smallpox epidemiology, Smallpox Vaccine history, Travel history, United Kingdom, United States, Vaccination history, Communicable Disease Control methods, Epidemics history, Hospitals, Isolation history, Quarantine history, Smallpox history
- Abstract
At the end of the nineteenth century, the northern port of Liverpool had become the second largest in the United Kingdom. Fast transatlantic steamers to Boston and other American ports exploited this route, increasing the risk of maritime disease epidemics. The 1901-3 epidemic in Liverpool was the last serious smallpox outbreak in Liverpool and was probably seeded from these maritime contacts, which introduced a milder form of the disease that was more difficult to trace because of its long incubation period and occurrence of undiagnosed cases. The characteristics of these epidemics in Boston and Liverpool are described and compared with outbreaks in New York, Glasgow and London between 1900 and 1903. Public health control strategies, notably medical inspection, quarantine and vaccination, differed between the two countries and in both settings were inconsistently applied, often for commercial reasons or due to public unpopularity. As a result, smaller smallpox epidemics spread out from Liverpool until 1905. This paper analyses factors that contributed to this last serious epidemic using the historical epidemiological data available at that time. Though imperfect, these early public health strategies paved the way for better prevention of imported maritime diseases., (© The Author 2019.)
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- 2020
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12. 'To Awaken the Medical and Hygienic Conscience of the People': Cultivating Enlightened Citizenship through Free Public Healthcare in Haiti from 1915-34.
- Author
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Reichardt EM
- Subjects
- Attitude of Health Personnel, Colonialism history, Delivery of Health Care economics, Haiti, History, 20th Century, Humans, Physicians history, Public Health Administration history, Public Health Practice history, Racism history, United States, Delivery of Health Care history, Public Health history
- Abstract
This paper addresses the relative scholarly oversight of the history of public health in Haiti through a close examination of the colonial public health system constructed and operated by the United States (US) during its occupation of Haiti from 1915 to 1934. More than simply documenting a neglected aspect of Caribbean history, the paper offers the US occupation of Haiti as a remarkably clear example of a failed attempt to use a free public health service to cultivate a health conscientiousness among the Haitian citizenry through the aggressive treatment of highly visible ailments such as cataracts and yaws. I argue that the US occupation viewed the success of the Haitian Public Health Service as critical to the generation of a taxable, compliant and trusting citizenry that the colonial state could enter into a contract with. This idealistic programme envisioned by the US occupation was marred by financial mismanagement, racism, delusions of grandeur and contempt for Haitian physicians that resulted in the production of a far more precarious public health service and administrative state than the US occupation had hoped. By the time the Great Depression arrived in 1930 the Haitian Public Health Service was gutted and privatised, having successfully provided the majority of Haitians with free healthcare, yet failed to have persuaded them of the value of being governed by a centralised administrative state., (© The Author 2019.)
- Published
- 2020
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13. Early-Life Assets in Oldest-Old Age: Evidence From Primary Care Reform in Early Twentieth Century Sweden.
- Author
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Lazuka V
- Subjects
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cardiovascular Diseases mortality, Cause of Death, Female, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Male, Primary Health Care history, Registries, Rural Population, Socioeconomic Factors, Sweden epidemiology, Health Care Reform methods, Longevity, Primary Health Care methods, Public Health Practice history
- Abstract
Do early-life effects of investments in public health persist to the oldest-old ages? This article answers this question by using the primary care reform in rural Sweden that between 1890 and 1917 led to the establishment of local health districts, together with openings of hospitals and recruitments of medical personnel, as a natural experiment in early-life environmental conditions. The initiatives undertaken within these districts targeted control of infectious diseases, including various isolation and disinfection measures. This study applies a difference-in-differences method combined with propensity score matching to register-based individual-level data for Sweden from 1968 to 2012 and to multisource, purposely collected data on the reform implementation. Providing pioneering evidence for such a distal relationship (ages 78-95), this study finds that treatment through primary care in the year of birth leads to a significant reduction in all-cause mortality (4 % to 6%) and mortality from cardiovascular diseases (5 % to 6 %) and to an increase in average incomes (2 % to 3 %). The effects are universal and somewhat stronger among individuals from poor socioeconomic backgrounds and at higher baseline levels of disease burden.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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14. Learning From History About Reducing Infant Mortality: Contrasting the Centrality of Structural Interventions to Early 20th-Century Successes in the United States to Their Neglect in Current Global Initiatives.
- Author
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Bhatia A, Krieger N, and Subramanian SV
- Subjects
- Breast Feeding, Developing Countries, History, 20th Century, Humans, Infant, United States, Infant Mortality history, Infant Mortality trends, Public Health Practice history, Sanitation, Water Purification
- Abstract
Policy Points Current efforts to reduce infant mortality and improve infant health in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) can benefit from awareness of the history of successful early 20th-century initiatives to reduce infant mortality in high-income countries, which occurred before widespread use of vaccination and medical technologies. Improvements in sanitation, civil registration, milk purification, and institutional structures to monitor and reduce infant mortality played a crucial role in the decline in infant mortality seen in the United States in the early 1900s. The commitment to sanitation and civil registration has not been fulfilled in many LMICs. Structural investments in sanitation and water purification as well as in civil registration systems should be central, not peripheral, to the goal of infant mortality reduction in LMICs., Context: Between 1915 and 1950, the infant mortality rate (IMR) in the United States declined from 100 to fewer than 30 deaths per 1,000 live births, prior to the widespread use of medical technologies and vaccination. In 2015 the IMR in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) was 53.2 deaths per 1,000 live births, which is comparable to the United States in 1935 when IMR was 55.7 deaths per 1,000 live births. We contrast the role of public health institutions and interventions for IMR reduction in past versus present efforts to reduce infant mortality in LMICs to critically examine the current evidence base for reducing infant mortality and to propose ways in which lessons from history can inform efforts to address the current burden of infant mortality., Methods: We searched the peer-reviewed and gray literature on the causes and explanations behind the decline in infant mortality in the United States between 1850 and 1950 and in LMICs after 2000. We included historical analyses, empirical research, policy documents, and global strategies. For each key source, we assessed the factors considered by their authors to be salient in reducing infant mortality., Findings: Public health programs that played a central role in the decline in infant mortality in the United States in the early 1900s emphasized large structural interventions like filtering and chlorinating water supplies, building sanitation systems, developing the birth and death registration area, pasteurizing milk, and also educating mothers on infant care and hygiene. The creation of new institutions and policies for infant health additionally provided technical expertise, mobilized resources, and engaged women's groups and public health professionals. In contrast, contemporary literature and global policy documents on reducing infant mortality in LMICs have primarily focused on interventions at the individual, household, and health facility level, and on the widespread adoption of cheap, ostensibly accessible, and simple technologies, often at the cost of leaving the structural conditions that determine child survival largely untouched., Conclusions: Current discourses on infant mortality are not informed by lessons from history. Although structural interventions were central to the decline in infant mortality in the United States, current interventions in LMICs that receive the most global endorsement do not address these structural determinants of infant mortality. Using a historical lens to examine the continued problem of infant mortality in LMICs suggests that structural interventions, especially regarding sanitation and civil registration, should again become core to a public health approach to addressing infant mortality., (© 2019 Milbank Memorial Fund.)
- Published
- 2019
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15. Medicine in the New World of Peace.
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- Health Care Reform history, History, 20th Century, Humans, Preventive Medicine education, World War I, Preventive Medicine history, Public Health Practice history, Social Conditions history
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- 2019
- Full Text
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16. Keeping our immigrants healthy: hygienist doctrine in the Hospedaria de Imigrantes da Ilha das Flores.
- Author
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Reznik L and Costa JCO
- Subjects
- Brazil epidemiology, Epidemics history, Facility Design and Construction history, History, 19th Century, Humans, Yellow Fever epidemiology, Yellow Fever prevention & control, Emigrants and Immigrants history, Hospitals, Special history, Hygiene history, Public Health Practice history, Yellow Fever history
- Abstract
The Hospedaria de Imigrantes (Immigrant Lodgings) da Ilha das Flores was established in 1883 in accordance with the hygienist thinking of the time. Immigrants were isolated on the east coast of Guanabara Bay because of the epidemics of yellow fever which returned to the Imperial capital every summer since 1849-1850. Hygienists attributed the disease to the precarious health conditions in the city of Rio de Janeiro, which enabled germs to multiply and infect the atmosphere. As physicians reinterpreted the disease in light of Pasteurian theory, new procedures were adopted to receive immigrants, changing the structure and function of the facility on Ilha das Flores.
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- 2019
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17. Better Prepare Than React: Reordering Public Health Priorities 100 Years After the Spanish Flu Epidemic.
- Author
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Greenberger M
- Subjects
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S., Communicable Disease Control legislation & jurisprudence, Disease Outbreaks prevention & control, Fear, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola history, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola prevention & control, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Public Health Practice legislation & jurisprudence, Quarantine history, Quarantine legislation & jurisprudence, United States epidemiology, Communicable Disease Control history, Disease Outbreaks history, Global Health history, Influenza Pandemic, 1918-1919 history, Public Health Practice history
- Abstract
This commentary argues that 100 years after the deadly Spanish flu, the public health emergency community's responses to much more limited pandemics and outbreaks demonstrate a critical shortage of personnel and resources. Rather than relying on nonpharmaceutical interventions, such as quarantine, the United States must reorder its health priorities to ensure adequate preparation for a large-scale pandemic.
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- 2018
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18. 100 Years of Medical Countermeasures and Pandemic Influenza Preparedness.
- Author
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Jester BJ, Uyeki TM, Patel A, Koonin L, and Jernigan DB
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- Antiviral Agents history, Antiviral Agents supply & distribution, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Influenza Pandemic, 1918-1919 mortality, Influenza Vaccines history, Influenza Vaccines supply & distribution, United States epidemiology, Communicable Disease Control history, Communicable Disease Control methods, Global Health history, Influenza Pandemic, 1918-1919 history, Medical Countermeasures, Pandemics prevention & control, Public Health Practice history
- Abstract
The 1918 influenza pandemic spread rapidly around the globe, leading to high mortality and social disruption. The countermeasures available to mitigate the pandemic were limited and relied on nonpharmaceutical interventions. Over the past 100 years, improvements in medical care, influenza vaccines, antiviral medications, community mitigation efforts, diagnosis, and communications have improved pandemic response. A number of gaps remain, including vaccines that are more rapidly manufactured, antiviral drugs that are more effective and available, and better respiratory protective devices.
- Published
- 2018
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19. The Spanish Flu, Epidemics, and the Turn to Biomedical Responses.
- Author
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Schwartz JL
- Subjects
- History, 20th Century, Humans, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype, Influenza Pandemic, 1918-1919 mortality, United States epidemiology, Communicable Disease Control history, Global Health history, Influenza Pandemic, 1918-1919 history, Influenza Vaccines history, Influenza Vaccines immunology, Public Health Practice history
- Abstract
A century ago, nonpharmaceutical interventions such as school closings, restrictions on large gatherings, and isolation and quarantine were the centerpiece of the response to the Spanish Flu. Yet, even though its cause was unknown and the science of vaccine development was in its infancy, considerable enthusiasm also existed for using vaccines to prevent its spread. This desire far exceeded the scientific knowledge and technological capabilities of the time. Beginning in the early 1930s, however, advances in virology and influenza vaccine development reshaped the relative priority given to biomedical approaches in epidemic response over traditional public health activities. Today, the large-scale implementation of nonpharmaceutical interventions akin to the response to the Spanish Flu would face enormous legal, ethical, and political challenges, but the enthusiasm for vaccines and other biomedical interventions that was emerging in 1918 has flourished. The Spanish Flu functioned as an inflection point in the history of epidemic responses, a critical moment in the long transition from approaches dominated by traditional public health activities to those in which biomedical interventions are viewed as the most potent and promising tools in the epidemic response arsenal.
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- 2018
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20. "Precision" Public Health - Between Novelty and Hype.
- Author
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Chowkwanyun M, Bayer R, and Galea S
- Subjects
- Genomics, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, Humans, National Institutes of Health (U.S.), Public Health, United States, Precision Medicine, Public Health Practice history
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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21. "Save 100,000 Babies": The 1918 Children's Year and Its Legacy.
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Connolly CA and Golden J
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- Child, Child, Preschool, Health Promotion history, Health Promotion organization & administration, History, 20th Century, Humans, Racial Groups, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Child Health history, Child Welfare history, Politics, Public Health Practice history
- Abstract
In April 1918, President Woodrow Wilson, alarmed at the high draftee rejection rate, proclaimed the second year of American engagement in World War I as "Children's Year." The motto of the nationwide program was to "Save 100,000 Babies." Children's Year represented a multipronged child welfare campaign aimed at gathering data on best practices regarding maternal and child health promotion, documenting the effects of poverty on ill health, reducing the school drop-out rate, ensuring safe play spaces for children, and addressing the unique needs of targeted populations such as orphans and delinquents. Thousands of communities across the country participated in Children's Year, which was overseen by the Children's Bureau and the Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense. The 1919 White House Conference on Children's Health synthesized all of the Children's Year findings into concrete recommendations. But in an effort to minimize conflict with organized medicine and those who feared governmental intrusion into family life, stakeholders accepted a series of compromises. By so doing, they inadvertently helped enshrine the means-tested, class-based, fragmented approach to child well-being in the United States that persists to this day.
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- 2018
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22. [Mosquitos and the State in the report by the head of the Rural Sanitation and Prophylaxis Service of Bahia, 1922].
- Author
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Rocha HH
- Subjects
- Brazil epidemiology, Disease Outbreaks history, Disease Outbreaks prevention & control, History, 20th Century, Humans, Yellow Fever epidemiology, Yellow Fever prevention & control, Public Health Administration history, Public Health Practice history, Sanitation history, Yellow Fever history
- Abstract
In 1923, Doctor Sebastião Barroso, head of the Rural Sanitation and Prophylaxis Service of Bahia, submitted a report on the previous year's activities. The document contains information on initiatives coordinated by the entity on rural epidemics and prophylaxis, accompanied by a compilation of the reports by the professionals responsible for the rural prophylaxis units and tables containing data on the different regions in the state, notifications received, and expenses. The section of this document presented here enables us to investigate the state's role in addressing public health issues in a context marked by recurring outbreaks of epidemics, especially yellow fever.
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- 2018
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23. Appropriations for City Health Departments.
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- Government Agencies history, History, 20th Century, Local Government history, Public Health Administration economics, Public Health Administration history, Public Health Practice economics, United States, Preventive Medicine history, Public Health Practice history
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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24. [Research on the Health and Epidemic Prevention System during the Period of Peiyang Government in Qingdao(1922-1929)].
- Author
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Jin X
- Subjects
- China, Epidemics history, Epidemics prevention & control, Government Regulation history, Health Promotion history, History, 20th Century, Humans, Preventive Health Services history, Public Health Administration history, Public Health Practice history
- Abstract
Until 1922, full sovereignty was restored by the Peiyang Government. To 1929, the Health and Epidemic Prevention System was gradually established in Qingdao, and the Health Bureau was set up, issuing a variety of health and epidemic prevention regulations, laws, propagating health knowledge, and carrying out health campaign. This made a big step forward in the protection and promotion of public health. However, due to lack of funds, and frequent changes in the health administration, the effect of the System and the development of health services were affected.
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- 2017
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25. [Crossed paths: the role of Frederico Simões Barbosa in the constitution of Public Health].
- Author
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Lima NT
- Subjects
- Brazil, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Parasitology education, Public Health trends, Parasitology history, Public Health Practice history
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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26. Public health coming home.
- Author
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Holland WW
- Subjects
- Humans, Health Policy, Public Health Administration history, Public Health Practice history
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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27. The old African queen lending a hand to improve health in Malawi.
- Author
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Howarth DA
- Subjects
- History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Malawi, United Kingdom, Medical Missions history, Public Health Practice history, Religious Missions history, Ships history
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Waiting for the flu: cognitive inertia and the Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918-19.
- Author
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Dicke T
- Subjects
- Awareness, History, 20th Century, Humans, Influenza Pandemic, 1918-1919 history, Preventive Health Services history, United States, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Influenza Pandemic, 1918-1919 prevention & control, Public Health Practice history
- Abstract
This study looks at public awareness and understanding of the Spanish flu in the United States between June 1918, when the flu became "Spanish," and the end of September when the deadly second wave reached the majority of the country. Based on an extensive reading of local newspapers, it finds a near universal lack of preparation or panic or other signs of personal concern among those in the unaffected areas, despite extensive and potentially worrying coverage of the flu's progress. The normal reaction to news of the inexorable approach of a pandemic of uncertain virulence is anxiety and action. The Spanish flu produced neither in the uninfected areas for a month. The most likely reason appears to be cognitive inertia-the tendency of existing beliefs or habits of thought to blind people to changed realities. This inertia grew out of the widespread understanding of flu as a seasonal visitor that while frequently unpleasant almost never killed the strong and otherwise healthy. This view of the flu was powerful enough that it blinded many in the unaffected regions to the threat for weeks even in the face of daily or near daily coverage of the pandemic's spread., (© The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
- Published
- 2015
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29. Getting it right? Lessons from the interwar years on pulmonary tuberculosis control in England and Wales.
- Author
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Bowden S and Sadler A
- Subjects
- England epidemiology, History, 20th Century, Humans, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary epidemiology, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary mortality, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary therapy, Wales epidemiology, Public Health Practice history, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary history
- Abstract
This paper examines morbidity and mortality patterns in interwar England and Wales, using previously under-explored primary archival source materials. These materials help us understand not only what local authorities could and did do, but also the reasons for the marked variations in the ability of different authorities to manage the problem. We identify where and why there were problems and also how and why some authorities were more successful than others in dealing with the disease. Wealth was not an issue. We find a combination of pro-active preventative measures was significant.
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- 2015
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30. Public health and English local government: historical perspectives on the impact of 'returning home'.
- Author
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Gorsky M, Lock K, and Hogarth S
- Subjects
- England, Health Services, Health Services Needs and Demand, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Local Government, National Health Programs, Public Health Administration economics, Health Policy history, Public Health Administration history, Public Health Practice history
- Abstract
This article uses history to stimulate reflection on the present opportunities and challenges for public health practice in English local government. Its motivation is the paradox that despite Department of Health policy-makers' allusions to 'a long and proud history' and 'returning public health home' there has been no serious discussion of that past local government experience and what we might learn from it. The article begins with a short resumé of the achievements of Victorian public health in its municipal location, and then considers the extensive responsibilities that it developed for environmental, preventive and health services by the mid-twentieth century. The main section discusses the early NHS, explaining why historians see the era as one of decline for the speciality of public health, leading to the reform of 1974, which saw the removal from local government and the abolition of the Medical Officer of Health role. Our discussion focuses on challenges faced before 1974 which raise organizational and political issues relevant to local councils today as they embed new public health teams. These include the themes of leadership, funding, integrated service delivery, communication and above all the need for a coherent vision and rationale for public health action in local authorities., (© The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Faculty of Public Health.)
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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31. The view from the Acropolis….
- Author
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Milne E and Schrecker T
- Subjects
- Humans, Health Policy, Public Health Administration history, Public Health Practice history
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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32. A public health achievement under adversity: the eradication of poliomyelitis from Peru, 1991.
- Author
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Sobti D, Cueto M, and He Y
- Subjects
- Developing Countries, History, 20th Century, Humans, Pan American Health Organization history, Peru epidemiology, Poliomyelitis epidemiology, Immunization Programs history, Poliomyelitis history, Poliomyelitis prevention & control, Public Health Practice history, Public Health Surveillance
- Abstract
The fight to achieve global eradication of poliomyelitis continues. Although native transmission of poliovirus was halted in the Western Hemisphere by the early 1990s, and only a few cases have been imported in the past few years, much of Latin America's story remains to be told. Peru conducted a successful flexible, or flattened, vertical campaign in 1991. The initial disease-oriented programs began to collaborate with community-oriented primary health care systems, thus strengthening public-private partnerships and enabling the common goal of poliomyelitis eradication to prevail despite rampant terrorism, economic instability, and political turmoil. Committed leaders in Peru's Ministry of Health, the Pan American Health Organization, and Rotary International, as well as dedicated health workers who acted with missionary zeal, facilitated acquisition of adequate technologies, coordinated work at the local level, and increased community engagement, despite sometimes being unable to institutionalize public health improvements.
- Published
- 2014
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33. Connecting health and natural history: a failed initiative at the American Museum of Natural History, 1909-1922.
- Author
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Brown JK
- Subjects
- History, 20th Century, Humans, Natural History history, New York City, Research history, United States, Museums history, Public Health Practice history, Science history
- Abstract
In 1909, curator Charles-Edward Winslow established a department of public health in New York City's American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). Winslow introduced public health as a biological science that connected human health-the modern sciences of physiology, hygiene, and urban sanitation-to the natural history of plants and animals. This was the only time an American museum created a curatorial department devoted to public health. The AMNH's Department of Public Health comprised a unique collection of live bacterial cultures-a "Living Museum"-and an innovative plan for 15 exhibits on various aspects of health. I show how Winslow, facing opposition from AMNH colleagues, gathered scientific experts and financial support, and explain the factors that made these developments seem desirable and possible. I finish with a discussion of how the Department of Public Health met an abrupt and "inglorious end" in 1922 despite the success of its collections and exhibitions.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Lessons from a public health leader: Noreen Clark's approaches to public health practice.
- Author
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Valerio MA
- Subjects
- History, 20th Century, Leadership, Mentors, Public Health Practice history
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Sam Galbrahth: neurosurgeon, politician and lung transplant recipient.
- Author
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Kohli HS
- Subjects
- History, 21st Century, Humans, India, Lung Transplantation, Politics, Scotland, Neurosurgery history, Public Health Practice history
- Published
- 2014
36. The public health foundation of health services for American Indians & Alaska Natives.
- Author
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Rhoades ER and Rhoades DA
- Subjects
- Alaska, Cultural Characteristics, Health Services Accessibility history, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, United States, Health Policy history, Health Services, Indigenous history, Indians, North American, Inuit, Public Health Practice history, United States Indian Health Service history
- Abstract
The integration of public health practices with federal health care for American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) largely derives from three major factors: the sovereign nature of AI/AN tribes, the sociocultural characteristics exhibited by the tribes, and that AI/ANs are distinct populations residing in defined geographic areas. The earliest services consisted of smallpox vaccination to a few AI/AN groups, a purely public health endeavor. Later, emphasis on public health was codified in the Snyder Act of 1921, which provided for, among other things, conservation of the health of AI/AN persons. Attention to the community was greatly expanded with the 1955 transfer of the Indian Health Service from the US Department of the Interior to the Public Health Service and has continued with the assumption of program operations by many tribes themselves. We trace developments in integration of community and public health practices in the provision of federal health care services for AI/AN persons and discuss recent trends.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. What causes health?
- Author
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Burns H
- Subjects
- Health Behavior, Healthcare Disparities, History, 20th Century, Humans, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Status Disparities, Public Health Practice history
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. [North-Western Research Center for Hygiene and Public Health. 90th anniversary: results and prospects of scientific work].
- Author
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Shilov VV and Frolova NM
- Subjects
- Academies and Institutes, Anniversaries and Special Events, History, 20th Century, Humans, Research, Russia, Hygiene history, Public Health Practice history
- Abstract
The authors represented results on major research directions followed by the Institute since its foundation, the prospects of their development in hygiene and industrial medicine.
- Published
- 2014
39. Extending public health: the Rockefeller Sanitary Commission and hookworm in the American South.
- Author
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Elman C, McGuire RA, and Wittman B
- Subjects
- History, 20th Century, Hookworm Infections epidemiology, Humans, Prevalence, Southeastern United States epidemiology, Hookworm Infections history, Hookworm Infections prevention & control, Public Health Practice history, Sanitation history
- Abstract
The Rockefeller Sanitary Commission for the Eradication of Hookworm Disease (1909-1914) fielded a philanthropic public health project that had three goals: to estimate hookworm prevalence in the American South, provide treatment, and eradicate the disease. Activities covered 11 Southern states, and Rockefeller teams found that about 40% of the population surveyed was infected. However, the commission met strong resistance and lacked the time and resources to achieve universal county coverage and meet project goals. We explore how these constraints triggered project changes that systematically reshaped project operations and the characteristics of the counties surveyed and treated. We show that county selectivity reduced the project's initial potential to affect hookworm prevalence estimates, treatment, and eradication in the American South.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. The influenza epidemic of 1889-90 in selected European cities--a picture based on the reports of two Poznań daily newspapers from the second half of the nineteenth century.
- Author
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Kempińska-Mirosławska B and Woźniak-Kosek A
- Subjects
- Cities epidemiology, Europe epidemiology, History, 19th Century, Humans, Influenza, Human history, Epidemics history, Influenza, Human epidemiology, Newspapers as Topic history, Public Health Practice history
- Abstract
The largest nineteenth-century epidemic of influenza, called 'the Russian epidemic,' arrived in Europe from the east in November and December of 1889. It was one of the first epidemics of influenza that occurred during the period of the rapid development of bacteriology. It was the first epidemic to be so widely commented on in the intensively developing daily press. Daily Polish newspapers published in Poznań, a Polish city that was then under Prussian rule, also had a share in providing information on the epidemic. Press reports not only referred to the local spread of the disease, but also discussed the situation in numerous, often distant, European cities, such as Paris, London, Vienna, and Berlin. Apart from data about where and when the illness occurred, the reports provided: descriptions of symptoms, treatment methods, data on morbidity and mortality, effect on individual people of high rank in the country, information on the activities of public authorities, and impact of the epidemic on daily life. The 1889-1890 influenza epidemic had 2 faces: the real one, discovered while being afflicted with the disease, and the media one, discovered through the information available in the press.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Globalizing the history of disease, medicine, and public health in Latin America.
- Author
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Espinosa M
- Subjects
- History, 16th Century, History, 17th Century, History, 18th Century, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, Ancient, Humans, International Cooperation history, Latin America, Historiography, Internationality history, Public Health history, Public Health Practice history, Social Medicine history
- Abstract
The history of Latin America, the history of disease, medicine, and public health, and global history are deeply intertwined, but the intersection of these three fields has not yet attracted sustained attention from historians. Recent developments in the historiography of disease, medicine, and public health in Latin America suggest, however, that a distinctive, global approach to the topic is beginning to emerge. This essay identifies the distinguishing characteristic of this approach as an attentiveness to transfers of contagions, cures, and medical knowledge from Latin America to the rest of the world and then summarizes a few episodes that demonstrate its promise. While national as well as colonial and neocolonial histories of Latin America have made important contributions to our understanding, works taking the global approach have the potential to contribute more directly to the decentering of the global history of disease, medicine, and public health.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Beyond prejudice and pride: The human sciences in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Latin America.
- Author
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Rodriguez J
- Subjects
- History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, Humans, International Cooperation history, Latin America, Social Problems history, Humanities history, Prejudice, Public Health Practice history, Social Medicine history, Social Sciences history
- Abstract
Grappling with problematics of status and hierarchy, recent literature on the history of the human sciences in Latin America has gone through three overlapping phases. First, the scholarship has reflected a dialogue between Latin American scientists and their European colleagues, characterized by the "center/periphery" model of scientific diffusion. Next, scholars drew on postcolonial theory to undermine the power of the "center" and to recover the role of local agents, including both elites and subalterns. In the wake of numerous studies embracing both models, the way has been cleared to look at multiple dimensions simultaneously. Histories of the human sciences in the complex multicultural societies of Latin America provide an unusually direct path to integration. Moreover, this dynamic and multilayered approach has the potential to address ambivalences about authority and power that have characterized previous analyses of the production and application of knowledge about the human condition.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Eliminating malaria in the American South: an analysis of the decline of malaria in 1930s Alabama.
- Author
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Sledge D and Mohler G
- Subjects
- Alabama epidemiology, Bayes Theorem, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Malaria epidemiology, Poisson Distribution, Population Dynamics, Southeastern United States epidemiology, Southwestern United States epidemiology, Malaria history, Public Health Practice history
- Abstract
Until the 1930s, malaria was endemic throughout large swaths of the American South. We used a Poisson mixture model to analyze the decline of malaria at the county level in Alabama (an archetypical Deep South cotton state) during the 1930s. Employing a novel data set, we argue that, contrary to a leading theory, the decline of malaria in the American South was not caused by population movement away from malarial areas or the decline of Southern tenant farming. We elaborate and provide evidence for an alternate explanation that emphasizes the role of targeted New Deal-era public health interventions and the development of local-level public health infrastructure. We show that, rather than disappearing as a consequence of social change or economic improvements, malaria was eliminated in the Southern United States in the face of economic dislocation and widespread and deep-seated poverty.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Stephen Brady Thacker, 1947–2013.
- Author
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Koo D and Ikeda R
- Subjects
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. history, Epidemiologic Methods, Epidemiology history, Epidemiology trends, Evidence-Based Medicine methods, Evidence-Based Medicine trends, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Leadership, Male, Public Health Practice history, Public Health Practice standards, United States, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. organization & administration, Epidemiology standards, Evidence-Based Medicine standards, Legionnaires' Disease history
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. The public health service in the Czech and Slovak Republics celebrates its 60th anniversary.
- Author
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Bencko V
- Subjects
- Czech Republic, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Slovakia, Anniversaries and Special Events, Public Health Practice history
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Integrating primary care and public health.
- Author
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Plochg T, van den Broeke JR, Kringos DS, and Stronks K
- Subjects
- Humans, Community Health Centers history, Delivery of Health Care, Integrated history, Managed Care Programs history, Primary Health Care history, Public Health Practice history
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Public health measures in disease prevention.
- Subjects
- History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Preventive Medicine history, Public Health Practice history
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Jo Morgan.
- Author
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Williams AM
- Subjects
- History, 21st Century, Humans, North Carolina, Health Education history, Public Health Practice history
- Published
- 2012
49. Are we there yet? Seizing the moment to integrate medicine and public health.
- Author
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Scutchfield FD, Michener JL, and Thacker SB
- Subjects
- History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, United States, Community Health Centers history, Delivery of Health Care, Integrated history, Managed Care Programs history, Primary Health Care history, Public Health Practice history
- Abstract
Multiple promising but unsustainable attempts have been made to maintain programs integrating primary care and public health since the middle of the last century. During the 1960s, social justice movements expanded access to primary care and began to integrate primary care with public health concepts both to meet community needs for medical care and to begin to address the social determinants of health. Two decades later, the managed care movement offered opportunities for integration of primary care and public health as many employers and government payers attempted to control health costs and bring disease prevention strategies in line with payment mechanisms. Today, we again have the opportunity to align primary care with public health to improve the community's health.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Are we there yet? Seizing the moment to integrate medicine and public health.
- Author
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Scutchfield FD, Michener JL, and Thacker SB
- Subjects
- History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Primary Health Care trends, Public Health Practice history, United States, Community Health Centers history, Delivery of Health Care, Integrated history, Managed Care Programs history, Primary Health Care organization & administration, Public Health history
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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