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Background: Describe the profile of patients with obesity in internal medicine to determine the role of adiposity and related inflammation on the metabolic risk profile and, identify various "high-risk obesity" phenotypes by means of a cluster analysis. This study aimed to identify different profiles of patients with high-risk obesity based on a cluster analysis. Methods: Cross-sectional, multicenter project that included outpatients attended to in internal medicine. A total of 536 patients were studied. The mean age was 62 years, 51% were women. Patients were recruited from internal medicine departments over two weeks in November and December 2021 and classified into four risk groups according to body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). High-risk obesity was defined as BMI > 35 Kg/m(2) or BMI 30-34.9 Kg/m(2) and a high WC (>102 cm for men and >88 cm for women). Hierarchical and partitioning clustering approaches were performed to identify profiles. Results: A total of 462 (86%) subjects were classified into the high-risk obesity group. After excluding 19 patients missing critical data, two profiles emerged: cluster 1 (n = 396) and cluster 2 (n = 47). Compared to cluster 1, cluster 2 had a worse profile, characterized by older age (77 +/- 16 vs. 61 +/- 21 years, p < 0.01), a Charlson Comorbidity Index > 3 (53% vs. 5%, p < 0.001), depression (36% vs. 19%, p = 0.008), severe disability (64% vs. 3%, p < 0.001), and a sarcopenia score >= 4 (79% vs. 16%, p < 0.01). In addition, cluster 2 had greater inflammation than cluster 1 (hsCRP: 5.8 +/- 4.1 vs. 2.1 +/- 4.5 mg/dL, p = 0.008). Conclusions: Two profiles of subjects with high-risk obesity were identified. Based on that, older subjects with obesity require measures that target sarcopenia, disability, psychological health, and significant comorbidities to prevent further health deterioration. Longitudinal studies should be performed to identify potential risk factors of subjects who progress from cluster 1 to cluster 2.

Critically ill COVID-19 patients have higher pro-inflammatory (IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis alpha) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-10) cytokine levels, less CD 4 interferon-gamma expression, and fewer CD 4 and CD 8 cells. This severe clinical situation increases the risk of serious fungal infections, such as invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, invasive candidiasis or Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. However, few studies have investigated fungal coinfections in this population. We describe an update on published reports on fungal coinfections and our personal experience in three Spanish hospitals. We can conclude that despite the serious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 in many patients, the scarcity of invasive mycoses is probably due to the few bronchoscopies and necropsies performed in these patients because of the high risk in aerosol generation. However, the presence of fungal markers in clinically relevant specimens, with the exception of bronchopulmonary colonization by Candida, should make it advisable to early implement antifungal therapy.

Background Despite being considered a high-risk population for invasive fungal disease, specific features of candidemia among solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients remain poorly characterized. Methods We compiled prospective data from two multicenter studies on candidemia performed over two consecutive periods in Spain: the CANDIPOP Study (2010-2011) and the CANDI-Bundle Study (2016-2018). Episodes diagnosed in adult SOT recipients in 10 participating centers were included. Risk factors for clinical failure (all-cause 7-day mortality and/or persistent candidemia for >= 72 hours) and 30-day mortality were investigated by univariate analysis. Results We included 55 episodes of post-transplant candidemia (32 and 23 of which occurred during the first and second periods). Kidney (38.2%) and liver recipients (30.9%) were the most common populations. Candida albicans accounted for 27.3% of episodes. The proportion of C glabrata increased over time (18.8% vs 30.4% for the first and second periods). There were no differences in the rate of fluconazole non-susceptible isolates (50.0% vs 60.0%, respectively). Clinical failure and 30-day mortality occurred in 25.5% and 27.3% of episodes and were associated with the severity of candidemia (Pitt score and severe sepsis/septic shock). Kidney transplantation (unadjusted odds ratio [uOR]: 0.17; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.03-0.85; P-value = .020), early catheter removal (uOR: 0.15; 95% CI: 0.03-0.76; P-value = .013), and appropriate early antifungal therapy (uOR: 0.14; 95% CI: 0.02-0.89; P-value = .041) were protective for 30-day mortality. Conclusions High rates of non-albicans species and fluconazole non-susceptibility must be taken into account to optimize therapeutic management and outcomes in SOT recipients with candidemia.

CANDIPOP Project, the CANDI‐Bundle Group GEIRAS‐GEMICOMED (SEIMC) REIPI., [Background] Despite being considered a high‐risk population for invasive fungal disease, specific features of candidemia among solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients remain poorly characterized., [Methods] We compiled prospective data from two multicenter studies on candidemia performed over two consecutive periods in Spain: the CANDIPOP Study (2010‐2011) and the CANDI‐Bundle Study (2016‐2018). Episodes diagnosed in adult SOT recipients in 10 participating centers were included. Risk factors for clinical failure (all‐cause 7‐day mortality and/or persistent candidemia for ≥72 hours) and 30‐day mortality were investigated by univariate analysis., [Results] We included 55 episodes of post‐transplant candidemia (32 and 23 of which occurred during the first and second periods). Kidney (38.2%) and liver recipients (30.9%) were the most common populations. Candida albicans accounted for 27.3% of episodes. The proportion of C glabrata increased over time (18.8% vs 30.4% for the first and second periods). There were no differences in the rate of fluconazole non‐susceptible isolates (50.0% vs 60.0%, respectively). Clinical failure and 30‐day mortality occurred in 25.5% and 27.3% of episodes and were associated with the severity of candidemia (Pitt score and severe sepsis/septic shock). Kidney transplantation (unadjusted odds ratio [uOR]: 0.17; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.03‐0.85; P ‐value = .020), early catheter removal (uOR: 0.15; 95% CI: 0.03‐0.76; P ‐value = .013), and appropriate early antifungal therapy (uOR: 0.14; 95% CI: 0.02‐0.89; P ‐value = .041) were protective for 30‐day mortality., [Conclusions] High rates of non‐albicans species and fluconazole non‐susceptibility must be taken into account to optimize therapeutic management and outcomes in SOT recipients with candidemia., The CANDIPOP Project was supported by non‐restrictive research grants from Gilead Sciences, MSD, Astellas Pharma, and Pfizer. This study was cofounded by Fundación SEIMC‐GESIDA, by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (co‐financed by the European Development Regional Fund [ERDF] >A way to achieve Europe>), and by the Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD12/0015). The CANDI‐Bundle Study was supported by “Plan Nacional de I + D+I” and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias [FIS] PI15/00744), Subdirección General de Redes y Centros de Investigación Cooperativa, Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD16/0016). MFR holds a research contract “Miguel Servet” (CP 18/00073) from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, Instituto de Salud Carlos III.

Statins have immunomodulatory properties and hinder Candida growth. However, it is unknown whether they may improve prognosis in patients with candidemia. We sought to determine the effect of prior statin use on the clinical outcomes of patients suffering candidemia.