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Determines how Hofstede's five cultural dimensions apply in Russia. Uncertainty avoidance; Individualism and collectivism; Power distance; Paternalism; Masculinity and femininity.

Analyzes six selected business practices in Russia by applying Donaldson and Dunfee's Integrative Social Contracts Theory. Framework of the Integrative Social Contracts Theory; Three forces influencing business ethics; Principles for evaluating the ethicality of behavior; Evaluation of six Russian business practices.

Most research on the use of sanctions has proceeded from an operant conditioning perspective. The general hypothesis explored here draws on social learning theory and examines the impact of positive and negative sanctions on group members other than the member actually sanctioned. Results of a laboratory experiment using 48 subjects in a repeated measures design and a field study with 106 respondents suggest that both rewards and punishments can have positive effects on observers' motivation, satisfaction and feelings of equity. Failure to use an appropriate sanction is associated with significantly lower levels of motivation, satisfaction and equity among task group members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Last month's issue, which was devoted to the status of management education in the Soviet Union, contained articles on a variety of management programs and curricula that have recently been developed. This month's issue focuses on some of the new methodologies being used to teach management skills. These novel subjects and innovative instructional methods are dramatically different from those that existed before perestroika. They are worlds away from what I experienced as the only non-Soviet participant in an executive management program at the Plekhanov Institute of the National Economy in Moscow in 1979-80. The one hundred executives from all corners of the Soviet Union who attended the three-month in-residence program listened to lectures for five hours a day on management subjects such as planning, production, and business law, as well as international communism and civil defense. While some managers stated that they benefited from the program, many others said that the material was not new: they had to know it in order to have been appointed to their positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the status of the political situation of the Soviet Union and its constituent republics has become increasingly unclear in recent months, the status of management education has become increasingly clear. There remains no doubt that a massive effort is required to train millions of people at all managerial levels in the knowledge and skills that will enable them to manage in a market economy. Since the inception of perestroika as an economic policy in the mid-1980s, the Soviet Union had been warming to the idea of transforming its centrally planned and controlled system into a market economy. With the disintegration of the Soviet state and the demise of the Communist Party, the transfer to a market economy has become a virtual certainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has linked cultural differences between a sojourner's home and host country with their cultural transformation. Nonetheless, the results of empirical studies are inconclusive due to different operationalizations of cultural differences and testing among different groups of sojourners. We extend previous investigations by examining the effects of cultural novelty (i.e., the subjective perception of cultural differences) on the experience of international students (N = 1114) in Denmark, Germany, Italy, Poland, and the USA. Drawing on acculturation and social learning theories, we conceptualized a model of students' adjustment and satisfaction taking into account cultural novelty. We tested the model through multi-group structural equation modeling (SEM) and examined the various relationships across subsamples from all five countries. We determined the significant effects of cultural novelty and a range of factors impacting students' intercultural experience, such as their cultural intelligence, cultural background, second-language skills, time in the host country, and socialization with domestic students, and how the effects may vary by the host country. We discuss implications for future research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and firm growth and the moderating role of business environment for Russian and Finnish small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). For hypothesis testing, structural equation modeling is applied to the data set of 104 Russian and 117 Finnish privately owned SMEs. Results show that while in the Finnish market context EO dimensions are directly associated with firm growth, in the emerging Russian market the relationship is moderated by the dynamic and hostile environment. The results also provide evidence of the nature of EO for SMEs operating in Russia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]