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Submesoscale processes have a determinant role in the dynamics of oceans by transporting momentum, heat, mass, and particles. Furthermore, they can define niches where different phytoplankton species flourish and accumulate not only by nutrient provisioning but also by modifying the water column structure or active gathering through advection. In coastal areas, however, submesoscale oceanic processes act together with coastal ones, and their effect on phytoplankton distribution is not straightforward. The present study brings the relevance of hydrodynamic variables, such as vorticity, into consideration in the study of phytoplankton distribution, via the analysis of in situ and remote multidisciplinary data. In situ data were obtained during the ETOILE oceanographic cruise, which surveyed the Capbreton Canyon area in the southeastern part of the Bay of Biscay in early August 2017. The main objective of this cruise was to describe the link between the occurrence and distribution of phytoplankton spectral groups and mesoscale to submesoscale ocean processes. In situ discrete hydrographic measurements and multi-spectral chlorophyll a (chl a) fluorescence profiles were obtained in selected stations, while temperature, conductivity, and in vivo chl a fluorescence were also continuously recorded at the surface. On top of these data, remote sensing data available for this area, such as high-frequency radar and satellite data, were also processed and analysed. From the joint analysis of these observations, we discuss the relative importance and effects of several environmental factors on phytoplankton spectral group distribution above and below the pycnocline and at the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) by performing a set of generalized additive models (GAMs). Overall, salinity is the most important parameter modulating not only total chl a but also the contribution of the two dominant spectral groups of phytoplankton, brown and green algae groups. However, at the DCM, among

WP4 of JERICO-NEXT aims to synthesize the project’s activities in the other WPs and gather the contributions around applied Joint Research Activity Projects (JRAPs) selected to benefit of and highlight JERICO-NEXT activities. In order to fulfil this objective, methodologies developed or improved in WP3 were applied in the JRAPs;the provision of data assembled and distributed was undertaken according to the WP5 recommendations; dedicated topical approaches of the scientific strategy matured jointly with WP1&4 (Deliverable D4.1) were applied within the JRAPs, providing then in return essential input to the future road map of the research infrastructures. Indeed, six JRAPs were implemented to address different key environmental issues and/or policy needs such as those considered by the MSFD, and according to the 6 JERICO-NEXT scientific areas: 1- JRAP#1 on pelagic biodiversity 2- JRAP#2 on benthic biodiversity 3- JRAP#3 on chemical contaminant occurrence and related biological responses 4- JRAP#4 on hydrography and transport 5- JRAP#5 on carbon fluxes and carbonate system 6- JRAP#6 on operational oceanography and forecasting. These JRAPs were not intending to implement similar actions at each JERICO-RI site but only to a selection of sites/regions according to the consortium interests and requirements from local to regional scales. Consequently, it is paramount to regionally synthesize the preliminary results after deployments in JRAPs, which is the purpose of this document. The main document is organised according to the following regions and sites: - Bay of Biscay (South East Bay of Biscay, Portuguese Margin and Nazaré Canyon, Girond Mud patch and Bay of Brest) - Channel and North Sea - Kattegat and Skagerrak Sea - Baltic Sea - Norwegian Sea - Med. Sea: From Liguria to the Ibiza Channel - Med. Sea: Northern Adriatic Sea - Med. Sea: Cretan Sea. Results for those regions are presented in chapter 3 after consideration of the regional or site specificities related to th

Temperature distributions on continental shelves (depth < 150m) are often complex because the many physical processes induce very high spatial (both horizontal and vertical) and temporal variability. Temporal variability extends from a few tens of minutes for solitons (internal wave), a few hours for internal tide and inertial waves to a few days for upwelling or sub mesoscale dynamics. In the 1980s, satellites provided access to knowledge of surface temperatures. On the other hand, the internal temperature structure still requires in-situ measurements, which leads to the deployment of moorings at sea. These operations are often expensive and risky because the coastal zone is generally subject to intense activities such as fishing and sea conditions can be very harsh. Profiling systems exist, as an example, they are either derived from the drifter ARVOR C or at the fixed location such as the WirewalkerTM. However, these systems are expensive, which limits the number of deployments and does not allow time series to be obtained in a fixed immersion with a fine time resolution (for a depth of 150m, a vertical profiler speed of 1m/s only allows the bottom temperature to be measured every 5 minutes). Our development avoids these disadvantages by proposing the development of a system equivalent to thermistor chains at a much lower cost. The counterpart is that the fine description of the vertical profile depends directly on the number of probes on the line and will never be as fine as that provided by a profiler. On the other hand, it allows to obtain at a low cost, time series at the fixed station and at the selected immersions. The Mastodon2D mooring (t-z, description of temperature variations over time on the water column) is an extension of the Mastodon mooring (Lazure et al., 2015) which allows to measure the temperature evolution near the sea bottom. The innovation does not lie in the measured parameter (thermistor chains have existed for decades) but in the possibi

This document summarizes the work done on the JERICO-Label in JERICO-NEXT, from the perspective mainly of the development of some of its “technical” aspects. The activity reported on forms part of Work Package 2 (“Harmonization of technologies and methodologies - technical strategy“) of the project – specifically, Task 2.6 (“The JERICO Label Technical Committee”). This task gathered together 16 partners from 11 European countries (Italy, Finland Germany, France, Norway, UK, Greece, Sweden, Spain, Sweden, and the Netherlands), and was co-led by two of them, OGS and HCMR.

This document reports on the science strategy required to answer the targeted scientific questions, policy requirements, and societal challenges linked with the observation of the European Coastal Ocean as elaborated within the framework of the WP 1 of the JERICO-NEXT project. The structuration of JERICO-RI science strategy is in line with the scientific strategies put forward by current major international initiatives regarding the observation of the ocean (i.e., GOOS, EOOS and EUROGOOS). The main elements of those general strategies are: (1) technological innovation, (2) the enhancement of integration/coordination, (3) the developments of interactions between observation initiatives acting over different spatiotemporal scales, (4) the optimisation of the benefit of coastal observing for the society, and (5) the major importance of the regional level in structuring ocean observation. These elements constitute the basis of the five pillars of JERICO-RI science strategy., Ce document rend compte de la stratégie scientifique nécessaire pour répondre aux questions scientifiques ciblées, aux exigences politiques et aux défis sociétaux liés à l'observation de l'océan côtier européen élaborés dans le cadre du WP 1 du projet JERICO-NEXT. La structuration de la stratégie scientifique JERICO-RI est en ligne avec les stratégies scientifiques mises en avant par les grandes initiatives internationales actuelles en matière d'observation de l'océan (à savoir GOOS, EOOS et EUROGOOS). Les principaux éléments de ces stratégies générales sont: (1) l'innovation technologique, (2) le renforcement de l'intégration / coordination, (3) le développement des interactions entre les initiatives d'observation agissant à différentes échelles spatio-temporelles, (4) l'optimisation du bénéfice de l'observation du littoral pour la société, et (5) l'importance majeure du niveau régional dans la structuration de l'observation des océans. Ces éléments constituent la base des cinq piliers de la stratégie scientifique JERICO-RI.

The coastal area is the most productive and dynamic environment of the world ocean, offering significant resources and services for mankind. As exemplified by the UN Sustainable Development Goals, it has a tremendous potential for innovation and growth in blue economy sectors. Due to the inherent complexity of the natural system, the answers to many scientific and societal questions are unknown, and the impacts of the cumulative stresses imposed by anthropogenic pressures (such as pollution) and climate change are difficult to assess and forecast. A major challenge for the scientific community making observations of the coastal marine environment is to integrate observations of Essential Ocean Variables for physical, biogeochemical, and biological processes on appropriate spatial and temporal scales, and in a sustained and scientifically based manner. Coastal observations are important for improving our understanding of the complex biotic and abiotic processes in many fields of research such as ecosystem science, habitat protection, and climate change impacts. They are also important for improving our understanding of the impacts of human activities such as fishing and aquaculture, and underpin risk monitoring and assessment. The observations enable us to better understand ecosystems and the societal consequences of overfishing, disease (particularly shellfish), loss of biodiversity, coastline withdrawal, and ocean acidification, amongst others. The European coastal observing infrastructure JERICO-RI, has gathered and organized key communities embracing new technologies and providing a future strategy, with recommendations on the way forward and on governance. Particularly, the JERICO community acknowledges that the main providers of coastal observations are: (1) research infrastructures, (2) national monitoring programs, and (3) monitoring activities performed by marine industries. The scope of this paper is to present some key elements of our coastal science strat

JERICO, the European research infrastructure of coastal observatories (JERICORI) is an ocean observing system of systems, designed to provide high-quality data that are supporting knowledge development on the complex and often coupled physical, chemical and biological processes characterizing the coastal waters of Europe. JERICO-RI integrates several observing platform types i.e. fixed buoys, piles, moorings, drifters, Ferrybox, gliders, HF radars, coastal cable observatories and the associated technologies dedicated to the observation and monitoring of the European coastal seas. The RI is to serve both the implementation of European marine policies and the elucidation of contemporary and future key scientific questions. It therefore includes observations of the physical, chemical and biological compartments and aims at a better integration of marine biology with physical and chemical oceanology. The first phase of the implementation of the JERICO-RI encompassed setting up, integrating and harmonization of existing coastal observing systems around Europe into a system of systems, covering all European coastal waters from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea, It was performed between 2011 and 2015 in the framework of JERICOFP7, a 4-year long infrastructure project co-funded by the European Commission, with 27 partners from 17 European countries under the coordination of IFREMER. The second 4-year phase is presently in progress through the H2020 JERICO-NEXT project, which started in 2015 and involves 34 scientific and industrial partners. The main objective of the JERICO-RI consortium is to establish a common strategy towards a sustainable coastal observing system of systems for Europe supporting with data and knowledge innovation and blue growth in Europe. This paper briefly summarizes the work carried out since 2011 and the present drivers of the JERICO-RI science strategy. It also drafts the strategical elements of the JERICO-RI sustainability.

A key message of the JERICO-RI consortium (2014): “The complexity of the coastal ocean cannot be well understood if interconnection between physics, biogeochemistry and biology is not guaranteed. Such integration requires new technological developments allowing continuous monitoring of a larger set of parameters”. In agreement with this consideration, several new observing systems are developed, tested and deployed in the framework of the JERICO-NEXT H2020 project, amongst which a few of them will be presented as well as some preliminary results after the first deployments. Focus will be given on coastal transports and hydrology and on benthic biodiversity. In the first case, we will present a low cost 2D moored system dedicated to acquire vertical temperature profiles in shallow waters and its application to study the high frequency hydrodynamics. In addition, during one of the campaigns foreseen for testing these new systems in an area covered by HF radar, hydrographic and current measurements in the water column, together with phytoplankton and plastic sampling, were conducted. In the second case, attention will be drawn on a new floating pulled system dedicated to observe benthic habitat without disturbing it.

The WP4 of the JERICO-Next is a synthesis of the project built upon activities in other WPs, gathering the consortium around applied Joint Research Activity Projects (JRAPs) selected to put forward the added value of JERICO-NEXT. In order to reach this objective, WP4 keeps on track the JERICO-NEXT course of actions via synthesis and application activities based on interactions with other WPs. WP4 helps establishing some topical approaches for the scientific strategy in WP1 (task 1.2) and will give inputs to establish the network strategy after JERICO-NEXT (task 1.6). Indeed, six JRAPs are being implemented to address different key environmental questions and/or policy requirements such as those considered by the MSFD, and according to the 6 JERICO scientific areas: 1- JRAP-1 on pelagic biodiversity 2- JRAP-2 on benthic biodiversity 3- JRAP-3 on chemical contaminant occurrence and related biological responses 4- JRAP-4 on hydrography and transport 5- JRAP-5 on carbon fluxes and carbonates system 6- JRAP-6 on operational oceanography. This document reports the work led in the framework of the JRAP activities during the 2nd year of the project whereas the deliverable D4.2 reports the activities led the 1st year. In the following pages, for each JRAP, we report main achievements with comparison to the initial plan, the next steps, the acquired data (link with WP5), and acquired communication material (to feed WP8).

The objectives of JERICO-NEXT are to address the challenge of observing the complexity and high variability of coastal areas at Pan-European level, within the context of the EU Water Framework Directive and Marine Strategy Framework Directive, and operational marine services. The JERICO-NEXT project aims to extend the EU network of coastal observations developed in FP7-JERICO by adding new innovative infrastructures while integrating biogeochemical and biological observations. An important target of JERICO-NEXT is to provide the research community with continuous and more valuable coastal data coupling physical and biological information. The ultimate objectives are to maximise the value and impact of the JERICO research infrastructure (JERICO-RI) and provide key recommendations for the further development of the infrastructure in terms of sampling capabilities, representativeness of coastal processes, support to services, among others. Work Package 1 (WP1) focuses on producing a long-term strategy for the development and integration of coastal observatories in Europe, including observations of the physical, chemical and biological compartments, with the objective of addressing key scientific questions and meeting the societal challenges related to coastal regions. This report (WP1, Task 1.1, D1.1) summarises the outcome of a review of the environmental threats in European waters, and gaps in programmes for monitoring these risks. The approach included a summary of recent studies, analysis of the results of two dedicated questionnaires which were filled in by national representatives within JERICO-NEXT and other European competent organisations, and an in-depth discussion of the question of observation scales. Findings from this report will underpin the future JERICO-NEXT monitoring strategy, and support JERICO-RI in providing high-value datasets for addressing key challenges at European level. This study consolidates the main conclusions from the Dobris Assessment

High Frequency Radar (HFR) is a land-based remote sensing instrument offering a unique insight to coastal ocean variability, by providing synoptic, high frequency and high resolution data at the ocean atmosphere interface. HFRs have become invaluable tools in the field of operational oceanography for measuring surface currents, waves and winds, with direct applications in different sectors and an unprecedented potential for the integrated management of the coastal zone. In Europe, the number of HFR networks has been showing a significant growth over the past 10 years, with over 50 HFRs currently deployed and a number in the planning stage. There is also a growing literature concerning the use of this technology in research and operational oceanography. A big effort is made in Europe toward a coordinated development of coastal HFR technology and its products within the framework of different European and international initiatives. One recent initiative has been to make an up-to-date inventory of the existing HFR operational systems in Europe, describing the characteristics of the systems, their operational products and applications. This paper offers a comprehensive review on the present status of European HFR network, and discusses the next steps toward the integration of HFR platforms as operational components of the European Ocean Observing System, designed to align and integrate Europe's ocean observing capacity for a truly integrated end-to-end observing system for the European coasts.

In the framework of the ELISA project (1997-1998, MAST-3/MTP/MATER program) 1-year high frequency time series were acquired at fixed points in the Algerian Basin, an open sea area of the Mediterranean sea (3000m). This multidisciplinary and multiplatform experiment was dedicated to study the algerian eddies and their influence on general circulation and on biological phenomena. During 3 main cruises, 2 specific Anticyclonic Eddies (AEs) tracked by satellites images during 4 years were mainly studied by mean of vertical sections, performed inside AEs and in the surrounding smaller structures such as sub-mesoscale filaments and small-scale shear eddies. These sections helped describing the hydrological and biogeocheminal structures of eddies according to the seasons and the surrounding dynamics, knowing their historical circulation in and/or out of the Algerian Current. With benefit of this first stage of the study, when an AE flowed throughout a 9-mooring network (lines 50 km-spaced), including 50 currentmeters down to the bottom, it is possible to comprehend its signature at fine spacio-temporal scale. The presented analysis will focus on the temporal signal induced by these eddies recorded on 4 autonomous CTD/Fluorometers, located in the central mooring of the network, in the upper layer. The temporal analysis will apply recent analysis methods like the Empirical Mode Decomposition that works with gappy records, and help filtering the data as well. This study will show how much the seasonal signal and the (sub)mesoscale-induced time variability can be comparable in this area. It will also explain how eddies history can play a role in the observed signature at a given time.

The WP4 of the JERICO-Next is a synthesis of the project built upon activities in other WPs, gathering the consortium around applied Joint Research Activity Projects (JRAPs) selected to put forward the added value of JERICO-NEXT. In order to reach this objective, WP4 keeps on track the JERICO-NEXT course of actions via synthesis and application activities based on interactions with other WPs. WP4 helps establishing some topical approaches for the scientific strategy in WP1 (task 1.2) and will give inputs to establish the network strategy after JERICO-NEXT (task 1.6). Indeed, six JRAPs will be implemented to address different key environmental questions and/or policy requirements such as those considered by the MSFD, and according to the 6 JERICO scientific areas: 1- JRAP-1 on pelagic biodiversity 2- JRAP-2 on benthic biodiversity 3- JRAP-3 on chemical contaminant occurrence and related biological responses 4- JRAP-4 on hydrography and transport 5- JRAP-5 on carbon fluxes and carbonate system 6- JRAP-6 on operational oceanography. This document reports the progress of the JRAP activities after 1 year in the project. In the following pages, for each JRAP, we report main achievements with comparison to the initial plan, the next steps, the acquired data (link with WP5), the acquired communication material (to feed WP8), and some specific points regarding the science strategy. Indeed, the previous WP4 deliverable (D.4.1) was dedicated to present the science strategy that could be deployed in JRAPs (but not only) and was then reviewed by the members of the Science and Technical Advisory Board (STAC). A meeting with the STAC was then organised the 7 September 2016 to discuss this strategy. As a conclusion JRAP teams were asked to address some common questions and some JRAP-specific ones. This meeting is reported in “Report of WP4 meeting with the Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee (STAC) & Contributions to the JERICO-NEXT science strategy”, provided in annex of

The objectives of JERICO-NEXT are to address the challenge of observing the complexity and high variability of coastal areas at Pan-European level, in the framework established by European Directives (WFD, MSFD) and the operational marine services. The JERICO-NEXT project aims at extending the EU network of coastal observations developed in JERICO (FP7) by adding new innovative infrastructures while integrating biogeochemical and biological observations. The main target of JERICO-NEXT is to provide the researchers with continuous and more valuable coastal data coupling physical and biological information. The JERICO research infrastructure (JERICO-RI) is valorised through six Joint Research Activity Projects (JRAP) that address key environment challenges and scientific questions; the ultimate objectives being to maximise the value and impact of the RI while providing key recommendations for the further development of the infrastructure, in terms of sampling capabilities, representativeness of coastal processes, support to services, among others. Each JRAP gathers a critical mass of expertise from the consortium, allowing tackling the challenges of multi-disciplinarity and the variability of European coastal environments. The present report (D4.1) summarises the approaches proposed for assessing the value and the present and future relevance of the JERICO-RI, to provide high-value datasets for addressing these key challenges at European level. Dedicated sampling strategies have been elaborated and formulated to answer key scientific questions, related to these challenges and will be tested during the next two years of the project, with the aim to provide sounded inputs to the JERICO-RI science strategy (WP1.2) for the short term, and concrete recommendations to the roadmap for the future. Focus is set on (1) integrating physical, chemical and biological observations for improved understanding of complex coastal key-processes; (2) testing/integrating new technologies

In marine sciences, time series are often nonlinear and nonstationary. Their analysis faces new challenges and thus requires the implementation of adequate and specific methods. We use the Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT) for the spectral analysis of high frequency sampled time series in near shore waters of the Réunion island, located in the Indian Ocean 700 km east of Madagascar. We focus particularly on automatic measurements of sea level fluctuations, temperature records and current data sets at four different stations in the island. We look at the contribution of different Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs) obtained by the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and also compare the Hilbert spectra with the wavelet spectra. The inertial wave and several low-frequency tidal waves are identified by the application of EMD. Furthermore, the authors investigate the cross-correlations between data at the different stations. Wavelet coherence and EMD based Time Dependent Intrinsic Correlation (TDIC) analyses are applied to consider the correlation between two nonstationary time series. By TDIC analysis, it was concluded that the high frequency modes have small correlation; whereas the trends are perfectly correlated. The results obtained by wavelet coherence are very similar, thus confirming that both approaches could be used for identification of main properties of marine environmental time series. The methodologies presented in this paper are general and thus can be applied on other time series from the environmental and oceanic sciences, where time series are complex with fluctuations over a large range of different spatial and temporal scales, from seconds to thousands of years.

In marine sciences, many fields display high variability over a large range of spatial and temporal scales, from seconds to thus ousands of years. The longer and longer recorded time series, with an increasing sampling frequency, in this field are often nonlinear, nonstationary, multiscale and noisy. Their analysis faces new challenges and thus requires the implementation of adequate and specific methods. The objective of this paper is to highlight time series analysis methods already applied in econometrics, signal processing, health,etc. to the environmental marine domain, assess advantages and inconvenients and compare classical techniques with more recent ones. Temperature, turbidity and salinity are important quantities for ecosystem studies. The authors here consider the fluctuations of sea level, salinity, turbidity and temperature recorded from the MAREL Carnot system of Boulogne-sur-Mer (France), which is a moored buoy equipped with physico-chemical measuring devices, working in continuous and autonomous conditions. In order to perform adequate statistical and spectral analyses, it is necessary to know the nature of the considered time series. For this purpose, the stationarity of the series and the occurrence of unit-root are addressed with the Augmented-Dickey Fuller tests. As an example, the harmonic analysis is not relevant for temperature, turbidity and salinity due to the nonstationary condition, except for the nearly stationary sea level datasets. In order to consider the dominant frequencies associated to the dynamics, the large number of data provided by the sensors should enable the estimation of Fourier spectral analysis. Different powerspectra show a complex variability and reveal an influence of environmental factors such as tides. However, the previous classical spectral analysis, namely the Blackman-Tukey method, requires not only linear and stationary data but also evenly-spaced data. Interpolating the time series introduces numerous artifac

This document is summarizing a major part of the work performed by the FP7-JERICO consortium, including 27 partner institutions, during 4 years (2011-2015). Its objective is to propose a strategy for the European coastal observation and monitoring. To do so we give an overview of the main achievements of the FP7-JERICO project. From this overview, gaps are analysed to draw some recommendations for the future. Overview, gaps and recommendation are addressed at both Hardware and Software levels of the JERICO Research Infrastructure. The main part of the document is built upon this analysis to outcome a general strategy for the future, giving priorities to be targeted and some possible funding mechanisms, but also upon discussions held in dedicated JERICO strategy workshops. This document was initiated in 2014 by the coordination team but considering the fact that an overview of the entire project and its achievement were needed to feed this strategy deliverable it couldn’t ended before the end of FP7-JERICO, April 2015. The preparation of the JERICO-NEXT proposal in summer 2014 to answer an H2020 call for proposals pushed the consortium ahead, fed deep thoughts about this strategy but the intention was to not propose a strategy only bounded by the JERICO-NEXT answer. Authors are conscious that writing JERICO-NEXT is even drawing a bias in the thoughts and they tried to be opened. Nevertheless, comments are always welcome to go farther ahead. Structure of the document The Chapter 3 introduces the need of sustained coastal observatories, from different point of view including a short description of the FP7-JERICO project. In Chapter 4, an analysis of the JERICO coastal observatory Hardware (platforms and sensors) in terms of Status at the end of JERICO, identified gaps and recommendations for further development is provided region by region. The main challenges that remain to be overcome is also summarized. Chapter 5 is dedicated the JERICO infrastructure Software (cali

The workshop “Strategy towards JERICO-NEXT” took place on April 30, 2015, in Brest, as a closure for the JERICO(FP7) project and a bridge towards JERICO-NEXT (H2020). The workshop focused on four topical round tables addressing key issues for the JERICO RI long-term sustainability in the context of European Strategies. It aimed at initiating an appropriate coordination between JERICO-NEXT and relevant European organizations, to be followed up during the JERICO-NEXT project

JERICO Research Infrastructure (RI) is the coastal component of the European marine observing system, and is funded by the FP7 program and recently extended through a newly awarded H2020 project (JERICO-NEXT). It gathers 33 partners from 15 European countries. This research infrastructure aims at further developing, harmonizing and integrating nationally funded marine observing systems, collecting physical, chemical and biological parameters from different platforms (ferryboxes, fixed platforms, gliders, HF radars, benthic systems …). The General Assembly was the first part of this “JERICO week”. In this report will be listed all relevant information (agenda, participant list, etc) and the slides of each presentation. The JERICO Management Team would like to thank again everyone who participated to this final General Assembly and to the JERICO week.

The JERICO Science Day presented researches and developments supported by the JERICO infrastructure, including scientific results after TNA experiments, Observing Simulation Experiments and Observing SS, and technologies updated or developed. Each talk was divided into a 15-minute presentation and a 5-minute discussion. Poster sessions were planned during coffee breaks and after lunch.

The JERICO European research infrastructure (RI) is integrating several platform types i.e. fixed buoys, piles, moorings, drifters, Ferryboxes, gliders, HF radars, coastal cable observatories and the associated technologies dedicated to the observation and monitoring of the European coastal seas. The infrastructure is to serve both the implementation of European marine policies and the elucidation of key scientific questions through dedicated observation and monitoring plans. It includes observations of the physical, chemical and biological compartments and aims at a better integration of marine biology with physical and chemical oceanology, through specific interactions with other relevant ocean observing systems that provide complementary observations. The first phase of the implementation of JERICO encompasses setting up, coordination and harmonization, and were performed between 2011 and 2015 in the framework of FP7-JERICO (www.jerico-fp7.eu), a 4-year long infrastructure project co-funded by the European Commission, with 27 partners from 17 European countries under the coordination of IFREMER. The next 4-year phase is to be carried out through the H2020-JERICO-NEXT European project, starting in 2015 and involving 33 scientific and industrial partners. The main objective of the JERICO consortium is to establish a common approach for a pan-European coastal marine observatory network. This is a dynamic and long-lasting effort necessitating continuous work towards harmonization (i.e. design, operation, and maintenance), evolution and extension of the current systems as well as the delivery of data and products to the users. Success relies on a good coordination and follow-up between FP7-JERICO and JERICO-NEXT, and onwards, at both hardware and software levels. More specifically, the existing network and its possible evolution are continuously assessed taking in account the evolution of the user needs, the harmonization effort to be driven, the existing sensors and

The JERICO European research infrastructure (RI) is integrating diverse platform types such as fixed buoys, piles, moorings, drifters, FerryBoxes, gliders, HF radars, coastal cable observatories and the associated technologies dedicated to observe and monitor coastal European seas. The first steps of setting up, coordination and harmonization were done during 2011 to 2015 in the framework of FP7-JERICO (www.jerico-fp7.eu), a 4-year long infrastructure project co-funded by the European Commission with 27 partners from 17 European countries under the coordination of IFREMER. Next steps are driven in the H2020-JERICO-NEXT European project until 2019, involving 33 partners. The main objective of the JERICO consortium is to establish a Pan European approach for a European coastal marine observatory network. This is a dynamic activity going beyond a project’s lifetime including continuous efforts towards harmonization in terms of design, operation, and maintenance, the evolution and extension of the current systems as well as the delivery of data and products to the users. Our scope here is to present the work done towards the harmonization of operation and maintenance methods, in FP7-JERICO and the next steps in JERICO-NEXT. As a starting point of harmonization assessment, the priority was given to the most pressing issues like calibration and biofouling, while it is the first time that a Best Practice report on all phases of the system from first installation to operation and maintenance is attempted adopting a platform based approach.

—In marine sciences, time series are often nonlinear and nonstationary. Adequate and specific methods are needed to analyze such series. In this paper, an application of the Empirical Mode Decomposition method (EMD) associated to the Hilbert Spectral Analysis (HSA) is presented. Furthermore, EMD based Time Dependent Intrinsic Correlation (TDIC) analysis is applied to consider the correlation between two nonstationary time series. Four temperature time series obtained from automatic measurements in nearshore waters of the Réunion island are considered, recorded every ten minutes from July 2011 to January 2012. The application of the EMD on these series and the estimation of their power spectra using the HSA are illustrated. The authors identify low-frequency tidal waves and display the pattern of correlations at different scales and different locations. By TDIC analysis, it was concluded that the high frequency modes have small correlation, whereas the trends are perfectly correlated.

A workshop was held on October 16th to 18th 2013 at the Villefranche observatory to outline progress on emerging technologies within the JERICO FP7 project (Work-package 10). A particular focus of the workshop was to invite researchers outside the project consortium to: • Learn of technology developments within JERICO and • Present results of their own experiments and technology development The workshop was a mixture of invited talks and practical demonstrations of some of the technologies involved. There were a total of 24 invited talks and 2 additional practical demonstrations. The talks focused on 5 key tasks within the emerging technologies area: 10.1 Biological compartments 10.2 Contaminants 10.3 Profiling technologies 10.4 Ships/vessels of opportunity 10.5 Ferrybox Quality Control algorithm development In parallel to the workshop, DO sensors inter-comparison exercise has been done in Villefranche/Mer (following the calibration experiment done in IFREMER, Brest). The objective was to compare the accuracy and precision of existing sensors used in coastal oceanography. Five sensors have been selected: SBE43 and SBE63 (SEABIRD), optode 4330 and 3975 (Aanderaa) and one HOBO (Onset). These sensors have been deployed 2 times at 2 depths (October and December 2013) with successive oxygen Winkler sampling (used as reference). More details will be available on the report (in preparation). This report contains a summary of the work presented by various researchers who attended the workshop. The slides of each presentation are listed in this report, section by section.

The objective of the workshop was to address main issues of JERICO project: - TNA: overview and formal approval of the selected proposals after the 3rd call - The JERICO Label document: content and issues - The JERICO strategy for the future. The document reports hereafter the synthesis of the discussions

The main objectives of the 2nd period were to finalise the “best practices handbooks” for glider (with GROOM), ferrybox and fixed platform. The project organises also workshops on JRA (Villefranche in October 2013) for presenting the mid-term results of WP10. JERICO also launched the second and third calls for Trans National Access. The mid-term review has been pass successfully in june 2013. The second general Assembly was held in Oslo on the 5th and 6th of May 2014. A dedicated JERICO website has been upgraded. All the submitted deliverables (except the consortium agreement) are available on this site: www.jerico-fp7.eu

In our time emerged the idea of a major environmental degradation, at both local and global scales, in the face of the recurrent human pollution. Consequently in the sake of a sustainable humanity development, of the ethic and of the ecology, the protection and the monitoring of our environment have become a major stake. Many scientific and technical tools contributed to improve the environmental knowledge, as helped remote and in situ observations, and forecast modeling. In situ environmental sensor systems have been designed to be increasingly sustainable even in a hostile environment such as the deep ocean. In a similar way, the infrastructures hosting those sensors are now thought and built to be permanent. In marine sciences these considerations gave birth to the “Observatory” concept: a long-term infrastructure dedicated to both bottom and water column in situ observations. In open-ocean those observatories are managed in the infrastructure European projects EMSO and FIXO3 (www.esonet-emso.org, http://www.fixo3.eu/). This community gathers about 55 partners from about 15 countries in Europe and is working in close association with other international observatories communities: Neptune Canada; OOI in USA, DONET in Japan, etc. All scientists of these communities are getting a similar product: longer and longer time series data. They all agree on the need to acquire deep sea time series data as reviewed by (Ruhl et al., 2011): “…such observatories will contribute to answering major ocean science questions including: How can monitoring of factors such as seismic activity, pore fluid chemistry and pressure, and gas hydrate stability improve seismic, slope failure, and tsunami warning? What aspects of physical oceanography, biogeochemical cycling, and ecosystems will be most sensitive to climatic and anthropogenic change? What are natural versus anthropogenic changes? Most fundamentally, how are marine processes that occur at differing scales related?”. Similarly in