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4. Numerical Modelling Assessment of the Impact of Hydrogen on the Energy and Environmental Performance of a Car Using Dual Fuel (Gasoline–Hydrogen).

Author

Pukalskas, Saugirdas, Vipartas, Tadas, Rimkus, Alfredas, Kriaučiūnas, Donatas, Žaglinskis, Justas, Stravinskas, Saulius, Ušinskas, Andrius, Juknelevičius, Romualdas, Mejeras, Gabrielius, Žuraulis, Vidas, Mejeras, Vilius, and Narkevičius, Aleksas

Abstract

The utilization of "green" hydrogen in transportation areas gives rise to production- and supply infrastructure-related challenges; therefore, its wider application in automotive transport would lead to higher demand with cost reduction and a faster expansion of the hydrogen refuelling network. This study presents energy and environmental performance indicators analyses of a Nissan Qashqai J10 engine during the Worldwide Harmonised Light Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC), replacing conventional fossil gasoline with dual-fuel (D-F) gasoline and hydrogen. Numerical modelling was conducted using AVL Cruise™ (Version R2022.2) software, utilizing the torque, fuel consumption, and environmental performance data of the HR16DE engine obtained through experimental testing across a wide range of loads and speeds on an engine test bench. The experimental investigation was carried out in two stages: using pure gasoline (G100); injecting a hydrogen additive into the intake air, constituting 5% of the gasoline mass (G95H5). Following similar stages, numerical modelling was conducted using the vehicle's technical specifications to calculate engine load and speed throughout the WLTC range. Instant fuel consumption and pollutant emissions (CO, CH, NOx) were determined for various driving modes using experimental data maps. CO2 emissions were calculated considering fuel composition and consumption. By integrating the instant values, the total and specific fuel consumption and emissions were calculated. As a result, this study identified the effect of a 5% hydrogen additive in improving engine energy efficiency, reducing incomplete combustion products and lowering greenhouse gas (CO2) emissions under various driving modes. Finally, the results were compared with the requirements of EU standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2025
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6. Effect of the Concentration of Bioethanol Mixed with Gasoline on the Energy and Environmental Performance of a Hybrid Vehicle in the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC).

Author

Rimkus, Alfredas, Mejeras, Gabrielius, Dittrich, Aleš, Pukalskas, Saugirdas, and Barta, Dalibor

Subjects
GREENHOUSE gas mitigation, HYBRID electric vehicles, ENERGY consumption, INTERNAL combustion engines, FOSSIL fuels, ETHANOL as fuel
Abstract

Increasing the use of renewable biofuels in internal-combustion-engine (ICE) vehicles is a key strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and conserving fossil fuels. Hybrid vehicles used in urban environments significantly reduce fuel consumption compared to conventional internal-combustion-engine cars. In hybrid vehicles integrating electric propulsion with biofuels offers even more significant potential to lower fuel consumption. One would like to think they should also be less polluted in all cases, but some results show that the opposite is true. This study's aim was to evaluate a hybrid vehicle's energy and environmental performance using different gasoline–bioethanol blends. A Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) study was conducted on a Toyota Prius II hybrid vehicle to assess changes in energy and environmental performance. During the WLTC test, data were collected from the chassis dynamometer, exhaust gas analyser, fuel consumption meter, and engine control unit (ECU). The collected data were synchronised, and calculations were performed to determine the ICE cycle work, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), pollutant emissions (CO, HC, and NOx), CO2 mass emissions per cycle, and brake specific pollutant emissions per kilometre. The study shows that the performance of the hybrid vehicle's ICE is strongly influenced by the utilisation of electrical energy stored in the battery, especially at low and medium speeds. As the bioethanol concentration increases, the engine's ECU advances the ignition timing based on the knock sensor signal. A comprehensive evaluation using the WLTC indicates that increasing the bioethanol concentration up to 70% improves the energy efficiency of the hybrid vehicle's internal combustion engine and reduces pollutant and CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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21. THE MEDIATING ROLE OF PERSONALITY IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN REACTION TIME AND TRAFFIC PERCEPTION IN YOUNG ADULTS.

Author

MAMCARZ, Piotr, MADLENAK, Radovan, PUKALSKAS, Saugirdas, BARTA, Dalibor, ŽURAULIS, Vidas, DROŹDŹIEL, Paweł, PEČELIŪNAS, Robertas, RYBICKA, Iwona, and DROŹDŹIEL, Paulina

Subjects
YOUNG adults, PERSONALITY assessment, PERSONALITY, TRAFFIC safety, AGE groups, REACTION time
Abstract

The objective of this research was to examine how personality acts as a mediator in the relationship between reaction time and traffic perception in young adults. Given the increase in the number of road accidents among this age group in the European Union, it is essential to understand the psychological determinants of risky driving behavior. A sample of 60 participants from Poland, Slovakia, and Lithuania was assessed using the Vienna Test System to measure personality, reaction time, time-movement anticipation, and traffic perceptions. The results indicate gender differences in self-control personality factor and motor reaction time, as well as a positive correlation between the sense of responsibility and time-movement anticipation. The proposed model was confirmed, demonstrating that mental stability mediates the relationship between reaction time and traffic perceptions. A driver with high mental stability can react faster to stimuli while accurately perceiving objects in road traffic. This study has implications for road safety policies and practices. Incorporating personality assessments into driver training programs can help develop interventions that target specific personality traits. Furthermore, interventions aimed at enhancing mental stability may help reduce the likelihood of accidents among young drivers. However, this study's limitations, such as the small sample size and narrow age range, should be considered in future research with other age groups and additional variables that directly impact traffic safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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22. Simulation of spark ignition engine performance working on biogas hydrogen mixture

Author

Kriaučiūnas Donatas, Pukalskas Saugirdas, and Rimkus Alfredas

Subjects
Spark ignition engine, Biogas, Hydrogen, Performance, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040
Abstract

Numerical simulations of Nissan Qashqai HR16DE engine with increased compression ratio from 10,7:1 to 13,5:1 was carried out using AVL BOOST software. Modelled engine work cycles while engine works with biogas (BG) and hydrogen (H2) mixtures. For biogas used mixture of 35 % carbon dioxide (CO2) and 65 % methane (CH4). Three mixtures of biogas with added 5 %, 10 % and 15 % H2 was made. The simulation of engine work cycles was performed at fully opened throttle and changing engine crankshaft rotation speeds: ne1 = 1500, ne2 = 3000, ne3 = 4500, ne4 = 6000 rpm. Simulation results demonstrated what adding hydrogen to biogas increase in-cylinder temperature and nitrogen oxides (NOx) concentration because of higher mixtures lower heating values (LHV) and better combustion process. Other emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) decreased while adding hydrogen due to the fact that hydrogen is carbon-free fuel.

Published
2018
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23. Effect of Hydrogen Addition on the Energetic and Ecologic Parameters of an SI Engine Fueled by Biogas

Author

Pukalskas, Saugirdas, Kriaučiūnas, Donatas, Przybyła, Grzegorz, Droździel, Paweł, and Barta, Dalibor

Subjects
hydrogen addition, emission, biogas, SI engine, spark timing, thermal efficiency, in-cylinder pressure
Abstract

The global policy solution seeks to reduce the usage of fossil fuels and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and biogas (BG) represents a solutions to these problems. The use of biogas could help cope with increased amounts of waste and reduce usage of fossil fuels. Biogas could be used in compressed natural gas (CNG) engines, but the engine electronic control unit (ECU) needs to be modified. In this research, a spark ignition (SI) engine was tested for mixtures of biogas and hydrogen (volumetric hydrogen concentration of 0, 14, 24, 33, and 43%). In all experiments, two cases of spark timing (ST) were used: the first for an optimal mixture and the second for CNG. The results show that hydrogen increases combustion quality and reduces incomplete combustion products. Because of BG’s lower burning speed, the advanced ST increased brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 4.3% when the engine was running on biogas. Adding 14 vol% of hydrogen (H2) increases the burning speed of the mixture and enhances BTE by 2.6% at spark timing optimal for CNG (CNG ST) and 0.6% at the optimal mixture ST (mixture ST). Analyses of the rate of heat release (ROHR), temperature, and pressure increase in the cylinder were carried out using utility BURN in AVL BOOST software., This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engine Technologies and Innovative Vehicle Driving Systems

Published
2021

36. Analysis of the Influence of CO 2 Concentration on a Spark Ignition Engine Fueled with Biogas.

Author

Kriaučiūnas, Donatas, Pukalskas, Saugirdas, Rimkus, Alfredas, and Barta, Dalibor

Subjects
BIOGAS, SPARK ignition engines, BIOGAS production, CARBON dioxide, NATURAL gas, MANUFACTURING processes, INTERNAL combustion engines, THERMAL efficiency
Abstract

Featured Application: The results of this paper describe the effect of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration on a petrol engine running on biogas (BG), specifically its ecological and energy parameters. The data can be applied in further analysis of biogas combustion, engine spark timing control or exhaust gas emission analysis. They can also be useful in practice when converting compress natural gas engines to work on biogas or to optimize the engine parameters and increase the efficiency. Biogas is one of the alternative solutions that could reduce the usage of fossil fuels and production of greenhouse gas emissions, as biogas is considered as an alternative fuel with a short carbon cycle. During biogas production, organic matter is decomposed during an anaerobic digestion process. Biogas mainly consists of methane and carbon dioxide, of which the ratio varies depending on the raw material and parameters of the production process. Therefore, engine parameters should be adjusted in relationship with biogas composition. In this research, a spark ignition engine was tested for mixtures of biogas with 0 vol%, 20 vol%, 40 vol% and 50 vol% of CO2. In all experiments, two cases of spark timing (ST) were used; the first one is a constant spark timing (26 crank angle degrees (CAD) before top dead center (BTDC)) and the second one is an advanced spark timing (optimal for biogas mixture). Results show that increasing the CO2 concentration and using constant spark timing increases the mass burned fraction combustion duration by 90%, reduces the in-cylinder pressure and leads to a reduction in the brake thermal efficiency and nitrogen oxides emissions at all measurement points. However, the choice of optimal spark timing increases the brake thermal efficiency as well as hydrocarbon and CO2 emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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37. Analysis of Solutions Improving Safety of Cyclists in the Road Traffic.

Author

Skoczyński, Przemysław, Droździel, Paweł, Madleňák, Radovan, Pukalskas, Saugirdas, Sever, Drago, and Ślęzak, Marcin

Subjects
CYCLING safety, ROAD safety measures, TRAFFIC safety, ROAD users, STREETS, CYCLING, PAVEMENTS, TRAFFIC flow
Abstract

Cycling safety management is particularly important due to the increasing use of this mode of transport and increasing car traffic flows. Cyclists—travelling on roadways or sharing the space with pedestrians—are exposed to considerable risks for their safety, as well as for the safety of other road users. Comprehensive and effective management of bicycle traffic safety is therefore essential for the protection of this group of road users. The article presents procedures, the implementation of which is aimed at increasing the safety of cyclists and effective implementation of measures to achieve that. The analyses aimed at the selection of appropriate measures and solutions to improve safety of cyclists in the road traffic have been presented. The procedures include: Selection of devices and measures, risk assessment and estimation of the potential to reduce the risk of collisions/accidents involving cyclists, selection of investment measures and devices reducing the risk of cyclists and other road users, implementation methods and monitoring of selected measures reducing the risk of collisions/accidents involving cyclists. The proposals contained in the article fill in the gap existing in this area of knowledge. The analyses conducted and the presented results show that the construction of infrastructure for cyclists is not the only way to improve the safety of this group of road users. Due to the high costs and deficit of the road surface in the road-street cross-section—other forms of measures in this area should also be analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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39. Biometano ir vandenilio mišinių panaudojimo kibirkštinio uždegimo variklyje modeliavimas

Author

Ročys, Mindaugas, Melaika, Mindaugas, Rimkus, Alfredas, and Pukalskas, Saugirdas

Subjects
Biometanas, Modeliavimas, Kibirkštinio uždegimo variklis, Vandenilis
Abstract

Straipsnyje pateikti automobilio Nissan kibirkštinio uždegimo variklio HR 16DE energetinių ir ekologinių rodiklių modeliavimo rezultatai varikliui veikiant biometano ir vandenilio mišiniu. Modeliavimas atliktas su skaitinio modeliavimo programa AVL BOOST. Modeliavimo metu įvertinti įvairios sudėties mišiniai (CH4; CH4+5 % H2; CH4+10 % H2; CH4+15 % H2; CH4+20 % H2; CH4+25 % H2; CH4+30 % H2). Modeliavimo metu analizuota degimo proceso temperatūra ir slėgis, degalų sąnaudos bei deginių emisija. Šio tyrimo tikslas yra nustatyti optimalios sudėties biometano ir vandenilio mišinį, kuris užtikrintų mažiausias degalų sąnaudas ir didžiausią ekologiją.

Published
2016

40. Kibirkštinio uždegimo variklio veikimo rodiklių gerinimas naudojant biodegalus ir vandenilį

Author

Rimkus, Alfredas and Pukalskas, Saugirdas

Subjects
Energetiniai ir ekologiniai rodikliai, Kibirkštinio uždegimo variklis, Vandenilis
Abstract

Straipsnyje pateikti automobilio Honda Civic su kibirkštinio uždegimo varikliu D14A3 energetinių ir ekologinių rodiklių tyrimo rezultatai varikliui veikiant benzinu A98 bei biodegalais E85 ir papildomai tiekiant vandenilio (H2) dujas. Dujos gaminamos elektrolizės būdu iš vandens ir į variklio įsiurbimo kolektorių tiekiamas H2 ir O2 (HHO) dujų mišinys. Tyrimas atliktas automobiliui važiuojant pastoviu 50 km/h greičiu ir varikliui veikiant liesu mišiniu. HHO dujos pagerina mišinio degimą ir sumažina nepilnai sudegusių angliavandenilių koncentraciją deginiuose, bet padidina azoto oksidų emisiją. Variklio energetinis efektyvumas išauga iki 2 % benziną pakeitus E85 degalais ir tiekiant 1,5 l/min HHO dujų.

Published
2016

43. The influence of hydrogen gas on the measures of efficiency of diesel internal combustion engine

Author

Latakas, Jurgis, Pukalskas, Saugirdas, Rimkus, Alfredas, Melaika, Mindaugas, Vėgneris, Ričardas, and Stravinskas, Paulius

Subjects
pollutants, hydrogen, compression ignition engine, exhaust gases
Abstract

In this research paper energy and ecological parameters of diesel engine which works under addition of hydrogen (10, 20, 30 l/ min) are presented. A survey of research literature has shown that addition of hydrogen gases improve diesel combustion; increase indicated pressure; decrease concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbons (HC), particles; decrease fuel consumptions. Results of the experiment revealed that hydrogen gas additive decreased pressure in cylinder in kinetic combustion phase. Concentration of CO2 and nitrous oxides (NOx) decreased not significantly, HC – increased. Concentration of particles in engine exhaust gases significantly decreased. In case when hydrogen gas as additive was supplied, the fuel consumptions decreased a little. Using AVL BOOST software combustion process analysis was made. It was determined that in order to optimize engine work process under hydrogen additive usage, it is necessary to adjust diesel injection angle. Article in Lithuanian. Vandenilio dujų įtaka dyzelinio vidaus degimo variklio efektyvumo rodikliams Santrauka Straipsnyje pateikiamas dyzelinio variklio, veikiančio su vandenilio priedu (10, 20, 30 l/min), energetinių ir ekologinių rodiklių tyrimas. Atlikus literatūros apžvalgą pastebėta, kad vandenilio dujų priedas pagerina dyzelino degimą, padidina indikatorinį slėgį, sumažina anglies dvideginio (CO2), angliavandenilių (HC), kietųjų dalelių koncentraciją, sumažina degalų sąnaudas. Bandymo rezultatai parodė, kad vandenilio dujų priedas sumažino variklio indikatorinį slėgį kinetinės degimo fazės metu. CO2 ir azoto oksidų (NOx) koncentracija nedaug sumažėjo, HC – padidėjo. Kietųjų dalelių koncentracija variklio išmetamosiose dujose itin sumažėjo. Tiekiant vandenilio dujas kaip priedą nedaug sumažėja dyzelino sąnaudos. AVL BOOST programa atlikta degimo proceso analizė. Nustatyta, kad siekiant optimizuoti variklio darbą, naudojant vandenilio priedą, būtina reguliuoti dyzelino įpurškimo paskubos kampą. Reikšminiai žodžiai:vandenilis, išmetamosios dujos, slėginio uždegimo variklis, teršalai.

Published
2014

44. Investigation of the influence of hydrogen used in internal combustion engines on exhaust emission

Author

Keršys, Artūras, Kalisinskas, Dalius, Pukalskas, Saugirdas, Vilkauskas, Andrius, Keršys, Robertas, and Makaras, Rolandas

Subjects
Exhaust gas, Fuel, Energetic, Hydrogen
Abstract

This article deals with the possibility to use hydrogen in gasoline and diesel engines. Hydrogen production in a vehicle and hydrogen generators mounted in a vehicle are overviewed. Under operation of the hydrogen generator electrical current changes with temperature, to stabilize current the current pulse generator is used. Modifications of an intake manifold were made in order to supply hydrogen to an engine. For this purpose a special universal plate to evenly mix the hydrogen with fuel mix was made designed. The experimental and rig tests were performed. The rig tests were carried out at constant 2200 rpm. It was found that smokiness, in both cases decreases with an additional deployment of hydrogen. Other indicators of the exhaust gas using the hydrogen in case of the rig tests are worse. A possible cause of negative influence is an excessive amount of hydrogen, which releases at 25 A current.

Published
2013

45. Application of Brown’s gas for a diesel engine running on rapeseed oil

Author

Rimkus, Alfredas, Ulickas, Tomas, Pukalskas, Saugirdas, Matijošius, Jonas, and Stravinskas, Paulius

Subjects
diesel fuel, Brown’s gas, oil, diesel engine
Abstract

The article presents the analysis of possible applications of Brown’s gas to the diesel engine running on oil. The paper also contains a review of experimental works. The selected fuel combinations are as follows: diesel fuel, diesel fuel and Brown’s gas, oil (rapeseed oil) and oil and Brown’s gas. Test results have shown that an additional supply of Brown’s gas to the engine results in a decrease in the amounts of carbon monoxide (CO) and smoke level; however it increases the total emission of nitrous oxides (NOx). The supply of Brown’s gas at low engine load increases comparative effective fuel consumption and reduces high efficiency. Nevertheless, these performance indicators tend to improve at average engine load. Article in Lithuanian. Brauno dujų panaudojimas aliejumi veikiančiame dyzeliniame variklyje Santrauka.Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos Brauno dujų panaudojimo galimybės aliejumi veikiančiame dyzeliniame variklyje. Apžvelgti eksperimentiniai darbai. Pasirinkti šie degalų deriniai: dyzelinas, dyzelinas ir Brauno dujos, aliejus (pagamintas iš rapsų) bei aliejus ir Brauno dujos. Bandymo rezultatai rodo, kad varikliui papildomai tiekiant Brauno dujas, mažėja anglies monoksido (CO) kiekiai ir dūmingumas, bet didėja suminė azoto oksidų emisija (NOx). Brauno dujų panaudojimas esant mažoms variklio apkrovoms didina lyginamąsias efektyviąsias degalų sąnaudas ir mažina efektyvųjį naudingumo koeficientą, bet esant vidutinėms apkrovoms šie rodikliai gerėja. Raktiniai žodžiai:dyzelinis variklis; aliejus; Brauno dujos; dyzelinas

Published
2012

46. Dyzelinio variklio ekologinių ir energetinių rodiklių tyrimas naudojant dyzelino biobutanolio ir Brauno dujų mišinius

Author

Rimkus, Alfredas, Pukalskas, Saugirdas, Matijošius, Jonas, and Biedryzycki, Jacek

Subjects
Brauno dujos, Dūmingumas, Dyzelinis variklis, Efektyvieji rodikliai, Biobutanolis, Deginių emisija
Abstract

Atliekant dyzelinio variklio Peugeot 1.9 D (XUD9) stendinius bandymus, tirtos galimybės, naudojant 80 % dyzclino ir 20 % biobutanolio mišinį bei Brauno dujas (H2, 02), pagerinti variklio ekonominius ir ekologinius rodiklius. Tyrimai atlikti varikliui veikiant įvairiomis apkrovomis,( esant pastoviam veleno sukimosi dažniui n = 2000 min*1 ir rezultatai lyginami su rodikliais, gautais naudojant dyzeliną. Brauno dujos gaminamos elektrolizės būdu. Tiekiant 12 V įtampos 30 A stiprio elektros srove, pagaminama 2,5 1 H2 ir 02 dujų mišinio per minutę. Priklausomai nuo apkrovos, su dujomis tiekiamo vandenilio masė degalų masės atžvilgiu kinta nuo 0,1 % iki 0,5 %. \ variklio siurbiamą orą papildomai tiekiant Brauno dujas, prie mažų ir vidutinių apkrovų, naudojant dyzelino ir biobutanolio degalų mišinį, apie 10 % išaugo variklio efektyvusis naudingumo koeficientas. Papildomas Brauno dujų tiekimas, naudojant degalų mišinį, pagerino angliavandenilių sudegimą ir iki 80% sumažino CH kiekį dcginiuose. Prie mažų ir vidutinių apkrovimų NOx kiekis deginiuose sumažėjo 10+30%. Papildomas Brauno dujų tiekimas, naudojant dyzelino ir bioetanolio mišinį, deginių dūmingumą, palyginus su dyzelinių degalų dūmingumu, sumažino 10+20%.

Published
2012

47. Comparative investigations into energetic and ecological parameters of camelina-based biofuel used in the diesel engine

Author

Lebedevas, Sergejus, Pukalskas, Saugirdas, Žaglinskis, Justas, and Matijošius, Jonas

Subjects
vehicle diesel engine, camelina sativa, biofuels, ecological parameters, energetic parameters
Abstract

The paper presents the findings of comparative investigations into the operation of Audi 80 1.9l 4 cylinder diesel engine, TDI, type 1Z, 66 kW powered by new FAME (fatty acid methyl esters) mixtures of spring (SCME) and winter (WCME) camelina-based biofuel and mineral diesel. The article assesses the principles of operating electronic control over the diesel engine (ECS) and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and looks at a positive impact of the system on energetic (be, ηe) and ecological (CH, NOx, CO2, SM) parameters. The ECS of the average and maximal power of the engine improve in-cylinder air injection that has an impact on an increase in ηe by approximately 30% and reduces the emission of the harmful components from incomplete combustion. It is accepted that in case diesel fuel is replaced by FAME biofuels (RME – rapeseed methyl ester; SCME – spring camelina methyl ester; WCME – winter camelina methyl ester), ECS control parameters shall not be retrofitted or additionally optimized. The properties of camelina-based biofuel mixtures B30 (SCME) and B30 (WCME) and diesel fuel are similar to the properties of the standard mixtures of RME biofuel B30 (RME). If compared to diesel fuel, the use of camelina-based biofuel mixtures B30 (SCME) and B30 (WCME) enables lower emissions of harmful components from exhaust gases, which makes approximately 15% of CH and 20÷25% of SM.

Published
2012

48. Dynamic model of a vehicle moving in the urban area

Author

Makaras, Rolandas, Sapragonas, Jonas, Keršys, Artūras, and Pukalskas, Saugirdas

Subjects
transporto priemonė, dinaminis modelis, driver, dinamika, dynamics of a vehicle, aplinkos įtaka, dynamic model, environmental impact, vairuotojas
Abstract

The peculiarities of constructing a model of an individual vehicle moving along the urban street are investigated. The aim of the study is to construct a dynamic vehicle-environment-driver model, which enables to implement the situation ‘an individual vehicle moving along urban streets’, taking into consideration a concrete type of a vehicle, its loading, driver’s behavior, peculiarities of external characteristics of internal combustion engines run on traditional or alternative fuel as well as the use of hybrid power plants., Santrauka lietuvių kalba. Straipsnyje nagrinėjami pavienės transporto priemonės, judančios miesto gatve, modelio sudarymo ypatumai. Tyrimo tikslas – išnagrinėti transporto priemonės–aplinkos–vairuotojo dinaminį modelį, leidžiantį realizuoti pavienės transporto priemonės, judančios miesto gatvėmis, situaciją ir įvertinti konkretų transporto priemonės tipą, jos apkrovą, vairuotojo važiavimo stilių, vidaus degimo variklių, dirbančių tradiciniu ar alternatyviuoju kuru, išorinių charakteristikų specifiką, hibridinių jėgainių naudojimą.

Published
2011

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