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In this present study, Karpura shilajit, an Ayurvedic herbo-mineral, currently used in the Ayurvedic clinical practice for various ailments, was investigated chemically and pharmacologically.To screen anti-lithiatic activity of Karpura shilajit against sodium oxalate (70 mg/kg, i.p) for 7 days and in vitro activity by nucleation-aggregation assay. Cystone (500 mg/kg, p.o.)used as a standard drug in the present study.Nephrolithiasis may also be associated with nephrocalcinosis, i.e., crystal depositions in tubular lumen and/or interstitium, an entity which suggests specific pathological processes. Preliminary Phytochemical screening resulted in the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, carbohydrates, terpenoids and steroids. Karpura shilajit significantly restored creatinine, urea, uric acid, calcium, total protein, sodium and potassium levels insodium oxalate induced urolithiasis model. Histopathological examination further confirmed the induction of a long standing hypercalciuria or hyperoxaluria, conversely to nephrocalcinosis in the sections of kidney treated with sodium oxalate. Karpura shilajit treatment normalized the biochemical and renal stone markers in the experimental rats and showed better activity in vitro and in vivo models. Karpura shilajit had shown significant effect on urine volume, urine pH, urine excretion, sodium and potassium levels.

The day-by-day new combinations drugs are being introduced in market. Then the multiple therapeutic agents which acts at different sites are used in the management of various diseases and disorders are done. Thus it is necessary to develop methods for analysis with the help of number of analytical techniques which are available for the estimation of the drugs in combination. An accurate, precise and reproducible UV spectrophotometer method was developed for the simultaneous quantitative determination of Sofosbuvir and Ledipasvir in tablet dosage forms. Methods: Younglin (S. K.) gradient system UV detector and C18 column with 250 mm x 4.6 mm i. d. and 5μm particle size Acetonitrile: OPA water (80: 20v/v) pH 2.5 was used as the mobile phase for the method. The detection wavelength was 283 nm and flow rate was 0.9 ml/min. Results: In the developed method, the retention time of Sofosbuvir and Ledipasvir were found to be 6.366 min and 8.616 min. The developed method was validated according to the ICH guidelines. Conclusion: In this methods linearity, precision, range, robustness were observed. The method was found to be simple, accurate, precise, economic and reproducible.

Thyroid disease is a major issue all over the world. Thyroid illness is also very common in India. Numerous thyroid disease studies have revealed that 42 million Indians are affected by the disease. Thyroid ailments are classified into five types in India: hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, goitre and iodine deficiency disorders, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and thyroid cancer. The epidemiology of these five diseases will be the subject of this review. Thyroid hormone replacement therapy has been used to treat hypothyroidism for over a century. For the majority of the twentieth century, the first pharmacological treatments were natural thyroid preparations (thyroid extract, desiccated thyroid, or thyroglobulin), which contained both thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) (T3). This article discusses briefly the current treatment options for common thyroid issues.

The public-private partnership (PPP) models that have been used in procuring the National Highways projects include Build- Operate-Transfer (BOT) (Toll) and BOT (Annuity) models.... This paper focuses on the various approaches that have been used for financing of PPP road projects in India. To assess the risks involved in BOT PROJECT by studying a specific case of Implementation of integrated road development program me (IRDP) in the city on built, operate & transport (BOT) basis. To Study the individualistic approach of the involved parties. BOT has been one of the recent innovations in project finance. The Build-Operate Transfer (BOT) scheme is a limited recourse financing technique. Many have adopted this approach as an alternative to traditional public financing for infrastructure development projects. This study examines the type of SOCIAL risk due to, force shutdown of toll booths due to public riots. This paper mainly representing the risk in BOT due to political & public pressure. A case study of IRDP project implemented in municipal corporation area through BOT is studied in details. Keywords: BOT, Public private partnership, lumpsum, concessionaire's

For effective management of typhoid, diagnosis of the disease must be done with speed and accuracy. Laboratory diagnosis of typhoid fever requires isolation and identification of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. In many areas where the disease is endemic, laboratory capability is limited. Recent advances in molecular immunology have led to the identification of sensitive and specific markers. Currently, alternative methods for biological molecular analysis are enzyme immunoassay, surface plasmon resonance and electrochemical immunoassay. With the development of nanotechnology, various nanoparticles and nano-quantum dots have been used as labels to enhance the sensitivity of the electrochemical immunoassay technique.

Mango is one of the major fruit crops of India. It is well known with name of King of Fruits. India contributes about 56 per cent of global production Botanical name of mango isMangifera indica L. and is the most important species of the genusMangifera. The main objective of this study was to find out the most important pre-harvest treatment and management of mango fruit to get the maximum fruit yield with better quality and shelf life of mango. Shelf life is one of the important quality characters for fruit production especially for climacteric fruits which might be affected by various factors. Post-harvest management means the handling of an agricultural product after harvest to prolong storage life, freshness and an attractive appearance. Postharvest diseases of mango include anthracnose, stem-end rot, Diplodia stem-end rot, black mould rot , brown spot and black spot rot.Rotting of fruits due to several other fungal infestation is also very common. Post-harvest diseases can be managed by preharvest spray with fungicides, careful handling during harvesting, sorting and grading, hot water treatment (52±1°C, 10 minutes) and coating of fruits with essential oil/s help in management of post-harvest diseases of mango. There is a need to focus on use of nontoxic substances, biocontrol control and physical methods to manage post-harvest diseases.

Tomato is one of the important crop in the family solanaceae. It is the third most important cultivated crop in India but it is adversely affected by various abiotic factors. This article will help growers in understanding various physiological disorders that impact the crop, and remedies which should be followed to control them. The major physiological disorders which are affecting the crop are blossom end rot, fruit cracking (radial and concentric cracking), puffiness, sunscald, blotchy ripening etc., The visible symptoms of the blossom end rot affected fruits are showing small darkened or water soaked area near the blossom end of the fruit which is majorly caused due to Calcium deficiency. Fruit cracking is associated with cracks develop at the stem end of the fruit, due to heavy rainfall or irrigation followed by long dry spell. The fruits affected with puffiness are looks normal from outside, but the fruit are hollow inside. One of the seed cavities is usually empty. Causes of puffiness are extreme high or low temperature, excessive fertilization and poor pollination and fertilization. Sunscald occurs on fruit exposed to the sun during periods of extreme heat and the affected fruits are shiny white or yellow patches would be on the sides of the fruit exposed to the sun. So this article will help the growers on various physiological disorders which are affecting the crop and the remedial measures to be followed to grow the healthy crop.

Most of the nutrients required for plant growth come from the soil. But to some extent, this nutrient requirement of crops can be meet by chemical fertilizers, green manures, manures, compost, crop rotation, inclusion of leguminous crops etc. It is necessary to have scientific information about the quantity, form, availability of major nutrients in the soil and also the method, quantity, etc. of chemical fertilizers. A total of 17 different nutrients are required for proper growth of crops. An element is essential if a plant cannot complete its life cycle without it, if no other element can perform the same function, and if it is directly involved in nutrition. An essential nutrient required by the plant in large amounts is called a macronutrient, while one required in very small amounts is termed a micronutrient. Missing or inadequate supplies of nutrients adversely affect plant growth, leading to stunted growth, slow growth, chlorosis, or cell death. About half the essential nutrients are micronutrients such as boron, chlorine, manganese, iron, zinc, copper, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, and sodium. These nutrients are secondary nutrients and called as micronutrients. The present research topic gathers several studies that focus on the beneficial role of micronutrients in plant nutrition, while aiming at the same time to set the borderlines between excessive use and deficiencies in plant development.

Agriculture is a back bone of Indian economy. Agriculture is more important in India than anything else because agricultural production sets the tonne to all the economic progress. About 58.40 per cent population of the country depends upon agriculture. The crop husbandry information was categorized into different types, on the basis of the crop types. It consists of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, cash crops, forage crops and general information. Among the crop husbandry information cash crop information topped (37.97 per cent). Among the crop husbandry, a cereal was the second highest type (20.86 per cent) and It was followed by general information (19.78 per cent). The information which was not covered cropwise under crop husbandry included under general type of information. The general information followed by oilseeds (10.96 per cent) and very less number of articles was observed on pulses (7.22 per cent) and forage crops (3.21 per cent).

Existing study involves effort to forecast absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity and polypharmacological profile of 4-((1-(3-nitrophenyl)-5-oxo-3-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)- methyl)benzoic acid (NPOPPBA), a 3CLpro non-peptidic inhibitors with the aid of by means of in silico methods. In the beginning, PASS online computational software’s utilized to investigate pharmacological action of NPOPPBA. Followed by, Swiss ADME online tool utilized to estimate of physical parameters, chemical properties, log P, solubility, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, drug like property and medicinal chemistry. Lastly, XUNDRUG eMolTox online tool utilized to forecast toxicity. End result of PASS online prediction tool confirmed that NPOPPBA may be used as Fusarinine-C ornithinesterase inhibitor, which may be beneficial in most cancers treatment; Swiss ADME end outcome confirmed molecule may orally absorbable but not able to pass lipophilic membrane of brain and hence will not able to show undesirable effect centrally. Observations of bioavailability study shows NPOPPBA may be taken into consideration as a drug like because it shows all parameters falls inside red location of graph. The log P become observed about 3.7 signifying NPOPPBA may absorb on oral administration, solubility in water was found to be poor demonstrating need of attempts to enhance it in formulation development. This molecule can also additionally inhibits CYP2C19 which performs an essential function in metabolism of drugs live omeprazole, which are utilized to cure of gastrointestinal disorder and need to take precaution in the course of use of proton pump inhibitors. It is also CYP2C9 inhibitor therefore due care need to be taken for drugs undergoing phase I metabolism. XUNDRUG online resource outcomes confirmed hepatic and nephron toxicity possibility of NPOPPBA. Here from this existing analysis, it may be confirmed that the beneficial absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, drug like property and easy in synthesis of current molecule recommended that NPOPPBA may be an amazing medicinal agent in upcoming COVID-19 treatment.

Present communication deals with taxonomical studies to identified and describe a new species, about forty nine cestode parasites were collected from the gastrointestinal tract of Gallus gallus domesticus from different villages of Ahmednagar district for taxonomical studies. The genus Amoebotaenia was erected by Cohn L. in the year 1900, since from 1900 about 19 species are added in Amoebotaenia genus. After going through the literature the identified Amoebotaenia alokni n. sp. parasite is differ from the known species of the genus Amoebotaenia in distinct and differentiating characters like shape and size of the scolex, number of hook, testes, Proglottids and Shape and Size Ovary etc. Some additional characters are given in comparative chart at the end. These distinct characters are more than enough to erected a new species from this genus and hence the name Amoebotaenia alokni n.sp

Purpose: Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the Multi-dimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) are widely used globally (and in India) to assess the perceived stress and perceived social support respectively. Local language versions of these tools have been validated in different parts of the world and some Indian languages, but these studies have been carried out in populations outside India. Translation and validation of these tools in Marathi language is not yet undertaken. Methods: We used the following steps to translate and adapt the PSS and the MSPSS into Marathi: forward translation, feedback from the bilingual committee, cognitive interviewing and pre-testing, backward translation, comparison of the original English versions with the back-translated English versions, and the assessment of conceptual and operational equivalence which was done using the Pearson’s correlation coefficients and the Bland-Altman approach. Results: There was a very high correlation between the English and the Marathi version of the PSS (0.97) and the MSPSS (0.98). For the self and interviewer administered versions, Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient was slightly lower for the PSS (0.76, p=0.01), but for MSPSS it was 0.97 (pConclusion: The outputs of this study, i.e., the self and interviewer-administered Marathi language versions of the PSS and the MSPSS are based on a systematic approach of culturally sensitive translation, and these can now be further used for assessment of their psychometric validity.

In present investigation the effect of toxicity results are expressed as LC50 (lethal concentration) values. From LC50 values safe concentration of a toxicant can be determined. This is useful for the study of physiological responses to the toxicant in organism of dicofol on total protein contents in different tissues i.e. mantle, foot, gills, digestive glands, gonads and whole soft body tissues after chronic exposure The synthetic dicofol causes serious pollution problem in aquatic environment. The variation in protein contents in different tissues to dicofol of fresh water bivalve, Parreysia cylindrica was studied. The bivalves were exposed to (0.04023 ppm) as chronic treatment, decrease in total protein content of all tissues was observed with an increased exposure time. The most change of protein content occurs in digestive gland followed by gills, mantle, whole soft body and foot.

A simple and rapid method has been developed for solvent extraction and spectrophotometric determination of copper (II) using o-methylphenyl thiourea (OMPT) as a sensitive reagent. The basis of proposed method is formation of copper (II)-OMPT complex. Copper (II) was extracted with 0.020 mol L-1 OMPT in chloroform from aqueous solution in 0.075 mol L-1 potassium iodate. The absorbance of complex was measured at 510 nm. Beer’s law was obeyed up to 600 µg mL-1 for copper (II). The molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity of the complex were 1.0167×103 L mol-1 cm-1 and 0.0625 µg cm-2 respectively. Correlation coefficient of the method was 0.93. The stoichiometry of copper (II)-OMPT complex was 1:1 established from slope ratio, mole ratio and job’s continuous variation methods. The stability of copper (II)-OMPT complex was >24 h. The proposed method is free from interferences from large number of foreign ions. The proposed method was successfully applied for separation and determination of copper (II) from real samples (vegetable and environmental samples), binary and ternary synthetic mixtures. Precision of method was checked by finding relative standard deviation for eight determinations that was 0.23%.

Background: Despite considerable progress in the diagnosis, management, and prevention of cardiovascular diseases, they are still the main cause of death globally. These diseases have assumed epidemic proportions in India as well. The angiographic profile of coronary artery disease patients, its clinical presentation, and risk factors differ worldwide. Aim and Objective: The aim of the study was to study the clinicoinvestigative profile of ischemic heart disease (IHD) patients seeking treatment at tertiary care teaching hospital of western Maharashtra. Materials and Methods: Institutional Ethics Committee approval was sought before initiation of the study. The present, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was conducted on IHD patients admitted for coronary angiography in cardiac recovery unit of tertiary care hospital. Detailed clinical data such as signs and symptoms, associated diseases, general, and systemic examination findings were collected. Results: Out of total 190 patients, 61.57% (117) were males and 38.42% (73) were females. Majority patients were between 41 and 60 years (78.94%) of age group. The most common chief complaint was chest pain (72%), followed by breathlessness (28%), palpitation (12%) sweating (18%), and vomiting (08%). Out of all 77.89% (148) had ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) while other hand 16.84% (32) and 04.73% (09) had non-ST-segment elevation myocardial and unstable angina, respectively. Conclusion: The present study concluded that IHD is more prevalent in males than females. STEMI was more common clinical presentation and cardiac failure (69.09%) was more prevalent complication among IHD.

Pod shattering (Dehiscence) severely reduces seed yield in soybean. Molecular tagging of pod shattering resistance can help in the process of breeding for shattering tolerance. In this study, an segregating population of cross (susceptible cultivar Monetta x tolerant genotype MACS-450) was used for bulked segregant analysis (BSA) with 26 SSR (simple sequence repeat) primers known to amplify markers linked to 22 qPDH loci. Among them, eight polymorphic SSR markers, viz., Sat_350 (qPDH1-7), Satt185 (qPDH1-3), Satt674 (qPDH1-5 loci), Satt166 (qPDH3-5), SRM1 (qPDH1 loci) Sat_342 (qPDH3-2), Satt685 (qPDH1-2) and Sat_407 (qPDH3-1) were able to distinguish parents differing for pod shattering of them two primers Satt 166 and SRM1 yielded markers polymorphic in between shattering tolerant and susceptible bulks by amplifying only Satt166-200 bp marker and SRM1-234bp marker only in tolerant bulks. Only Satt166-200 bp marker was observed in tolerant parent, bulks and 14 plants; while another 237 bp marker for pod shattering susceptibility got amplified in 46 plants including 8 plants that were heterozygous for both alleles. SRM1-234 bp marker was observed only in tolerant parent, bulks and 15 plants; while another 237 bp marker for pod shattering susceptibility got amplified in 45 plants. In combined marker analysis, the markers Satt 166 (qPDH3-5 loci) and SRM1 (qPDH1 loci) were linked with pod shattering score and were also confirmed in individual 60 F2 segregants. Hence, these markers could be utilized in the marker assisted for pod shattering resistance/tolerance breeding of qPDH3-5 like and qPDH1 genes.