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Background. Streptococcus gallolyticus (previously known as Streptococcus bovis type-1) bacteremia has a well-established, almost pathognomonic association with colorectal carcinoma, with the most common hypothesized mechanism being ulceration of polyps leading to hematologic dissemination. There are few reported cases of streptococcus bacteremia from other, seemingly benign sources like cellulitis or colonic adenomas. Hence, there is limited focus on skin and soft tissue infections leading to potentially fatal infective endocarditis. Case Presentation. We present a novel case of streptococcus bacteremia from uncommon sources like abdominal wall cellulitis or colonic adenoma leading to infective endocarditis as well as other manifestations, including osteomyelitis and discitis. This report highlights a unique case of streptococcus bacteremia with an uncommon origin, arising from abdominal wall cellulitis or colonic adenoma, ultimately resulting in the development of infective endocarditis. Furthermore, the patient presented with additional clinical manifestations, including osteomyelitis and discitis. Conclusions. Through our case report, we emphasize the importance of investigating uncommon sources like cellulitis when initial malignant workup is negative in streptococcus bacteremia and further elucidate the pathophysiology of streptococcus bacterial dissemination from nonmalignancy-related sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expiratory central airway collapse (ECAC) is a pathology gaining recognition in the medical community due to its unspecific symptoms and diagnostic challenges. Its current gold standard for diagnosis, dynamic bronchoscopy, is invasive. Current non‐invasive techniques such as computed tomography (CT) protocols have shown limited reproducibility. We present a case of a 77‐year‐old man with suspected ECAC who underwent evaluation with two different expiratory CT protocols. The initial standard end‐expiratory CT could not detect airway collapsibility. However, dynamic bronchoscopy detected severe ECAC. Afterwards, we implemented a novel CT protocol, called dynamic forced expiratory CT (cinematic), comprising detailed, consecutive helical imaging of the central airway throughout the entire respiratory cycle, detecting severe ECAC, as proven by the earlier dynamic bronchoscopy. We hypothesize this may reduce the risks and need for performing multiple invasive procedures such as dynamic bronchoscopy. Extensive studies are required to evaluate the feasibility of its implementation for diagnosing ECAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aortic aneurysm (AA) refers to the persistent dilatation of the aorta, exceeding three centimeters. Investigating the pathophysiology of this condition is important for its prevention and management, given its responsibility for more than 25000 deaths in the United States. AAs are classified based on their location or morphology. various pathophysiologic pathways including inflammation, the immune system and atherosclerosis have been implicated in its development. Inflammatory markers such as transforming growth factor β, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, matrix metalloproteinase-2 and many more may contribute to this phenomenon. Several genetic disorders such as Marfan syndrome, Ehler-Danlos syndrome and Loeys-Dietz syndrome have also been associated with this disease. Recent years has seen the investigation of novel management of AA, exploring the implication of different immune suppressors, the role of radiation in shrinkage and prevention, as well as minimally invasive and newly hypothesized surgical methods. In this narrative review, we aim to present the new contributing factors involved in pathophysiology of AA. We also highlighted the novel management methods that have demonstrated promising benefits in clinical outcomes of the AA., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors., (©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)