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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder that can cause significant social, communicative, and behavioral difficulties. With autism rates rising dramatically in recent years, researchers and concerned parents have theorized the causes of autism, and the subject has received much attention. Is the high rate of autism now due to increased diagnosis and reporting, changing autism definitions, or a rise in the number of people with ASD? People started to blame vaccines as a cause of the increased number of people with ASD. Vaccines and their connection to autism have been the subject of continuous debate. Some parents are concerned that vaccines, particularly the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine and preservatives used in other childhood vaccines, may play a role in developing autism in their children. This systemic review explores the link between vaccination and autism in children. We conducted a literature search using PubMed and Google Scholar. We included papers written in the English language from 1998 to 2022, conducting human research that examines the relationship between vaccination and the development of autism using appropriate quality assessment tools. Two reviewers independently reviewed the content of the included studies. In total, 21 studies were deemed eligible.

Globally, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are the leading causes of mortality. Despite medical advances, these illnesses are still underdiagnosed and undermanaged. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) have recently emerged as a potential class of medications with promising cardiovascular and renal safety in non-diabetic patients. In this systematic review, we explored the outcomes of cardiovascular and renal protective effects utilizing SGLT-2i in three large randomized clinical trials with a cohort of both diabetes and non-diabetes patients. In these studies, data conferred that there is a significant reduction in heart failure (HF) hospitalization, as well as cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Moreover, SGLT-2i impede the progression to and death from CKD. Additionally, we reviewed trials solely done on non-diabetics which demonstrated benefits in patients with established HF with reduced ejection fraction, though the fact that these studies had a smaller sample size. We also discussed some of the potential mechanisms of action of SGLT-2i on cardiovascular and renal outcomes that are beyond anti-hyperglycemic control. There is ongoing research involving a larger number of non-diabetes patients that may provide more information about the efficacy of these drugs besides anti-diabetic medications in the future. Finally, this is the first systematic review that has provided a perspective on the currently available trials, which offer evidence supporting the potential benefits of SGLT-2i on cardiovascular and renal outcomes in non-diabetic individuals.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and cardiovascular events in men with prostate cancer. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a primary cause of noncancer mortality in men with prostate cancer. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Medicare-linked data revealed that CVD was responsible for about a quarter of deaths among men with prostate cancer, with a focus on the role of ADT as a contributing cause. We performed a literature search in November 2021 utilizing search engines such as PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Original publications with data published between 2006 and 2020 were used in the investigation of men with prostate cancer undergoing ADT treatment with a CVD outcome. Two reviewers independently examined the content of the studies and extracted data from the final papers after they had been validated for quality using quality assessment tools. A total of 14 observational studies and two randomized controlled trials are included in this systematic review. Sample sizes in the examined publications varied from 79 to 201,797 individuals. ADT was the intervention in all of the investigations. Seven of the included studies did not identify the type of ADT utilized; instead, they compared the outcomes of individuals who got ADT against those who did not. The specific type of ADT used is mentioned in the remaining nine studies included in the systematic review. Patients who got ADT, such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists, combination androgen blockade, surgical castration, and oral anti-androgen, are compared to those who did not receive ADT to discover who had a better prognosis. In conclusion, even though ADT has several negative metabolic side effects that increase the risk of cardiovascular toxicity, published research utilizing a variety of designs has demonstrated inconsistency in the impact of ADT on cardiovascular outcomes. While the risk of CVD should be considered when prescribing ADT, the findings suggest that it should not be considered a contraindication if the expected benefit is substantial.

Over a hundred thousand thyroid surgeries are performed per year in the United States. Although conventional thyroidectomy has successful surgical outcomes, robotic minimally invasive procedures, known for their scar free (regarding the neck, no collar incision) surgical outcomes gained popularity through the years. Furthermore, these techniques are new and still debatable. The purpose is to know the advantages of robotic over open thyroidectomy in thyroid diseases. Note that we didn't aim to compare different robotic techniques due to the lack of data. We performed a systematic review comparing surgical approaches for thyroidectomy, open vs robotic techniques, from January 2017 to December 2021, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. All papers with no full free article access and not in the English language were excluded. The outcomes of interest were superior cosmetics outcome, cost-effectiveness, limitations, operation time, length of hospital stay and postoperative pain or complications, and future outcomes. A literature search was carried out in electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar) in order to retrieve all papers comparing the effectiveness of robotic vs open thyroidectomy. An initial reference search yielded 433 articles. Finally, we chose nine studies covering different robotic thyroidectomy techniques compared to the open thyroidectomy approach. Promising results were seen in these studies, especially with superior cosmetic results, less post-operative pain, swallowing discomfort, and voice changes. In addition, the risk of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury is almost the same as the open approach. Multiple types of biases were caused by the selection of the population and the limitation of the studies to certain regions associated with the low numbers of robotic thyroidectomy approaches in Europe and the United States of America and the lack of randomized trials and long-term follow-up respectively. All studies discussed the importance of the surgeon's skills and the patient decision in choosing the appropriate approach for the thyroidectomy depending on the risk factors, a larger number of patients, and longer follow-up from multiple hospitals.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a multi-system endocrinopathy that affects women of reproductive age. Due to features that coincide with puberty, it frequently remains undiagnosed in adolescent females. The lack of evidence on management alternatives has resulted in significant variation in practice. This systematic review evaluated the therapeutic advantages and adverse effects of a regularly used therapy option, combined oral contraceptive pills (COC/OCP) with spironolactone (SP), a newer alternative that may be used alone or in conjunction with other drugs to treat adolescent PCOS. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, PubMed Central, Scopus, and Google Scholar. It was restricted to studies published in English between 2021 and 2011 that discussed the management of adolescent PCOS with COC, SP, or both. The systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 guidelines. Two reviewers independently examined the content of the included studies using appropriate quality assessment tools. Four meta-analyses, four randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and one traditional review were found to be eligible. After extensive analysis, we concluded that SP, alone or in combination, is far safer than COC. However, COC treats more PCOS-associated symptoms than SP, including acne and menstrual irregularities, while also providing contraceptive benefits. However, SP monotherapy is cardioprotective and therapeutic when combined with other drugs. Long-term COC use has been linked to an increased risk of venous thromboembolism, hypertension, dyslipidemia, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) elevation, dysglycemia, and cancer in women.