Search

We report the discovery of 74 new pulsating DA white dwarf stars, or ZZ Cetis, from the data obtained by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission, from Sectors 1 to 39, corresponding to the first 3 cycles. This includes objects from the Southern Hemisphere (Sectors 1-13 and 27-39) and the Northern Hemisphere (Sectors 14-26), observed with 120 s- and 20 s-cadence. Our sample likely includes 13 low-mass and one extremely low-mass white dwarf candidate, considering the mass determinations from fitting Gaia magnitudes and parallax. In addition, we present follow-up time series photometry from ground-based telescopes for 11 objects, which allowed us to detect a larger number of periods. For each object, we analysed the period spectra and performed an asteroseismological analysis, and we estimate the structure parameters of the sample, i.e., stellar mass, effective temperature and hydrogen envelope mass. We estimate a mean asteroseismological mass of _~ 0.635 +/-0.015 Msun, excluding the candidate low or extremely-low mass objects. This value is in agreement with the mean mass using estimates from Gaia data, which is ~ 0.631 +/- 0.040 Msun, and with the mean mass of previously known ZZ Cetis of = 0.644 +/-0.034 Msun. Our sample of 74 new bright ZZ~Cetis increases the number of known ZZ~Cetis by $\sim$20 per cent., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS

Context. The collection of high-quality photometric data by space telescopes, such as the completed Kepler mission and the ongoing TESS program, is revolutionizing the area of white-dwarf asteroseismology. Among the different kinds of pulsating white dwarfs, there are those that have He-rich atmospheres, and they are called DBVs or V777 Her variable stars. The archetype of these pulsating white dwarfs, GD 358, is the focus of the present paper. Aims. We report a thorough asteroseismological analysis of the DBV star GD 358 (TIC 219074038) based on new high-precision photometric data gathered by the TESS space mission combined with data taken from the Earth. Methods. We reduced TESS observations of the DBV star GD 358 and performed a detailed asteroseismological analysis using fully evolutionary DB white-dwarf models computed accounting for the complete prior evolution of their progenitors. We assessed the mass of this star by comparing the measured mean period separation with the theoretical averaged period spacings of the models, and we used the observed individual periods to look for a seismological stellar model. We detected potential frequency multiplets for GD 358, which we used to identify the harmonic degree (`) of the pulsation modes and rotation period. Results. In total, we detected 26 periodicities from the TESS light curve of this DBV star using standard pre-whitening. The oscillation frequencies are associated with nonradial g(gravity)-mode pulsations with periods from ∼422 s to ∼1087 s. Moreover, we detected eight combination frequencies between ∼543 s and ∼295 s. We combined these data with a huge amount of observations from the ground. We found a constant period spacing of 39.25 ± 0.17 s, which helped us to infer its mass (M? = 0.588 ± 0.024 M ) and constrain the harmonic degree ` of the modes. We carried out a period-fit analysis on GD 358, and we were successful in finding an asteroseismological model with a stellar mass (M? = 0.584+0.025 −0.019 M ), compatible with the stellar mass derived from the period spacing, and in line with the spectroscopic mass (M? = 0.560 ± 0.028M ). In agreement with previous works, we found that the frequency splittings vary according to the radial order of the modes, suggesting differential rotation. Obtaining a seismological model made it possible to estimate the seismological distance (dseis = 42.85 ± 0.73 pc) of GD 358, which is in very good accordance with the precise astrometric distance measured by Gaia EDR3 (π = 23.244 ± 0.024, dGaia = 43.02 ± 0.04 pc). Conclusions. The high-quality data measured with the TESS space telescope, used in combination with data taken from ground-based observatories, provides invaluable information for conducting asteroseismological studies of DBV stars, analogously to what happens with other types of pulsating white-dwarf stars. The currently operating TESS mission, together with the advent of other similar space missions and new stellar surveys, will give an unprecedented boost to white dwarf asteroseismology.

Pulsating low-mass white dwarf stars are white dwarfs with stellar masses between 0.30~M$_{\odot}$ and 0.45~M$_{\odot}$ that show photometric variability due to gravity-mode pulsations. Within this mass range, they can harbour both a helium- and hybrid-core, depending if the progenitor experienced helium-core burning during the pre-white dwarf evolution. SDSS J115219.99$+$024814.4 is an eclipsing binary system where both components are low-mass white dwarfs, with stellar masses of 0.362$\pm$0.014~M$_{\odot}$ and 0.325$\pm$0.013~M$_{\odot}$. In particular, the less massive component is a pulsating star, showing at least three pulsation periods of $\sim$1314 s, $\sim$1069 s and $\sim$582.9 s. This opens the way to use asteroseismology as a tool to uncover its inner chemical structure, in combination with the information obtained using the light-curve modelling of the eclipses. To this end, using binary evolutionary models leading to helium- and hybrid-core white dwarfs, we compute adiabatic pulsations for $\ell=1$ and $\ell=2$ gravity modes with \texttt{Gyre}. We found that the pulsating component of the SDSS J115219.99$+$024814.4 system must have a hydrogen envelope thinner that the value obtained from binary evolution computations, independently of the inner composition. Finally, from our asteroseismological study, we find a best fit model characterised by T$_{\rm e ff}=10\, 917$ K, M=0.338~M$_{\odot}$, M$_{\rm H}=10^{-6}$~M$_{\odot}$ with the inner composition of a hybrid WD., Comment: 10 pages, 9 figures. Accepted for publication by MNRAS

We present two new GW Vir-type pulsating white dwarf stars, TIC 0403800675 (WD J115727.68-280349.64) and TIC 1989122424 (WD J211738.38-552801.18) discovered in the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) photometric data. For both stars, the TESS light curves reveal the presence of oscillations with periods in a narrow range between 400 and 410 s, which are associated with typical gravity (g)-modes. Follow-up ground-based spectroscopy shows that both stars have similar effective temperature (Teff = 110 000 ± 10 000 K) and surface gravity (log g = 7.5 ± 0.5), but different He/C composition (mass fractions): He = 0.75 and C = 0.25 for TIC 0403800675, and He = 0.50 and C = 0.50 for TIC 1989122424. By performing a fit to their spectral energy distributions, we found for both stars radii and luminosities of R = 0.019 ± 0.002 R and log(L/L ) = 1.68+0.15 −0.24, respectively. By employing evolutionary tracks of PG 1159 stars, we find the masses of both stars to be 0.56 ± 0.18 M from the log g-Teff diagram and 0.60+0.11 −0.09 M from the Hertzsprung Russell diagram.

We present a dedicated search for new pulsating helium-atmosphere (DBV) white dwarfs from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey using the McDonald 2.1 m Otto Struve Telescope. In total we observed 55 DB and DBA white dwarfs with spectroscopic temperatures between 19,000 and 35,000 K. We find 19 new DBVs and place upper limits on variability for the remaining 36 objects. In combination with previously known DBVs, we use these objects to provide an update to the empirical extent of the DB instability strip. With our sample of new DBVs, the red edge is better constrained, as we nearly double the number of DBVs known between 20,000 and 24,000 K. We do not find any new DBVs hotter than PG 0112+104, the current hottest DBV is at Teff ≈ 31,000 K, but do find pulsations in four DBVs with temperatures between 27,000 and 30,000 K, improving empirical constraints on the poorly defined blue edge. We investigate the ensemble pulsation properties of all currently known DBVs, finding that the weighted mean period and total pulsation power exhibit trends with effective temperature that are qualitatively similar to the pulsating hydrogen-atmosphere white dwarfs.

Context. The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission is revolutionizing the blossoming area of asteroseismology, particularly of pulsating white dwarfs and pre-white dwarfs, thus continuing the impulse of its predecessor, the Kepler mission. Aims. In this paper, we present the observations from the extended TESS mission in both 120 s short-cadence and 20 s ultra-short-cadence mode of two pre-white dwarf stars showing hydrogen deficiency. We identify them as two new GW Vir stars, TIC 333432673 and TIC 095332541. We apply the tools of asteroseismology with the aim of deriving their structural parameters and seismological distances. Methods. We carried out a spectroscopic analysis and a spectral fitting of TIC 333432673 and TIC 095332541. We also processed and analyzed the high-precision TESS photometric light curves of the two target stars, and derived their oscillation frequencies. We performed an asteroseismological analysis of these stars on the basis of PG 1159 evolutionary models that take into account the complete evolution of the progenitor stars. We searched for patterns of uniform period spacings in order to constrain the stellar mass of the stars. We employed the individual observed periods to search for a representative seismological model. Results. The analysis of the TESS light curves of TIC 333432673 and TIC 095332541 reveals the presence of several oscillations with periods ranging from 350 to 500 s associated to typical gravity (g)-modes. From follow-up ground-based spectroscopy, we find that both stars have a similar effective temperature (Teff = 120 000 ± 10 000 K) and surface gravity (log g = 7.5 ± 0.5), but a different He/C composition of their atmosphere. On the basis of PG 1159 evolutionary tracks, we derived a spectroscopic mass of M⋆ = 0.58−0.08+0.16 M⊙ for both stars. Our asteroseismological analysis of TIC 333432673 allowed us to find a constant period spacing compatible with a stellar mass M⋆ ∼ 0.60 − 0.61 M⊙, and an asteroseismological model for this star with a stellar mass M⋆ = 0.589 ± 0.020 M⊙, as well as a seismological distance of d = 459−156+188 pc. For this star, we find an excellent agreement between the different methods to infer the stellar mass, and also between the seismological distance and that measured with Gaia (dGaia = 389−5.2+5.6 pc). For TIC 095332541, we have found a possible period spacing that suggests a stellar mass of M⋆ ∼ 0.55 − 0.57 M⊙. Unfortunately, we have not been able to find an asteroseismological model for this star. Conclusions. Using the high-quality data collected by the TESS space mission and follow-up spectroscopy, we have been able to discover and characterize two new GW Vir stars. The TESS mission is having, and will continue to have, an unprecedented impact on the area of white-dwarf asteroseismology.

We report the detection of periodic variations on the Teff 32 000 K DA white dwarf star HE 1017−1352. We obtained time series photometry using the 4.1-m Southern Astrophysical Research telescope on three separate nights for a total of 16.8 h. From the frequency analysis, we found four periods of 605, 556, 508, and 869 s with significant amplitudes above the 1/1000 false alarm probability detection limit. The detected modes are compatible with low harmonic degree g-mode non-radial pulsations with radial order higher than ∼9. This detection confirms the pulsation nature of HE 1017−1352 and thus the existence of the new pulsating class of hot DA white dwarf stars. In addition, we detect a long period of 1.52 h, compatible with a rotation period of DA white dwarf stars.

The possible existence of warm ($T_{\rm eff}\sim19\,000$ K) pulsating DA white dwarf (WD) stars, hotter than ZZ Ceti stars, was predicted in theoretical studies more than 30 yr ago. However, to date, no pulsating warm DA WD has been discovered. We re-examine the pulsational predictions for such WDs on the basis of new full evolutionary sequences. We analyze all the warm DAs observed by TESS satellite up to Sector 9 in order to search for the possible pulsational signal. We compute WD evolutionary sequences with H content in the range $-14.5 \lesssim \log(M_{\rm H}/M_{\star}) \lesssim -10$, appropriate for the study of warm DA WDs. We use a new full-implicit treatment of time-dependent element diffusion. Non-adiabatic pulsations were computed in the effective temperature range of $30\,000-10\,000$ K, focusing on $\ell= 1$ $g$ modes with periods in the range $50-1500$ s. We find that extended He/H transition zones inhibit the excitation of $g$ modes due to partial ionization of He below the H envelope, and only in the case that the H/He transition is assumed much more abrupt, models do exhibit pulsational instability. In this case, instabilities are found only in WD models with H envelopes in the range of $-14.5 \lesssim \log(M_{\rm H}/M_{\star}) \lesssim -10$ and at effective temperatures higher than those typical of ZZ Ceti stars, in agreement with previous studies. None of the 36 warm DAs observed so far by TESS satellite are found to pulsate. Our study suggests that the non-detection of pulsating warm DAs, if WDs with very thin H envelopes do exist, could be attributed to the presence of a smooth and extended H/He transition zone. This could be considered as an indirect proof that element diffusion indeed operates in the interior of WDs., Comment: 13 pages, 15 figures, 2 tables. Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics

Context. The recent arrival of continuous photometric observations of unprecedented quality from space missions has strongly promoted the study of pulsating stars and caused great interest in the stellar astrophysics community. In the particular case of pulsating white dwarfs, the TESS mission is taking asteroseismology of these compact stars to a higher level, emulating or even surpassing the performance of its predecessor, the Kepler mission. Aims. We present a detailed asteroseismological analysis of six GW Vir stars that includes the observations collected by the TESS mission. Methods. We processed and analyzed TESS observations of RX J2117+3412 (TIC 117070953), HS 2324+3944 (TIC 352444061), NGC 6905 (TIC 402913811), NGC 1501 (TIC 084306468), NGC 2371 (TIC 446005482), and K 1−16 (TIC 233689607). We carried out a detailed asteroseismological analysis of these stars on the basis of PG 1159 evolutionary models that take into account the complete evolution of the progenitor stars. We constrained the stellar mass of these stars by comparing the observed period spacing with the average of the computed period spacings, and we employed the individual observed periods to search for a representative seismological model when possible. Results. In total, we extracted 58 periodicities from the TESS light curves of these GW Vir stars using a standard prewhitening procedure to derive the potential pulsation frequencies. All the oscillation frequencies that we found are associated with g-mode pulsations, with periods spanning from ∼817 s to ∼2682 s. We find constant period spacings for all but one star (K 1−16), which allowed us to infer their stellar masses and constrain the harmonic degree ℓ of the modes. Based on rotational frequency splittings, we derive the rotation period of RX J2117+3412, obtaining a value in agreement with previous determinations. We performed period-to-period fit analyses on five of the six analyzed stars. For four stars (RX J2117+3412, HS 2324+3944, NGC 1501, and NGC 2371), we were able to find an asteroseismological model with masses that agree with the stellar mass values inferred from the period spacings and are generally compatible with the spectroscopic masses. Obtaining seismological models allowed us to estimate the seismological distance and compare it with the precise astrometric distance measured with Gaia. Finally, we find that the period spectrum of K 1−16 exhibits dramatic changes in frequency and amplitude that together with the scarcity of modes prevented us from meaningful seismological modeling of this star. Conclusions. The high-quality data collected by the TESS space mission, considered simultaneously with ground-based observations, provide very valuable input to the asteroseismology of GW Vir stars, similar to the case of other classes of pulsating white dwarf stars. The TESS mission, in conjunction with future space missions and upcoming surveys, will make impressive progress in white dwarf asteroseismology., Instituto de Astrofísica de La Plata

The blue large-amplitude pulsators (BLAPs) constitute a new class of pulsating stars. They are hot stars with effective temperatures of ∼30 000 K and surface gravities of log g ∼ 4.9, that pulsate with periods in the range 20−40 min. Until now, their origin and evolutionary state, as well as the nature of their pulsations, were not been unveiled. In this paper, we propose that the BLAPs are the hot counterpart of the already known pulsating pre-extremely low mass (pre-ELM) white dwarf (WD) stars, that are He-core low-mass stars resulting from interacting binary evolution. Using fully evolutionary sequences, we show that the BLAPs are well represented by pre-ELM WD models with high effective temperature and stellar masses ∼0.34 M⊙. From the analysis of their pulsational properties, we find that the observed variabilities can be explained by high-order non-radial g-mode pulsations or, in the case of the shortest periods, also by low-order radial modes, including the fundamental radial mode. The theoretical modes with periods in the observed range are unstable due to the κ mechanism associated with the Z-bump in the opacity at log T ∼ 5.25., Instituto de Astrofísica de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas

The thermally pulsing phase on the asymptotic giant branch (TP-AGB) is the last nuclear burning phase experienced by most of low and intermediate mass stars. During this phase, the outer chemical stratification above the C/O core of the emerging white dwarf is built up. The chemical structure resulting from progenitor evolution strongly impacts the whole pulsation spectrum exhibited by ZZ Ceti stars, which are pulsating C/O core white dwarfs located on an narrow instability strip at T eff \sim 12000 K. Several physical processes occurring during progenitor evolution strongly affect the chemical structure of these stars, being those found during the TP-AGB phase ones of the most relevant for the pulsational properties of ZZ Ceti stars. We present a study of the impact of the chemical structure built up during the TP-AGB evolution on the stellar parameters inferred from asteroseismological fits of ZZ Ceti stars. Our analysis is based on a set of carbon-oxygen core white dwarf models with masses from 0.534 to 0.6463M_{\odot} derived from full evolutionary computations from the ZAMS to the ZZ Ceti domain. We compute evolutionary sequences that experience different number of thermal pulses. We find that the occurrence or not of thermal pulses during AGB evolution implies an average deviation in the astero- seimological effective temperature of ZZ Ceti stars of at most 8% and of the order of < 5% in the stellar mass. For the mass of the hydrogen envelope, however, we find deviations up to 2 orders of magnitude in the case of cool ZZ Ceti stars. For hot and intermediate temperature ZZ Ceti stars shows no differences in the hydrogen envelope mass in most cases. Our results show that, in general, the impact of the occurrence or not of thermal pulses in the progenitor stars is not negligible and must be taken into account in asteroseismological studies of ZZ Ceti stars., 8 pages, 8 figures. To be published in A&A

We present results from a search for short time-scale white dwarf variability using gPhoton, a time-tagged data base of GALEX photon events and associated software package. We conducted a survey of 320 white dwarf stars in the McCook–Sion catalogue, inspecting each for photometric variability with particular emphasis on variability over time-scales less than∼30 min. From that survey, we present the discovery of a new pulsating white dwarf:WD 2246-069. A Ca II K line is found in archival ESO spectra and an IR excess is seen in WISE W1 and W2 bands. Its independent modes are identified in follow-up optical photometry and used to model its interior structure. Additionally, we detect UV pulsations in four previously known pulsating ZZ Ceti-type (DAVs). Included in this group is the simultaneous fitting of the pulsations of WD 1401-147 in optical, near-ultraviolet and far-ultraviolet bands using nearly concurrent Whole Earth Telescope and GALEX data, providing observational insight into the wavelength dependence of white dwarf pulsation amplitudes.

Context. The nature of the recently identified “sdA” spectroscopic class of stars is not well understood. The thousands of known sdAs have H-dominated spectra, spectroscopic surface gravity values between main sequence stars and isolated white dwarfs, and effective temperatures below the lower limit for He-burning subdwarfs. Most are likely products of binary stellar evolution, whether extremely low-mass white dwarfs and their precursors or blue stragglers in the halo. Aims. Stellar eigenfrequencies revealed through time series photometry of pulsating stars sensitively probe stellar structural properties. The properties of pulsations exhibited by sdA stars would contribute substantially to our developing understanding of this class. Methods. We extend our photometric campaign to discover pulsating extremely low-mass white dwarfs from the McDonald Observatory to target sdA stars classified from SDSS spectra. We also obtain follow-up time series spectroscopy to search for binary signatures from four new pulsators. Results. Out of 23 sdA stars observed, we clearly detect stellar pulsations in 7. Dominant pulsation periods range from 4.6 min to 12.3 h, with most on timescales of approximately one hour. We argue specific classifications for some of the new variables, identifying both compact and likely main sequence dwarf pulsators, along with a candidate low-mass RR Lyrae star. Conclusions. With dominant pulsation periods spanning orders of magnitude, the pulsational evidence supports the emerging narrative that the sdA class consists of multiple stellar populations. Since multiple types of sdA exhibit stellar pulsations, follow-up asteroseismic analysis can be used to probe the precise evolutionary natures and stellar structures of these individual subpopulations.

We present an asteroseismological analysis of four ZZ Ceti stars observed with the Kepler spacecraft: GD 1212, SDSS J113655.17+040952.6, KIC 11911480, and KIC 4552982, based on a grid of full evolutionary models of DA white dwarf (WD) stars. We employ a grid of carbon-oxygen core models, characterized by a detailed and consistent chemical inner profile for the core and the envelope. In addition to the observed periods, we take into account other information from the observational data, such as amplitudes, rotational splittings, and period spacing, as well as photometry and spectroscopy. For each star, we present an asteroseismological model that closely reproduces their observed properties. The asteroseismological stellar mass and effective temperature of the target stars are (0.632 ± 0.027 M⊙, 10737 ± 73 K) for GD 1212, (0.745 ± 0.007 M⊙, 11110 ± 69 K) for KIC 4552982, (05480 ± 0.01 M⊙, 12,721 ± 228 K) for KIC11911480, and (0.570 ± 0.01 M⊙, 12,060 ± 300 K) for SDSS J113655.17+040952.6. In general, the asteroseismological values are in good agreement with the spectroscopy. For KIC 11911480 and SDSS J113655.17+040952.6 we derive a similar seismological mass, but the hydrogen envelope is an order of magnitude thinner for SDSS J113655.17+040952.6, which is part of a binary system and went through a common envelope phase., Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas, Instituto de Astrofísica de La Plata

We report the discovery of four massive (M > 0.8M ) ZZ Ceti white dwarfs, including an ultramassive 1.16M star. We obtained ground-based, time series photometry for 13 white dwarfs from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7 and Data Release 10 whose atmospheric parameters place them within the ZZCeti instability strip.We detect monoperiodic pulsations in three of our targets (J1015, J1554 and J2038) and identify three periods of pulsation in J0840 (173, 327 and 797 s). Fourier analysis of the remaining nine objects does not indicate variability above the 4 A detection threshold. Our preliminary asteroseismic analysis of J0840 yields a stellar mass M = 1.14 ± 0.01M , hydrogen and helium envelope masses of MH = 5.8 × 10−7M and MHe = 4.5 × 10−4M and an expected core crystallized mass ratio of 50–70 per cent. J1015, J1554 and J2038 have masses in the range 0.84–0.91M and are expected to have a CO core; however, the core of J0840 could consist of highly crystallized CO or ONeMg given its high mass. These newly discovered massive pulsators represent a significant increase in the number of known ZZ Ceti white dwarfs with mass M > 0.85M , and detailed asteroseismic modelling of J0840 will allow for significant tests of crystallization theory in CO and ONeMg core white dwarfs.

The Sloan Digital Sky Survey has allowed us to increase the number of known white dwarfs by a factor of five and consequently the number of known pulsating white dwarfs also by a factor of five. It has also led to the discovery of new types of variable white dwarfs, as the variable hot DQs, and the pulsating Extremely Low Mass white dwarfs. With the Kepler Mission, it has been possible to discover new phenomena, the outbursts present in a few pulsating white dwarfs.

Context. ZZ Ceti stars are pulsating white dwarfs with a carbon-oxygen core build up during the core helium burning and thermally pulsing Asymptotic Giant Branch phases. Through the interpretation of their pulsation periods by means of asteroseismology, details about their origin and evolution can be inferred. The whole pulsation spectrum exhibited by ZZ Ceti stars strongly depends on the inner chemical structure. At present, there are several processes affecting the chemical profiles that are still not accurately determined. Aims. We present a study of the impact of the current uncertainties of the white dwarf formation and evolution on the expected pulsation properties of ZZ Ceti stars. Methods. Our analysis is based on a set of carbon-oxygen core white dwarf models with masses 0.548 and 0.837 M⊙ that are derived from full evolutionary computations from the ZAMS to the ZZ Ceti domain. We considered models in which we varied the number of thermal pulses, the amount of overshooting, and the 12C(α,γ)16O reaction rate within their uncertainties. Results. We explore the impact of these major uncertainties in prior evolution on the chemical structure and expected pulsation spectrum. We find that these uncertainties yield significant changes in the g-mode pulsation periods. Conclusions. We conclude that the uncertainties in the white dwarf progenitor evolution should be taken into account in detailed asteroseismological analyses of these pulsating stars., Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas, Instituto de Astrofísica de La Plata

Context. The discovery of pulsations in low-mass stars opens an opportunity to probe their interiors and determine their evolution by employing the tools of asteroseismology. Aims. We aim to analyse high-speed photometry of SDSS J145847.02+070754.46 and SDSS J173001.94+070600.25 and discover brightness variabilities. In order to locate these stars in the Teff - log g diagram, we fit optical spectra (SDSS) with synthetic non-magnetic spectra derived from model atmospheres. Methods. To carry out this study, we used the photometric data we obtained for these stars with the 2.15 m telescope at CASLEO, Argentina. We analysed their light curves and applied the discrete Fourier transform (FT) to determine the pulsation frequencies. Finally, we compare both stars in the Teff - log g diagram, with two known pre-white dwarfs and seven pulsating pre-ELM white dwarf stars, δ Scuti, and SX Phe stars Results. We report the discovery of pulsations in SDSS J145847.02+070754.46 and SDSS J173001.94+070600.25. We determine their effective temperature and surface gravity to be Teff = 7972 ± 200 K, log g = 4.25 ± 0.5 and Teff = 7925 ± 200 K, log g = 4.25 ± 0.5, respectively. With these parameters, these new pulsating low-mass stars can be identified with either ELM white dwarfs (with ∼0.17 MO) or more massive SX Phe stars. We identified pulsation periods of 3278.7 and 1633.9 s for SDSS J145847.02+070754.46 and a pulsation period of 3367.1 s for SDSS J173001.94+070600.25. These two new objects, together with those of Maxted et al. (2013, 2014), indicate the possible existence of a new instability domain towards the late stages of evolution of low-mass white dwarf stars, although their identification with SX Phe stars cannot be discarded., Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas, Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía

Context. Many low-mass (M /M

Pulsating extremely low-mass pre-white dwarf stars (pre-ELMV), with masses between ~0.15 Msun and ~0.30 Msun, constitute a new class of variable stars showing g- and possibly p-mode pulsations with periods between 320 and 6000 s, while main sequence delta Scuti stars, with masses between 1.2-2.5 Msun, pulsate in low-order g and p modes with periods in the range [700-28800] s. Interestingly enough, the instability strips of pre-ELM white dwarf and delta Scuti stars nearly overlap in the Teff vs. log g diagram, leading to a degeneracy when spectroscopy is the only tool to classify the stars and pulsation periods only are considered. We employ adiabatic and non-adiabatic pulsation for models of pre-ELM and delta Scuti stars, and compare their pulsation periods, period spacings and rates of period change. We found substantial differences in the periods spacing of delta Scuti and pre-ELM white dwarf models. Even when the same period range is observed, the modes have distinctive signature in the period spacing and period difference values. For instance, the mean period difference of p- modes of consecutive radial orders for delta Scuti model are at least four times longer than the mean period spacing for the pre-ELM white dwarf model in the period range [2000 - 4600] s. In addition, the rate of period change is two orders of magnitudes larger for the pre-ELM white dwarfs compared to delta Scuti stars. In addition, we also report the discovery of a new variable star, SDSSJ075738.94+144827.50, located in the region of the Teff vs. log g diagram where these two kind of stars coexist. The characteristic spacing between modes of consecutive radial orders (p as well as g modes) and the large differences found in the rates of period change for delta Scuti and pre-ELM white dwarf stars suggest that asteroseismology can be employed to discriminate between these two groups of variable stars., Comment: accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

We present limits on planetary companions to pulsating white dwarf stars. A subset of these stars exhibit extreme stability in the period and phase of some of their pulsation modes; a planet can be detected around such a star by searching for periodic variations in the arrival time of these pulsations. We present limits on companions greater than a few Jupiter masses around a sample of 15 white dwarf stars as part of an ongoing survey. One star shows a variation in arrival time consistent with a 2MJ planet in a 4.5 yr orbit. We discuss other possible explanations for the observed signal and conclude that a planet is the most plausible explanation based on the data available.

Context. KUV 05134+2605 is one of the 21 pulsating DB white dwarfs (V777 Her or DBV variables) known so far. The detailed investigation of the short-period and low-amplitude pulsations of these relatively faint targets requires considerable observational efforts from the ground, long-term single-site or multi-site observations. The observed amplitudes of excited modes undergo short-term variations in many cases, which makes determining pulsation modes difficult. Aims. We aim to determine the pulsation frequencies of KUV 05134+2605, find regularities between the frequency and period components, and perform an asteroseismic investigation for the first time. Methods. We re-analysed the published data and collected new measurements. We compared the frequency content of the different datasets from the different epochs and performed various tests to check the reliability of the frequency determinations. The mean period spacings were investigated with linear fits to the observed periods, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and inverse variance significance tests, and with a Fourier analysis of different period sets, including a Monte Carlo test that simulated the effect of alias ambiguities. We employed fully evolutionary DB white dwarf models for the asteroseismic investigations. Results. We identified 22 frequencies between 1280 and 2530 μHz. These form 12 groups, which suggests at least 12 possible frequencies for the asteroseismic investigations. Thanks to the extended observations, KUV 05134+2605 joined the group of rich white dwarf pulsators. We identified one triplet and at least one doublet with a ≈ 9 μHz frequency separation, from which we derived a stellar rotation period of 0.6 d. We determined the mean period spacings of ≈ 31 s and 18 s for the modes we propose as dipole and quadrupole. We found an excellent agreement between the stellar mass derived from the ℓ = 1 period spacing and the period-to-period fits, all providing M∗ = 0.84 − 0.85 M⊙ solutions. Our study suggests that KUV 05134+2605 is the most massive amongst the known V777 Her stars., Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas

We report our analysis of the stability of pulsation periods in the DAV star (pulsating hydrogen atmosphere white dwarf) ZZ Ceti, also called R548. On the basis of observations that span 31 years, we conclude that the period 213.13 s observed in ZZ Ceti drifts at a rate dP/dt 5 (5.5 plus or minus 1.9) x 10(exp -15) ss(sup -1), after correcting for proper motion. Our results are consistent with previous P values for this mode and an improvement over them because of the larger time base. The characteristic stability timescale implied for the pulsation period is |P||P(raised dot)|greater than or equal to 1.2 Gyr, comparable to the theoretical cooling timescale for the star. Our current stability limit for the period 213.13 s is only slightly less than the present measurement for another DAV, G117-B15A, for the period 215.2 s, establishing this mode in ZZ Ceti as the second most stable optical clock known, comparable to atomic clocks and more stable than most pulsars. Constraining the cooling rate of ZZ Ceti aids theoretical evolutionary models and white dwarf cosmochronology. The drift rate of this clock is small enough that we can set interesting limits on reflex motion due to planetary companions.

The white dwarfs are promising laboratories for the study of cosmochronology and stellar evolution. Through observations of the pulsating white dwarfs, we can measure their internal structures and compositions, critical to understanding post-main-sequence evolution, along with their cooling rates, which will allow us to calibrate their ages directly. The most important set of white dwarf variables to measure are the oldest of the pulsators, the cool DA variables (DAVs), which have not been explored previously through asteroseismology due to their complexity and instability. Through a time-series photometry data set spanning 10 yr, we explore the pulsation spectrum of the cool DAV, G29-38 and find an underlying structure of 19 (not including multiplet components) normal-mode, probably l=1 pulsations amidst an abundance of time variability and linear combination modes. Modeling results are incomplete, but we suggest possible starting directions and discuss probable values for the stellar mass and hydrogen layer size. For the first time, we have made sense out of the complicated power spectra of a large-amplitude DA pulsator. We have shown that its seemingly erratic set of observed frequencies can be understood in terms of a recurring set of normal-mode pulsations and their linear combinations. With this result, we have opened the interior secrets of the DAVs to future asteroseismological modeling, thereby joining the rest of the known white dwarf pulsators.

Using the SOuthern Astrophysical Research telescope (SOAR) Optical Imager at the SOAR 4.1 m telescope, we report on the discovery of five new massive pulsating white dwarf stars. Our results represent an increase of about 20 per cent in the number of massive pulsators. We have detected both short and long periods, low and high amplitude pulsation modes, covering the whole range of the ZZ Ceti instability strip.In this paper, we present a first seismological study of the new massive pulsators based on the few frequencies detected. Our analysis indicates that these stars have masses higher than average, in agreement with the spectroscopic determinations. In addition, we study for the first time the ensemble properties of the pulsating white dwarf stars with masses above 0.8 M ⊙ . We found a bimodal distribution of the main pulsation period with the effective temperature for the massive DAVs, which indicates mode selection mechanisms.

We present the first asteroseismological study for 42 massive ZZ Ceti stars based on a large set of fully evolutionary carbon-oxygen core DA white dwarf models characterized by a detailed and consistent chemical inner profile for the core and the envelope. Our sample comprises all of the ZZ Ceti stars with spectroscopic stellar masses between 0.72 and 1.05 M⊙ known to date. The asteroseismological analysis of a set of 42 stars enables study of the ensemble properties of the massive, pulsating white dwarf stars with carbon-oxygen cores, in particular the thickness of the hydrogen envelope and the stellar mass. A significant fraction of stars in our sample have stellar mass that is high enough to crystallize at the effective temperatures of the ZZ Ceti instability strip, which enables us to study the effects of crystallization on the pulsation properties of these stars. Our results show that the phase diagram presented in Horowitz et al. seems to be a good representation of the crystallization process inside white dwarf stars, in agreement with the results from white dwarf luminosity function in globular clusters., Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas, Instituto de Astrofísica de La Plata

We announce the discovery of themostmassive pulsating hydrogen-atmosphere white dwarf (WD) ever discovered, GD 518. Model atmosphere fits to the optical spectrum of this star show it is a 12,030 ± 210 K WD with a log g = 9.08 ± 0.06, which corresponds to a mass of 1.20 ± 0.03M . Stellar evolution models indicate that the progenitor of such a high-mass WD endured a stable carbon-burning phase, producing an oxygen–neon-core WD. The discovery of pulsations in GD 518 thus offers the first opportunity to probe the interior of a WD with a possible oxygen–neon core. Such amassiveWDshould also be significantly crystallized at this temperature. The star exhibits multi-periodic luminosity variations at timescales ranging from roughly 425 to 595 s and amplitudes up to 0.7%, consistent in period and amplitude with the observed variability of typical ZZ Ceti stars, which exhibit non-radial g-mode pulsations driven by a hydrogen partial ionization zone. Successfully unraveling both the total mass and core composition of GD 518 provides a unique opportunity to investigate intermediate-mass stellar evolution, and can possibly place an upper limit to the mass of a carbon–oxygen-core WD, which in turn constrains Type Ia supernovae progenitor systems.

We report our observations of the new pulsating hydrogen atmosphere white dwarf SDSS J132350.28+010304.22. We discovered periodic photometric variations in frequency and amplitude that are commensurate with nonradial g-mode pulsations in ZZ Ceti stars. This, along with estimates for the star’s temperature and gravity, establishes it as a massive ZZ Ceti star. We used time-series photometric observations with the 4.1 m SOAR Telescope, complemented by contemporary McDonald Observatory 2.1 m data, to discover the photometric variability. The light curve of SDSS J132350.28+010304.22 shows at least nine detectable frequencies. We used these frequencies to make an asteroseismic determination of the total mass and effective temperature of the star: M★ = 0.88±0.02Mʘ and Teff = 12,100±140 K. These values are consistent with those derived from the optical spectra and photometric colors.

WOS: 000288378100032, KPD 1930+2752 is a short-period pulsating subdwarf B (sdB) star. It is also an ellipsoidal variable with a known binary period of 2.3 h. The companion is most likely a white dwarf and the total mass of the system is close to the Chandresekhar limit. In this paper, we report the results of Whole Earth Telescope (WET) photometric observations during 2003 and a smaller multisite campaign of 2002. From 355 h of WET data, we detect 68 pulsation frequencies and suggest an additional 13 frequencies within a crowded and complex temporal spectrum between 3065 and 6343 mu Hz (periods between 326 and 157 s). We examine pulsation properties including phase and amplitude stability in an attempt to understand the nature of the pulsation mechanism. We examine a stochastic mechanism by comparing amplitude variations with simulated stochastic data. We also use the binary nature of KPD 1930+2752 for identifying pulsation modes via multiplet structure and a tidally induced pulsation geometry. Our results indicate a complicated pulsation structure that includes short-period (approximate to 16 h) amplitude variability, rotationally split modes, tidally induced modes and some pulsations which are geometrically limited on the sdB star., National Science FoundationNational Science Foundation (NSF) [0307480]; NASA through the American Astronomical Society; Missouri State University; HELAS travel funding; NASANational Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA), This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant no. 0307480. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. This research was supported in part by NASA through the American Astronomical Society's Small Research Grant Program. MDR was partially funded by a Summer Faculty Fellowship provided by Missouri State University and would like to acknowledge HELAS travel funding and Dr. Conny Aerts for helpful discussions. MAM, SLH, SP, JRE and ACQ were supported by the Missouri Space Grant Consortium, funded by NASA. We would also like to thank several other observers who assisted with observing, including E. Brassfield, D. McLemore, J. Peacock, R. Knight, T. Kawasaki, E. Hart, N. Purves, A. Nishimura, M. Hyogo and E. Rau.

Convective driving, the mechanism originally proposed by Brickhill for pulsating white dwarf stars, has gained general acceptance as the generic linear instability mechanism in DAV and DBV white dwarfs. This physical mechanism naturally leads to a nonlinear formulation, reproducing the observed light curves of many pulsating white dwarfs. This numerical model can also provide information on the average depth of a star’s convection zone and the inclination angle of its pulsation axis. In this paper, we give two sets of results of nonlinear light curve fits to data on the DBV GD 358. Our first fit is based on data gathered in 2006 by the Whole Earth Telescope; this data set was multiperiodic containing at least 12 individual modes. Our second fit utilizes data obtained in 1996, when GD 358 underwent a dramatic change in excited frequencies accompanied by a rapid increase in fractional amplitude; during this event it was essentially monoperiodic. We argue that GD 358’s convection zone was much thinner in 1996 than in 2006, and we interpret this as a result of a short-lived increase in its surface temperature. In addition, we find strong evidence of oblique pulsation using two sets of evenly split triplets in the 2006 data. This marks the first time that oblique pulsation has been identified in a variable white dwarf star.

Using the The SOuthern Astrophysical Research (SOAR) 4.1-m telescope, we report on the discovery of low amplitude pulsations for three stars previously reported as not-observed-tovary (NOV) by Mukadam et al. and Mullally et al., which are inside the ZZ Ceti instability strip. With the two pulsators discovered by Castanheira et al., we have now found variability in a total of five stars previously reported as NOVs.We also report the variability of eight new pulsating stars, not previously observed, bringing the total number of known ZZ Ceti stars to 148. In addition, we lowered the detection limit for 10 NOVs located near the edges of the ZZ Ceti instability strip. Our results are consistent with a pure mass-dependent ZZ Ceti instability strip.

We report on the analysis of 436.1 hrs of nearly continuous high-speed photometry on the pulsating DB white dwarf GD358 acquired with the Whole Earth Telescope (WET) during the 2006 international observing run, designated XCOV25. The Fourier transform (FT) of the light curve contains power between 1000 to 4000 microHz, with the dominant peak at 1234 microHz. We find 27 independent frequencies distributed in 10 modes, as well as numerous combination frequencies. Our discussion focuses on a new asteroseismological analysis of GD358, incorporating the 2006 data set and drawing on 24 years of archival observations. Our results reveal that, while the general frequency locations of the identified modes are consistent throughout the years, the multiplet structure is complex and cannot be interpreted simply as l=1 modes in the limit of slow rotation. The high k multiplets exhibit significant variability in structure, amplitude and frequency. Any identification of the m components for the high k multiplets is highly suspect. The k=9 and 8 modes typically do show triplet structure more consistent with theoretical expectations. The frequencies and amplitudes exhibit some variability, but much less than the high k modes. Analysis of the k=9 and 8 multiplet splittings from 1990 to 2008 reveal a long-term change in multiplet splittings coinciding with the 1996 "sforzando" event, where GD358 dramatically altered its pulsation characteristics on a timescale of hours. We explore potential implications, including the possible connections between convection and/or magnetic fields and pulsations. We suggest future investigations, including theoretical investigations of the relationship between magnetic fields, pulsation, growth rates, and convection., 18 pages, 20 figures, 5 tables, accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal

We are searching for new He atmosphere white dwarf pulsators (DBVs) based on the newly found white dwarf stars from the spectra obtained by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. DBVs pulsate at hotter temperature ranges than their better known cousins, the H atmosphere white dwarf pulsators (DAVs or ZZ Ceti stars). Since the evolution of white dwarf stars is characterized by cooling, asteroseismological studies of DBVs give us opportunities to study white dwarf structure at a different evolutionary stage than the DAVs. The hottest DBVs are thought to have neutrino luminosities exceeding their photon luminosities, a quantity measurable through asteroseismology. Therefore, they can also be used to study neutrino physics in the stellar interior. So far we have discovered nine new DBVs, doubling the number of previously known DBVs. Here we report the new pulsators’ light curves and power spectra.

We present a pulsational stability analysis of hot post-asymptotic giant branch (AGB) H-deficient pre-white dwarf stars with active He-burning shells. The stellar models employed are state-of-the-art equilibrium structures representative of PG1159 stars derived from the complete evolution of the progenitor stars, through the thermally pulsing AGB phase and born-again episode. On the basis of fully nonadiabatic pulsation computations, we confirmed theoretical evidence for the existence of a separate PG1159 instability strip in the log Teff–log g diagram characterized by short-period g-modes excited by the -mechanism. This instability strip partially overlaps the already known GW Vir instability strip of intermediate/long-period g-modes destabilized by the classical κ-mechanism acting on the partial ionization of C and/or O in the envelope of PG1159 stars. We found that PG1159 stars characterized by thick He-rich envelopes and located inside this overlapping region could exhibit both short and intermediate/ long periods simultaneously. As a natural application of our results, we study the particular case of VV 47, a pulsating planetary nebula nucleus (PG1159 type) that is particularly interesting because it has been reported to exhibit a rich and complex pulsation spectrum including a series of unusually short pulsation periods.We found that the long periods exhibited byVV47 can be readily explained by the classical κ-mechanism,while the observed shortperiod branch below ≈300 s could correspond to modes triggered by the He-burning shell through the ε-mechanism, although more observational work is needed to confirm the reality of these short-period modes. Were the existence of short-period g-modes in this star convincingly confirmed by future observations, VV 47 could be the first known pulsating star in which both the κ-mechanism and the ε-mechanism of mode driving are simultaneously operating.

We used the detected pulsation modes and adiabatic pulsation models to do seismology of the class of ZZ Ceti stars and measure the H layer mass for 83 stars. We found the surface hydrogen layer to be within the range 10−9.5 ≥ MH/M* ≥ 10−4, with an average of MH/M* = 10−6.3, which is thinner than the predicted value of MH/M* = 10−4, indicating that the stars lose more mass during their evolution than previously expected. These results are preliminary and do not include the possible effects of realistic C/O profiles on the fits.

We present the analysis of a total of 177h of high-quality optical time-series photometry of the helium atmosphere pulsating white dwarf (DBV) EC 20058-5234. The bulk of the observations (135h) were obtained during a WET campaign (XCOV15) in July 1997 that featured coordinated observing from 4 southern observatory sites over an 8-day period. The remaining data (42h) were obtained in June 2004 at Mt John Observatory in NZ over a one-week observing period. This work significantly extends the discovery observations of this low-amplitude (few percent) pulsator by increasing the number of detected frequencies from 8 to 18, and employs a simulation procedure to confirm the reality of these frequencies to a high level of significance (1 in 1000). The nature of the observed pulsation spectrum precludes identification of unique pulsation mode properties using any clearly discernable trends. However, we have used a global modelling procedure employing genetic algorithm techniques to identify the n, l values of 8 pulsation modes, and thereby obtain asteroseismic measurements of several model parameters, including the stellar mass (0.55 M_sun) and T_eff (~28200 K). These values are consistent with those derived from published spectral fitting: T_eff ~ 28400 K and log g ~ 7.86. We also present persuasive evidence from apparent rotational mode splitting for two of the modes that indicates this compact object is a relatively rapid rotator with a period of 2h. In direct analogy with the corresponding properties of the hydrogen (DAV) atmosphere pulsators, the stable low-amplitude pulsation behaviour of EC 20058 is entirely consistent with its inferred effective temperature, which indicates it is close to the blue edge of the DBV instability strip. (abridged), 19 pages, 8 figures, 5 tables, MNRAS accepted

Context. PG 1159-035, a pre-white dwarf with Teff ≃ 140000 K, is the prototype of both two classes: the PG 1159 spectroscopic class and the DOV pulsating class. Previous studies of PG 1159-035 photometric data obtained with the Whole Earth Telescope (WET) showed a rich frequency spectrum allowing the identification of 122 pulsation modes. Analyzing the periods of pulsation, it is possible to measure the stellar mass, the rotational period and the inclination of the rotation axis, to estimate an upper limit for the magnetic field, and even to obtain information about the inner stratification of the star. Aims. We have three principal aims: to increase the number of detected and identified pulsation modes in PG 1159-035, study trapping of the star's pulsation modes, and to improve or constrain the determination of stellar parameters. Methods. We used all available WET photometric data from 1983, 1985, 1989. 1993 and 2002 to identify the pulsation periods. Results. We identified 76 additional pulsation modes, increasing to 198 the number of known pulsation modes in PG 1159-035, the largest number of modes detected in any star besides the Sun. From the period spacing we estimated a mass M/M⊙= 0.59 ±0.02 for PG 1159-035, with the uncertainty dominated by the models, not the observation. Deviations in the regular period spacing suggest that some of the pulsation modes are trapped, even though the star is a pre-white dwarf and the gravitational settling is ongoing. The position of the transition zone that causes the mode trapping was calculated at rc/R* = 0.83 ± 0.05. From the multiplet splitting, we calculated the rotational period Prot = 1.3920 ± 0.0008 days and an upper limit for the magnetic field, B < 2000 G. The total power of the pulsation modes at the stellar surface changed less than 30% for ℓ = 1 modes and less than 50% for ℓ = 2 modes. We find no evidence of linear combinations between the 198 pulsation mode frequencies. PG 1159-035 models have not significative convection zones, supporting the hypothesis that nonlinearity arises in the convection zones in cooler pulsating white dwarf stars., La lista completa de autores que integran el documento puede consultarse en el archivo., Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas, Instituto de Astrofísica de La Plata

Context. PG 1159-035, a pre-white dwarf with Teff -~ 140 000 K, is the prototype of the PG 1159 spectroscopic class and the DOV pulsating class. Pulsating pre-white dwarf stars evolve rapidly: the effective surface temperature decreases rapidly, the envelope contracts and the inner structure experiences stratification due to gravitational settling. These changes in the star generate variations in its oscillation periods. The measurement of temporal change in the oscillation periods, ˙P, allows us to estimate directly rates of stellar evolutionary changes, such as the cooling rate and the envelope contraction rate, providing a way to test and refine evolutionary models for pre-white dwarf pulsating stars. Aims. Previously, only two pulsation modes of the highest amplitudes for PG 1159-035 have had their ˙P measured: the 516.0 s and the 539.3 s modes. We measured the ˙P of a larger number of pulsation modes, increasing the number of constraints for evolutionary studies of PG 1159-035. We attempted to use the secular variations in the periods of multiplets to calculate the variation in the rotational period, the envelope contraction rate, and the cooling rate of the star. Methods. The period variations were measured directly from the PG 1159-035 observational data and refined by the (O–C) method. Results. We measured 27 pulsation mode period changes. The periods varied at rates of between 1 and 100 ms/yr, and several can be directly measured with a relative standard uncertainty below 10%. For the 516.0 s mode (the highest in amplitude) in particular, not only the value of ˙P can be measured directly with a relative standard uncertainty of 2%, but the second order period change, ¨P, can also be calculated reliably. By using the (O–C) method, we refined the ˙Ps and estimated the ¨Ps for six other pulsation periods. As a first application, we calculated the change in the PG 1559-035 rotation period, ˙Prot = (−2.13 ± 0.05) × 10−6 ss-ˡ, the envelope contraction rate ˙R = (−2.2 ± 0.5) × 10−13 R s−1, and the cooling rate T˙ = −1.42 × 10−3 Ks-ˡ.

As estrelas ZZ Cetis, também chamadas de DAVs, são anãs brancas com atmosfera de hidrogênio que mostram variabilidade fotométrica. Neste trabalho buscamos estudar a pureza, a existência ou não de variáveis e estrelas constantes com mesmas Tef e log g, e definir com melhor precisão os contornos da faixa de instabilidade das estrelas ZZ Cetis. Para isto realizamos observações de séries temporais fotométricas para identificar novas estrelas do tipo ZZ Ceti, e também obtivemos espectros óticos para determinação dos parâmetros atmosféricos (Tef e log g), utilizando modelos atmosféricos com convecção descrita pela teoria de comprimento de mistura, com ML2/® = 0, 6. Ao longo deste trabalho identificamos 3 novas estrelas do tipo ZZ Ceti, WDJ0000−0046, WDJ2334+0103 e WDJ1650+3010, dentre 67 para as quais não encontramos variabilidade até o nosso limite de detecção, próximo de 2 mma. Além disto estudamos a distribuição de massa através de espectrosóoticos de 170 estrelas, assim como a comparação destes resultados com outros publicados na literatura. Também analisamos a distribuição de massa de outras amostras de espectrosóticos de anãs brancas: 2253 espectros do Sloan Digital Sky Survey e 449 espectros do Two Degree Field. Em todas distribuições estudadas, observamos um aumento na massa das estrelas da faixa de instabilidade e as mais frias, região de temperatura onde aumentam a convecção e o número de partículas neutras. O aumento de massa observado provavelmente não é real, e sim provocado pela forma como são aproximadas as interações de partículas ionizadas com o campo elétrico (efeito Stark) e de partículas neutras (Van der Walls), nos modelos de atmosfera. A razão pela qual não propomos que o aumento de massa seja real é que os mesmos parâmetros atmosféricos, quando determinados pelas cores fotométricas, não apresentam este aumento. Um resultado de nossa análise é que a faixa de instabilidade das estrelas ZZ Cetis, determinada através de espectrosóticos de alta razão sinal/ruído, contém apenas estrelas variáveis em seu interior. Face á descoberta de estrelas variáveis com amplitudes de 1,5 mma, previamente classificadas como não variáveis, será necessário um estudo mais profundo de todas as estrelas classificadas como não observadas como variáveis (NOV) até o momento, reduzindo os limites de detecção para a faixa de 1 mma, para definirmos com precisão as bordas da faixa de instabilidade das ZZ Cetis. ZZ Ceti are hydrogen atmosphere white dwarf stars that show photometric variability. In this work we study the purity and define with better precision the borders of the instability strip of the ZZ Cetis stars. We obtained times series photometric observations to identify new ZZ Ceti stars, and optical spectra for the determination of the atmospheric (Teff and log g) parameters, using atmospheric models with convection described by mixing length theory with ML2/® = 0.6. We identified 3 new ZZ Ceti stars: WDJ0000−0046, WDJ2334+0103, and WDJ1650+3010, among 67 stars for which we detected no variability up to our detection limit about 2 mma. We analyzed the mass distribution of the 170 stars we observed with S/N ¸ 70 optical spectra. We also studied the mass distribution of other samples of white dwarfs, 2253 spectra of Sloan Digital Sky Survey and 449 spectra of the Two Degree Field. In all studied distributions, we observed an increase in the mass determined for the stars cooler than the instability strip. This apparent increase occurs in a region where there is an increase in the depth of convection and in the number of neutral particles. We propose the increase in mass is not real, but caused by the form the Stark and Van der Walls broadenings are estimated in the atmospheric models. The reason we do not trust the mass increase is that the determination of masses using photometric colors, for the same stars, do not show such increase. One result from our research is that we find no constant stars inside the instability strip when we consider only our high S/N spectra. Considering the recent discovery of variable stars with amplitudes down to 1.5 mma, previously classified as not variables, we deem it necessary to restudy all stars not observed to vary around the instability strip, down to limits of 1 mma.

PG 0014+067 is one of the most promising pulsating subdwarf B stars for seismic analysis, as it has a rich pulsation spectrum. The richness of its pulsations, however, poses a fundamental challenge to understanding the pulsations of these stars, as the mode density is too complex to be explained only with radial and nonradial low degree (l < 3) p-modes without rotational splittings. One proposed solution, for the case of PG 0014+067 in particular, assigns some modes with high degree (l=3). On the other hand, theoretical models of sdB stars suggest that they may retain rapidly rotating cores, and so the high mode density may result from the presence of a few rotationally-split triplet (l=1), quintuplet (l=2) modes, along with radial (l=0) p-modes. To examine alternative theoretical models for these stars, we need better frequency resolution and denser longitude coverage. Therefore, we observed this star with the Whole Earth Telescope for two weeks in October 2004. In this paper we report the results of Whole Earth Telescope observations of the pulsating subdwarf B star PG 0014+067. We find that the frequencies seen in PG 0014+067 do not appear to fit any theoretical model currently available; however, we find a simple empirical relation that is able to match all of the well-determined frequencies in this star., 19 pages, preprint of paper accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal

We present the observed pulsation spectra of all known noninteracting ZZ Ceti stars (hydrogen atmosphere white dwarf variables [DAVs]) and examine changes in their pulsation properties across the instability strip.We confirm the well-established trend of increasing pulsation period with decreasing effective temperature across the ZZ Ceti instability strip. We do not find a dramatic order-of-magnitude increase in the number of observed independent modes in ZZ Ceti stars, traversing from the hot to the cool edge of the instability strip; we find that the cool DAVs have one more mode on average than the hot DAVs. We confirm the initial increase in pulsation amplitude at the blue edge and find strong evidence of a decline in amplitude prior to the red edge.We present the first observational evidence that ZZ Ceti stars lose pulsation energy just before pulsations shut down at the empirical red edge of the instability strip.

We report the discovery of fourteen new ZZ Cetis with the 4.1 m Southern Astrophysical Research telescope, at Cerro Pachon, in Chile. The candidates were selected from the SDSS (Sloan Digital Sky Survey) DA white dwarf stars with Teff obtained from the optical spectra fit, inside the ZZ Ceti instability strip. Considering these stars are multi-periodic pulsators and the pulsations propagate to the nucleus of the star, they carry information on the structure of the star and evolution of the progenitors. The ZZ Cetis discovered till 2003 are mainly within 100 pc from the Sun, and probe only the solar vicinity. The recently discovered ones, and those reported here, may sample a distinct population as they were selected mainly perpendicular to the galactic disk and cover a distance up to ≈400 pc.

We used time-resolved ultraviolet spectroscopy obtained with the FOS and STIS spectrographs of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), together with archival IUE observations to measure the effective temperature (Teff), surface gravity (log g) and distance (d) of the pulsating DB white dwarf GD 358 with unprecedented accuracy, and to show that the temperature did not change during the 1996 sforzando, when the star changed basically to a single mode pulsator. We also measured for the first time for a DBV the spherical harmonic degree (l) for two modes, with k = 8 and k = 9, which was only possible because the stellar light curve was dominated by a single mode in 1996. The independent spectra provide the following values: Teff = 24 100 ± 400K, log g = 7.91 ± 0.26 and d = 42.7 ± 2.5 pc. The ultraviolet spectroscopic distance is in better agreement with the seismological value, than the one derived by parallax.

We report our measurement of the rate of change of period with time (˙P ) for the 215 s periodicity in the pulsating white dwarf G 117-B15A, the most stable optical clock known. After 31 years of observations, we have finally obtained a 4σ measurement ˙Pobserved = (4.27± 0.80) x 10 15 s s-ˡ. Taking into account the proper-motion effect of ˙P proper = (7.0 ± 2.0) x 10 16 s s-ˡ,we obtain a rate of change of period with time of ˙P =(3.57 ± 0.82) ; 10 15 s s-ˡ. This value is consistent with the cooling rate in our white dwarf models only for cores of C or C/O. With the refinement of the models, the observed rate of period change can be used to accurately measure the ratio of C/O in the core of the white dwarf.

BPM 37093 is the only hydrogen-atmosphere white dwarf currently known which has sufficient mass (~ 1.1 M_sun) to theoretically crystallize while still inside the ZZ Ceti instability strip (T_eff ~ 12,000 K). As a consequence, this star represents our first opportunity to test crystallization theory directly. If the core is substantially crystallized, then the inner boundary for each pulsation mode will be located at the top of the solid core rather than at the center of the star, affecting mainly the average period spacing. This is distinct from the "mode trapping" caused by the stratified surface layers, which modifies the pulsation periods more selectively. In this paper we report on Whole Earth Telescope observations of BPM 37093 obtained in 1998 and 1999. Based on a simple analysis of the average period spacing we conclude that a large fraction of the total stellar mass is likely to be crystallized., Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, 3 tables, accepted for Astronomy & Astrophysics

We report the discovery of 11 new variable DAwhite dwarf (ZZ Ceti) stars. Candidates were selected by deriving temperatures from model fits to spectra obtained from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). We also find objects whose temperatures and gravities indicate they lie within the instability strip for pulsation but were not observed to vary. Although the temperatures are based on relatively low signal-to-noise ratio spectra, an impure strip is unexpected, which if confirmed, has implications for DA asteroseismology. This work brings the total number of published variable DA white dwarf stars to 82.

We present 35 new pulsating DA (hydrogen atmosphere) white dwarf stars discovered from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and the Hamburg Quasar Survey (HQS). We have acquired high-speed time series photometry of preselected DAwhite dwarfs with a prime focus CCD photometer on the 2.1 m telescope at McDonald Observatory over 15 months. We selected these stars on the basis of prior photometric and spectroscopic observations by the SDSS and HQS. For the homogeneous SDSS sample, we achieve a success rate of 80% for finding new variables at a detection threshold of 0.1%–0.3%. With 35 newly discovered DA variable white dwarfs, we almost double the current sample of 39.

We use the new ZZ Ceti stars (hydrogen-atmosphere white dwarf variables; DAVs) discovered within the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (Mukadam et al. 2004) to redefine the empirical ZZ Ceti instability strip. This is the first time since the discovery of white dwarf variables in 1968 that we have a homogeneous set of spectra acquired using the same instrument on the same telescope, and with consistent data reductions, for a statistically significant sample of ZZ Ceti stars. The homogeneity of the spectra reduces the scatter in the spectroscopic temperatures, and we find a narrow instability strip of width ~950 K, from 10,850 to 11,800 K. We question the purity of the DAV instability strip, as we find several nonvariables within. We present our best fit for the red edge and our constraint for the blue edge of the instability strip, determined using a statistical approach.

As estrelas anãs brancas e pré-anãs brancas pulsantes apresentam pulsações não-radiais, multiperíodicas. Os períodos dos modos de pulsação dependem de parâmetros físicos da estrela, como a massa, a temperatura efetiva da superfície, a luminosidade, e da sua estrutura interna. À medida que a estrela evolui, os períodos de pulsação mudam em resposta às alterações em sua estrutura interna. O estudo dos modos de pulsação nos permite estimar parâmetros físicos da estrela, como a massa, por exemplo, e a medida das variações nos períodos dos modos de pulsação revelam as escalas de tempo de evolução. Nesse trabalho, estudamos duas estrelas: a PG 1159-035 e a G117-BI5A. Cada uma delas está próxima de um dos extremos da trilha evolutiva das estrelas anãs-brancas. A PG 1159-035 é uma pré-anã branca, prestes a se tornar uma anã-branca e é o protótipo de uma classe de estrelas com características espectrais similares, as estrelas PG 1159. A temperatura efetiva em sua superfície é muito alta, cerca de 130000 K. Por ser tão quente, a PG 1159-035 está evoluindo rapidamente a ponto das variações em seus períodos de pulsação poderem ser medidas diretamente em um intervalo de poucos anos. A construção de modelos adequados para estrelas PG 1159 é um desafio para a astronomia moderna, pois o número de estrelas conhecidas desse tipo é muito pequeno e pouco se sabe sobre sua história pregressa imediata e sua estrutura interna. A G117-BI5A é uma anã branca que já percorreu a seqüência evolutiva das anã brancas e está esfriando lentamente. É uma representante da classe das DAVs. O período de 215 s de seu principal modo de pulsação está variando 1 segundo a cada 8 milhões de anos, o que faz da G117-B15A um dos mais estáveis relógios conhecidos. A partir da análise dos periodogramas das curvas de luz da PG 1159-035 obtidas entre 1983 e 2002 identificamos 198 modos de pulsação, 76 modos a mais do que os encontrados em trabalhos anteriores. Com base no espaçamento médio entre períodos, calculamos a massa da estrela, M/ M0 = 0.586 :I: 0.001. O estudo do espaçamento médio também revelou a presença de modos amarrados, o que sugere que o interior da estrela já apresenta um certo grau de estratificação e nos possibilitou calcular a posição da zona de transição na composição interna da estrela, rc/ R* = 0.83 ± 0.05. Adicionalmente, foi feita a medida da variação temporal, P, dos sete mais estáveis períodos de pulsação (e de dezenas de outros, porém com uma precisão menor). Até então, apenas o P do modo de maior amplitude da PG 1159-035 (516 s) era conhecido. Os valores encontrados para os Pestão entre 10-11 e 10-10 ss-l, sugerindo que a escala de tempo de evolução da PG 1159-035é de '" 1.4 x 106anos, de acordo com as previsões teóricas. Os resultados obtidos trazem alguns insights e oferecem restrições para futuros modelos para estrelas da classe PG 1159. Para a G117-BI5A, calculamos a taxa de variação temporal do modo principal de 215 s e dos dois outros modos de maior amplitude (270 s e 390 s). Para o modo de 215 s, obtivemos P = (+4.72 ± 0.80) x 10-1588-1. Para os modos de 270 s e 390 s os resultados foram: P = (+36.0 ± 7.2) x 1O-158S-1 e P = (+74.3 ± 15.2) x 10-15 S8-1, respectivamente, ou seja, 10 a 20 vezes mais rápido. The pulsating white dwarf and pre-white dwarf stars show non-radial multi-periodic pulsations. The periods of the pulsation modes depend on physical parameters of the star, such as mass, effective temperature on its surface, luminosity, and internal structure. As the star evolves, the pulsation periods change in response to the changes in the internal structure. The study of pulsation modes allows us to estimate physical stellar parameters of the star, like the mass, for example, and the measurement of the secular periods variation determinates the evolutionary timescales. ln this work, two stars are studied: PG 1159-035 and G117-B15A. Each of them is near one of the extreme points of the white dwarfs evolutionary path. PG 1159-35 is a pre-white dwarf, a future white dwarf, and is the prototype of a class of stars with similar spectral features, the PG 1159 class. Its effective temperature is very high, around of 130000 K and, for this reason, it is rapidly evolving, to the point that the changes of its pulsation periods can be directly measured in a few years interval. The construction of adequate models for PG 1159 stars is a challenge for modern astronomy, due to the fact that few stars of this class are known and that its early immediate history and internal structure are scantily known. G117-B15A is a white dwarf that has already passed through the evolutionary sequence of the white dwarfs and is cooling slowly for almost a Gyear. Its is a member of the DAV class of stars. The period of 215 s of its main pulsation mode is changing 1 second each 8 million years; this makes the G117-B15A one of the most stable clocks known. From the analysis ofthe periodograms ofthe light curves ofPG 1159-035 obtained between 1983 and 2002, 198 pulsation modes were identified, 76 more modes than found in previous works. Based on the average spacing between periods, the stellar mass was calculated, M/M0 = 0.586 ± 0.001. The study of the average spacing also revealed the presence of trapped modes, which suggest that the inside of the star is stratified and allowed the calculation of the position of the compositional transition zone in the interior of the star: rc/R = 0.83 ± 0.05. Additionally, we measured the secular change, P, of the seven more stable pulsation periods (and tens of others, but with smaller precision). Until now, only the P of the mode with highest amplitude of PG 1159-035 (516 s) was known. The values found for P are between 10-11 and 11- 10 ss-1, suggesting that the PG 1159-035 evolutionary timescale is of '" 1.4 x 106 years, in accordance with the predictions of the current models for PG 1159 stars. The results give us some insights and constraints for future models of stars of this c1ass. For G117-B15A, we calculated the P of the main pulsation mode of 215 s and of two other modes (270 s and 304 s). For the 215 s mode, we obtained P= (+4.72 ± 0.80) x 10-1588-1. The results for the modes of 270 s and 304 sare: P = (+36.0 ± 7.2) x 10-1588-1 and P = (+ 74.3 ± 15.2) x 10-1588-1, respectively, i.e., 10 to 20 times higher.

International audience; We observed the pulsating hydrogen atmosphere white dwarf G 185-32 with the Whole Earth Telescope in 1992. We report on a weighted Fourier transform of the data detecting 18 periodicities in its light curve. Using the Hubble Space Telescope Faint Object Spectrograph time resolved spectroscopy, and the wavelength dependence of the relative amplitudes, we identify the spherical harmonic degree (l) for 14 pulsation signals. We also compare the determinations of effective temperature and surface gravity using the excited modes and atmospheric methods, obtaining Teff=11 960 ± 80 K, \log g=8.02 ± 0.04 and M=0.617 ± 0.024 M&sun;.